1
|
Aigle A, Colin Y, Bouchali R, Bourgeois E, Marti R, Ribun S, Marjolet L, Pozzi ACM, Misery B, Colinon C, Bernardin-Souibgui C, Wiest L, Blaha D, Galia W, Cournoyer B. Spatio-temporal variations in chemical pollutants found among urban deposits match changes in thiopurine S-methyltransferase-harboring bacteria tracked by the tpm metabarcoding approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:145425. [PMID: 33636795 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The bTPMT (bacterial thiopurine S-methyltransferase), encoded by the tpm gene, can detoxify metalloid-containing oxyanions and xenobiotics. The hypothesis of significant relationships between tpm distribution patterns and chemical pollutants found in urban deposits was investigated. The tpm gene was found conserved among eight bacterial phyla with no sign of horizontal gene transfers but a predominance among gammaproteobacteria. A DNA metabarcoding approach was designed for tracking tpm-harboring bacteria among polluted urban deposits and sediments recovered for more than six years in a detention basin (DB). This DB recovers runoff waters and sediments from a zone of high commercial activities. The PCR products from DB samples led to more than 540,000 tpm reads after DADA2 or MOTHUR bio-informatic manipulations that were allocated to more than 88 and less than 634 sequence variants per sample. The tpm community patterns were significantly different between the recent urban deposits and those that had accumulated for more than 2 years in the DB, and between those of the DB surface and the DB settling pit. These groups of samples had distinct mixture of priority pollutants. Significant relationships between tpm ordination patterns, sediment accumulation time periods and location, and concentrations in PAH, chlorpyrifos, and 4-nonylphenols (NP) were observed. These correlations matched the higher occurrences of, among others, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Xanthomonas tpm-harboring bacteria in recent urban DB deposits more contaminated with chrysene and alkylphenol ethoxylates. Highly significant drops in tpm reads allocated to Aeromonas species were recorded in the oldest DB sediments accumulating naphthalene and metallic pollutants. Degraders of urban pollutants such as P. aeruginosa and P. putida showed conserved distribution patterns over time but P. syringae phytopathogens were more abundant in the oldest sediments. TPMT-harboring bacteria can be used to assess the incidence of high risk priority pollutants on environmental systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Aigle
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Yannick Colin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Rayan Bouchali
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Emilie Bourgeois
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Romain Marti
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Sébastien Ribun
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Laurence Marjolet
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Adrien C M Pozzi
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Boris Misery
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Céline Colinon
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Claire Bernardin-Souibgui
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Laure Wiest
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Didier Blaha
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Wessam Galia
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Benoit Cournoyer
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, Research team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Z, Yu H, Song M, Glatt H, Liu J, Liu Y. Potent aneugenicity of 1-methylpyrene in human cells dependent on metabolic activation by endogenous enzymes. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:703-713. [PMID: 33057863 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02933-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
1-Methylpyrene (1-MP) is a common environmental pollutant and animal carcinogen. After sequential activation by cytochromes P450 and sulfotransferases, it induced gene mutations and micronuclei in mammalian cells. The type of micronuclei formed, entire chromosomes or fragments, was not analysed. In this study, 1-MP and its primary metabolite, 1-hydroxymethylpyrene (1-HMP), were investigated for the induction of centromere-positive and -negative micronuclei in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 and its derivative C3A, expressing relevant enzymes at higher levels. Under a short-exposure (9 h)/long-recovery regime (2 cell cycles in total), 1-MP and 1-HMP provided negative test results in HepG2 cells. However, they induced micronuclei in C3A cells, the effect being blocked by 1-aminobenzotriazole (inhibitor of cytochromes P450s) and reduced by pentachlorophenol (inhibitor of sulfotransferases). Immunofluorescence staining of centromere protein B in the micronuclei revealed purely clastogenic effects under this regime. Unexpectedly, 1-MP and 1-HMP at concentrations 1/5-1/4 of that required for micronuclei formation led to mitotic arrest and spindle aberrations, as detected by immunofluorescence staining of β- and γ-tubulin. Following extended exposure (72 h, 2 cell cycles, no recovery), damage to the spindle apparatus and centrosomes was detected at even lower concentrations, with concurrent formation of micronuclei. At low concentrations (1-8 µM 1-MP, 0.25-0.5 µM 1-HMP), the micronuclei induced were unexceptionally centromere-positive. Thus, the chromosome-damaging mechanism of 1-MP was regime and concentration dependent: potently aneugenic under persistent exposure, while clastogenic at higher concentrations following a short-exposure/long-recovery regime. This is a convincing evidence for the existence of metabolic activation-dependent aneugens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Meiqi Song
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yungang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pirow R, Blume A, Hellwig N, Herzler M, Huhse B, Hutzler C, Pfaff K, Thierse HJ, Tralau T, Vieth B, Luch A. Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 49:742-789. [PMID: 31939687 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1694862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For a few years, mineral oils and their potential adverse health effects have been a constant issue of concern in many regulatory areas such as food, cosmetics, other consumer products, and industrial chemicals. Analytically, two fractions can be distinguished: mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). This paper aims at assessing the bioaccumulative potential and associated histopathological effects of MOSH as well as the carcinogenic potential of MOAH for consumer-relevant mineral oils. It also covers the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of MOSH and MOAH upon oral and dermal exposures. The use and occurrence of consumer-relevant, highly refined mineral oils in food, cosmetics and medicinal products are summarized, and estimates for the exposure of consumers are provided. Also addressed are the challenges in characterizing the substance identity of mineral oil products under REACH. Evidence from more recent autopsy and biopsy studies, along with information on decreasing food contamination levels, indicates a low risk for adverse hepatic lesions that may arise from the retention of MOSH in the liver. With respect to MOAH, at present there is no indication of any carcinogenic effects in animals dermally or orally exposed to highly refined mineral oils and waxes. Such products are used not only in cosmetics but also in medicinal products and as additives in food contact materials. The safety of these mineral oil-containing products is thus indirectly documented by their prevalent and long-term use, with a simultaneous lack of clinical and epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Pirow
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Annegret Blume
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Hellwig
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Herzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Huhse
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Karla Pfaff
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Thierse
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bärbel Vieth
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cha J, Hong S, Kim J, Lee J, Yoon SJ, Lee S, Moon HB, Shin KH, Hur J, Giesy JP, Khim JS. Major AhR-active chemicals in sediments of Lake Sihwa, South Korea: Application of effect-directed analysis combined with full-scan screening analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105199. [PMID: 31675573 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized effect-directed analysis (EDA) combined with full-scan screening analysis (FSA) to identify aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-active compounds in sediments of inland creeks flowing into Lake Sihwa, South Korea. The specific objectives were to (i) investigate the major AhR-active fractions of organic extracts of sediments by using H4IIE-luc in vitro bioassay (4 h and 72 h exposures), (ii) quantify known AhR agonists, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and styrene oligomers (SOs), (iii) identify unknown AhR agonists by use of gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOFMS), and (iv) determine contributions of AhR agonists to total potencies measured by use of the bioassay. FSA was conducted on fractions F2.6 and F2.7 (aromatics with log Kow 5-7) in extracts of sediment from Siheung Creek (industrial area). Those fractions exhibited significant AhR-mediated potency as well as relatively great concentrations of PAHs and SOs. FSA detected 461 and 449 compounds in F2.6 and F2.7, respectively. Of these, five tentative candidates of AhR agonist were selected based on NIST library matching, aromatic structures and numbers of rings, and available standards. Benz[b]anthracene, 11H-benzo[a]fluorene, and 4,5-methanochrysene exhibited significant AhR-mediated potency in the H4IIE-luc bioassay, and relative potencies of these compounds were determined. Potency balance analysis demonstrated that these three newly identified AhR agonists explained 1.1% to 67% of total induced AhR-mediated potencies of samples, which were particularly great for industrial sediments. Follow-up studies on sources and ecotoxicological effects of these compounds in coastal environments would be required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Cha
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaeseong Kim
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, United States
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wohak LE, Monien B, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. Impact of p53 function on the sulfotransferase-mediated bioactivation of the alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 1-hydroxymethylpyrene in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:752-758. [PMID: 31102418 DOI: 10.1002/em.22299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53, encoded by TP53, is known as the "guardian of the genome." Sulfotransferases (SULTs) are involved in the metabolism of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as 1-hydroxymethylpyrene (1-HMP), which is a known substrate for SULT1A1. To investigate the impact of TP53 on the metabolic activation of 1-HMP, a panel of isogenic human colorectal HCT116 cells having TP53(+/+), TP53(+/-), or TP53(-/-) were treated with 10 μM 1-HMP for 24 hr. 1-HMP-DNA adduct formation was determined by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, which quantified two nucleoside adducts N2 -(1-methylpyrenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine and N6 -(1-methylpyrenyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine. 1-HMP treatment resulted in significantly (~40-fold) higher DNA adduct levels in TP53(+/+) cells than in the other cell lines. Higher levels of 1-HMP-induced DNA adducts in TP53(+/+) cells correlated with higher basal expression of SULT1A1/3 in this cell line, but 1-HMP treatment showed no effect on the expression of this protein. These results indicate that the cellular TP53 status is linked to the SULT1A1/3-mediated bioactivation of 1-HMP, thereby broadening the spectrum of p53's targets. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 60:752-758, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Wohak
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - David H Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiao H, Krauss M, Floehr T, Yan Y, Bahlmann A, Eichbaum K, Brinkmann M, Zhang X, Yuan X, Brack W, Hollert H. Effect-Directed Analysis of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonists in Sediments from the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11319-11328. [PMID: 27640527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The construction of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) in the Yangtze River raises great concern in ecotoxicological research since large amounts of pollutants enter the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) water bodies after TGD impoundment. In this work, effect-directed analysis (EDA), combining effect assessment, fractionation procedure, and target and nontarget analyses, was used to characterize aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists in sediments of the TGR. Priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) containing four to five aromatic rings were found to contribute significantly to the overall observed effects in the area of Chongqing. The relatively high potency fractions in the Kaixian area were characterized by PAHs and methylated derivatives thereof and heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) such as dinaphthofurans. Benzothiazole and derivatives were identified as possible AhR agonists in the Kaixian area based on nontarget liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). To our knowledge, this study is the first one applying the EDA approach and identifying potential AhR agonists in TGR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Xiao
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Tilman Floehr
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Arnold Bahlmann
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Kathrin Eichbaum
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Werner Brack
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bendadani C, Steinhauser L, Albert K, Glatt H, Monien BH. Metabolism and excretion of 1-hydroxymethylpyrene, the proximate metabolite of the carcinogen 1-methylpyrene, in rats. Toxicology 2016; 366-367:43-52. [PMID: 27501763 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Methylpyrene, an alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and environmental carcinogen, is activated by side-chain hydroxylation to 1-hydroxymethylpyrene (1-HMP) and subsequent sulfo conjugation to the DNA-reactive 1-sulfooxymethylpyrene. In addition to the bioactivation, processes of metabolic detoxification and transport greatly influence the genotoxicity of 1-methylpyrene. For a better understanding of 1-HMP detoxification in vivo we studied urinary and fecal metabolites in rats following intraperitoneal doses of 19.3mg 1-HMP/kg body weight (5 rats) or the same dose containing 200μCi [(14)C]1-HMP/kg body weight (2 rats). After 48h, 48.0% (rat 1) and 29.1% (rat 2) of the radioactivity was recovered as 1-HMP in the feces. Six major metabolites were observed by UV and on-line radioactivity detection in urine samples and feces after HPLC separation. The compounds were characterized by mass spectrometry, (1)H NMR and (1)H-(1)H COSY NMR spectroscopy, which allowed assigning tentative molecular structures. Two prominent metabolites, 1-pyrene carboxylic acid (M-6) and the acyl glucuronide of 1-pyrene carboxylic acid (M-5) accounted for 17.7% (rat 1) and 25.2% (rat 2) of the overall radioactive dose. Further, we detected the acyl glucuronide of 6-hydroxy-1-pyrene carboxylic acid (M-1) and 8-sulfooxy-1-pyrene carboxylic acid (M-3) together with two regioisomers of M-3 (M-2 and M-4) differing in position of the sulfate group at the pyrene ring. In urine samples, the radioactivity of 1-pyrene carboxylic acid and its five derivatives amounted to 32.4% (rat 1) or 45.5% (rat 2) of the total [(14)C]1-HMP dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Bendadani
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Lisa Steinhauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Albert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernhard H Monien
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tarnow P, Hutzler C, Grabiger S, Schön K, Tralau T, Luch A. Estrogenic Activity of Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons Used in Printing Inks. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147239. [PMID: 26771904 PMCID: PMC4714758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of printing inks are based on mineral oils (MOs) which contain complex mixtures of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. Consumer exposure to these oils occurs either through direct skin contacts or, more frequently, as a result of MO migration into the contents of food packaging that was made from recycled newspaper. Despite this ubiquitous and frequent exposure little is known about the potential toxicological effects, particularly with regard to the aromatic MO fractions. From a toxicological point of view the huge amount of alkylated and unsubstituted compounds therein is reason for concern as they can harbor genotoxicants as well as potential endocrine disruptors. The aim of this study was to assess both the genotoxic and estrogenic potential of MOs used in printing inks. Mineral oils with various aromatic hydrocarbon contents were tested using a battery of in vitro assays selected to address various endpoints such as estrogen-dependent cell proliferation, activation of estrogen receptor α or transcriptional induction of estrogenic target genes. In addition, the comet assay has been applied to test for genotoxicity. Out of 15 MOs tested, 10 were found to potentially act as xenoestrogens. For most of the oils the effects were clearly triggered by constituents of the aromatic hydrocarbon fraction. From 5 oils tested in the comet assay, 2 showed slight genotoxicity. Altogether it appears that MOs used in printing inks are potential endocrine disruptors and should thus be assessed carefully to what extent they might contribute to the total estrogenic burden in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tarnow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10598, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10598, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Grabiger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10598, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Schön
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10598, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10598, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10598, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang H, Lai Y, Hu K, Chen D, Liu B, Liu Y. Genotoxicity of 1-methylpyrene and 1-hydroxymethylpyrene in Chinese hamster V79-derived cells expressing both human CYP2E1 and SULT1A1. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:404-411. [PMID: 25243916 DOI: 10.1002/em.21912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
1-Methylpyrene (1-MP) is a widespread pollutant that is carcinogenic in animals following metabolic activation. Previous studies have shown that benzylic hydroxylation of 1-MP, catalyzed by multiple CYP isoforms, gives rise to 1-hydroxymethylpyrene (1-HMP), which becomes bioreactive following further metabolism by various sulfotransferase (SULT) isoforms. However, the mutagenic and chromosome damaging effects of 1-MP and 1-HMP in mammalian cells have not been investigated. In this study a Chinese hamster V79-derived cell line expressing both human CYP2E1 and human SULT1A1 was used to investigate the ability of 1-MP and 1-HMP to induce cytotoxicity (using the CCK-8 assay), micronuclei and Hprt gene mutations. The role of each enzyme was investigated through co-exposure in the presence of an enzyme inhibitor. We found that at concentrations of 0.5-4 μM and 5-20 μM, under conditions where no reduction in cell viability/growth occurred, 1-HMP and 1-MP induced micronuclei in V79-hCYP2E1-hSULT1A1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner; however, both compounds were inactive in V79 cells. Similarly, they both caused an increase in Hprt mutant frequency in V79-hCYP2E1-hSULT1A1 cells in these concentration ranges, with 1-MP impairing cell viability/growth at 10 μM and above in the mutagenicity assay. The compounds were again both inactive in V79 cells. The effects of 1-HMP in V79-hCYP2E1-hSULT1A1 cells were blocked or reduced by addition of pentachlorophenol (PCP), a SULT1 inhibitor; the genotoxicity of 1-MP was significantly reduced by either 1-aminobenotrazole, a CYP2E1 inhibitor, or PCP. The results suggest that human CYP2E1 and SULT1A1 cooperate to activate 1-MP and cause genotoxicity in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Matviiuk T, Menendez C, Carayon C, Saffon N, Voitenko Z, Lherbet C, Baltas M. LiAlH4-Promoted Tandem Reduction/Oxidation of Fluorenyl Derivatives under Air. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
11
|
Bendadani C, Meinl W, Monien B, Dobbernack G, Florian S, Engst W, Nolden T, Himmelbauer H, Glatt H. Determination of Sulfotransferase Forms Involved in the Metabolic Activation of the Genotoxicant 1-Hydroxymethylpyrene Using Bacterially Expressed Enzymes and Genetically Modified Mouse Models. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1060-9. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500129g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Bendadani
- Department
of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Walter Meinl
- Department
of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Bernhard Monien
- Department
of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Gisela Dobbernack
- Department
of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Simone Florian
- Department
of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Wolfram Engst
- Department
of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tobias Nolden
- Department
of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Himmelbauer
- Department
of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department
of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The carcinogen 1-methylpyrene forms benzylic DNA adducts in mouse and rat tissues in vivo via a reactive sulphuric acid ester. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:815-21. [PMID: 24337722 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 1-methylpyrene is hepatocarcinogenic in the newborn mouse assay. In vitro studies showed that it is metabolically activated via benzylic hydroxylation and sulphation to a reactive ester, which forms benzylic DNA adducts, N(2)-(1-methylpyrenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (MPdG) and N(6)-(1-methylpyrenyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (MPdA). Formation of these adducts was also observed in animals treated with the metabolites, 1-hydroxymethylpyrene and 1-sulphooxymethylpyrene (1-SMP), whereas corresponding data are missing for 1-methylpyrene. In the present study, we treated mice with 1-methylpyrene and subsequently analysed blood serum for the presence of the reactive metabolite 1-SMP and tissue DNA for the presence of MPdG and MPdA adducts. We used wild-type mice and a mouse line transgenic for human sulphotransferases (SULT) 1A1 and 1A2, males and females. All analyses were conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, for the adducts with isotope-labelled internal standards. 1-SMP was detected in all treated animals. Its serum level was higher in transgenic mice than in the wild-type (p < 0.001). Likewise, both adducts were detected in liver, kidney and lung DNA of all exposed animals. The transgene significantly enhanced the level of each adduct in each tissue of both sexes (p < 0.01-0.001). Adduct levels were highest in the liver, the target tissue of carcinogenesis, in each animal model used. MPdG and MPdA adducts were also observed in rats treated with 1-methylpyrene. Our findings corroborate the hypothesis that 1-SMP is indeed the ultimate carcinogen of 1-methylpyrene and that human SULT are able to mediate the terminal activation in vivo.
Collapse
|
13
|
Malmquist LMV, Christensen JH, Selck H. Effects of Nereis diversicolor on the transformation of 1-methylpyrene and pyrene: transformation efficiency and identification of phase I and II products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5383-5392. [PMID: 23611659 DOI: 10.1021/es400809p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of nonsubstituted and alkyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by the benthic invertebrate Nereis diversicolor was compared in this study. Pyrene and 1-methylpyrene were used as model compounds for nonsubstituted and alkyl-substituted PAHs, respectively. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of metabolites and parent compounds in worm tissue, water, and sediment were performed. Transformation of 1-methylpyrene generated the benzylic hydroxylated phase I product, 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid that comprised 90% of the total metabolites of 1-methylpyrene, and was mainly found in water extracts. We tentatively identified 1-methylpyrene glucuronides and 1-carbonylpyrene glycine as phase II metabolites not previously reported in literature. Pyrene was biotransformed to 1-hydroxypyrene, pyrene-1-sulfate, pyrene-1-glucuronide, and pyrene glucoside sulfate, with pyrene-1-glucuronide as the most prominent metabolite. Transformation of 1-methylpyrene (21% transformed) was more than 3 times as efficient as pyrene transformation (5.6% transformed). Because crude oils contain larger amounts of C₁-C₄-substituted PAHs than nonsubstituted PAHs, the rapid and efficient transformation of sediment-associated 1-methylpyrene may result in a high exposure of water-living organisms to metabolites of alkyl-substituted PAHs, whose toxicities are unknown. This study demonstrates the need to consider fate and effects of substituted PAHs and their metabolites in risk assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linus M V Malmquist
- Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Biedermann M, Grob K. On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography–gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil. Part 2: Migration from paperboard into dry foods: Interpretation of chromatograms. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:76-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
15
|
Biedermann M, Grob K. On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography–gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil. Part 1: Method of analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:56-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
16
|
Oda Y, Zhang Y, Buchinger S, Reifferscheid G, Yang M. Roles of human sulfotransferases in genotoxicity of carcinogens using genetically engineered umu test strains. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:152-164. [PMID: 22072630 DOI: 10.1002/em.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1, 1A2, and 1A3 cDNA genes were subcloned separately into the pTrc99A(KM) vector. The generated plasmids were introduced into the Salmonella typhimurium O-acetyltransferase-deficient strain NM6000 (TA1538/1,8-DNP/pSK1002), resulting in the new strains NM7001, NM7002, and NM7003. We compared the sensitivities of these three strains with the parental strain NM7000 against 51 chemicals including aromatic amines, nitroarenes, alkenylbenzenes, estrogens-like chemicals, and other compounds with and without S9 mix by making use of the umu test system that is based on the bacterial SOS induction. 2-Amino-6-methyl-dipyrido[1,2-α:3',2'-d]imidazole, 3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene, 3-nitrobenzanthrone, 5-nitroacenaphthene, and 3,9-dinitrofluoranthene caused high genotoxicity in the NM7001 strain. The genotoxic effects of 2-aminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 2-nitrofluorene, 1-nitropyrene, and 2-nitropropane were stronger in the NM7002 strain compared with the NM7001 and NM7003 strains. Among the tested benzylic and allylic compounds, 1-hydroxymethylpyrene was detected in the NM7001 strain with the highest sensitivity. Estragole and 1'-hydroxysafrole exhibited strong genotoxicity in the NM7003 strain. The estrogen-like chemicals such as bisphenol A, genistein, p,n-nonylphenol, and 4-hydroxytamoxifen were not detected as genotoxins in any strain used. Collectively, the present results suggest that the generated test strains are valuable tools in order to elucidate the role of SULT enzymes in the bioactivation of chemicals to environmental carcinogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Oda
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bahri R, Saidane-Mosbahi D, Rouabhia M. Cytokine release and cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1-methylpyrene and perylene). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:552-564. [PMID: 20391135 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903566617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic effects of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (1-methyplyrene and perylene) were investigated on human skin keratinocytes. Normal human keratinocytes were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of 1-methylpyrene and perylene either alone or in combination. Following incubation, keratinocyte adhesion, viability, proliferation, colony-forming efficiency, and apoptosis/necrosis level were examined. The effects of PAH on wound healing were also determined in vitro using a scrape-wound healing assay on epidermis-like tissue. In addition, the inflammatory cell response to PAH insult was examined through interleukin-1 (IL-1) alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion. Each individual PAH significantly decreased keratinocyte adhesion and viability in a concentration-dependent manner, which was associated with a reduced ability of keratinocytes to proliferate and form colonies. When PAH were combined, a greater effect on keratinocyte adhesion, viability, and proliferation was noted. Decreased cell proliferation/colony-forming efficiency was accompanied by increased cell apoptosis following incubation with either PAH. This effect was enhanced by the inhibitory influence on keratinocyte migration, as assessed by culture scratching. Each PAH also exerted a significant effect on keratinocyte immune functions by modulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Indeed, 1-methylpyrene or perylene, individually or when combined, significantly upregulated IL-1alpha and IL-6 secretion. This effect was greater and was concentration dependent when the PAH combination was used. Overall results indicate that 1-methylpyrene and perylene exerted a cytotoxic effect on human keratinocytes. Our findings may shed light on mechanisms underlying potential adverse effects of 1-methylpyrene and perylene on human skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raouf Bahri
- Groupe de recherche en ecologie buccale, Faculte de Medecine Dentaire, Pavillon de Medecine dentaire, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Monien BH, Müller C, Bakhiya N, Donath C, Frank H, Seidel A, Glatt H. Probenecid, an inhibitor of transmembrane organic anion transporters, alters tissue distribution of DNA adducts in 1-hydroxymethylpyrene-treated rats. Toxicology 2009; 262:80-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Monien BH, Müller C, Engst W, Frank H, Seidel A, Glatt H. Time course of hepatic 1-methylpyrene DNA adducts in rats determined by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS and 32P-postlabeling. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:2017-25. [PMID: 18788758 DOI: 10.1021/tx800217d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 1-methylpyrene is a carcinogen in rodents and has been detected in various environmental matrices and foodstuffs. It is activated metabolically by benzylic hydroxylation to 1-hydroxymethylpyrene followed by sulfoconjugation to yield electrophilic 1-sulfooxymethylpyrene (1-SMP) that is prone to form DNA adducts. An LC-MS/MS method using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of fragment ions has been developed for specific detection and quantification of N (2)-(1-methylpyrenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (MP-dGuo) and N (6)-(1-methylpyrenyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (MP-dAdo) formed in DNA in the presence of 1-SMP. DNA samples were spiked with stable isotope internal standards, [ (15)N 5, (13)C 10]MP-dGuo and [ (15)N 5]MP-dAdo, followed by enzymatic digestion to 2'-deoxynucleosides and solid-phase extraction to remove unmodified 2'-deoxynucleosides prior to analysis by LC-MS/MS. The limits of detection were 10 fmol of MP-dGuo and 2 fmol of MP-dAdo or three molecules of MP-dGuo and 0.6 molecules of MP-dAdo per 10 (8) 2'-deoxynucleosides using 100 mug of herring sperm DNA as the sample matrix. The method was validated with herring sperm DNA reacted with 1-SMP in vitro. Hepatic DNA was analyzed from rats that were dosed intraperitoneally with 9.3 mg 1-SMP per kg body weight and killed after various time periods. Levels of MP-dGuo and MP-dAdo in rat liver were found to increase, reaching their maxima at approximately 3 h, and then decrease over time. A good correlation was observed between the results obtained using LC-MS/MS and MRM and those from (32)P-postlabeling. MRM allowed the more precise quantification of specific 1-MP adducts, in addition to a time reduction of the analysis when compared with (32)P-postlabeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard H Monien
- Department of Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Glatt H, Rost K, Frank H, Seidel A, Kollock R. Detoxification of promutagenic aldehydes derived from methylpyrenes by human aldehyde dehydrogenases ALDH2 and ALDH3A1. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 477:196-205. [PMID: 18621017 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be metabolically activated via benzylic hydroxylation and sulpho conjugation to reactive esters, which can induce mutations and tumours. Yet, further oxidation of the alcohol may compete with this toxification. We previously demonstrated that several human alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH1C, 2, 3 and 4) oxidise various benzylic alcohols (derived from alkylated pyrenes) to their aldehydes with high catalytic efficiency. However, all these ADHs also catalysed the reverse reaction, the reduction of the aldehydes to the alcohols, with comparable or higher efficiency. Thus, final detoxification requires elimination of the aldehydes by further biotransformation. We have expressed two human aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH2 and 3A1) in bacteria. All pyrene aldehydes studied (1-, 2- and 4-formylpyrene, 1-formyl-6-methylpyrene and 1-formyl-8-methylpyrene) were high-affinity substrates for ALDH2 (K(m)=0.027-0.9 microM) as well as ALDH3A1 (K(m)=0.78-11 microM). Catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(m)) were higher for ALDH2 than ALDH3A1 by a moderate to a very large margin depending on the substrate. Most important, they were also substantially higher than the catalytic efficiencies of the various ADHs for the reduction the aldehydes to the alcohols. These kinetic properties ensure that ALDHs, and particularly ALDH2, can complete the ADH-mediated detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hansruedi Glatt
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Oxidation of alcohols and reduction of aldehydes derived from methyl- and dimethylpyrenes by cDNA-expressed human alcohol dehydrogenases. Toxicology 2008; 245:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
22
|
Kollock R, Meinl W, Schneider H, Batke M, Frank H, Seidel A, Glatt H. Efficient oxidation of promutagenic hydroxymethylpyrenes by cDNA-expressed human alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and its inhibition by various agents. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:527-37. [PMID: 17920042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be metabolically activated via benzylic hydroxylation and sulphation to electrophilically reactive esters. However, we previously found that the predominant biotransformation route for the hepatocarcinogen 1-hydroxymethylpyrene (1-HMP) in the rat in vivo is the oxidation of the side chain by alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and aldehyde dehydrogenases to the carboxylic acid. Inhibition of this pathway by ethanol (competing ADH substrate) or 4-methylpyrazole (ADH inhibitor) led to a dramatic increase in the 1-HMP-induced DNA adduct formation in rat tissues in the preceding study. In order to elucidate the role of individual ADHs in the metabolism of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, we expressed the various members of the human ADH family in bacteria. Cytosolic preparations from bacteria expressing ADH2 clearly oxidized hydroxymethylpyrene isomers (1-, 2- and 4-HMP) with the highest rate. This form was purified to near homogeneity to perform detailed kinetic analyses. High catalytic efficiencies (V(max)/K(m)) were observed with HMPs. Thus, this value was 10,000-fold higher for 2-HMP than for the reference substrate, ethanol. The corresponding aldehydes were also efficiently reduced by ADH2. 4-Methylpyrazole inhibited the oxidation of the HMP isomers as well as the reverse reaction. Daidzein, cimetidine and the competing substrate ethanol were further compounds that inhibited the ADH2-mediated oxidative detoxification of 1-HMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Kollock
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bakhiya N, Batke M, Laake J, Monien BH, Frank H, Seidel A, Engst W, Glatt H. Directing Role of Organic Anion Transporters in the Excretion of Mercapturic Acids of Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1824-31. [PMID: 17639024 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.016964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Excretion of mercapturic acids of a xenobiotic is a good indicator for the formation of electrophilic intermediates. However, the route of excretion, urine or feces, is important for usage of a given mercapturic acid as a biomarker in humans. In the present study we investigated the excretion routes of 1-methylpyrenyl mercapturic acid (MPMA) and 1,8-dimethylpyrenyl mercapturic acid (DMPMA) formed from the corresponding benzylic alcohols in rats. Whereas MPMA was primarily excreted in urine (72% of the total urinary and fecal level), DMPMA clearly preferred the fecal route (88%). We then examined interactions of these mercapturic acids with renal basolateral organic anion transporters (OATs) using HEK293 cells stably expressing human OAT1 and OAT3. The uptake rates of MPMA by OAT1- and OAT3-expressing cells were 2.8- and 1.7-fold, respectively, higher than that by control cells. MPMA was a competitive inhibitor of p-aminohippurate uptake by OAT1 and estrone sulfate uptake by OAT3 with K(i) values of 14.5 microM and 1.5 microM, respectively. In contrast, DMPMA was not transported by OAT1 and only modestly transported by OAT3 (1.25-fold over control). Thus, we suspect that the substrate specificities, alone or together with other factors, played a directing role in the excretion of MPMA and DMPMA. Although the mechanistic link requires verification, our results clearly show that a minute structural difference (the presence or absence of an additional methyl group in an alkylated four-ring polycyclic hydrocarbon) can strongly affect the interaction with transporter proteins and direct the excretion route of mercapturic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya Bakhiya
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bakhiya N, Stephani M, Bahn A, Ugele B, Seidel A, Burckhardt G, Glatt H. Uptake of Chemically Reactive, DNA-Damaging Sulfuric Acid Esters into Renal Cells by Human Organic Anion Transporters. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:1414-21. [PMID: 16597690 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005080801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The procarcinogen 1-methylpyrene is activated by hepatic enzymes via 1-hydroxymethylpyrene to 1-sulfooxymethylpyrene (1-SMP), a highly reactive and mutagenic metabolite. Previously, high levels of 1-SMP DNA adducts were observed in rat kidneys after intraperitoneal administration of 1-hydroxymethylpyrene or 1-SMP. This study examined whether organic anion transporters (OAT) that are expressed at the basolateral membrane of proximal tubule cells are involved in uptake of SMP. Human epithelial kidney (HEK293) cells that stably express human OAT1 (hOAT1) and hOAT3 were used. Stable isomers of 1-SMP, (2-SMP and 4-SMP) competitively inhibited the uptake of characteristic substrates p-aminohippurate for hOAT1 and estrone sulfate for hOAT3. Both inhibitors exhibited high affinity for hOAT1 (K(i) = 4.4 microM for 2-SMP; K(i) = 5.1 microM for 4-SMP) as well as hOAT3 (K(i) = 1.9 microM for 2-SMP; K(i) = 2.1 microM for 4-SMP). The uptake rate of 4-SMP (at a concentration of 10 microM) by hOAT1- and hOAT3-expressing cells was 3.0 and 1.6 times higher, respectively, than in control cells. Uptake of the reactive isomer 1-SMP was investigated using as the end point the level of DNA adducts that were formed in the cells. After exposure to 1-SMP (10 microM), the DNA adduct level was 4.6 and 3.0 times higher in hOAT1- and hOAT3-expressing cells, respectively, than in control cells. The enhanced DNA adduct formation in hOAT-expressing cells was abolished in the presence of the OAT inhibitor probenecid. This study indicates that OAT can mediate the basolateral uptake of reactive sulfuric acid esters into proximal tubule cells and thereby participate in kidney cell damage by these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya Bakhiya
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ma L, Landsiedel R, Kuhlow A, Engst W, Seidel A, Glatt H. Detection of Mercapturic Acids and Nucleoside Adducts in Blood, Urine and Feces of Rats Treated with Metabolites of Methylpyrene. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630008028530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
26
|
Glatt H, Bartsch I, Christoph S, Coughtrie MW, Falany CN, Hagen M, Landsiedel R, Pabel U, Phillips DH, Seidel A, Yamazoe Y. Sulfotransferase-mediated activation of mutagens studied using heterologous expression systems. Chem Biol Interact 1998; 109:195-219. [PMID: 9566746 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(97)00133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfation is a common final step in the biotransformation of xenobiotics and is traditionally associated with inactivation. However, the sulfate group is electron-withdrawing and may be cleaved off heterolytically in some molecules leading to electrophilic cations which may form adducts with DNA and other important cellular structures. Since endogenous sulfotransferases do not appear to be expressed in indicator cells of standard mutagenicity tests, rat and human sulfotransferases have been stably expressed in his- Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1538 and Chinese hamster V79 cells. Using these recombinant indicator cells, sulfotransferase-dependent genotoxic activities were detected with N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene (in the presence of co-expressed rat cytochrome P450 1A2), hycanthone, 1'-hydroxysafrole, alpha-hydroxytamoxifen and various benzylic alcohols derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In several cases, it was critical that the reactive sulfuric acid conjugates were formed directly within the indicator cells, owing to the inefficient penetration of cell membranes. In other cases, spontaneous benzylic substitution reactions with medium components, such as halogenide ions or amino acids, led to secondary, membrane-penetrating reactive species. Different sulfotransferases, including related forms from rat and human, substantially differed in their substrate specificity towards the investigated promutagens. It is known that some sulfotransferases are expressed with high tissue and cell type specificities. This site-dependent expression together with the limitations in the distribution of reactive sulfuric acid conjugates may explain organotropic effects of compounds activated by this metabolic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Glatt
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Toxicology, Potsdam-Rehbrücke.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Glatt H, Staffa-Piée A, Enders N, Baidossi W, Blum J. The presence of KCl in the exposure medium strongly influences the mutagenicity of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Escherichia coli. Mutat Res 1994; 324:111-4. [PMID: 7517509 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(94)90054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that the ion composition of the exposure medium may strongly influence the mutagenicity of many compounds in the liquid preincubation modification of the reversion assay with his- Salmonella typhimurium strains. Similar influences were now observed in the reversion assay with trp- Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA. The exposure medium was 8 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), containing no other ions or 125 mM KCl. Omission of KCl resulted in an about 10-fold enhancement of the mutagenic activity of 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene 5,6-oxide, but in a strong decrease in the mutagenicity of 1-hydroxymethylpyrene sulphate, close to the limit of detection. The findings with these two representative mutagens are very similar to those previously observed in S. typhimurium, suggesting that unobtrusive medium components may exert strong influences on the results with many test compounds in various bacterial test systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Glatt
- Department of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Glatt H, Werle-Schneider G, Enders N, Monnerjahn S, Pudil J, Czich A, Seidel A, Schwarz M. 1-Hydroxymethylpyrene and its sulfuric acid ester: toxicological effects in vitro and in vivo, and metabolic aspects. Chem Biol Interact 1994; 92:305-19. [PMID: 8033264 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(94)90072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
1-Hydroxymethylpyrene (HMP) is activated to a potent mutagen, detectable in Salmonella typhimurium, in the presence of hepatic cytosol, cofactor for sulfotransferases, and chloride anions. The number of induced mutations is linear to the amount of cytosol used over a wide range, allowing for the quantification of this activity. The activity is expressed with high selectivity in certain tissues and cell types. In adult rats, the highest level is found in the liver, the activity in females exceeding that in males about threefold. About half of the activity in the liver of females is provided by hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase a (STa), whereas other enzymes may be more important in males on account of their very low level of STa. The expression of STa is decreased in ATPase-negative, presumably preneoplastic, hepatic foci in female rats. In contrast to its high mutagenicity in bacteria, SMP shows only weak mutagenic activity in mammalian cells (Chinese hamster V79 cells), independently of whether it is externally added, or generated from HMP within the cells by heterologously expressed STa. Sulfation, however, strongly enhances the cytotoxicity of HMP in mammalian cells. The high cytotoxicity and low mutagenicity in mammalian cells in culture have possible correlates in vivo: while HMP is only a weak initiator of ATPase-negative hepatic foci in newborn rats, it shows substantial promoting activity with regard to such foci in female, but not in male rats. We postulate that this promotion results from selective toxification by STa in the normal hepatic parenchyma of female rats, and resistance of ATPase/STa-negative foci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Glatt
- Department of Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Scheepers PT, Bos RP. Combustion of diesel fuel from a toxicological perspective. II. Toxicity. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1992; 64:163-77. [PMID: 1383163 DOI: 10.1007/bf00380905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data and results of toxicity studies in experimental animals indicate the possible health risk of diesel exhaust exposure. Acute effects of this exposure include odor, eye irritations, lung function decrements, cardiovascular symptoms, and some non-specific effects. Most of these effects are reported among persons highly exposed to diesel exhaust. Lung function decrements are reported as chronic effects. Another chronic effect that has been studied extensively among occupationally exposed persons in lung cancer. In addition to lung cancer, but at a less frequent rate, an enhanced incidence of bladder cancer is reported. The carcinogenic action of diesel exhaust exposure is ascribed to effects of the soot particles, particle-associated organics, and/or gas phase compounds. Direct effects of the particle load may include retardation of lung clearance, inflammation, and increased cell proliferation. These effects were all demonstrated in rodents. The particles may also prolong the residence time of particulate organics or induce the generation of reactive oxygen species. These compounds are known to react with macromolecules, causing lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and/or activation of other genotoxic substances such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, these results have not yet been confirmed in mammals in vivo. A direct interaction of particles with lung tissue is also suggested as a cause of cancer but a mechanism for this interaction has not yet been proposed. Organics associated with the particles are known to contain genotoxic properties attributable to PAHs and their derivatives. A number of these compounds are also identified as carcinogens in animal studies. However, it is not clear whether parent PAHs, their nitro-, oxy-, alkylated, or heterocyclic derivatives, or possibly other compounds are principally responsible for inducing tumors in the lungs of animals after diesel exhaust exposure. Furthermore, the mechanism of the bioavailability of these organics is not completely understood. The effects of gas phase constituents on the carcinogenic properties of the particles and/or particle-associated organics either have not been investigated or the findings have been inconclusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P T Scheepers
- Toxicology Department, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Williams GM, Mori H, McQueen CA. Structure-activity relationships in the rat hepatocyte DNA-repair test for 300 chemicals. Mutat Res 1989; 221:263-86. [PMID: 2682231 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(89)90039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
312 chemicals/mixtures were tested for genotoxicity in the rat hepatocyte/DNA-repair test. A variety of structure-activity relationships was evident. Of the 309 pure chemicals, 142 were positive. Of these, 43 were judged by IARC to have sufficient or limited evidence of carcinogenicity and none of the remainder was a proven noncarcinogen. Among the 167 negative chemicals, 44 were carcinogens. Some of these are known to be genotoxic in other systems, but based on several lines of evidence, many are considered to be epigenetic carcinogens that lack the ability to react with DNA and rather lead to neoplasia by nongenotoxic mechanisms.
Collapse
|