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Mo Z, Zhang Y, Hou M, Hu L, Zhai M, Xuan J. Transcriptional dynamics reveals the asymmetrical events underlying graft union formation in pecan (Carya illinoinensis). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae040. [PMID: 38598328 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Grafting is a widely used technique for pecan propagation; however, the background molecular events underlying grafting are still poorly understood. In our study, the graft partners during pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] graft union formation were separately sampled for RNA-seq, and the transcriptional dynamics were described via weighted gene co-expression network analysis. To reveal the main events underlying grafting, the correlations between modules and grafting traits were analyzed. Functional annotation showed that during the entire graft process, signal transduction was activated in the scion, while messenger RNA splicing was induced in the rootstock. At 2 days after grafting, the main processes occurring in the scion were associated with protein synthesis and processing, while the primary processes occurring in the rootstock were energy release-related. During the period of 7-14 days after grafting, defense response was a critical process taking place in the scion; however, the main process functioning in the rootstock was photosynthesis. From 22 to 32 days after grafting, the principal processes taking place in the scion were jasmonic acid biosynthesis and defense response, whereas the highly activated processes associated with the rootstock were auxin biosynthesis and plant-type secondary cell wall biogenesis. To further prove that the graft partners responded asymmetrically to stress, hydrogen peroxide contents as well as peroxidase and β-1,3-glucanase activities were detected, and the results showed that their levels were increased in the scion not the rootstock at certain time points after grafting. Our study reveals that the scion and rootstock might respond asymmetrically to grafting in pecan, and the scion was likely associated with stress response, while the rootstock was probably involved in energy supply and xylem bridge differentiation during graft union formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Mo
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mengxin Hou
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Longjiao Hu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Min Zhai
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jiping Xuan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for the Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Pecan, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
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2
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Yu G, Derkacheva M, Rufian JS, Brillada C, Kowarschik K, Jiang S, Derbyshire P, Ma M, DeFalco TA, Morcillo RJL, Stransfeld L, Wei Y, Zhou J, Menke FLH, Trujillo M, Zipfel C, Macho AP. The Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 regulates BIK1 and is targeted by a bacterial type-III effector. EMBO J 2022; 41:e107257. [PMID: 36314733 PMCID: PMC9713774 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity is tightly controlled by a complex and dynamic regulatory network, which ensures optimal activation upon detection of potential pathogens. Accordingly, each component of this network is a potential target for manipulation by pathogens. Here, we report that RipAC, a type III-secreted effector from the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, targets the plant E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 to inhibit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). PUB4 plays a positive role in PTI by regulating the homeostasis of the central immune kinase BIK1. Before PAMP perception, PUB4 promotes the degradation of non-activated BIK1, while after PAMP perception, PUB4 contributes to the accumulation of activated BIK1. RipAC leads to BIK1 degradation, which correlates with its PTI-inhibitory activity. RipAC causes a reduction in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced PUB4 accumulation and phosphorylation. Our results shed light on the role played by PUB4 in immune regulation, and illustrate an indirect targeting of the immune signalling hub BIK1 by a bacterial effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Maria Derkacheva
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Present address:
The Earlham InstituteNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Jose S Rufian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Carla Brillada
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology IIAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | - Shushu Jiang
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Present address:
Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Miaomiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rafael J L Morcillo
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Lena Stransfeld
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Yali Wei
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jian‐Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology IIAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Leibniz Institute for Plant BiochemistryHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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3
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Activation loop phosphorylaton of a non-RD receptor kinase initiates plant innate immune signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108242118. [PMID: 34531323 PMCID: PMC8463890 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108242118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor kinases (RKs) are fundamental for extracellular sensing and regulate development and stress responses across kingdoms. In plants, leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) are primarily peptide receptors that regulate responses to myriad internal and external stimuli. Phosphorylation of LRR-RK cytoplasmic domains is among the earliest responses following ligand perception, and reciprocal transphosphorylation between a receptor and its coreceptor is thought to activate the receptor complex. Originally proposed based on characterization of the brassinosteroid receptor, the prevalence of complex activation via reciprocal transphosphorylation across the plant RK family has not been tested. Using the LRR-RK ELONGATION FACTOR TU RECEPTOR (EFR) as a model, we set out to understand the steps critical for activating RK complexes. While the EFR cytoplasmic domain is an active protein kinase in vitro and is phosphorylated in a ligand-dependent manner in vivo, catalytically deficient EFR variants are functional in antibacterial immunity. These results reveal a noncatalytic role for EFR in triggering immune signaling and indicate that reciprocal transphoshorylation is not a ubiquitous requirement for LRR-RK complex activation. Rather, our analysis of EFR along with a detailed survey of the literature suggests a distinction between LRR-RKs with RD- versus non-RD protein kinase domains. Based on newly identified phosphorylation sites that regulate the activation state of the EFR complex in vivo, we propose that LRR-RK complexes containing a non-RD protein kinase may be regulated by phosphorylation-dependent conformational changes of the ligand-binding receptor, which could initiate signaling either allosterically or through driving the dissociation of negative regulators of the complex.
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4
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Importance of tyrosine phosphorylation for transmembrane signaling in plants. Biochem J 2021; 478:2759-2774. [PMID: 34297043 PMCID: PMC8331091 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is a widespread post-translational modification fundamental for signaling across all domains of life. Tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation has recently emerged as being important for plant receptor kinase (RK)-mediated signaling, particularly during plant immunity. How Tyr phosphorylation regulates RK function is however largely unknown. Notably, the expansion of protein Tyr phosphatase and SH2 domain-containing protein families, which are the core of regulatory phospho-Tyr (pTyr) networks in choanozoans, did not occur in plants. Here, we summarize the current understanding of plant RK Tyr phosphorylation focusing on the critical role of a pTyr site (‘VIa-Tyr’) conserved in several plant RKs. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of metazoan-like pTyr signaling modules in plants based on atypical components with convergent biochemical functions.
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5
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Suzuki M, Numazaki R, Nakagawa T, Shibuya N, Kaku H. Cytoplasmic interaction of LysM receptors contributes to the formation of symbiotic receptor complex. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:359-362. [PMID: 33088201 PMCID: PMC7557654 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Receptor complex formation at the cell surface is a key step to initiate downstream signaling but the contribution of this process for the regulation of the direction of downstream responses is not well understood. In the plant-microbe interactions, while CERK1, an Arabidopsis LysM-RLK, mediates chitin-induced immune responses, NFR1, a Lotus homolog of CERK1, regulates the symbiotic process with rhizobial bacteria through the recognition of Nod factors. Concerning the mechanistic insight of the regulation of such apparently opposite biological responses by the structurally related RLKs, Nakagawa et al. previously showed that the addition of YAQ sequence, conserved in NFR1 and other symbiotic LysM-RLKs, to the kinase domain of CERK1 switched downstream responses from defense to symbiosis using a set of chimeric receptors, NFR1-CERK1s. These results indicated that such a subtle difference in the cytoplasmic domain of LysM-RLKs could determine the direction of host responses from defense to symbiosis. On the other hand, it is still not understood how such structural differences in the cytoplasmic domains determine the direction of host responses. We here analyzed the interaction between chimeric NFR1s and NFR5, a partner receptor of NFR1, by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) of these proteins transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. These results indicated that the cytoplasmic interaction between the LysM-RLKs is important for the symbiotic receptor complex formation and the YAQ containing region of NFR1 contributes to trigger symbiotic signaling through the successful formation of NFR1/NFR5 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruya Suzuki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ryota Numazaki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakagawa
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-44-934-7805 Fax: +81-44-934-7902
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6
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Huang C, Yan Y, Zhao H, Ye Y, Cao Y. Arabidopsis CPK5 Phosphorylates the Chitin Receptor LYK5 to Regulate Plant Innate Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:702. [PMID: 32595659 PMCID: PMC7300259 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a major component of the fungal cell wall, triggers plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis via a receptor complex including two major lysin motif receptor-like kinases, AtLYK5, and AtCERK1. Although AtLYK5 has been proposed to be a major chitin-binding receptor, the pseudokinase domain of AtLYK5 is required to mediate chitin-triggered immune responses in plants. In this study, 48 AtLYK5-interacting proteins were identified using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry assay. Among them, Arabidopsis CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 5 (AtCPK5) is a protein kinase interacting with both AtLYK5 and AtCERK1. Chitin-induced immune responses are inhibited in both Arabidopsis atcpk5 and atcpk5/6 mutant plants. AtLYK5 and AtLYK4 but not AtCERK1 are phosphorylated by AtCPK5 and AtCPK6 in vitro. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis and in vitro kinase assay identified that Ser-323 and Ser-542 of AtLYK5 are important phosphorylation residues by AtCPK5. Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing either AtLYK5-S323A or AtLYK5-S542A in the atlyk5-2 mutant only partially rescue the defects in chitin-triggered MPK3/MPK6 phosphorylation. Overexpression of AtCPK5 could increase AtCERK1 protein level after chitin treatment. These data proposed a model in which AtCPK5 directly phosphorylates AtLYK5 and regulates chitin-induced defense responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Zhou Q, Liu J, Wang J, Chen S, Chen L, Wang J, Wang HB, Liu B. The juxtamembrane domains of Arabidopsis CERK1, BAK1, and FLS2 play a conserved role in chitin-induced signaling. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:556-562. [PMID: 31161629 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana CERK1 is an essential receptor-like kinase in the chitin signal transduction pathway. The juxtamembrane (JM) domain of CERK1 regulates the kinase activity of this receptor. Here we demonstrate that the JM domains of LysM-RLKs, CERK1, and OsCERK1 play a functionally conserved role in the activation of chitin signaling in Arabidopsis. The C-termini of the JM domains of both CERK1 and OsCERK1 are indispensable for their function. Moreover, after replacing the JM domain of CERK1 with that of the nonhomologous RLK, BAK1 (CJBa) or FLS2 (CJFl), the chimeric CERK1 receptors maintained their ability to activate chitin signaling in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, the heterologous expression of CJBa and CJFl did not induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. These results suggest that the JM domains of CERK1, BAK1, and FLS2 play a conserved role in chitin signaling via a mechanism not related to sequence homology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Sufen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jinfa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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8
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Ahsan N, Wilson RS, Rao RSP, Salvato F, Sabila M, Ullah H, Miernyk JA. Mass Spectrometry-Based Identification of Phospho-Tyr in Plant Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:561-571. [PMID: 31967836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
O-Phosphorylation (phosphorylation of the hydroxyl-group of S, T, and Y residues) is among the first described and most thoroughly studied posttranslational modification (PTM). Y-Phosphorylation, catalyzed by Y-kinases, is a key step in both signal transduction and regulation of enzymatic activity in mammalian systems. Canonical Y-kinase sequences are absent from plant genomes/kinomes, often leading to the assumption that plant cells lack O-phospho-l-tyrosine (pY). However, recent improvements in sample preparation, coupled with advances in instrument sensitivity and accessibility, have led to results that unequivocally disproved this assumption. Identification of hundreds of pY-peptides/proteins, followed by validation using genomic, molecular, and biochemical approaches, implies previously unappreciated roles for this "animal PTM" in plants. Herein, we review extant results from studies of pY in plants and propose a strategy for preparation and analysis of pY-peptides that will allow a depth of coverage of the plant pY-proteome comparable to that achieved in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagib Ahsan
- Division of Biology and Medicine , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02903 , United States.,Center for Cancer Research Development, Proteomics Core Facility , Rhode Island Hospital , Providence , Rhode Island 02903 , United States
| | - Rashaun S Wilson
- Keck Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Resource , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - R Shyama Prasad Rao
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Division, Yenepoya Research Center , Yenepoya University , Mangalore 575018 , India
| | - Fernanda Salvato
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Mercy Sabila
- Department of Biology , Howard University , Washington , D.C. 20059 , United States
| | - Hemayet Ullah
- Department of Biology , Howard University , Washington , D.C. 20059 , United States
| | - Ján A Miernyk
- Division of Biochemistry , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
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9
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Desaki Y, Takahashi S, Sato K, Maeda K, Matsui S, Yoshimi I, Miura T, Jumonji JI, Takeda J, Yashima K, Kohari M, Suenaga T, Terada H, Narisawa T, Shimizu T, Yumoto E, Miyamoto K, Narusaka M, Narusaka Y, Kaku H, Shibuya N. PUB4, a CERK1-Interacting Ubiquitin Ligase, Positively Regulates MAMP-Triggered Immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2573-2583. [PMID: 31368495 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysin motif (LysM) receptor-like kinase CERK1 is a co-receptor essential for plant immune responses against carbohydrate microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Concerning the immediate downstream signaling components of CERK1, receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases such as PBL27 and other RLCK VII members have been reported to regulate immune responses positively. In this study, we report that a novel CERK1-interacting E3 ubiquitin ligase, PUB4, is also involved in the regulation of MAMP-triggered immune responses. Knockout of PUB4 resulted in the alteration of chitin-induced defense responses, indicating that PUB4 positively regulates reactive oxygen species generation and callose deposition but negatively regulates MAPK activation and defense gene expression. On the other hand, detailed analyses of a double knockout mutant of pub4 and sid2, a mutant of salicylic acid (SA) synthesis pathway, showed that the contradictory phenotype of the pub4 mutant was actually caused by abnormal accumulation of SA in this mutant and that PUB4 is a positive regulator of immune responses. The present and recent findings on the role of PUB4 indicate that PUB4 is a unique E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the regulation of both plant immunity and growth/development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Desaki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Takahashi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenta Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kanako Maeda
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Saki Matsui
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ikuya Yoshimi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takaki Miura
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Jumonji
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Takeda
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kohei Yashima
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Kohari
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suenaga
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hayato Terada
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Narisawa
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeo Shimizu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Emi Yumoto
- Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Miyamoto
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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10
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Suzuki M, Yoshida I, Suto K, Desaki Y, Shibuya N, Kaku H. AtCERK1 Phosphorylation Site S493 Contributes to the Transphosphorylation of Downstream Components for Chitin-Induced Immune Signaling. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1804-1810. [PMID: 31119298 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While ligand-induced autophosphorylation of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) is known to be critical for triggering the downstream responses, biochemical mechanism by which each phosphorylation site contributes to the initiation of corresponding signaling cascades is only poorly understood, except the involvement of some phosphorylation sites in the regulation of catalytic activity of these RLKs. In this article, we first confirmed that the phosphorylation of S493 of AtCERK1 is involved in the regulation of chitin-induced defense responses by the complementation of an atcerk1 mutant with AtCERK1(S493A) cDNA. In vitro kinase assay with the heterologously expressed kinase domain of AtCERK1, GST-AtCERK1cyt, showed that the S493A mutation did not affect the autophosphorylation of AtCERK1 itself but diminished the transphosphorylation of downstream signaling components, PBL27 and PUB4. On the other hand, a phosphomimetic mutant, GST-AtCERK1(S493D)cyt, transphosphorylated these substrates as similar to the wild type AtCERK1. These results suggested that the phosphorylation of S493 does not contribute to the regulation of catalytic activity but plays an important role for the transphosphorylation of the downstream signaling components, thus contributing to the initiation of chitin signaling. To our knowledge, it is a novel finding that a specific phosphorylation site contributes to the regulation of transphosphorylation activity of RLKs. Further studies on the structural basis by which S493 phosphorylation contributes to the regulation of transphosphorylation would contribute to the understanding how the ligand-induced autophosphorylation of RLKs properly regulates the downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruya Suzuki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Issei Yoshida
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kenkichi Suto
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Desaki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
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11
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Caddell DF, Wei T, Sharma S, Oh MH, Park CJ, Canlas P, Huber SC, Ronald PC. Four tyrosine residues of the rice immune receptor XA21 are not required for interaction with the co-receptor OsSERK2 or resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6074. [PMID: 30581670 PMCID: PMC6294051 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation has emerged as an important regulator of plasma membrane-localized immune receptors activity. Here, we investigate the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the regulation of rice XANTHOMONAS RESISTANCE 21 (XA21)-mediated immunity. We demonstrate that the juxtamembrane and kinase domain of Escherichia coli–expressed XA21 (XA21JK) autophosphorylates on tyrosine residues. Directed mutagenesis of four out of the nine tyrosine residues in XA21JK reduced autophosphorylation. These sites include Tyr698 in the juxtamembrane domain, and Tyr786, Tyr907, and Tyr909 in the kinase domain. Rice plants expressing XA21-GFP fusion proteins or proteins with these tyrosine residues individually mutated to phenylalanine (XA21YF-GFP), which prevents phosphorylation at these sites, maintain resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. In contrast, plants expressing phosphomimetic XA21 variants with tyrosine mutated to aspartate (XA21YD-GFP) were susceptible. In vitro purified XA21JKY698F, XA21JKY907F, and XA21JKY909F variants are catalytically active, whereas activity was not detected in XA21JKY768F and the four XA21JKYD variants. We previously demonstrated that interaction of XA21 with the co-receptor OsSERK2 is critical for biological function. Four of the XA21JKYF variants maintain interaction with OsSERK2 as well as the XA21 binding (XB) proteins XB3 and XB15 in yeast, suggesting that these four tyrosine residues are not required for their interaction. Taken together, these results suggest that XA21 is capable of tyrosine autophosphorylation, but the identified tyrosine residues are not required for activation of XA21-mediated immunity or interaction with predicted XA21 signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Caddell
- Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tong Wei
- Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sweta Sharma
- Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Man-Ho Oh
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chang-Jin Park
- Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Canlas
- Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Steven C Huber
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pamela C Ronald
- Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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12
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Extracellular DAMPs in Plants and Mammals: Immunity, Tissue Damage and Repair. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:937-950. [PMID: 30293747 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune receptors, well known mediators of response to non-self-molecules and inflammation, also act as mediators of immunity triggered by 'damage-associated molecular patterns' (DAMPs). Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) cause inflammation in mammals and a rapid immune response in plants, while DAMPs trigger more complex responses, including immunity, tissue maintenance and repair. DAMPs, their receptors and downstream transduction mechanisms are often conserved within a kingdom or, due to convergent evolution, are similar across the kingdoms of life. Herein, we describe the dynamics and functionality of specific extracellular DAMP classes and their receptors in immunity, inflammation and repair of tissue damage in plants and mammals.
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Mithoe SC, Menke FL. Regulation of pattern recognition receptor signalling by phosphorylation and ubiquitination. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 45:162-170. [PMID: 30064038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of how plant innate immunity is triggered and regulated has seen tremendous progress over the last decade, with many important players identified in the model systems Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (rice). Identification of these components has come from both genetic screens as well as from proteomics approaches. While genetic approaches are powerful tools of discovery to identify key components in a signalling pathway, the application of genetics is limited when dealing with redundancy or when mutations cause lethal phenotypes. This is where the complementary strength of proteomics has brought major advances. With the advancement in technology in the field of proteomics, not only the proteins involved in innate immune signalling and responses have been identified, but also the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that these proteins carry have been mapped in more intricate detail and shown to be functionally relevant in both genetic and biochemical terms. Here we discuss the most recent progress in pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signalling with a focus on phosphorylation and ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon C Mithoe
- John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, NR4 3FQ Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Lh Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Colney Lane, NR4 3FQ Norwich, United Kingdom.
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