1
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Hu J, Li C, Zhou Y, Ding J, Li X, Li Y. Allicin Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection In Vitro and Alleviates Inflammatory Responses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051050. [PMID: 37243135 DOI: 10.3390/v15051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important pathogens to the swine industry worldwide over the past three decades. No approved effective antiviral drug is available to control this virus. The antiviral effects of allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) on many human and animal viruses have been documented. However, the antiviral effect of allicin on PRRSV infection remains unknown. In this study, we found that allicin exhibited an inhibitory effect on HP-PRRSV and NADC30-like PRRSV in a dose-dependent manner by interfering with viral entry, replication, and assembly. Furthermore, allicin alleviated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-β, IL-6, and TNFα) induced by PRRSV infection. The pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, TNF signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway, up-regulated by PRRSV infection were restored by allicin treatment. Taken together, these results demonstrate that allicin has antiviral activity against PRRSV and ameliorates inflammatory responses induced by PRRSV infection, suggesting that allicin is a promising drug candidate for anti-PRRSV therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yanyang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jingjing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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2
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Giordano D, Facchiano A, Carbone V. Food Plant Secondary Metabolites Antiviral Activity and Their Possible Roles in SARS-CoV-2 Treatment: An Overview. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062470. [PMID: 36985442 PMCID: PMC10058909 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products and plant extracts exhibit many biological activities, including that related to the defense mechanisms against parasites. Many studies have investigated the biological functions of secondary metabolites and reported evidence of antiviral activities. The pandemic emergencies have further increased the interest in finding antiviral agents, and efforts are oriented to investigate possible activities of secondary plant metabolites against human viruses and their potential application in treating or preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we performed a comprehensive analysis of studies through in silico and in vitro investigations, also including in vivo applications and clinical trials, to evaluate the state of knowledge on the antiviral activities of secondary metabolites against human viruses and their potential application in treating or preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a particular focus on natural compounds present in food plants. Although some of the food plant secondary metabolites seem to be useful in the prevention and as a possible therapeutic management against SARS-CoV-2, up to now, no molecules can be used as a potential treatment for COVID-19; however, more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Giordano
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Angelo Facchiano
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Virginia Carbone
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
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3
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Bijelić K, Hitl M, Kladar N. Phytochemicals in the Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2-Clinical Evidence. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111614. [PMID: 36421257 PMCID: PMC9686831 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in December 2019. Due to the rapid spread of the disease and the lack of adequate therapy, the use of plants that have a long history in the treatment of viral infections has often been considered. The aim of this paper is to provide a brief review of the literature on the use of phytochemicals during the new pandemic. An extensive search of published works was performed through platforms Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science and Clinicaltrials.gov. Numerous preclinical studies on the use of phytochemicals (quercetin, curcumin, baicalin, kaempferol, resveratrol, glycyrrhizin, lycorine, colchicine) against SARS-CoV-2 have shown that these components can be effective in the prevention and treatment of this infection. Clinical research has proven that the use of black cumin and green propolis as well as quercetin has positive effects. As for other phytochemicals, in addition to preclinical testing which has already been carried out, it would be necessary to conduct clinical tests in order to assert their effectiveness. For those phytochemicals whose clinical efficacy has been proven, it would be necessary to conduct research on a larger number of patients, so that the conclusions are more representative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Bijelić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-21-422-760
| | - Maja Hitl
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Kladar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigation and Quality Control, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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4
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Shekh S, Moi S, Gowd KH. Virtual screening of sulfur compounds of Allium against coronavirus proteases: E-Ajoene is a potential dual protease targeting covalent inhibitor. J Sulphur Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2022.2119086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shamasoddin Shekh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Smriti Moi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Konkallu Hanumae Gowd
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
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5
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Ventura ON, Segovia M, Vega-Teijido M, Katz A, Kieninger M, Tasinato N, Salta Z. Correcting the Experimental Enthalpies of Formation of Some Members of the Biologically Significant Sulfenic Acids Family. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6091-6109. [PMID: 36044372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfenic acids are important intermediates in the oxidation of cysteine thiol groups in proteins by reactive oxygen species. The mechanism is influenced heavily by the presence of polar groups, other thiol groups, and solvent, all of which determines the need to compute precisely the energies involved in the process. Surprisingly, very scarce experimental information exists about a very basic property of sulfenic acids, the enthalpies of formation. In this Article, we use high level quantum chemical methods to derive the enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K of methane-, ethene-, ethyne-, and benzenesulfenic acids, the only ones for which some experimental information exists. The methods employed were tested against well-known experimental data of related species and extensive CCSD(T) calculations. Our best results consistently point out to a much lower enthalpy of formation of methanesulfenic acid, CH3SOH (ΔfH0(298.15K) = -35.1 ± 0.4 kcal mol-1), than the one reported in the NIST thermochemical data tables. The enthalpies of formation derived for ethynesulfenic acid, HC≡CSOH, +32.9 ± 1.0 kcal/mol, and benzenesulfenic acid, C6H5SOH, -2.6 ± 0.6 kcal mol-1, also differ markedly from the experimental values, while the enthalpy of formation of ethenesulfenic acid CH2CHSOH, not available experimentally, was calculated as -11.2 ± 0.7 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar N Ventura
- Computational Chemistry and Biology Group, CCBG, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marc Segovia
- Computational Chemistry and Biology Group, CCBG, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Vega-Teijido
- Computational Chemistry and Biology Group, CCBG, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Aline Katz
- Computational Chemistry and Biology Group, CCBG, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martina Kieninger
- Computational Chemistry and Biology Group, CCBG, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicola Tasinato
- SMART Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore, piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Zoi Salta
- SMART Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore, piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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6
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du Preez HN, Aldous C, Kruger HG, Johnson L. N-Acetylcysteine and Other Sulfur-Donors as a Preventative and Adjunct Therapy for COVID-19. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:4555490. [PMID: 35992575 PMCID: PMC9385285 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4555490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelial glycocalyx plays an important role in preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 entry into the epithelial cells, while the endothelial glycocalyx contributes to vascular permeability and tone, as well as modulating immune, inflammatory, and coagulation responses. With ample evidence in the scientific literature that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is related to epithelial and endothelial dysfunction, preserving the glycocalyx should be the main focus of any COVID-19 treatment protocol. The most studied functional unit of the glycocalyx is the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate, where the degree and position of the sulfate groups determine the biological activity. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and other sulfur donors contribute to the inorganic sulfate pool, the rate-limiting molecule in sulfation. NAC is not only a precursor to glutathione but also converts to hydrogen sulfide, inorganic sulfate, taurine, Coenzyme A, and albumin. By optimising inorganic sulfate availability, and therefore sulfation, it is proposed that COVID-19 can be prevented or at least most of the symptoms attenuated. A comprehensive COVID-19 treatment protocol is needed to preserve the glycocalyx in both the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The use of NAC at a dosage of 600 mg bid for the prevention of COVID-19 is proposed, but a higher dosage of NAC (1200 mg bid) should be administered upon the first onset of symptoms. In the severe to critically ill, it is advised that IV NAC should be administered immediately upon hospital admission, and in the late stage of the disease, IV sodium thiosulfate should be considered. Doxycycline as a protease inhibitor will prevent shedding and further degradation of the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N du Preez
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Colleen Aldous
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lin Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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7
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Gao K, Wang R, Chen J, Cheng L, Frishcosy J, Huzumi Y, Qiu Y, Schluckbier T, Wei X, Wei GW. Methodology-Centered Review of Molecular Modeling, Simulation, and Prediction of SARS-CoV-2. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11287-11368. [PMID: 35594413 PMCID: PMC9159519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts in the past two years, our understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), virus-host interactions, immune response, virulence, transmission, and evolution is still very limited. This limitation calls for further in-depth investigation. Computational studies have become an indispensable component in combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to their low cost, their efficiency, and the fact that they are free from safety and ethical constraints. Additionally, the mechanism that governs the global evolution and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be revealed from individual experiments and was discovered by integrating genotyping of massive viral sequences, biophysical modeling of protein-protein interactions, deep mutational data, deep learning, and advanced mathematics. There exists a tsunami of literature on the molecular modeling, simulations, and predictions of SARS-CoV-2 and related developments of drugs, vaccines, antibodies, and diagnostics. To provide readers with a quick update about this literature, we present a comprehensive and systematic methodology-centered review. Aspects such as molecular biophysics, bioinformatics, cheminformatics, machine learning, and mathematics are discussed. This review will be beneficial to researchers who are looking for ways to contribute to SARS-CoV-2 studies and those who are interested in the status of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifu Gao
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Limei Cheng
- Clinical
Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol
Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08536, United States
| | - Jaclyn Frishcosy
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuta Huzumi
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuchi Qiu
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Tom Schluckbier
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Xiaoqi Wei
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Guo-Wei Wei
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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8
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Kiriacos CJ, Khedr MR, Tadros M, Youness RA. Prospective Medicinal Plants and Their Phytochemicals Shielding Autoimmune and Cancer Patients Against the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Special Focus on Matcha. Front Oncol 2022; 12:837408. [PMID: 35664773 PMCID: PMC9157490 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Being "positive" has been one of the most frustrating words anyone could hear since the end of 2019. This word had been overused globally due to the high infectious nature of SARS-CoV-2. All citizens are at risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, but a red warning sign has been directed towards cancer and immune-compromised patients in particular. These groups of patients are not only more prone to catch the virus but also more predisposed to its deadly consequences, something that urged the research community to seek other effective and safe solutions that could be used as a protective measurement for cancer and autoimmune patients during the pandemic. Aim The authors aimed to turn the spotlight on specific herbal remedies that showed potential anticancer activity, immuno-modulatory roles, and promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 actions. Methodology To attain the purpose of the review, the research was conducted at the States National Library of Medicine (PubMed). To search databases, the descriptors used were as follows: "COVID-19"/"SARS-CoV-2", "Herbal Drugs", "Autoimmune diseases", "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "Asthma", "Multiple Sclerosis", "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus" "Nutraceuticals", "Matcha", "EGCG", "Quercetin", "Cancer", and key molecular pathways. Results This manuscript reviewed most of the herbal drugs that showed a triple action concerning anticancer, immunomodulation, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities. Special attention was directed towards "matcha" as a novel potential protective and therapeutic agent for cancer and immunocompromised patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Conclusion This review sheds light on the pivotal role of "matcha" as a tri-acting herbal tea having a potent antitumorigenic effect, immunomodulatory role, and proven anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, thus providing a powerful shield for high-risk patients such as cancer and autoimmune patients during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Joseph Kiriacos
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Monika Rafik Khedr
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Miray Tadros
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rana A. Youness
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Del Rayo Camacho-Corona M, Camacho-Morales A, Góngora-Rivera F, Escamilla-García E, Morales-Landa JL, Andrade-Medina M, Herrera-Rodulfo AF, García-Juárez M, García-Espinosa P, Stefani T, González-Barranco P, Carrillo-Tripp M. Immunomodulatory effects of Allium Sativum L. and its constituents against viral infections and metabolic diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:109-131. [PMID: 34809549 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211122163156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allium sativum L., or garlic, is one of the most studied plants worldwide within the field of traditional medicine. Current interests lie in the potential use of garlic as a preventive measure and adjuvant treatment for viral infections, e.g., SARS-CoV-2. Even though it cannot be presented as a single treatment, its beneficial effects are beyond doubt. The World Health Organization has deemed it an essential part of any balanced diet with immunomodulatory properties. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to review the literature on the effects of garlic compounds and preparations on immunomodulation and viral infection management, with emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. METHOD Exhaustive literature search has been carried out on electronic databases. CONCLUSION Garlic is a fundamental part of a well-balanced diet which helps maintain general good health. The reported information regarding garlic's ability to beneficially modulate inflammation and the immune system is encouraging. Nonetheless, more efforts must be made to understand the actual medicinal properties and mechanisms of action of the compounds found in this plant to inhibit or diminish viral infections, particularly SARS-CoV-2. Based on our findings, we propose a series of innovative strategies to achieve such a challenge in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Góngora-Rivera
- Stroke Unit and Neurology Department, University Hospital Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L. Mexico
| | - Erandi Escamilla-García
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDICS), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L. Mexico
| | - Juan Luis Morales-Landa
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Subsede Noreste, Apodaca, N.L. Mexico
| | - Mariana Andrade-Medina
- Biomolecular Diversity Laboratory, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Monterrey, Apodaca, N.L. Mexico
| | - Aldo Fernando Herrera-Rodulfo
- Biomolecular Diversity Laboratory, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Monterrey, Apodaca, N.L. Mexico
| | - Martín García-Juárez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L. Mexico
| | | | - Tommaso Stefani
- Laboratory for Biology of Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Acad Sci, Prague. Czech Republic
| | - Patricia González-Barranco
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp
- Biomolecular Diversity Laboratory, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Monterrey, Apodaca, N.L. Mexico
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10
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Mösbauer K, Fritsch VN, Adrian L, Bernhardt J, Gruhlke MCH, Slusarenko AJ, Niemeyer D, Antelmann H. The Effect of Allicin on the Proteome of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Calu-3 Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:746795. [PMID: 34777295 PMCID: PMC8581659 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.746795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) is the major thiol-reactive organosulfur compound produced by garlic plants (Allium sativum) upon tissue damage. Allicin exerts its strong antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi via S-thioallylation of protein thiols and low molecular weight thiols. Here, we investigated the effect of allicin on SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells. Toxicity tests revealed that Calu-3 cells showed greater allicin tolerance, probably due to >4-fold higher GSH levels compared to the very sensitive Vero E6 cells. Exposure of infected Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells to biocompatible allicin doses led to a ∼60–70% decrease of viral RNA and infectious viral particles. Label-free quantitative proteomics was used to investigate the changes in the Calu-3 proteome after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the effect of allicin on the host-virus proteome. SARS-CoV-2 infection of Calu-3 cells caused a strong induction of the antiviral interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) signature, including several antiviral effectors, such as cGAS, Mx1, IFIT, IFIH, IFI16, IFI44, OAS, and ISG15, pathways of vesicular transport, tight junctions (KIF5A/B/C, OSBPL2, CLTCL1, and ARHGAP17) and ubiquitin modification (UBE2L3/5), as well as reprogramming of host metabolism, transcription and translation. Allicin treatment of infected Calu-3 cells reduced the expression of IFN signaling pathways and ISG effectors and reverted several host pathways to levels of uninfected cells. Allicin further reduced the abundance of the structural viral proteins N, M, S and ORF3 in the host-virus proteome. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the antiviral and immunomodulatory activity of biocompatible doses of allicin in SARS-CoV-2-infected cell cultures. Future drug research should be directed to exploit the thiol-reactivity of allicin derivatives with increased stability and lower human cell toxicity as antiviral lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Mösbauer
- Institute of Virology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lorenz Adrian
- Department Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,Fachgebiet Geobiotechnologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniela Niemeyer
- Institute of Virology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Pandey RK, Pandey RK, Shukla SS, Pandey P. A review on corona virus and treatment approaches with Allium sativam. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021; 7:159. [PMID: 34395639 PMCID: PMC8353433 DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently reported cases of Covid-19 globally remind us that new diseases are coming while we are unable to provide the treatment for the same. The entire world is facing this viral attack; deaths are increasing day by day as well as infected patients too. Today, in the period of this disease, can we go to the shelter of our
traditional medicines? Main body In this article, we have taken medicines related to corona and conceptualized their mechanism, which gave us a chance to understand Garlic's mechanism of action, how Garlic can be a weapon in the lane with this disease. This article also tells how we can treat new diseases with our traditional herbs if no modern medicine has been discovered yet. Conclusion The present review is based on the structure of the virus and the targeted site for the drug discovery process with important constituents of Allium sativam. The review work also explains the allicin chemical constituent of Allium sativam which has targeted therapeutic sites related to Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology KSCP, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | | | - Priyanka Pandey
- Swami Vivekanand College of Pharmacy, Indore, Madhya Pradesh India
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12
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Mosleh G, Badr P, Zaeri M, Mohagheghzadeh A. Potentials of Antitussive Traditional Persian Functional Foods for COVID-19 Therapy †. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:624006. [PMID: 34335237 PMCID: PMC8322585 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.624006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 is a worldwide pandemic resulting in a severe acute respiratory syndrome. Remdesivir is the only FDA-approved drug for hospitalized patients older than age 12. It shows the necessity of finding new therapeutic strategies. Functional foods (FFs) could have co-therapeutic and protective effects against COVID-19 infection. Traditional Persian medicine (TPM), one of the safest and most popular schools of medicine for hundreds of years, has recommended potential FF candidates to manage such a global pandemic. To reveal the potential of TPM in terms of antitussive FFs, traditional Persian pharmacopoeia "Qarabadin-e-Salehi" was searched using the keywords "Soaal" and "Sorfeh." Also, a search of MEDLINE, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and Science Direct was performed for the relevant literature published from the inception up to March 2021. A combination of search terms including "cough, antitussive, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antiviral, COVID-19, mucoactive, mucolytic, expectorant, and mucoregulatory" was also applied. The potential mechanism of action in SARS-CoV-2 infection was discussed. Twelve TPM FFs were found including Laooqs, Morabbas, a Saviq, a soup, and a syrup. They are combinations of two to seven ingredients. Natural compounds of mentioned formulations have the main pharmacological mechanisms including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihistamine, bronchodilator, immunomodulatory, and mucoactive effects as well as central or peripheral antitussive activities. FFs are cost-effective, easily accessible, and safe options for both treatment and prevention of COVID-19. They might have positive psychological effects along with their pharmacological effects and nutritional virtues. They could also manage persistent respiratory discomforts after recovery from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Mosleh
- Phytopharmaceutical Technology and Traditional Medicine Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parmis Badr
- Phytopharmaceutical Technology and Traditional Medicine Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Meysam Zaeri
- Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Silva JRA, Kruger HG, Molfetta FA. Drug repurposing and computational modeling for discovery of inhibitors of the main protease (M pro) of SARS-CoV-2. RSC Adv 2021; 11:23450-23458. [PMID: 35479789 PMCID: PMC9036595 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03956c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The main protease (Mpro or 3CLpro) is a conserved cysteine protease from the coronaviruses and started to be considered an important drug target for developing antivirals, as it produced a deadly outbreak of COVID-19. Herein, we used a combination of drug reposition and computational modeling approaches including molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and the calculated binding free energy to evaluate a set of drugs in complex with the Mpro enzyme. Particularly, our results show that darunavir and triptorelin drugs have favorable binding free energy (−63.70 and −77.28 kcal mol−1, respectively) in complex with the Mpro enzyme. Based on the results, the structural and energetic features that explain why some drugs can be repositioned to inhibit Mpro from SARS-CoV-2 were exposed. These features should be considered for the design of novel Mpro inhibitors. Structural and energetic features explain why some drugs can be repositioned to inhibit Mpro from SARS-CoV-2.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rogério A Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará Belém Pará 66075-110 Brazil
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Fábio A Molfetta
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará CP 11101 60075-110 Belém PA Brazil
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Yaghoubian H, Niktale H, Yazdi AP, Ghorani V, Rashed MM, Hashemian AM. Evaluate the Therapeutic Effect of Allicin (L-cysteine) on Clinical Presentation and Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19. Eur J Transl Myol 2021; 31. [PMID: 34148335 PMCID: PMC8274222 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2021.9518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiviral effectiveness of allicin (L-cysteine) has been shown by numerous studies in both levels of clinical and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of allicin (L-cysteine) on clinical presentation and prognosis. In the current study, 66 patients with COVID-19 based on clinical, radiological presentations and RT-PCR results, were enrolled in two groups of placebo and allicin. In the both allicin (L-cysteine) and placebo groups (n=33 in each group), the capsules were prescribed two times a day for two weeks. Clinical signs and symptoms, blood parameters and chest CT scan were evaluated before and two weeks after treatment. The results showed that allicin (L-cysteine) could significantly impact on improvement of signs and symptoms of COVID-19 after two weeks of treatment in comparison to placebo. Allicin (L-cysteine) not only improve the clinical signs, but also ameliorate the lab and radiological data, which suggest a therapeutic effect for this agent in COVID-19. Our data suggest the therapeutic effect of allicin (L-cysteine) on COVID-19 through improvement of clinical symptoms and acceleration of the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Yaghoubian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad.
| | - Hossein Niktale
- Innovation, Technology and Entrepreneurship, Molecule of allicin (L-cysteine) with Stabilized Oxidation Capacity, Mashhad.
| | | | - Vahideh Ghorani
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad.
| | | | - Amir Masoud Hashemian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad.
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Liu Y, Wu Y, Shen X, Xie L. COVID-19 Multi-Targeted Drug Repurposing Using Few-Shot Learning. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 1:693177. [PMID: 36303751 PMCID: PMC9581066 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2021.693177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The life-threatening disease COVID-19 has inspired significant efforts to discover novel therapeutic agents through repurposing of existing drugs. Although multi-targeted (polypharmacological) therapies are recognized as the most efficient approach to system diseases such as COVID-19, computational multi-targeted compound screening has been limited by the scarcity of high-quality experimental data and difficulties in extracting information from molecules. This study introduces MolGNN, a new deep learning model for molecular property prediction. MolGNN applies a graph neural network to computational learning of chemical molecule embedding. Comparing to state-of-the-art approaches heavily relying on labeled experimental data, our method achieves equivalent or superior prediction performance without manual labels in the pretraining stage, and excellent performance on data with only a few labels. Our results indicate that MolGNN is robust to scarce training data, and hence a powerful few-shot learning tool. MolGNN predicted several multi-targeted molecules against both human Janus kinases and the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, which are preferential targets for drugs aiming, respectively, at alleviating cytokine storm COVID-19 symptoms and suppressing viral replication. We also predicted molecules potentially inhibiting cell death induced by SARS-CoV-2. Several of MolGNN top predictions are supported by existing experimental and clinical evidence, demonstrating the potential value of our method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - You Wu
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaoke Shen
- Department of Computer Science, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Computer Science, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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Allicin, the Odor of Freshly Crushed Garlic: A Review of Recent Progress in Understanding Allicin's Effects on Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061505. [PMID: 33801955 PMCID: PMC8001868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The volatile organic sulfur compound allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) is produced as a defense substance when garlic (Allium sativum) tissues are damaged, for example by the activities of pathogens or pests. Allicin gives crushed garlic its characteristic odor, is membrane permeable and readily taken up by exposed cells. It is a reactive thiol-trapping sulfur compound that S-thioallylates accessible cysteine residues in proteins and low molecular weight thiols including the cellular redox buffer glutathione (GSH) in eukaryotes and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as bacillithiol (BSH) in Gram-positive firmicutes. Allicin shows dose-dependent antimicrobial activity. At higher doses in eukaryotes allicin can induce apoptosis or necrosis, whereas lower, biocompatible amounts can modulate the activity of redox-sensitive proteins and affect cellular signaling. This review summarizes our current knowledge of how bacterial and eukaryotic cells are specifically affected by, and respond to, allicin.
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Akhmadiev NS, Mescheryakova ES, Akhmetova VR, Ibragimov AG. Metal-free multicomponent synthesis of novel macrocyclic tetrathiadienes with cyano and amino groups. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18768-18775. [PMID: 35478647 PMCID: PMC9033490 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02616j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The first synthesis of 5,12-diamino-7,14-bis(aryl)-1,4,8,11-tetrathiacyclotetradeca-5,12-diene-6,13-dicarbonitriles was performed as a multicomponent macroheterocyclization of malononitrile, aryl aldehydes, and 1,2-ethanedithiol in the presence of a catalytic amount of triethylamine in ethanol. The structures of the obtained macroheterocycles were confirmed by spectral methods, X-ray diffraction, and MALDI TOF mass spectrometry. Here we developed a selective method for the synthesis of previously unknown macrocyclic cyano and amino substituted 1,4,8,11-tetrathiacyclotetradeca-5,12-dienes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail S. Akhmadiev
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis
- Russian Academy of Science
- 450075 Ufa
- Russian Federation
| | | | - Vnira R. Akhmetova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis
- Russian Academy of Science
- 450075 Ufa
- Russian Federation
| | - Askhat G. Ibragimov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis
- Russian Academy of Science
- 450075 Ufa
- Russian Federation
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