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Quah ACK, Lee S, Seo HG, Cho SI, Lim S, Kim Y, Xu SS, Grey M, Yan M, Boudreau C, Thompson ME, Driezen P, Fong GT. Methods of the 2020 (Wave 1) International Tobacco Control (ITC) Korea Survey. Tob Prev Cessat 2022; 8:13. [PMID: 35434426 PMCID: PMC8961692 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/146685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article presents methods used in the 2020 International TC Korea Wave 1 (KRA1) Survey. To date, three cohorts of Korean respondents have participated in the larger ITC Korea Project (cohort 1: 2005-2014, cohort 2: 2016, and cohort 3: 2020-present). The overall objectives of the ITC KRA1 Survey were to examine the use of cigarettes, heated tobacco products (HTPs), e-cigarettes (ECs); whether HTPs might help smokers quit; and the effectiveness of tobacco control policies, such as large graphic warnings, high cigarette taxes, and smoking bans in public places. The KRA1 Survey measures were identical or functionally similar to those of the ITC Japan Survey and, to a lesser extent, those of other ITC countries. Key measures assessed sociodemographic characteristics of respondents; the use of combustible cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and heated tobacco products; and measures assessing policies of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, including price and tax (Article 6), smoke-free laws (Article 8), health warnings (Article 11), education, communication and public awareness (Article 12), advertising, promotion, and sponsorship restrictions (Article 13), and support for cessation (Article 14). Adult tobacco and/or nicotine users aged ≥19 years in South Korea were recruited by a commercial survey firm from its online panel. Overall, 4794 respondents completed the KRA1 Survey. The cooperation rate was 97.4% and the response rate was 15.2%. The cohort design permits assessment of transitions in products used among users in South Korea and evaluations of the impact of policies on tobacco and/or nicotine products used and transitions in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C K Quah
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Sungkyu Lee
- Korea Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gwan Seo
- National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Il Cho
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Lim
- National Tobacco Control Center, Korean Health Promotion Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeol Kim
- Center for Smoking Cessation, National Cancer Center, Goygang, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve S Xu
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Matthew Grey
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mi Yan
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Christian Boudreau
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mary E Thompson
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Pete Driezen
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.,School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.,School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
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Lee K, Eckhardt J. Looming threat of Asian tobacco companies to global health. Lancet 2017; 389:1958-1960. [PMID: 28534742 PMCID: PMC5694664 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Lee
- Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Global Health Governance, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada,
| | - Jappe Eckhardt
- Lecturer in International Relations, Department of Politics, University of York, York, UK,
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Lee K, Eckhardt J. The globalisation strategies of five Asian tobacco companies: a comparative analysis and implications for global health governance. Glob Public Health 2017; 12:367-379. [PMID: 28139967 PMCID: PMC5553434 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2016.1273370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The global tobacco industry, from the 1960s to mid 1990s, saw consolidation and eventual domination by a small number of transnational tobacco companies (TTC). This paper draws together comparative analysis of five case studies in the special issue on 'The Emergence of Asian Tobacco Companies: Implications for Global Health Governance.' The cases suggest that tobacco industry globalisation is undergoing a new phase, beginning in the late 1990s, with the adoption of global business strategies by five Asian companies. The strategies were prompted foremost by external factors, notably market liberalisation, competition from TTCs and declining domestic markets. State protection and promotion enabled the industries in Japan, South Korea and China to rationalise their operations ahead of foreign market expansion. The TTM and TTL will likely remain domestic or perhaps regional companies, JTI and KT&G have achieved TTC status, and the CNTC is poised to dwarf all existing companies. This global expansion of Asian tobacco companies will increase competition which, in turn, will intensify marketing, exert downward price pressures along the global value chain, and encourage product innovation. Global tobacco control requires fuller understanding of these emerging changes and the regulatory challenges posed by ongoing globalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Jappe Eckhardt
- Department of Politics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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Lee K, Eckhardt J. The globalisation strategies of five Asian tobacco companies: An analytical framework. Glob Public Health 2016; 12:269-280. [PMID: 27884083 PMCID: PMC5553427 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2016.1251604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With 30% of the world’s smokers, two million deaths annually from tobacco use, and rising levels of tobacco consumption, the Asian region is recognised as central to the future of global tobacco control. There is less understanding, however, of how Asian tobacco companies with regional and global aspirations are contributing to the global burden of tobacco-related disease and death. This introductory article sets out the background and rationale for this special issue on ‘The Emergence of Asian Tobacco Companies: Implications for Global Health Governance’. The article discusses the core questions to be addressed and presents an analytical framework for assessing the globalisation strategies of Asian tobacco firms. The article also discusses the selection of the five case studies, namely as independent companies in Asia which have demonstrated concerted ambitions to be a major player in the world market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Lee
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , BC , Canada
| | - Jappe Eckhardt
- b Department of Politics , University of York , York , UK
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