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Li M, Meng X, Guan L, Kim Y, Kim S. Comparing the Effects of Static Stretching Alone and in Combination with Post-Activation Performance Enhancement on Squat Jump Performance at Different Knee Starting Angles. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:769-777. [PMID: 38045747 PMCID: PMC10690507 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the impact of isolated static stretching (4 sets of 30 seconds) and its combined form with 10 repetitive drop jumps on lower limb performance during squat jumps at different knee joint starting angles (60°, 90°, and 120°). Thirteen participants completed three randomly ordered experimental visits, each including a standardized warm-up and squat jumps at three angles, apart from the intervention or control. Information was gathered through a three-dimensional movement tracking system, electromyography system, and force platform. The electromyography data underwent wavelet analysis to compute the energy values across the four wavelet frequency bands. The average power (Pavg), peak power (Ppeak), peak ground reaction force (GRFpeak), peak center of mass velocity (Vpeak), and force-velocity relationship at peak power (SFv) were extracted from the force and velocity-time data. The results revealed no significant influence of isolated static stretching, or its combined form with drop jumps, on the energy values across the frequency bands of the gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and rectus femoris, or the Pavg or Ppeak (P > 0.05). However, at 120°, static stretching reduced the GRFpeak (P = 0.001, d = 0.86) and SFv (P < 0.001, d = 1.12), and increased the Vpeak (P = 0.001, d = 0.5). The GRFpeak, Pavg, Ppeak, and SFv increased with an increase in the joint angle (P < 0.05), whereas the Vpeak decreased (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that static stretching does not diminish power output during squat jumps at the three angles; however, it alters GRFpeak, Vpeak, and the relative contributions of force and velocity to peak power at 120°, which can be eliminated by post-activation performance enhancement. Moreover, compared to 60° and 90°, 120° was more favorable for power and peak force output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiangwei Meng
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Lihao Guan
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukwon Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
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2
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Pethick J, Moran J, Behm DG. Prolonged static stretching increases the magnitude and decreases the complexity of knee extensor muscle force fluctuations. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288167. [PMID: 37478104 PMCID: PMC10361527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Static stretching decreases maximal muscle force generation in a dose-response manner, but its effects on the generation of task-relevant and precise levels of submaximal force, i.e. force control, is unclear. We investigated the effect of acute static stretching on knee extensor force control, quantified according to both the magnitude and complexity of force fluctuations. Twelve healthy participants performed a series of isometric knee extensor maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) and targeted intermittent submaximal contractions at 25, 50 and 75% MVC (3 x 6 seconds contraction separated by 4 seconds rest, with 60 seconds rest between each intensity) prior to, and immediately after, one of four continuous static stretch conditions: 1) no stretch; 2) 30-second stretch; 3) 60-second stretch; 4) 120-second stretch. The magnitude of force fluctuations was quantified using the standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV), while the complexity of fluctuations was quantified using approximate entropy (ApEn) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) α. These measures were calculated using the steadiest 5 seconds of the targeted submaximal contractions at each intensity (i.e., that with the lowest SD). Significant decreases in MVC were evident following the 30, 60 and 120-second stretch conditions (all P < 0.001), with a significant correlation observed between stretch duration and the magnitude of decrease in MVC (r = -0.58, P < 0.001). The 120-second stretch resulted in significant increases in SD at 50% MVC (P = 0.007) and CV at 50% (P = 0.009) and 75% MVC (P = 0.005), and a significant decrease in ApEn at 75% MVC (P < 0.001). These results indicate that the negative effects of prolonged static stretching extend beyond maximal force generation tasks to those involving generation of precise levels of force during moderate- to high-intensity submaximal contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Pethick
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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3
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Bryant J, Cooper DJ, Peters DM, Cook MD. The Effects of Static Stretching Intensity on Range of Motion and Strength: A Systematic Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020037. [PMID: 37092369 PMCID: PMC10123604 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence on the outcomes of using different intensities of static stretching on range of motion (ROM) and strength. PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane controlled trials databases were searched between October 2021 and February 2022 for studies that examined the effects of different static stretching intensities on range of motion and strength. Out of 6285 identified records, 18 studies were included in the review. Sixteen studies examined outcomes on ROM and four on strength (two studies included outcomes on both ROM and strength). All studies demonstrated that static stretching increased ROM; however, eight studies demonstrated that higher static stretching intensities led to larger increases in ROM. Two of the four studies demonstrated that strength decreased more following higher intensity stretching versus lower intensity stretching. It appears that higher intensity static stretching above the point of discomfort and pain may lead to greater increases in ROM, but further research is needed to confirm this. It is unclear if high-intensity static stretching leads to a larger acute decrease in strength than lower intensity static stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bryant
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - Darren J Cooper
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - Derek M Peters
- School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - Matthew David Cook
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK
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4
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Paton BM, Read P, van Dyk N, Wilson MG, Pollock N, Court N, Giakoumis M, Head P, Kayani B, Kelly S, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Moore J, Moriarty P, Murphy S, Plastow R, Stirling B, Tulloch L, Wood D, Haddad F. London International Consensus and Delphi study on hamstring injuries part 3: rehabilitation, running and return to sport. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:278-291. [PMID: 36650032 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hamstring injuries (HSIs) are the most common athletic injury in running and pivoting sports, but despite large amounts of research, injury rates have not declined in the last 2 decades. HSI often recur and many areas are lacking evidence and guidance for optimal rehabilitation. This study aimed to develop an international expert consensus for the management of HSI. A modified Delphi methodology and consensus process was used with an international expert panel, involving two rounds of online questionnaires and an intermediate round involving a consensus meeting. The initial information gathering round questionnaire was sent to 46 international experts, which comprised open-ended questions covering decision-making domains in HSI. Thematic analysis of responses outlined key domains, which were evaluated by a smaller international subgroup (n=15), comprising clinical academic sports medicine physicians, physiotherapists and orthopaedic surgeons in a consensus meeting. After group discussion around each domain, a series of consensus statements were prepared, debated and refined. A round 2 questionnaire was sent to 112 international hamstring experts to vote on these statements and determine level of agreement. Consensus threshold was set a priori at 70%. Expert response rates were 35/46 (76%) (first round), 15/35 (attendees/invitees to meeting day) and 99/112 (88.2%) for final survey round. Statements on rehabilitation reaching consensus centred around: exercise selection and dosage (78.8%-96.3% agreement), impact of the kinetic chain (95%), criteria to progress exercise (73%-92.7%), running and sprinting (83%-100%) in rehabilitation and criteria for return to sport (RTS) (78.3%-98.3%). Benchmarks for flexibility (40%) and strength (66.1%) and adjuncts to rehabilitation (68.9%) did not reach agreement. This consensus panel recommends individualised rehabilitation based on the athlete, sporting demands, involved muscle(s) and injury type and severity (89.8%). Early-stage rehab should avoid high strain loads and rates. Loading is important but with less consensus on optimum progression and dosage. This panel recommends rehabilitation progress based on capacity and symptoms, with pain thresholds dependent on activity, except pain-free criteria supported for sprinting (85.5%). Experts focus on the demands and capacity required for match play when deciding the rehabilitation end goal and timing of RTS (89.8%). The expert panellists in this study followed evidence on aspects of rehabilitation after HSI, suggesting rehabilitation prescription should be individualised, but clarified areas where evidence was lacking. Additional research is required to determine the optimal load dose, timing and criteria for HSI rehabilitation and the monitoring and testing metrics to determine safe rapid progression in rehabilitation and safe RTS. Further research would benefit optimising: prescription of running and sprinting, the application of adjuncts in rehabilitation and treatment of kinetic chain HSI factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Paton
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK .,Physiotherapy Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Surgery and Intervention Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Read
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK.,Division of Surgery and Intervention Science, University College London, London, UK.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Nicol van Dyk
- High Performance Unit, Irish Rugby Football Union, Dublin, Ireland.,Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mathew G Wilson
- Division of Surgery and Intervention Science, University College London, London, UK.,Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
| | - Noel Pollock
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK.,British Athletics, London, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Head
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, London, UK
| | - Babar Kayani
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sam Kelly
- Salford City Football Club, Salford, UK.,Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Blackburn, UK
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Moore
- Sports & Exercise Medicine, Centre for Human Health and Performance, London, UK
| | - Peter Moriarty
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon Murphy
- Medical Services, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | - Ricci Plastow
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - David Wood
- Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fares Haddad
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK.,Division of Surgery and Intervention Science, University College London, London, UK.,Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK.,Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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5
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Alizadeh S, Daneshjoo A, Zahiri A, Anvar SH, Goudini R, Hicks JP, Konrad A, Behm DG. Resistance Training Induces Improvements in Range of Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:707-722. [PMID: 36622555 PMCID: PMC9935664 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is known that resistance training can be as effective as stretch training to increase joint range of motion, to date no comprehensive meta-analysis has investigated the effects of resistance training on range of motion with all its potential affecting variables. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of chronic resistance training on range of motion compared either to a control condition or stretch training or to a combination of resistance training and stretch training to stretch training, while assessing moderating variables. DESIGN For the main analysis, a random-effect meta-analysis was used and for the subgroup analysis a mixed-effect model was implemented. Whilst subgroup analyses included sex and participants' activity levels, meta-regression included age, frequency, and duration of resistance training. DATA SOURCES Following the systematic search in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) and reference lists, 55 studies were found to be eligible. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Controlled or randomized controlled trials that separately compared the training effects of resistance training exercises with either a control group, stretching group, or combined stretch and resistance training group on range of motion in healthy participants. RESULTS Resistance training increased range of motion (effect size [ES] = 0.73; p < 0.001) with the exception of no significant range of motion improvement with resistance training using only body mass. There were no significant differences between resistance training versus stretch training (ES = 0.08; p = 0.79) or between resistance training and stretch training versus stretch training alone (ES = - 0.001; p = 0.99). Although "trained or active people" increased range of motion (ES = 0.43; p < 0.001) "untrained and sedentary" individuals had significantly (p = 0.005) higher magnitude range of motion changes (ES = 1.042; p < 0.001). There were no detected differences between sex and contraction type. Meta-regression showed no effect of age, training duration, or frequency. CONCLUSIONS As resistance training with external loads can improve range of motion, stretching prior to or after resistance training may not be necessary to enhance flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Abdolhamid Daneshjoo
- Department of Sport Injuries, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Zahiri
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Reza Goudini
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jared P Hicks
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.,Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria.,Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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6
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Donti O, Konrad A, Panidi I, Dinas PC, Bogdanis GC. Is There a "Window of Opportunity" for Flexibility Development in Youth? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:88. [PMID: 35792993 PMCID: PMC9259532 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flexibility is an important component of physical fitness for competitive and recreational athletes. It is generally suggested that flexibility training should start from childhood (6-11 years of age) to optimize joint range of motion (ROM) increases; however, evidence is limited and inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To examine whether there is a difference in the effect of stretching training on flexibility during childhood (6-11 years of age) and adolescence (12-18 years of age). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We searched PubMed Central, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and SPORTDiscus, to conduct this systematic review. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials were eligible. No language and date of publication restrictions were applied. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB2 and ROBINS-I tools. Meta-analyses were conducted via an inverse variance random-effects model. GRADE analysis was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. RESULTS From the 2713 records retrieved 28 studies were included in the meta-analysis (n = 1936 participants). Risk of bias was low in 56.9% of all criteria. Confidence in cumulative evidence was moderate. We found that stretching was effective in increasing ROM in both children (SMD = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.77-1.41; Z = 6.65; p < 0.001; I2 = 79%) and adolescents (SMD = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.70-1.10; Z = 8.88; p < 0.001; I2 = 81%), with no differences between children and adolescents in ROM improvements (p = 0.32; I2 = 0%). However, when stretching volume load was considered, children exhibited greater increases in ROM with higher than lower stretching volumes (SMD = 1.21; 95% CI = 0.82-1.60; Z = 6.09; p < 0.001; I2 = 82% and SMD = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.29-0.95; Z = 3.65; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%, respectively; subgroup difference: p = 0.02; I2 = 80.5%), while adolescents responded equally to higher and lower stretching volume loads (SMD = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.47-1.33; Z = 4.08; p < 0.001; I2 = 83%, and SMD = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.69-1.12; Z = 8.18; p < 0.001; I2 = 79%, respectively; subgroup difference: p = 0.98; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS Systematic stretching training increases ROM during both childhood and adolescence. However, larger ROM gains may be induced in childhood than in adolescence when higher stretching volume loads are applied, while adolescents respond equally to high and low stretching volume loads. REGISTRATION INPLASY, registration number: INPLASY202190032; https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2021-9-0032/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olyvia Donti
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Konrad
- grid.5110.50000000121539003Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ioli Panidi
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros C. Dinas
- grid.410558.d0000 0001 0035 6670FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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7
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Acute Effects of Soleus Stretching on Ankle Flexibility, Dynamic Balance and Speed Performances in Soccer Players. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030374. [PMID: 35336748 PMCID: PMC8945810 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most dynamic stretching protocols include the gastrocnemius muscle, but soleus stretches are often neglected, which is the key powerful muscle for the push-off (concentric) of all speed movements. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the added soleus stretch in a regular stretching protocol would have greater benefits for ankle flexibility, dynamic balance and functional performance. Fourteen healthy male soccer players received each of the stretching conditions (regular stretching only (Regular), regular stretching with soleus stretching (Soleus) and no stretching (Control)) randomly on different training days, with two-day separation. The ankle flexibility, standing heel-lift balance and speed performances were assessed following each stretching intervention. The active dynamic stretches were performed for 30 s with three repetitions on each of the three (Regular) and four (Soleus) muscles. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures (or the Friedman non-parametric test) was performed to determine any significant effect with alpha = 0.05. Our findings revealed that both the Regular and Soleus stretching groups showed an increased active range of ankle motion compared to the no-stretching control (Ps < 0.05). In the heel raise balance test, both stretching groups experienced a significant increase in maximum plantarflexion strength as well as resultant anterior−posterior and medial−lateral CoP excursions compared to the no-stretching control (Ps < 0.05). In the sprinting tasks, both the Soleus and Regular stretching groups induced faster linear and curved running times (Ps < 0.05). When comparing the two stretching groups, Soleus stretching led to better ankle flexibility, maximum plantarflexion strength and curved running time (Ps < 0.05). Thus, added stretches on the soleus muscles can provide further benefits to speed performances in soccer.
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8
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Bertolaccini AL, da Silva AA, Teixeira EL, Schoenfeld BJ, de Salles Painelli V. Does the Expectancy on the Static Stretching Effect Interfere With Strength-Endurance Performance? J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2439-2443. [PMID: 31009438 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bertolaccini, AL, da Silva, AA, Teixeira, EL, Schoenfeld, BJ, and de Salles Painelli, V. Does the expectancy on the static stretching effect interfere with strength-endurance performance? J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2439-2443, 2021-Static stretching (SS) may interfere with strength performance. Such interference, however, may be partially attributed to the subjects' or researcher's expectancy about the SS effects. We aimed to examine whether the manipulation of subjects' expectancy of SS on force production could influence strength-endurance during unilateral knee extension exercise. Eighteen strength-trained men were randomly divided into positively biased (PB; N = 9) or negatively biased (N = 9) groups on the possible effects of SS on performance. Subjects' total number of repetitions and total volume of exercise were assessed during strength-endurance tests (4 sets performed to failure at 70% of 1 repetition maximum) performed under 2 different conditions on separate days: Control-no stretching (CON); or SS. Static stretching consisted of 3 sets of 3 stretching exercises, lasting 30 seconds each. Data were analyzed using mixed models. Neither the total number of repetitions nor the total volume was significantly different between the CON and SS conditions, nor for type of bias (all p > 0.05). However, the number of repetitions in the last set of exercise was greater during SS compared with CON for the PB group (p = 0.01). Although previous negative or positive information about SS did not interfere with the total number of repetitions and total volume of exercise, previous positive information about SS improved performance in the last set of exercise. Expectancy therefore may have played a partial role influencing strength-endurance in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Bertolaccini
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Alves da Silva
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson L Teixeira
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York; and
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Panidi I, Bogdanis GC, Terzis G, Donti A, Konrad A, Gaspari V, Donti O. Muscle Architectural and Functional Adaptations Following 12-Weeks of Stretching in Adolescent Female Athletes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:701338. [PMID: 34335307 PMCID: PMC8322691 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.701338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of high-volume static stretching training on gastrocnemius muscle architecture, ankle angle and jump height in 21 female adolescent volleyball players. Static stretching of the plantar flexors of one leg (STR) was performed five times/week for 12 weeks, in addition to volleyball training, with the contra-lateral leg used as control (CON). Total duration of stretching per session increased from 540 s (week 1) to 900 s (week 12). At baseline, week 12 and after 3 weeks of detraining, muscle architecture at the middle and the distal part of both gastrocnemius heads (medialis and lateralis) and ankle angle were examined at rest and at maximum dorsiflexion. At the same time-points gastrocnemius cross-sectional area (CSA) was also assessed, while jumping height was measured at baseline and week 12. Following intervention, ankle dorsiflexion increased in both legs with a greater increase in STR than CON (22 ± 20% vs. 8 ± 17%, p < 0.001). Fascicle length at the middle part of gastrocnemius medialis increased only in the STR, at rest (6 ± 7%, p = 0.006) and at maximum dorsiflexion (11 ± 7%, p < 0.001). Fascicle length at maximum dorsiflexion also increased at the distal part of gastrocnemius lateralis of STR (15 ± 13%, p < 0.001). A greater increase in CSA (23 ± 14% vs. 13 ± 14%, p < 0.001) and in one-leg jumping height (27 ± 30% vs. 17 ± 23%, p < 0.001) was found in STR than CON. Changes in ankle angle, fascicle length and CSA were maintained following detraining. High-volume stretching training for 12 weeks results in ankle dorsiflexion, fascicle length and muscle cross sectional area increases in adolescent female volleyball players. These adaptations may partly explain improvements in jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioli Panidi
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Donti
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vasiliki Gaspari
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olyvia Donti
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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10
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Cejudo A, Sainz de Baranda P, Ayala F, De Ste Croix M, Santonja-Medina F. Assessment of the Range of Movement of the Lower Limb in Sport: Advantages of the ROM-SPORT I Battery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207606. [PMID: 33086605 PMCID: PMC7589207 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Range of movement (ROM) assessment is an important strategy to increase physical-technical performance and minimize the risk of sports-related injuries. Currently, there is no consensus regarding which ROM assessment method is the most appropriate. The main objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the test batteries available for the assessment of lower limb ROM; additionally, we compare the ROM-SPORT I battery with those previously reported in the literature. The systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The identification of publications was made by using the databases SciELO, Medline, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Based on the inclusion criteria, sixteen publications were selected and analyzed. The ROM-SPORT I battery is the most valid of the analyzed methods. This battery evaluates the ROM of eleven lower limb movements. The inclinometer with a telescopic arm and a box is a simpler, more comfortable, and faster procedure than others. The Lumbosant support and use of two examiners are essential to avoid compensatory movements to obtain reliable measurements during ROM assessment. The ROM-SPORT I is a field-based battery of tests that may be used by sports professionals, clinics, and researchers in applied settings to accurately assess and monitor lower extremity ROM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cejudo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.); (F.A.)
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.S.C.); (F.S.-M.)
| | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.); (F.A.)
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.S.C.); (F.S.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868-88-8824; Fax: +34-868-88-8672
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.); (F.A.)
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.S.C.); (F.S.-M.)
- School of Sport and Exercise, Exercise and Sport Research Centre, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester GL2 9HW, UK
| | - Mark De Ste Croix
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.S.C.); (F.S.-M.)
- School of Sport and Exercise, Exercise and Sport Research Centre, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester GL2 9HW, UK
| | - Fernando Santonja-Medina
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.S.C.); (F.S.-M.)
- Department of Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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11
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Trindade TB, Neto LO, Pita JCN, Tavares VDDO, Dantas PMS, Schoenfeld BJ, Prestes J. Pre-stretching of the Hamstrings Before Squatting Acutely Increases Biceps Femoris Thickness Without Impairing Exercise Performance. Front Physiol 2020; 11:769. [PMID: 32733274 PMCID: PMC7358463 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bilateral squat exercise is widely used in resistance training (RT) programs to increase lower limb strength and muscle mass, but this exercise does not result in significant hypertrophy of the hamstrings. It has been speculated that stretching between sets with a certain degree of tension results in muscle hypertrophy, while acute stretching could decrease performance during maximal contractions. Objective: This study investigated the acute effects of hamstring stretching before bilateral squatting on muscle thickness (MT), electromyography (EMG), and total training volume (TTV) on exercise performance. Methods: Fourteen resistance-trained young men, with ∼7.5 years of RT experience, performed the 10 repetition maximum (RM) for the barbell squat in two sessions (test–retest) separated by period after 48 h. Participants engaged in two resistance exercise conditions separated by a 1 week recovery interval: one session employed hamstrings stretching and the other did not include hamstrings stretching. Before and after each resistance exercise session, the thickness of the quadriceps muscles and biceps femoris long head were obtained by ultrasound imaging. Moreover, the EMG amplitudes for the quadriceps muscles, biceps femoris, and iliocostalis muscles were recorded during back squat performance. The TTV was also evaluated for each exercise session. Results: A significant increase in MT was observed after every set in both conditions for the evaluated quadriceps muscles (all p < 0.05), while for the biceps femoris, this effect was found only in the stretching condition (p < 0.05). EMG activity increased in the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis for the stretching condition. For the non-stretching condition, activity only increased in the vastus lateralis and medialis. There was no difference in EMG activity for the biceps femoris and iliocostalis in both conditions. Conclusion: Stretching the hamstrings immediately before each set of the back squat can be used to acutely increase biceps femoris thickness without impairing squat performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Claudino Neto Pita
- Graduation Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Vagner Deuel de Oliveira Tavares
- Laboratory of Hormone Measurement, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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12
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Satkunskiene D, Khair RM, Muanjai P, Mickevicius M, Kamandulis S. Immediate effects of neurodynamic nerve gliding versus static stretching on hamstring neuromechanical properties. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2127-2135. [PMID: 32728819 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the immediate effects of neurodynamic nerve gliding (ND) on hamstring flexibility, viscoelasticity, and mechanosensitivity, compared with traditional static stretching (ST). METHODS Twenty-two physically active men aged 21.9 ± 1.9 years were divided randomly into two equal intervention groups using ST or ND. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure the active knee joint position sense, perform passive knee extension, record the passive extension range of motion (ROM) and the passive-resistive torque of hamstrings. Stiffness was determined from the slope of the passive torque-angle relationship. A stress relaxation test (SRT) was performed to analyze the viscoelastic behavior of the hamstrings. The passive straight leg raise (SLR) test was used to evaluate hamstring flexibility. RESULTS A significant interaction was observed for ROM and passive ultimate stiffness, reflected by an increase in these indicators after ND but not after SD. SLR increased significantly in both groups. After ST, a significantly faster initial stress relaxation was observed over the first 4 s. than after ND. There was no significant change in the active knee joint position sense. CONCLUSIONS ND provided a slightly greater increase in hamstring extensibility and passive stiffness, possibly by decreasing nerve tension and increasing strain in connective tissues than ST. The ST mostly affected the viscoelastic behavior of the hamstrings, but neither intervention had a significant impact on proprioception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto g. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ra'ad M Khair
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto g. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Pornpimol Muanjai
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Mantas Mickevicius
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto g. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto g. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Barbosa GM, Trajano GS, Dantas GA, Silva BR, Vieira WHB. Chronic Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching on Hamstrings Eccentric Strength and Functional Performance: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2031-2039. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Lower-Limb Flexibility Profile Analysis in Youth Competitive Inline Hockey Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124338. [PMID: 32560477 PMCID: PMC7345936 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During puberty, the growth of the bones is faster than that of the muscles, which may result in muscular tightness. Muscular tightness and asymmetry have been associated with an increase in injury incidence. The assessment of a joint range of motion (ROM) could help to identify athletes classified as high injury risk. The objectives of the present study were to describe the lower-extremity flexibility profile (LEFP) of youth competitive inline hockey players using the ROM-SPORT battery (I) and to identify muscular tightness and asymmetry (II). Seventy-four young players were examined for maximum passive ankle, knee, and hip ROMs. Muscle asymmetry or tightness was classified according to cutoff scores previously described. The LEFP of the 74 players was 10.8° for hip extension, 26° for hip adduction, 33.6° for ankle dorsiflexion, 38.6° for ankle dorsiflexion with knee flexed, 36.7° for hip abduction, 46° for hip internal rotation, 60.6° for hip external rotation, 65.1° for hip abduction with the hip flexed, 66.3° for hip flexion with the knee extended, 119.7° for knee flexion, and 133.7° for hip flexion. The individual analysis of the flexibility values identified tightness in all players for one or more movement, except for hip abduction. A low prevalence of asymmetries was observed (range: 5.4% to 17.6% of players) depending on the ROM.
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15
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Nunes JP, Schoenfeld BJ, Nakamura M, Ribeiro AS, Cunha PM, Cyrino ES. Does stretch training induce muscle hypertrophy in humans? A review of the literature. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2020; 40:148-156. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory Physical Education and Sport Center Londrina State University Londrina Brazil
| | | | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences Niigata University of Health and Welfare Niigata Japan
| | - Alex S. Ribeiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory Physical Education and Sport Center Londrina State University Londrina Brazil
- Center for Research in Health Sciences University of Northern Paraná Londrina Brazil
| | - Paolo M. Cunha
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory Physical Education and Sport Center Londrina State University Londrina Brazil
| | - Edilson S. Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory Physical Education and Sport Center Londrina State University Londrina Brazil
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16
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Acute Effects of Intermittent and Continuous Static Stretching on Hip Flexion Angle in Athletes with Varying Flexibility Training Background. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8030028. [PMID: 32138183 PMCID: PMC7183084 DOI: 10.3390/sports8030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Τhis study examined changes in hip joint flexion angle after an intermittent or a continuous static stretching protocol of equal total duration. Twenty-seven female subjects aged 19.9 ± 3.0 years (14 artistic and rhythmic gymnasts and 13 team sports athletes), performed 3 min of intermittent (6 × 30 s with 30 s rest) or continuous static stretching (3 min) of the hip extensors, with an intensity of 80–90 on a 100-point visual analogue scale. The order of stretching was randomized and counterbalanced, and each subject performed both conditions. Hip flexion angle was measured with the straight leg raise test for both legs after warm-up and immediately after stretching. Both stretching types equally increased hip flexion angle by ~6% (continuous: 140.9° ± 20.4° to 148.6° ± 18.8°, p = 0.047; intermittent: 141.8° ± 20.3° to 150.0° ± 18.8°, p = 0.029) in artistic and rhythmic gymnasts. In contrast, in team sports athletes, only intermittent stretching increased hip flexion angle by 13% (from 91.0° ± 7.2° to 102.4° ± 14.5°, p = 0.001), while continuous stretching did not affect hip angle (from 92.4° ± 6.9° vs. 93.1° ± 9.2°, p = 0.99). The different effect of intermittent vs. continuous stretching on hip flexion between gymnasts and team sports athletes suggests that responses to static stretching are dependent on stretching mode and participants training experience.
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Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, Granacher U. Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power: An Attempt to Clarify Previous Caveats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1468. [PMID: 31849713 PMCID: PMC6895680 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of static stretching (StS) on subsequent strength and power activities has been one of the most debated topics in sport science literature over the past decades. The aim of this review is (1) to summarize previous and current findings on the acute effects of StS on muscle strength and power performances; (2) to update readers’ knowledge related to previous caveats; and (3) to discuss the underlying physiological mechanisms of short-duration StS when performed as single-mode treatment or when integrated into a full warm-up routine. Over the last two decades, StS has been considered harmful to subsequent strength and power performances. Accordingly, it has been recommended not to apply StS before strength- and power-related activities. More recent evidence suggests that when performed as a single-mode treatment or when integrated within a full warm-up routine including aerobic activity, dynamic-stretching, and sport-specific activities, short-duration StS (≤60 s per muscle group) trivially impairs subsequent strength and power activities (∆1–2%). Yet, longer StS durations (>60 s per muscle group) appear to induce substantial and practically relevant declines in strength and power performances (∆4.0–7.5%). Moreover, recent evidence suggests that when included in a full warm-up routine, short-duration StS may even contribute to lower the risk of sustaining musculotendinous injuries especially with high-intensity activities (e.g., sprint running and change of direction speed). It seems that during short-duration StS, neuromuscular activation and musculotendinous stiffness appear not to be affected compared with long-duration StS. Among other factors, this could be due to an elevated muscle temperature induced by a dynamic warm-up program. More specifically, elevated muscle temperature leads to increased muscle fiber conduction-velocity and improved binding of contractile proteins (actin, myosin). Therefore, our previous understanding of harmful StS effects on subsequent strength and power activities has to be updated. In fact, short-duration StS should be included as an important warm-up component before the uptake of recreational sports activities due to its potential positive effect on flexibility and musculotendinous injury prevention. However, in high-performance athletes, short-duration StS has to be applied with caution due to its negligible but still prevalent negative effects on subsequent strength and power performances, which could have an impact on performance during competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health and Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba", Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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18
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Blazevich AJ, Gill ND, Kvorning T, Kay AD, Goh AG, Hilton B, Drinkwater EJ, Behm DG. No Effect of Muscle Stretching within a Full, Dynamic Warm-up on Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:1258-1266. [PMID: 29300214 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effects of static and dynamic stretching routines performed as part of a comprehensive warm-up on flexibility and sprint running, jumping, and change of direction tests in team sport athletes. METHODS A randomized, controlled, crossover study design with experimenter blinding was conducted. On separate days, 20 male team sport athletes completed a comprehensive warm-up routine. After a low-intensity warm-up, a 5-s static stretch (5S), a 30-s static stretch (30S; 3 × 10-s stretches), a 5-repetition (per muscle group) dynamic stretch (DYN), or a no-stretch (NS) protocol was completed; stretches were done on seven lower body and two upper body regions. This was followed by test-specific practice progressing to maximum intensity. A comprehensive test battery assessing intervention effect expectations as well as flexibility, vertical jump, sprint running, and change of direction outcomes was then completed in a random order. RESULTS There were no effects of stretch condition on test performances. Before the study, 18/20 participants nominated DYN as the most likely to improve performance and 15/20 nominated NS as least likely. Immediately before testing, NS was rated less "effective" (4.0 ± 2.2 on a 10-point scale) than 5S, 30S, and DYN (5.3-6.4). Nonetheless, these ratings were not related to test performances. CONCLUSION Participants felt they were more likely to perform well when stretching was performed as part of the warm-up, irrespective of stretch type. However, no effect of muscle stretching was observed on flexibility and physical function compared with no stretching. On the basis of the current evidence, the inclusion of short durations of either static or dynamic stretching is unlikely to affect sprint running, jumping, or change of direction performance when performed as part of a comprehensive physical preparation routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Blazevich
- School of Medical and Health Sciences and Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA
| | - Nicholas D Gill
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, NEW ZEALAND
| | | | - Anthony D Kay
- School of Health, The University of Northampton, Northampton, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Alvin G Goh
- School of Medical and Health Sciences and Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA
| | - Bradley Hilton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences and Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA
| | - Eric J Drinkwater
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, CANADA
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19
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Donti O, Panidis I, Terzis G, Bogdanis GC. Gastrocnemius Medialis Architectural Properties at Rest and During Stretching in Female Athletes with Different Flexibility Training Background. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7020039. [PMID: 30781768 PMCID: PMC6410170 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined gastrocnemius medialis (GM) architectural properties and ankle joint range of motion (ROM) between female athletes with different flexibility training background. METHODS Elite rhythmic gymnasts (n = 10) were compared to national level volleyball athletes (n = 10). Fascicle length, pennation angle and muscle thickness at the medial and the distal part of GM, and ankle ROM were measured at rest and during 1 min of static stretching. RESULTS At rest, rhythmic gymnasts displayed longer fascicles compared to volleyball athletes, at the medial (5.93 ± 0.27 vs. 4.74 ± 0.33 mm, respectively, p = 0.001) and the distal part of GM (5.63 ± 0.52 vs. 4.57 ± 0.51 mm, respectively, p = 0.001), smaller pennation angle at the medial part (22.4 ± 2.5 vs. 25.8 ± 2.4°; respectively, p = 0.001) and greater ankle angle (121.7 ± 4.1 vs. 113.2 ± 3.7°, respectively, p = 0.001). During the 1 min of static stretching, gymnasts displayed greater fascicle elongation at the distal part (p = 0.026), greater maximal ankle dorsiflexion (p < 0.001) and muscle tendon junction displacement (p < 0.001) with no difference between groups in pennation angles (p > 0.145), muscle thickness (p > 0.105), and fascicle elongation at mid-belly (p = 0.063). CONCLUSIONS Longer muscle fascicles at rest and greater fascicle elongation at the distal part of GM may contribute to the greater ankle ROM observed in rhythmic gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olyvia Donti
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 17237, Greece.
| | - Ioli Panidis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 17237, Greece.
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 17237, Greece.
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 17237, Greece.
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20
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Ataş Balci L, Alptekin HK, Alkan M. Effects of 30 second versus 45 second static stretching on vertical jump performance. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.18.03695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Barbosa GM, Figueirêdo Dantas GA, Silva BR, Souza TO, Brito Vieira WH. Static or dynamic stretching program does not change the acute responses of neuromuscular and functional performance in healthy subjects: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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22
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Wang Z, An G, Zhang W, Yang G. The effect of jazz dance on physical and mental health of students with different physical fitness. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:880-885. [PMID: 29952176 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physical and mental health of college students tends to continuously decline worldwide. Thus, improving their health is necessary. Jazz dance may be one of the effective exercises to improve one's health. However, the effect of jazz dance exercise on different physical fitness level and whether the intensity of jazz dance exercises can improve physical and mental health simultaneously and efficiently need to be investigated. In this study, we systematically assessed the effect of jazz dance on physical and mental health of college students by a rigorous randomized, parallel-controlled design. METHODS An experimental study including 90 Chinese female college students (junior and senior) was performed. They completed an 8-week jazz dance class (two times/week for 70 min per session). Data on psychological status were obtained using the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale after every class. Based on the Japanese national physical fitness test method, we identified the body weight and Body Mass Index and the students performed 30-s sit ups, standing long jump, 20s repeated across the body, and seated forward flexion to determine their physical fitness at baseline and after 8 weeks. Repeated measures analyses of variance and paired samples t-tests were used to compare the means of the participants' data. RESULTS Differences in the mean of mental health scores over time were significant and showed an increasing trend (P<0.005) in all groups. Physical fitness showed an increasing trend in the low fitness level group. Most of the variables decreased slightly in the high fitness level group; however, flexibility significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS Among the participants with different physical fitness, a similar training has different training effects. This study demonstrates that appropriate training intensity and content are vital to improve physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Wang
- Chinese Center of Exercise Epidemiology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanghui An
- Chinese Center of Exercise Epidemiology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanting Zhang
- School of Humanities and Law, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Chinese Center of Exercise Epidemiology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China -
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Donti Ο, Papia K, Toubekis A, Donti A, Sands WA, Bogdanis GC. Flexibility training in preadolescent female athletes: Acute and long-term effects of intermittent and continuous static stretching. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1453-1460. [PMID: 29086625 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1397309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the acute and long-term effects of intermittent and continuous static stretching training on straight leg raise range of motion (ROM). Seventy-seven preadolescent female gymnasts were divided into a stretching (n = 57), and a control group (n = 20). The stretching group performed static stretching of the hip extensors of both legs, three times per week for 15 weeks. One leg performed intermittent (3 × 30 s with 30 s rest) while the other leg performed continuous stretching (90 s). ROM pre- and post-stretching was measured at baseline, on weeks 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and after 2 weeks of detraining. ROM was increased during both intermittent and continuous stretching training, but remained unchanged in the control group. Intermittent stretching conferred a larger improvement in ROM compared to both continuous stretching and control from week 3, until the end of training, and following detraining (p = 0.045 to 0.001 and d = 0.80 to 1.41). During detraining, ROM after the intermittent protocol decreased (p = 0.001), while it was maintained after the continuous protocol (p = 0.36). Acute increases in ROM following the intermittent stretching were also larger than in the continuous (p = 0.038). Intermittent stretching was more effective than continuous, for both long-term and acute ROM enhancement in preadolescent female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Οlyvia Donti
- a School of Physical Education and Sport Science , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Konstantina Papia
- a School of Physical Education and Sport Science , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Argyris Toubekis
- a School of Physical Education and Sport Science , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Anastasia Donti
- a School of Physical Education and Sport Science , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - William A Sands
- b High-Performance , United States Ski and Snowboard Association (USSA) , Park City , UT , USA
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- a School of Physical Education and Sport Science , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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Muanjai P, Jones DA, Mickevicius M, Satkunskiene D, Snieckus A, Rutkauskaite R, Mickeviciene D, Kamandulis S. The effects of 4 weeks stretching training to the point of pain on flexibility and muscle tendon unit properties. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28647867 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the benefits and possible problems of 4 weeks stretching when taken to the point of pain (POP) and to the point of discomfort (POD). METHODS Twenty-six physically active women (20 ± 1.1 years) took part in group-based stretching classes of the hamstring muscles, 4 times per week for 4 weeks, one group one stretching to POD, the other to POP. Passive stiffness, joint range of motion (ROM), maximal isometric torque and concentric knee flexion torque, were measured before training and 2 days after the last training session. RESULTS Hip flexion ROM increased by 14.1° (10.1°-18.1°) and 19.8° (15.1°-24.5°) and sit-and-reach by 7.6 (5.2-10.0) cm and 7.5 (5.0-10.0) cm for POD and POP, respectively (Mean and 95% CI; p < 0.001 within group; NS between groups), with no evidence of damage in either group. Despite the large increases in flexibility there were no changes in either compliance or viscoelastic properties of the muscle tendon unit (MTU). CONCLUSION Hamstrings stretching to POP increased flexibility and had no detrimental effects on muscle function but the benefits were no better than when stretching to POD so there is no justification for recommending painful stretching. The improvements in flexibility over 4 weeks of stretching training appear to be largely due to changes in the perception of pain rather than physical properties of the MTU although less flexible individuals benefited more from the training and increased hamstring muscle length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Muanjai
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania. .,Department of Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand.
| | - David A Jones
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Mantas Mickevicius
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Snieckus
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Renata Rutkauskaite
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Mickeviciene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Muanjai P, Jones DA, Mickevicius M, Satkunskiene D, Snieckus A, Skurvydas A, Kamandulis S. The acute benefits and risks of passive stretching to the point of pain. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1217-1226. [PMID: 28391391 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the acute effects of two different stretch intensities on muscle damage and extensibility. METHODS Twenty-two physically active women (age 20 ± 1.0 years) were divided into two matched groups and undertook eight sets of 30-s passive hamstring stretching. One group stretched to the point of discomfort (POD) and the other to the point of pain (POP). Hamstring passive torque, sit and reach (S&R), straight leg raise (SLR), and markers of muscle damage were measured before, immediately after stretching and 24 h later. RESULTS S&R acutely increased and was still increased at 24 h with median (interquartile range) of 2.0 cm (0.5-3.75 cm) and 2.0 cm (0.25-3.0 cm) for POP and POD (p < 0.05), respectively, with no difference between groups; similar changes were seen with SLR. Passive stiffness fully recovered by 24 h and there was no torque deficit. A small, but significant increase in muscle tenderness occurred at 24 h in both groups and there was a very small increase in thigh circumference in both groups which persisted at 24 h in POP. Plasma CK activity was not raised at 24 h. CONCLUSION Stretching to the point of pain had no acute advantages over stretching to the discomfort point. Both forms of stretching resulted in very mild muscle tenderness but with no evidence of muscle damage. The increased ROM was not associated with changes in passive stiffness of the muscle but most likely resulted from increased tolerance of the discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Muanjai
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - David A Jones
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Mantas Mickevicius
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Snieckus
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Loughran M, Glasgow P, Bleakley C, McVeigh J. The effects of a combined static-dynamic stretching protocol on athletic performance in elite Gaelic footballers: A randomised controlled crossover trial. Phys Ther Sport 2017; 25:47-54. [PMID: 28256397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of three different static-dynamic stretching protocols on sprint and jump performance in Gaelic footballers. DESIGN Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial. SETTING Sports Institute research environment. PARTICIPANTS Seventeen male elite level Gaelic footballers, aged 18-30 years, completed three stretching protocols. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Athletic performance was measured by countermovement jump height and power, and timed 10 m, 20 m, and 40 m sprints. RESULTS Static stretching reduced sprint speed by 1.1% over 40 m and 1.0% over 20 m. Static stretching also reduced countermovement jump height by 10.6% and jump power by 6.4%. When static stretching was followed by dynamic stretching, sprint speed improved by 1.0% over 20 m and 0.7% over 40 m (p < 0.05). The static - dynamic stretching protocol also improved countermovement jump height by 8.7% (p < 0.01) and power by 6.7% (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Static stretching reduces sprint speed and jump performance. Static stretching should be followed by dynamic stretching during warm-up to nullify any performance deficits caused by static stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Loughran
- Sports Institute of Northern Ireland, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Co Antrim, N Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Philip Glasgow
- Sports Institute of Northern Ireland, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Co Antrim, N Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Chris Bleakley
- Sports & Exercise Sciences, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Co Antrim, N Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Joseph McVeigh
- Centre for Health and Rehabilitation Technologies (CHaRT), School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Co Antrim, N Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Janes WCI, Snow BBG, Watkins CE, Noseworthy EAL, Reid JC, Behm DG. Effect of participants' static stretching knowledge or deception on the responses to prolonged stretching. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1052-1056. [PMID: 27669019 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Much of the static stretching (SS) literature reports performance impairments with prolonged SS. However, it has been acknowledged that a limitation of these studies is participants' knowledge or bias. Since many participants have knowledge of the literature, their performance may be subconsciously influenced by expectations. Hence, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of stretching knowledge or deception on subsequent force output following SS. Two groups of male participants who were either aware (BIASED: 14) or unaware (DECEPTION: 14) of the SS literature participated. Unaware participants were misinformed that SS increases force production. Testing involved maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) of the quadriceps and hamstrings at pre-, post-, and 5 min post-intervention (three 30-s passive hamstring stretches to the point of discomfort with 30-s rest intervals) or control. While the DECEPTION group displayed impaired knee flexion force (p = 0.04; 3.6% and 10.4%) following hamstrings SS, there was no significant impairment with the BIASED (-1.1% and +0.9%) group. Both groups exhibited hamstrings F200 (force produced in the first 200 ms) impairments following SS. Whereas BIASED participants exhibited an overall decrease (p < 0.05; 1.8% and 4.2%) in knee extension MVC, DECEPTION participants showed (p = 0.005; 8.8% and 5.1%) force increases. The quadriceps F200 was not significantly affected with the BIASED group but overall there were 4.5% and 8.7% F200 impairments at 1 and 5 min post-intervention (p = 0.05) with the DECEPTION group. Thus while deception resulted in enhanced quadriceps muscle force output, there was no knowledge or deception advantage when stretching the hamstrings.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Ian Janes
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Brandon B G Snow
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Caisie E Watkins
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Elecia A L Noseworthy
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Reid
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Sainz de Baranda P, Cejudo A, Ayala F, Santonja F. Perfil óptimo de flexibilidad del miembro inferior en jugadoras de fútbol sala / Optimal Data of Lower-Limb Muscle Flexibility in Female Futsal Players. REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE MEDICINA Y CIENCIAS DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y DEL DEPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.15366/rimcafd2015.60.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Mahrová A, Hráský P, Zahálka F, Požárek P. The effect of two types of stretching on flexibility in selected joints in youth soccer players. ACTA GYMNICA 2014. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2014.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Judge LW, Bellar DM, Gilreath EL, Petersen JC, Craig BW, Popp JK, Hindawi OS, Simon LS. An Examination of Preactivity and Postactivity Stretching Practices of NCAA Division I, NCAA Division II, and NCAA Division III Track and Field Throws Programs. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:2691-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318280c9ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sobolewski EJ, Ryan ED, Thompson BJ. Influence of maximum range of motion and stiffness on the viscoelastic stretch response. Muscle Nerve 2013; 48:571-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Sobolewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sports Science; University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700 Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599 USA
| | - Eric D. Ryan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sports Science; University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700 Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599 USA
| | - Brennan J. Thompson
- Applied Musculoskeletal and Human Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater Oklahoma USA
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33
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Judge LW, Craig B, Bellar D, Wanless E. Preactivity Stretching Research and Current Coaching Practices. Strength Cond J 2012. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e3182639793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jalalvand A, Anbarian M, Khorjahani A. Efeitos de um tratamento combinado (vitamina C pré-exercício e alongamento FNP, tratamento com ultrassom pós-exercício) sobre marcadores de dano muscular induzido por exercício. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922012000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXTO: Várias estratégias de recuperação têm sido utilizadas na tentativa de minimizar os sintomas da dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT). Contudo, evidências científicas que apoiem este efeito profilático (pré-exercício) e terapêutico (pós-exercício) de um tratamento combinado (FNP e vitamina C, ultrassom) no dano muscular são inexistentes. OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos de um tratamento combinado (FNP e vitamina C, ultrassom) nos marcadores bioquímicos (níveis enzimáticos) e funcionais (ângulo do cotovelo, circunferência de braço, taxa de dor) de dano muscular induzido por exercício. MÉTODO: Amostra randomizada controlada. LOCAL: Laboratório da Universidade. PARTICIPANTES: Alunos universitários masculinos participaram voluntariamente do estudo, o qual não reportou nenhuma dor muscular de início tardio por no mínimo seis meses antes do estudo. Posteriormente, os sujeitos foram agrupados aleatoriamente em subgrupos com mão controle e mão experimental. INTERVENÇÃO(ÕES): Programa de exercício para indução de dano muscular induzido por exercício envolvendo o teste de bíceps Scott (contração excêntrica com duas mãos). PROCEDIMENTO(S) PRINCIPAL(IS): Circunferência de braço relaxado, circunferência de braço flexionado, ângulo de cotovelo em descanso, circunferência de antebraço, amplitude de movimento de cotovelo flexionado, amplitude de movimento de cotovelo estendido, dano muscular induzido por exercício, força máxima voluntária isométrica e isocinética foram registrados basal, imediatamente após exercício e 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após exercício. RESULTADOS: O subgrupo experimental manifestou redução de sintomas de DMIT em menor amplitude de movimento de cotovelo flexionado e amplitude de movimento de cotovelo estendido, menor perda de força isométrica e isocinética voluntária máxima (P < 0,05) em comparação com o subgrupo controle. Contudo, nenhum efeito na circunferência de braço relaxado, circunferência de braço flexionado, ângulo de cotovelo em descanso ou circunferência de antebraço foi observado (P >0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Este tratamento combinado foi eficiente em contração máxima voluntária isométrica, dor muscular de início tardio e taxa de intensidade de dor ao longo do tempo. Finalmente, os resultados sugerem que os tratamentos combinados são eficientes na manutenção de força isométrica e diminuição de dor muscular de início tardio e taxa de intensidade de dor.
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Kay AD, Blazevich AJ. Effect of acute static stretch on maximal muscle performance: a systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:154-64. [PMID: 21659901 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318225cb27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The benefits of preexercise muscle stretching have been recently questioned after reports of significant poststretch reductions in force and power production. However, methodological issues and equivocal findings have prevented a clear consensus being reached. As no detailed systematic review exists, the literature describing responses to acute static muscle stretch was comprehensively examined. METHODS MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus, and Zetoc were searched with recursive reference checking. Selection criteria included randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials and intervention-based trials published in peer-reviewed scientific journals examining the effect of an acute static stretch intervention on maximal muscular performance. RESULTS Searches revealed 4559 possible articles; 106 met the inclusion criteria. Study design was often poor because 30% of studies failed to provide appropriate reliability statistics. Clear evidence exists indicating that short-duration acute static stretch (<30 s) has no detrimental effect (pooled estimate = -1.1%), with overwhelming evidence that stretch durations of 30-45 s also imparted no significant effect (pooled estimate = -1.9%). A sigmoidal dose-response effect was evident between stretch duration and both the likelihood and magnitude of significant decrements, with a significant reduction likely to occur with stretches ≥ 60 s. This strong evidence for a dose-response effect was independent of performance task, contraction mode, or muscle group. Studies have only examined changes in eccentric strength when the stretch durations were >60 s, with limited evidence for an effect on eccentric strength. CONCLUSIONS The detrimental effects of static stretch are mainly limited to longer durations (≥ 60 s), which may not be typically used during preexercise routines in clinical, healthy, or athletic populations. Shorter durations of stretch (<60 s) can be performed in a preexercise routine without compromising maximal muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Kay
- Sport Exercise & Life Sciences, The University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom.
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Simic L, Sarabon N, Markovic G. Does pre-exercise static stretching inhibit maximal muscular performance? A meta-analytical review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 23:131-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Simic
- Motor Control and Human Performance Laboratory, School of Kinesiology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb; Croatia
| | - N. Sarabon
- Institute for Kinesiology Research; University of Primorska, Science and Research Center; Koper; Slovenia
| | - G. Markovic
- Motor Control and Human Performance Laboratory, School of Kinesiology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb; Croatia
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Stojanovic MD, Ostojic SM. Stretching and Injury Prevention in Football: Current Perspectives. Res Sports Med 2011; 19:73-91. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2011.556476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marko D. Stojanovic
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Tourism , Metropolitan University , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sergej M. Ostojic
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Tourism , Metropolitan University , Belgrade, Serbia
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Khamwong P, Pirunsan U, Paungmali A. A prophylactic effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching on symptoms of muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise of the wrist extensors. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2010; 15:507-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Di Alencar TAM, Matias KFDS. Princípios fisiológicos do aquecimento e alongamento muscular na atividade esportiva. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922010000300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a importância do aquecimento e alongamento muscular na prática esportiva, destacando seus principais efeitos fisiológicos e benefícios, haja vista que o presente assunto tem causado muita dúvida aos atletas profissionais ou amadores bem como em profissionais da área da saúde na realização e prescrição, respectivamente, da prática do aquecimento e alongamento muscular. Foram utilizados 52 textos, entre artigos da base de dados PubMed e livros publicados de 1978 a 2008. Do total, 18 (34,62%) estavam em português e 34 (65,38%) em inglês. Resultados mostraram que o aquecimento tem por principal objetivo prevenir lesões devido à sua gama de efeitos fisiológicos. A realização do alongamento no término do gesto esportivo tem por finalidade evitar o encurtamento muscular, ou se realizado diariamente e por um longo período, favorecer o aumento do número de sarcômeros e, consequentemente, proporcionar um ganho de flexibilidade.
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BECKETT JAMESRJ, SCHNEIKER KNUTT, WALLMAN KARENE, DAWSON BRIANT, GUELFI KYMJ. Effects of Static Stretching on Repeated Sprint and Change of Direction Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:444-50. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181867b95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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