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Warneke K, Freundorfer P, Plöschberger G, Behm DG, Konrad A, Schmidt T. Effects of chronic static stretching interventions on jumping and sprinting performance-a systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1372689. [PMID: 38595642 PMCID: PMC11002243 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1372689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
When improving athletic performance in sports with high-speed strength demands such as soccer, basketball, or track and field, the most common training method might be resistance training and plyometrics. Since a link between strength capacity and speed strength exists and recently published literature suggested chronic stretching routines may enhance maximum strength and hypertrophy, this review was performed to explore potential benefits on athletic performance. Based on current literature, a beneficial effect of static stretching on jumping and sprinting performance was hypothesized. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science and Google scholar. In general, 14 studies revealed 29 effect sizes (ES) (20 for jumping, nine for sprinting). Subgroup analyses for jump performance were conducted for short- long- and no stretch shortening cycle trials. Qualitative evaluation was supplemented by performing a multilevel meta-analysis via R (Package: metafor). Significant positive results were documented in six out of 20 jump tests and in six out of nine sprint tests, while two studies reported negative adaptations. Quantitative data analyses indicated a positive but trivial magnitude of change on jumping performance (ES:0.16, p = 0.04), while all subgroup analyses did not support a positive effect (p = 0.09-0.44). No significant influence of static stretching on sprint performance was obtained (p = 0.08). Stretching does not seem to induce a sufficient stimulus to meaningfully enhance jumping and sprinting performance, which could possibly attributed to small weekly training volumes or lack of intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Patrik Freundorfer
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerit Plöschberger
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Konrad A, Reiner MM, Warneke K, Keiner M, Nakamura M, Tilp M. Relationship between pectoralis major stiffness and shoulder extension range of motion. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1349426. [PMID: 38510941 PMCID: PMC10950949 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1349426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the passive muscle stiffness of the pectoralis major muscle pars clavicularis (PMc) and shoulder extension range of motion (ROM) in both male and female participants. Thirty-nine (23 male/16 female) physically active and healthy participants volunteered in this study. After a standardized warm-up, the PMc stiffness was tested via shear wave elastography at a slightly stretched position (long muscle length) and in a non-stretched position (short muscle length). Additionally, a custom-made device and 3D motion capture assessed the active shoulder extension ROM. We found a significant moderate and negative relationship between shoulder extension ROM and PMc stiffness at long muscle length (rs = -0.33; p = 0.04) but not at short muscle length (r = -0.23; p = 0.17). Additionally, there was no significant difference between male and female participants in the correlation analyses at both elbow angles. The moderate correlation between PMc stiffness at a slightly stretched position and shoulder extension ROM suggests that additionally, other structures such as nerves/fascia stiffness or even stretch tolerance might be factors that can be related to shoulder extension ROM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Marina M. Reiner
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Saga, Japan
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
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Kasahara K, Konrad A, Yoshida R, Murakami Y, Koizumi R, Thomas E, Behm DG, Nakamura M. Comparison of the effects of different foam rolling durations on knee extensors function. Biol Sport 2024; 41:139-145. [PMID: 38524819 PMCID: PMC10955735 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.131820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Foam rolling (FR) intervention has recently attracted attention in sports and rehabilitation settings. However, the effects of FR using different rolling durations have not been fully clarified. Thus, this study focused on FR durations and examined the acute and prolonged (i.e., 20-min; 40-min, 60-min) effects of different FR intervention durations on maximal voluntary concentric contractions (MVC-CON), knee flexion range of motion (ROM), pain pressure threshold (PPT), and tissue hardness. The participants were 10 male university students (22.5 ± 1.0 years), and the target muscles were the dominant leg knee extensors. Three sets of 60-seconds FR interventions were performed in the randomized crossover trials in each condition. The three intervention conditions were fast (1 rolling/2 s, 30-repetition × 3 sets, 90 repetitions), medium (1 rolling/6 s, 10-repetition × 3 sets, 30 repetitions), and slow speed (1 rolling/12 s, 5-repetition × 3 sets, 15 repetitions). Before as well as immediately, 20-min, 40-min, and 60-min after the interventions, MVC-CON, ROM PPT, and tissue hardness were measured. The results showed no interaction effect in the acute effect but a main effect of time for all variables (p < 0.05). Also, no interaction was observed in prolonged effect, but main effects of time were observed in knee flexion ROM, PPT, and tissue hardness (p < 0.01) but not for MVC-CON. Post-hoc tests showed significant PPT (p < 0.05) and knee flexion ROM (p < 0.01) increases up to 20- and 60-minutes respectively after all interventions. Tissue hardness was significantly (p < 0.01) decreased up to 60-minutes after all interventions. This study showed that the FR intervention changed ROM, PPT, tissue hardness, and MVC-CON regardless of rolling duration and that the effects persisted up to 20-60 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryoma Koizumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, 842-8585, Japan
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Reiner MM, Tilp M, Nakamura M, Konrad A. Is muscle stiffness a determinant for range of motion in the leg muscles? Biol Sport 2024; 41:115-121. [PMID: 38524826 PMCID: PMC10955752 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.131821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous training studies with comprehensive stretching durations have reported that an increase in range of motion (ROM) can be related to decreases in muscle stiffness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the association between the passive muscle stiffness of three muscle groups (triceps surae, quadriceps, hamstrings) to the respective joint ROM. Thirty-six healthy male soccer players volunteered in this study. After a standardized warm-up, the muscle stiffness was tested via shear wave elastography in six muscles (gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris long head). The hip extension, hip flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion ROM were also assessed with a modified Thomas test, a sit and reach test, and a standing wall push test, respectively. We found significant moderate to large correlations between hip flexion ROM and muscle stiffness for the semimembranosus (rP = -0.43; P = 0.01), biceps femoris long head (rP = -0.45; P = 0.01), and overall hamstring stiffness (rP = -0.50; P < 0.01). No significant correlations were found for triceps surae (rP = -0.12; P = 0.51 to 0.67) and rectus femoris muscle stiffness (rP = 0.25; P = 0.14) with ankle dorsiflexion and hip extension ROM, respectively. We conclude that muscle stiffness is an important contributor to hip flexion ROM, but less important for hip extension or ankle joint ROM. Additional contributors to ROM might be tendon stiffness or stretch/pain tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M. Reiner
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
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Nakamura M, Uchida H, Murakami Y, Kasahara K, Imai T, Konrad A. The Acute Effect of Percussive Massage Intervention with and without Heat Application on Plantar Flexor Muscles' Passive and Active Properties. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:73-78. [PMID: 38455448 PMCID: PMC10915610 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Recently, percussive massage (PM) intervention using a handheld percussive massage device, namely a massage gun, has been used as an easy way to perform vibration functions. Additionally, a product has been developed that allows PM intervention and heat application to be performed simultaneously. Thus, this study aimed to compare the acute effects of PM intervention with and without heat application on dorsiflexion (DF) range of motion (ROM), passive stiffness, and muscle strength in the gastrocnemius muscle. Fifteen healthy young men (20.9 ± 0.2 years) participated in this study. We measured the DF ROM, passive torque at DF ROM (an indicator of stretch tolerance), passive stiffness, and maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque of the plantar flexor muscles before and immediately after 120 seconds PM intervention with and without heat application. The results showed that PM intervention with and without heat application significantly increased DF ROM and passive torque at DF ROM and decreased passive stiffness, not MVIC torque. These results suggest that PM intervention increased ROM and decreased passive stiffness regardless of the presence or absence of the heat application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hironori Uchida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takaki Imai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kyushu University of Nursing and Welfare, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Konrad A, Alizadeh S, Daneshjoo A, Anvar SH, Graham A, Zahiri A, Goudini R, Edwards C, Scharf C, Behm DG. Chronic effects of stretching on range of motion with consideration of potential moderating variables: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci 2024; 13:186-194. [PMID: 37301370 PMCID: PMC10980866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that stretch training can induce prolonged increases in joint range of motion (ROM). However, to date more information is needed regarding which training variables might have greater influence on improvements in flexibility. Thus, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of stretch training on ROM in healthy participants by considering potential moderating variables, such as stretching technique, intensity, duration, frequency, and muscles stretched, as well as sex-specific, age-specific, and/or trained state-specific adaptations to stretch training. METHODS We searched through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SportDiscus to find eligible studies and, finally, assessed the results from 77 studies and 186 effect sizes by applying a random-effect meta-analysis. Moreover, by applying a mixed-effect model, we performed the respective subgroup analyses. To find potential relationships between stretch duration or age and effect sizes, we performed a meta-regression. RESULTS We found a significant overall effect, indicating that stretch training can increase ROM with a moderate effect compared to the controls (effect size = -1.002; Z = -12.074; 95% confidence interval: -1.165 to -0.840; p < 0.001; I2 = 74.97). Subgroup analysis showed a significant difference between the stretching techniques (p = 0.01) indicating that proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and static stretching produced greater ROM than did ballistic/dynamic stretching. Moreover, there was a significant effect between the sexes (p = 0.04), indicating that females showed higher gains in ROM compared to males. However, further moderating analysis showed no significant relation or difference. CONCLUSION When the goal is to maximize ROM in the long term, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation or static stretching, rather than ballistic/dynamic stretching, should be applied. Something to consider in future research as well as sports practice is that neither volume, intensity, nor frequency of stretching were found to play a significant role in ROM yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz A-8010, Austria; School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Abdolhamid Daneshjoo
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-13439, Iran
| | - Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Andrew Graham
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ali Zahiri
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Reza Goudini
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Chris Edwards
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Carina Scharf
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Kasahara K, Konrad A, Yoshida R, Murakami Y, Sato S, Koizumi R, Thomas E, Behm DG, Nakamura M. Comparison of acute and prolonged effects of short-term foam rolling and vibration foam rolling on the properties of knee extensors. Biol Sport 2024; 41:19-26. [PMID: 38524825 PMCID: PMC10955736 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, Foam Rolling (FR) and Vibration Foam Rolling (VFR) have attracted attention in sports and rehabilitation fields. Previous studies have shown that FR and VFR acute interventions effectively increase the range of movement (ROM) and decrease tissue hardness. For application to sports and rehabilitation, it is necessary to compare the acute and prolonged effects of short duration FR and VFR. Therefore, this study aimed to compare and investigate the acute and prolonged (15 minutes) effects of short duration (30-s) FR and VFR interventions on knee extensors. The subjects were 14 male university students (22.4 ± 1.0 years old), in which the knee extensors of the dominant leg were tested. In a cross-over trial, 30-s of FR or VFR were performed with 2-s rolling of the anterior thigh (15 rolls). The frequency of VFR was 35 Hz. Measurements included knee flexion ROM, pain pressure threshold (PPT), tissue hardness, and countermovement jump height. The results of this study showed no interaction effects for all variables, but main time effects were observed for knee flexion ROM, PPT, and tissue hardness. Post-hoc tests showed that knee flexion ROM increased up to 10 minutes after the intervention. PPT significantly increased, and tissue hardness significantly decreased up to 15 minutes after intervention. This study showed that 30-s FR and VFR interventions effectively increased ROM, PPT, and decreased tissue hardness. The effects were prolonged up to 10-15 minutes after the intervention. The results of this study show no advantage of VFR over FR with acute short-term interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryoma Koizumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, 842-8585, Japan
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Gabriel A, Konrad A, Herold N, Horstmann T, Schleip R, Paternoster FK. Testing the Posterior Chain: Diagnostic Accuracy of the Bunkie Test versus the Isokinetic Hamstrings/Quadriceps Measurement in Patients with Self-Reported Knee Pain and Healthy Controls. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1011. [PMID: 38398324 PMCID: PMC10889369 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The isokinetic measurement (IM) of the leg muscles is well established but costly, whereas the Bunkie Test (BT) is a rarely investigated but easy-to-conduct functional test to evaluate the total posterior chain. Although the tests differ in aim and test structures, both have their justification in the assessment process. Therefore, this study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the BT and the IM. (2) Methods: 21 participants (9 female, 12 male; age, 26.2 ± 5.26 years; weight 73.8 ± 14.6 kg; height 176.0 ± 9.91 cm) and 21 patients (9 female, 12 male; age, 26.5 ± 5.56 years; weight, 72.6 ± 16.9 kg; height 177.0 ± 10.1 cm) with self-reported pain in the knee performed the IM and the BT. For IM, we calculated the ratio of the knee mean flexor/extensor peak torque (H/Q ratio) for 60°/s and 120°/s, and BT performance was measured in seconds. We classified the IM (<0.6 H/Q ratio) and the BT (leg difference ≥4 s) as binary results according to the literature. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity, which we compared with the Chi-Square test, and the 95% confidence intervals (CI). A p-value of ≤0.05 is considered significant. (3) Results: The sensitivity for the BT was 0.89, 95% CI [0.67, 0.99], and the specificity was 0.52 [0.30, 0.74]. For the IM, the sensitivity was 0.14 [0.03, 0.36] for 60°/s and 0.05 [0.00, 0.24] for 120°/s, and the specificity was 0.70 [0.46, 0.88] for 60°/s and 0.90 [0.68, 0.99] for 120°/s. The results of the Chi-Square tests were significant for the BT (χ2 (1) = 6.17, p = 0.01) but not for the IM (60°/s: χ2 (1) = 0.70, p = 0.40; 120°/s: χ2 (1) = 0.00, p = 0.97). (4) Conclusions: Patients were more likely to obtain a positive test result for the BT but not for the IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gabriel
- Department of Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany; (A.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nadine Herold
- Department Sport and Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany;
| | - Thomas Horstmann
- Department of Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany; (A.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Robert Schleip
- Department of Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany; (A.G.); (R.S.)
- Department of Medical Professions, Diploma University of Applied Sciences, 37242 Bad Sooden-Allendorf, Germany
| | - Florian K. Paternoster
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany;
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Nakamura M, Takeuchi K, Fukaya T, Nakao G, Konrad A, Mizuno T. Acute effects of static stretching on passive stiffness in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 117:105256. [PMID: 37951029 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Static stretching has been demonstrated to improve the health of older adults. One of its goals is to decrease passive stiffness of the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) and/or muscles. Decreased passive stiffness in older adults could increase the range of motion and movement efficiency. Herein, we conducted a meta-analysis of the acute effects of static stretching on passive stiffness in older adults as well as a meta-analysis of differences in these effects between older and young adults. BACKGROUND PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO were searched for studies published before June 28, 2023. Manual searches were performed to identify additional studies. All included studies were critically reviewed by five authors. Meta-analyses of muscle and tendon injuries were performed using a random effect model. Of 4643 identified studies, 6 studies were included in the systematic review. RESULTS The main meta-analysis in older adults showed that static stretching could decrease the passive stiffness of the MTU or muscles (effect size, 0.55; 95 % confidence interval, 0.27 to 0.84; p < 0.01; and I2 = 0.0 %). Moreover, for the comparison between young and old adults, three studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results revealed no significant difference in the effects of static stretching interventions on stiffness between older and young adults (effect size, 0.136; 95 % confidence interval, -0.301 to 0.5738; p = 0.541; and I2 = 17.4 %). Static stretching could decrease the passive stiffness of the MTU and/or muscles in older adults to a small magnitude, and the effects were comparable between older and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga 842-8585, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kobe International University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University, Togane, Chiba, Japan
| | - Gakuto Nakao
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Professional Post-Secondary Course (Physical Therapist), Sapporo Medical Technology, Welfare and Dentistry Professional Training College of Nishino Gakuen School Foundation, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Takamasa Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
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Behm DG, Granacher U, Warneke K, Aragão-Santos JC, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME, Konrad A. Minimalist Training: Is Lower Dosage or Intensity Resistance Training Effective to Improve Physical Fitness? A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:289-302. [PMID: 37924459 PMCID: PMC10933173 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses have demonstrated the effectiveness of resistance training (RT) on markers of performance and health. However, the literature is inconsistent with regards to the dosage effects (frequency, intensity, time, type) of RT to maximize training-induced improvements. This is most likely due to moderating factors such as age, sex, and training status. Moreover, individuals with limited time to exercise or who lack motivation to perform RT are interested in the least amount of RT to improve physical fitness. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to investigate and identify lower than typically recommended RT dosages (i.e., shorter durations, lower volumes, and intensity activities) that can improve fitness components such as muscle strength and endurance for sedentary individuals or beginners not meeting the minimal recommendation of exercise. METHODS Due to the broad research question involving different RT types, cohorts, and outcome measures (i.e., high heterogeneity), a narrative review was selected instead of a systematic meta-analysis approach. RESULTS It seems that one weekly RT session is sufficient to induce strength gains in RT beginners with < 3 sets and loads below 50% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). With regards to the number of repetitions, the literature is controversial and some authors report that repetition to failure is key to achieve optimal adaptations, while other authors report similar adaptations with fewer repetitions. Additionally, higher intensity or heavier loads tend to provide superior results. With regards to the RT type, multi-joint exercises induce similar or even larger effects than single-joint exercises. CONCLUSION The least amount of RT that can be performed to improve physical fitness for beginners for at least the first 12 weeks is one weekly session at intensities below 50% 1RM, with < 3 sets per multi-joint exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Jose Carlos Aragão-Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
- Department of Physical Education, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada.
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria.
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11
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Warneke K, Konrad A, Wilke J. The knowledge of movement experts about stretching effects: Does the science reach practice? PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295571. [PMID: 38277378 PMCID: PMC10817148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stretching is performed with numerous purposes in multiple settings such as prevention, rehabilitation, fitness training and sports. Its patterns of use substantially depend on the education and beliefs of health care and exercise professionals as they represent the multiplicators recommending and prescribing interventions to clients, patients and athletes. This study investigated movement experts' knowledge about the scientific evidence on stretching effects. DESIGN Survey study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 117 exercise and health professionals (physiotherapists, sports scientists, coaches) attending a training convention in Austria (male: n = 44, female: n = 73, 36±11 years) completed a digital survey. With its 22 items, the questionnaire addressed the movement experts' awareness of the evidence on stretching effects regarding a variety of related topics selected based on the findings of topical systematic reviews. RESULTS The majority of the individuals (57-88%) assumed positive effects of stretching on recovery, prevention of muscle injury, range of motion, muscular imbalance and artery elasticity. No or adverse effects were mostly claimed on bone injury prevention, maximal/explosive strength, and delayed-onset muscle soreness. In only 10 of 22 items, participants' classifications were in accord with the scientific evidence. CONCLUSIONS The awareness of research findings on stretching effects among exercise and health professionals is alarmingly low. Future studies may hence be geared to improve implementation and science communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Wilke
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
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12
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Konrad A, Reiner M, Manieu J, Fischer J, Schöpflin A, Tilp M, Behm DG. The non-local effects of 7-week foot sole static stretching and foam rolling training on shoulder extension range of motion. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 5:1335872. [PMID: 38283121 PMCID: PMC10810996 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1335872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Static stretching and foam rolling can increase the range of motion (ROM) of a joint acutely as well as chronically. Although studies have reported ROM increases of a non-stretched heterologous muscle (non-local) following an acute static stretching or foam rolling session, these effects have not been studied for long-term training interventions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a comprehensive 7-week static stretching and foam rolling training program of the foot sole on shoulder extension ROM. A total of 33 healthy, physically active participants (20 male) were assigned to either the intervention (n = 19) or control (n = 14) group. The intervention group performed a 7-week combined static stretching and foam rolling intervention comprising three sessions a week, including three exercises of the foot sole for 5 min each. Before and after the intervention period, the shoulder extension ROM was tested with three-dimensional (3D) motion caption. The level of significance for all statistical analyses was set to ρ ≤ 0.05. There was no significant time (p = 0.70, F1, 31 = 0.157; η2 = 0.005) or time×group effect (p = 0.38, F1, 31 = 0.785; η2 = 0.025) in shoulder extension ROM, indicating no ROM changes in the intervention or the control group. Although previous studies on the acute effects of stretching and foam rolling reported non-local increases in ROM in heterologous muscles, this study could show that such effects do not occur after chronic SS and foam rolling training for 7 weeks. Consequently, if the goal is to chronically increase the ROM of a specific joint, it is recommended to directly treat the muscles of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sports and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Marina Reiner
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sports and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Josefina Manieu
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sports and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Josef Fischer
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sports and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Adrian Schöpflin
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sports and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sports and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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13
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Kierot M, Stendahl M, Warneke K, Wirth K, Konrad A, Brauner T, Keiner M. Maximum strength and power as determinants of on-ice sprint performance in elite U16 to adult ice hockey players. Biol Sport 2024; 41:245-252. [PMID: 38188105 PMCID: PMC10765453 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In ice hockey, speed strength is one of the major physical key performance indicators, which is significantly influenced by maximum strength. The objective of this study was to evaluate the age-dependent relationship of off-ice maximum strength and vertical jump performance with on-ice linear sprint performance, considering age and performance level. Ninety-one male youth and adult professional ice hockey players (age: 19.3 ± 5.49 years) were recruited and divided into four age groups: under 16, 18, 21 years old and professional elite players (Pro) (i.e., > 21 years). They were tested in maximal isometric strength, squat jump (loaded and unloaded), countermovement jump and on-ice sprint performance (15 m and 30 m linear sprint; 15 m flying linear sprint). Statistical analysis revealed that on-ice sprint performance correlated with isometric strength performance (r = |0.34|-|0.63|) and with off-ice jump performance (r = |0.61|-|0.77|) without an influence of age group or performance level. However, performance differed between age groups and performance level, the largest differences being found between the youngest age group (U16) and the Pro group (g = 0.966-3.281). The present study shows that maximum strength influences on-ice sprint performances in ice hockey players, as well as performance differences between age groups and professional players. Strength and jumping performance should therefore be included in regular performance testing in ice hockey. Since performance differences are observed for almost all strength and speed-strength performances of the youth teams to the Pros, training of these variables is strongly recommended to improve in the transition phase from junior to elite level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kierot
- Department of Exercise Science, German University of Health & Sport, Ismaning, Germany
- Department of Strength and Conditioning, ZSC/GCK Lions Ice-Hockey, Zürich, Swiss
| | - Mattia Stendahl
- Department of Strength and Conditioning, ZSC/GCK Lions Ice-Hockey, Zürich, Swiss
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Faculty of Training and Sports Science, University of Applied Science Wiener Neustadt, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Torsten Brauner
- Department of Biomechanics, German University of Health & Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Exercise Science, German University of Health & Sport, Ismaning, Germany
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14
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Murakami Y, Konrad A, Kasahara K, Yoshida R, Warneke K, Behm DG, Nakamura M. Acute effects of resistance training at different range of motions on plantar flexion mechanical properties and force. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:38-45. [PMID: 38394030 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2320522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The effects obtained from resistance training depend on the exercise range of motion (ROM) performed. We aimed to examine the acute effects of different exercise ROM resistance training on the plantar flexor muscles. Eighteen healthy untrained male adults participated in three conditions: calf raises in 1) partial condition [final (short muscle length) partial ROM], 2) full condition (full ROM), and 3) control condition. The ankle dorsiflexion (DF) ROM, passive torque at DF ROM, passive stiffness of muscle-tendon unit, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC-ISO) torque were measured before and immediately after the interventions. There were significant increases in DF ROM, passive torque at DF ROM, and a decrease in MVC-ISO, but no significant interaction in passive stiffness. Post hoc test, DF ROM demonstrated moderate magnitude increases in the full condition compared to the partial (p = 0.023, d = 0.74) and control (p = 0.003, d = 0.71) conditions. Passive torque at DF ROM also showed moderate magnitude increases in the full condition compared to the control condition (p = 0.016, d = 0.69). MVC-ISO had a moderate magnitude decrease in the full condition compared to the control condition (p = 0.018, d=-0.53). Resistance training in the full ROM acutely increases joint ROM to a greater extent than final partial ROM, most likely due to stretch tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Department of Rehabilitation, Maniwa orthopedic clinic, Niigata, Japan
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
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Kasahara K, Konrad A, Murakami Y, Yoshida R, Thomas E, Nakamura M. Acute Effects of Different Foam Roller Intervention Techniques on Knee Extensors. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:681-687. [PMID: 38045736 PMCID: PMC10690504 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The usefulness of Foam Roller (FR) even without a rolling stimulus (e.g., static compression with or without dynamic joint movements) has been recently demonstrated; however, the different effects of these methods remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to compare and investigate the effects of such FR intervention methods on knee extensors. The dominant knee extensors of 20 male university students were investigated using the following four conditions: control (CON), FR with rolling (FR_rolling), FR with static compression (FR_SC), and FR with static compression + dynamic movement of the knee joint (FR_DM). FR_SC was intervened to compress the muscle belly of the knee extensors. FR_DM involved knee flexion and extension while maintaining the FR_SC condition. Knee flexion ROM, pain pressure threshold (PPT), tissue hardness, and countermovement jump (CMJ) height were outcome variables; they were compared before and immediately after the intervention. The results of this study showed that knee flexion ROM was significantly (p < 0.01) increased in FR_rolling (d = 0.38), FR_SC (d = 0.28), and FR_DM (d = 0.64). Tissue hardness was significantly (p < 0.01) decreased in FR_rolling (d = -0.55), FR_SC (d = -0.28), and FR_DM (d = -0.42). A main effect of time (p < 0.01) was observed in knee flexion ROM, PPT, and tissue hardness, but no change in CMJ was observed. The results of this study suggested that clinicians and athletes could choose any method they like as a warm-up routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Maniwa Orthopedic Clinic, Yamakido, Higashi-Ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
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16
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Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Daneshjoo A, Anvar SH, Graham A, Zahiri A, Goudini R, Edwards C, Culleton R, Scharf C, Konrad A. Acute Effects of Various Stretching Techniques on Range of Motion: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med Open 2023; 9:107. [PMID: 37962709 PMCID: PMC10645614 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Although stretching can acutely increase joint range of motion (ROM), there are a variety of factors which could influence the extent of stretch-induced flexibility such as participant characteristics, stretching intensities, durations, type (technique), and muscle or joint tested. Objective The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the acute effects of stretching on ROM including moderating variables such as muscles tested, stretch techniques, intensity, sex, and trained state. Methods A random-effect meta-analysis was performed from 47 eligible studies (110 effect sizes). A mixed-effect meta-analysis subgroup analysis was also performed on the moderating variables. A meta-regression was also performed between age and stretch duration. GRADE analysis was used to assess the quality of evidence obtained from this meta-analysis. Results The meta-analysis revealed a small ROM standard mean difference in favor of an acute bout of stretching compared to non-active control condition (ES = −0.555; Z = −8.939; CI (95%) −0.677 to −0.434; p < 0.001; I2 = 33.32). While there were ROM increases with sit and reach (P = 0.038), hamstrings (P < 0.001), and triceps surae (P = 0.002) tests, there was no change with the hip adductor test (P = 0.403). Further subgroup analyses revealed no significant difference in stretch intensity (P = 0.76), trained state (P = 0.99), stretching techniques (P = 0.72), and sex (P = 0.89). Finally, meta-regression showed no relationship between the ROM standard mean differences to age (R2 = −0.03; P = 0.56) and stretch duration (R 2 = 0.00; P = 0.39), respectively. GRADE analysis indicated that we can be moderately confident in the effect estimates. Conclusion A single bout of stretching can be considered effective for providing acute small magnitude ROM improvements for most ROM tests, which are not significantly affected by stretch intensity, participants’ trained state, stretching techniques, and sex. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-023-00652-x. The meta-analysis on joint range of motion (ROM) increases revealed a small effect size in favor of an acute bout of stretching compared to the control condition. Subgroup analysis revealed a significant increase in ROM with sit and reach, hamstrings, and triceps surae tests, but no improvement with the hip adductor tests. Whereas all moderating variables presented significant increases in ROM, further subgroup analyses revealed no significant difference in ROM gains with the stretch intensity, trained state of the participants, stretching techniques, and sex. A meta-regression showed no relationship between the effect sizes to age and stretch duration, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Abdolhamid Daneshjoo
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 76169-13439, Iran
| | - Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Andrew Graham
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ali Zahiri
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Reza Goudini
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Chris Edwards
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Robyn Culleton
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Carina Scharf
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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17
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Warneke K, Lohmann LH, Lima CD, Hollander K, Konrad A, Zech A, Nakamura M, Wirth K, Keiner M, Behm DG. Physiology of Stretch-Mediated Hypertrophy and Strength Increases: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:2055-2075. [PMID: 37556026 PMCID: PMC10587333 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing muscle strength and cross-sectional area is of crucial importance to improve or maintain physical function in musculoskeletal rehabilitation and sports performance. Decreases in muscular performance are experienced in phases of reduced physical activity or immobilization. These decrements highlight the need for alternative, easily accessible training regimens for a sedentary population to improve rehabilitation and injury prevention routines. Commonly, muscle hypertrophy and strength increases are associated with resistance training, typically performed in a training facility. Mechanical tension, which is usually induced with resistance machines and devices, is known to be an important factor that stimulates the underlying signaling pathways to enhance protein synthesis. Findings from animal studies suggest an alternative means to induce mechanical tension to enhance protein synthesis, and therefore muscle hypertrophy by inducing high-volume stretching. Thus, this narrative review discusses mechanical tension-induced physiological adaptations and their impact on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains. Furthermore, research addressing stretch-induced hypertrophy is critically analyzed. Derived from animal research, the stretching literature exploring the impact of static stretching on morphological and functional adaptations was reviewed and critically discussed. No studies have investigated the underlying physiological mechanisms in humans yet, and thus the underlying mechanisms remain speculative and must be discussed in the light of animal research. However, studies that reported functional and morphological increases in humans commonly used stretching durations of > 30 min per session of the plantar flexors, indicating the importance of high stretching volume, if the aim is to increase muscle mass and maximum strength. Therefore, the practical applicability seems limited to settings without access to resistance training (e.g., in an immobilized state at the start of rehabilitation), as resistance training seems to be more time efficient. Nevertheless, further research is needed to generate evidence in different human populations (athletes, sedentary individuals, and rehabilitation patients) and to quantify stretching intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Deutschland, Germany.
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Germany.
| | - Lars H Lohmann
- University Sports Center, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Camila D Lima
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Sport Science, German University of Health and Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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18
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Takeuchi K, Nakamura M, Fukaya T, Konrad A, Mizuno T. Acute and Long-Term Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle-Tendon Unit Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:465-475. [PMID: 37711702 PMCID: PMC10499138 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Static stretching can increase the range of motion of a joint. Muscle-tendon unit stiffness (MTS) is potentially one of the main factors that influences the change in the range of motion after static stretching. However, to date, the effects of acute and long-term static stretching on MTS are not well understood. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of acute and long-term static stretching training on MTS, in young healthy participants. PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO published before January 6, 2023, were searched and finally, 17 papers were included in the meta-analysis. Main meta-analysis was performed with a random-effect model and subgroup analyses, which included comparisons of sex (male vs. mixed sex and female) and muscle (hamstrings vs. plantar flexors) were also performed. Furthermore, a meta-regression was conducted to examine the effect of total stretching duration on MTS. For acute static stretching, the result of the meta-analysis showed a moderate decrease in MTS (effect size = -0.772, Z = -2.374, 95% confidence interval = -1.409 - -0.325, p = 0.018, I2 = 79.098). For long-term static stretching, there is no significant change in MTS (effect size = -0.608, Z = -1.761, 95% CI = -1.284 - 0.069, p = 0.078, I2 = 83.061). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between sex (long-term, p = 0.209) or muscle (acute, p =0.295; long-term, p = 0.427). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between total stretching duration and MTS in acute static stretching (p = 0.011, R2 = 0.28), but not in long-term stretching (p = 0.085, R2 < 0.01). Whilst MTS decreased after acute static stretching, only a tendency of a decrease was seen after long-term stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki-cho, Saga, Japan
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University, Togane-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Takamasa Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
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19
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Kasahara K, Konrad A, Yoshida R, Murakami Y, Sato S, Koizumi R, Behm DG, Nakamura M. Comparison of Isolated or Combined Static Stretching and Foam Rolling on Knee Extensors' Function. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:389-396. [PMID: 37711712 PMCID: PMC10499120 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Static stretching (SS), foam rolling (FR), and a combination of both are used as warm-ups for sports and training. However, no reports have compared or examined the warm-up effects of short-term interventions (i.e., 30-s). Therefore, this study was designed to compare and examine the effects of short-term SS, FR, and SS+FR on knee extensors. The dominant knee extensors of 14 male university students (22.0 ± 1.3 years old) were tested. Five conditions were randomized: 60-s SS, 60-s FR, 30-s SS+ 30-s FR, 30-s SS, and 30-s FR to examine differences in intervention method, duration, and combined. The measures were knee flexion range of motion (ROM), pain pressure threshold (PPT), tissue hardness, maximum voluntary contraction-isometric (MVC-ISO), and MVC-concentric (MVC-CON) torques, measured before and after the intervention. Knee flexion ROM (d = 0.40, d = 0.59, d = 0.54, d = 0.59, d = 0.52 respectively) and PPT (d = 0.77, d = 0.60, d = 0.90, d = 0.74, d = 0.52, respectively) were significantly increased (p < 0.01), and tissue hardness (d = -0.79, d = -0.63, d = -0.53, d = -0.59, d = -0.72, respectively) was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in all conditions. However, MVC-ISO decreased significantly (p < 0.01) in the 60-s SS and 30-s SS conditions but did not affect MVC-CON in all conditions. The results of this study revealed that SS, FR, and SS+FR interventions for a short-term as a warm-up before exercise were effective in increasing ROM, PPT, and decreasing tissue hardness. However, SS intervention with more than 30-s on the knee extensors decreased muscle strength, so short-term FR intervention is recommended when the goal is to increase ROM while maintaining both MVC-ISO and MVC-CON torques. Similarly, a short-term FR intervention after a short-term SS can eliminate the effect of strength impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryoma Koizumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, 842-8585, Japan
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Konrad A, Reiner MM, Gabriel A, Warneke K, Nakamura M, Tilp M. Remote effects of a 7-week combined stretching and foam rolling training intervention of the plantar foot sole on the function and structure of the triceps surae. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1645-1653. [PMID: 36973555 PMCID: PMC10363033 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
It is known that a single bout of foam rolling (FR) or stretching can induce changes in range of motion (ROM) and performance in non-directly adjoining areas of the dorsal chain (i.e., remote effects). However, to date, it is not known if such effects exist following long-term interventions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the remote effects of a 7-week combined stretching and FR training intervention of the plantar foot sole. Thirty-eight recreational athletes were randomly assigned to either an intervention (n = 20) or control (n = 18) group. The intervention group performed stretching and FR exercises of the plantar foot sole for 7 weeks. Before and after the intervention, the dorsiflexion ankle ROM, passive resistive torque at maximum angle (PRTmax) and at a fixed angle, as well as maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque, were measured with a dynamometer. Gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis stiffness was assessed with shear wave elastography. The results showed no interaction effect for any of the parameters. There was a time effect indicating an increase in MVIC and PRTmax, which was more pronounced in the intervention group (+ 7.4 (95% CI 2.5-12.4), + 4.5 (95% CI - 0.2-9.2)) than the control group (+ 3.6 (95% CI - 1.4-8.6), + 4.0 (95% CI - 2.2 to 10.2)). The results indicate no or minor remote effects of combined stretching and FR of the foot sole in the ankle joint. Potential non-significant changes in ROM were accompanied with an increase in stretch tolerance, but not with changes in muscle structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Marina Maren Reiner
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Gabriel
- Professorship for Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
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21
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Takeuchi K, Nakamura M, Konrad A, Mizuno T. Long-term static stretching can decrease muscle stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1294-1306. [PMID: 37231582 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Stretch training increases the range of motion of a joint. However, to date, the mechanisms behind such a stretching effect are not well understood. An earlier meta-analysis on several studies reported no changes in the passive properties of a muscle (i.e., muscle stiffness) following long-term stretch training with various types of stretching (static, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular stretching). However, in recent years, an increasing number of papers have reported the effects of long-term static stretching on muscle stiffness. The purpose of the present study was to examine the long-term (≥2 weeks) effect of static stretching training on muscle stiffness. PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO published before December 28, 2022, were searched and 10 papers met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. By applying a mixed-effect model, subgroup analyses, which included comparisons of sex (male vs. mixed sex) and type of muscle stiffness assessment (calculated from the muscle-tendon junction vs. shear modulus), were performed. Furthermore, a meta-regression was conducted to examine the effect of total stretching duration on muscle stiffness. The result of the meta-analysis showed a moderate decrease in muscle stiffness after 3-12 weeks of static stretch training compared to a control condition (effect size = -0.749, p < 0.001, I2 = 56.245). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between sex (p = 0.131) and type of muscle stiffness assessment (p = 0.813). Moreover, there was no significant relationship between total stretching duration and muscle stiffness (p = 0.881).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, Kobe-shi, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki-cho, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Takamasa Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi, Japan
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Anvar SH, Granacher U, Konrad A, Alizadeh S, Culleton R, Edwards C, Goudini R, Behm DG. Corticospinal excitability and reflex modulation in a contralateral non-stretched muscle following unilateral stretching. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1837-1850. [PMID: 37072505 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscle stretching effect on the range of motion (ROM) and force deficit in non-stretched muscle, and the underlying mechanisms, is an ongoing issue. This study aimed to investigate crossover stretching effects and mechanisms on the plantar flexor muscles. METHODS Fourteen recreationally active females (n = 5) and males (n = 9) performed six sets of 45-s static stretching (SS) (15-s recovery) to the point of discomfort of the dominant leg (DL) plantar flexors or control (345-s rest). Participants were tested for a single 5-s pre- and post-test maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) with each plantar flexor muscle and were tested for DL and non-DL ROM. They were tested pre- and post-test (immediate, 10-s, 30-s) for the Hoffman (H)-reflex and motor-evoked potentials (MEP) from transcranial magnetic stimulation in the contralateral, non-stretched muscle. RESULTS Both the DL and non-DL-MVIC force had large magnitude, significant (↓10.87%, p = 0.027, pƞ2 = 0.4) and non-significant (↓9.53%, p = 0.15, pƞ2 = 0.19) decreases respectively with SS. The SS also significantly improved the DL (6.5%, p < 0.001) and non-DL (5.35%, p = 0.002) ROM. The non-DL MEP/MMax and HMax/MMax ratio did not change significantly. CONCLUSION Prolonged static stretching improved the stretched muscle's ROM. However, the stretched limb's force was negatively affected following the stretching protocol. The ROM improvement and large magnitude force impairment (statistically non-significant) were transferred to the contralateral muscles. The lack of significant changes in spinal and corticospinal excitability confirms that the afferent excitability of the spinal motoneurons and corticospinal excitability may not play a substantial role in non-local muscle's ROM or force output responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Robyn Culleton
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Chris Edwards
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Reza Goudini
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Gardner HR, Konrad A, Alizadeh S, Graham A, Behm DG. Temporal perception is distorted by submaximal and maximal isometric contractions of the knee extensors in young healthy males and females. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1185480. [PMID: 37564916 PMCID: PMC10410566 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1185480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The estimate of time (temporal perception) is important for activities of daily living, sports and even survival, however time perception research needs greater scrutiny. Time estimation can influence movement decisions and determine whether the individual is successful at their goal, The objectives of this study were to examine participants perception of time at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-s intervals to determine possible distortions of time estimates caused by varying intensity isometric contractions, and sex differences. Methods In this repeated measures study, 19 participants (10 females, 9 males) endured two sessions, which consisted of a cognitive task of estimating time intervals while performing an isometric knee extension at maximal, submaximal (60%), and distraction (10%) intensities and a non-active control. In addition to time estimates; heart rate (HR), tympanic temperatures and electromyography during the intervention contractions were monitored. Maximal contractions induced significantly greater time underestimations at 5-s (4.43 ± 0.93, p = 0.004), 20-s (18.59 ± 2.61-s, p = 0.03), and 30-s (27.41 ± 4.07-s, p = 0.004) than control. Submaximal contractions contributed to time underestimation at 30-s (27.38 ± 3.17-s, p = 0.001). Females demonstrated a greater underestimation of 5-s during the interventions than males (p = 0.02) with 60% submaximal (-0.64-s ± 0.26) and distraction (-0.53-s ± 0.22) conditions. For the other 10-, 20-, 30-s intervals, there was no significant time perception sex differences. The control condition exhibited lower HR (75.3 ± 11.6) than the maximal (92.5 ± 13.9), 60% submaximal (92.2 ± 14.4) or distraction (90.5 ± 14.7) conditions. Tympanic temperatures were not influenced by the contraction intensities. Discussion There was greater integrated knee extensor electromyographic activity during the maximal contractions to suggest greater neuromuscular activation that may influence time perception. However, there was no consistent effect of changes in HR or temperature on time estimates. This work adds to the growing literature of time perception during exercise to state that time is significantly underestimated when performing moderate to vigorous intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley R. Gardner
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew Graham
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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Alimoradi M, Sahebozamani M, Hosseini E, Konrad A, Noorian S. The Effect on Flexibility and a Variety of Performance Tests of the Addition of 4 Weeks of Soleus Stretching to a Regular Dynamic Stretching Routine in Amateur Female Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:138. [PMID: 37505625 PMCID: PMC10383580 DOI: 10.3390/sports11070138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 4 weeks of soleus stretching on ankle flexibility and dynamic balance, as well as selected monitoring and performance tests in soccer. Forty-five healthy female soccer players were randomly divided into a regular stretching group, a regular stretching group with soleus stretching, and a control group. Dynamic stretching protocols were performed for 4 weeks during three sessions per week as part of routine exercises. The regular group stretched three muscle groups (i.e., gastrocnemius, quadriceps, and hamstrings), while the regular + soleus group also stretched the soleus muscle. Before and after the stretching intervention, the ankle range of motion test, Y-balance test, drop jump test, dynamic knee valgus test, and Illinois Agility Running Test were performed. Ankle ROM, Y-balance, and DJ significantly improved in both intervention groups compared to controls. Only the regular + soleus group showed improvement in the Illinois Agility Running Test. Additionally, athletes performing the additional soleus stretching had greater improvements in ankle ROM and DJ but not in DKV or Y-balance. The results showed that adding soleus stretching into regular protocols can provide benefits for female soccer players in terms of performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alimoradi
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran; (M.A.); (M.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Mansour Sahebozamani
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran; (M.A.); (M.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Elham Hosseini
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran; (M.A.); (M.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sajad Noorian
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom 37161-46611, Iran;
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Kasahara K, Konrad A, Yoshida R, Murakami Y, Sato S, Koizumi R, Behm DG, Nakamura M. The comparison between foam rolling either combined with static or dynamic stretching on knee extensors' function and structure. Biol Sport 2023; 40:753-760. [PMID: 37398969 PMCID: PMC10286611 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.119987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Static stretching (SS) and dynamic stretching (DS) in combination with foam rolling (FR) have been attracting attention as warm-up routines in sports. However, the combined and intervention order effects of SS or DS and FR on flexibility, muscle strength, and jump performance are still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the combined effects of FR and SS or DS with the various intervention orders (i.e., SS + FR, DS + FR, FR + SS, DS + FR) on the function and properties of the knee extensors. Using a crossover, random allocation design, 17 male university students (21.0 ± 1.1 y) performed four conditions combining FR and SS or DS. The measurement included knee flexion range of motion (ROM), pain pressure threshold (PPT), tissue hardness, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC-ISO), maximum voluntary concentric contraction (MVC-CON) torque, and single-leg countermovement jump (CMJ) height of the knee extensors. All interventions significantly (p < 0.01) increased knee flexion ROM (SS + FR: d = 1.29, DS + FR: d = 0.45, FR + SS: d = 0.95, FR + DS: d = 0.49), and significantly (p < 0.01) decreased tissue hardness (SS + FR: d = -1.11, DS + FR: d = -0.86, FR + SS: d = -1.29, DS + FR: d = -0.65). There were no significant changes in MVC-ISO, MVC-CON, and CMJ height in all conditions, but a near significant, small magnitude (p = 0.056, d = -0.31) decrease of MVC-ISO was observed in the FR + SS condition. Our results showed that all the combinations of SS or DS and FR effectively decreased tissue hardness and increased ROM without decreasing muscle strength. Also, effect sizes indicated the largest increase in ROM and decrease in tissue stiffness after SS + FR without decreasing muscle strength and jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryoma Koizumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490–9 Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, 842–8585, Japan
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26
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Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Daneshjoo A, Konrad A. Potential Effects of Dynamic Stretching on Injury Incidence of Athletes: A Narrative Review of Risk Factors. Sports Med 2023; 53:1359-1373. [PMID: 37162736 PMCID: PMC10289929 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of dynamic stretching as a replacement for static stretching in the warm-up is widespread based on the reports of static stretching-induced performance impairments. While acute and chronic static stretching has been reported to reduce musculotendinous injuries, especially with explosive and change of direction actions, the influence of dynamic stretching on injury incidence lacks a similar volume of literature for acute and chronic responses. It was the objective of this narrative review to examine the acute and training effects of dynamic stretching on injury incidence and possible moderating variables such as dynamic stretching effects on range of motion, strength, balance, proprioception, muscle morphology, and psycho-physiological responses. One study demonstrated no significant difference regarding injury incidence when comparing a dynamic stretching-only group versus a combined dynamic stretching plus static stretching group. The only other study examined functional dynamic stretching training with injured dancers and reported improved ankle joint stability. However, several studies have shown that dynamic activity with some dynamic stretching exercises within a warm-up consistently demonstrates positive effects on injury incidence. Regarding moderating variables, while there is evidence that an acute bout of dynamic stretching can enhance range of motion, the acute and training effects of dynamic stretching on strength, balance, proprioception, and musculotendinous stiffness/compliance are less clear. The acute effects of dynamic stretching on thixotropic effects and psycho-physiological responses could be beneficial for injury reduction. However, the overall conflicting studies and a lack of substantial literature compared with SS effects points to a need for more extensive studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7 Canada
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7 Canada
| | - Abdolhamid Daneshjoo
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7 Canada
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7 Canada
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
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27
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Panidi I, Donti O, Konrad A, Dinas PC, Terzis G, Mouratidis A, Gaspari V, Donti A, Bogdanis GC. Muscle Architecture Adaptations to Static Stretching Training: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med Open 2023; 9:47. [PMID: 37318696 PMCID: PMC10271914 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term stretching of human skeletal muscles increases joint range of motion through altered stretch perception and decreased resistance to stretch. There is also some evidence that stretching induces changes in muscle morphology. However, research is limited and inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of static stretching training on muscle architecture (i.e., fascicle length and fascicle angle, muscle thickness and cross-sectional area) in healthy participants. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed Central, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus were searched. Randomized controlled trials and controlled trials without randomization were included. No restrictions on language or date of publication were applied. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB2 and ROBINS-I tools. Subgroup analyses and random-effects meta-regressions were also performed using total stretching volume and intensity as covariates. Quality of evidence was determined by GRADE analysis. RESULTS From the 2946 records retrieved, 19 studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis (n = 467 participants). Risk of bias was low in 83.9% of all criteria. Confidence in cumulative evidence was high. Stretching training induces trivial increases in fascicle length at rest (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI 0.01-0.33; p = 0.042) and small increases in fascicle length during stretching (SMD = 0.39; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.74; p = 0.026). No increases were observed in fascicle angle or muscle thickness (p = 0.30 and p = 0.18, respectively). Subgroup analyses showed that fascicle length increased when high stretching volumes were used (p < 0.004), while no changes were found for low stretching volumes (p = 0.60; subgroup difference: p = 0.025). High stretching intensities induced fascicle length increases (p < 0.006), while low stretching intensities did not have an effect (p = 0.72; subgroup difference: p = 0.042). Also, high intensity stretching resulted in increased muscle thickness (p = 0.021). Meta-regression analyses showed that longitudinal fascicle growth was positively associated with stretching volume (p < 0.02) and intensity (p < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Static stretching training increases fascicle length at rest and during stretching in healthy participants. High, but not low, stretching volumes and intensities induce longitudinal fascicle growth, while high stretching intensities result in increased muscle thickness. REGISTRATION PROSPERO, registration number: CRD42021289884.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioli Panidi
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Olyvia Donti
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Petros C Dinas
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Athanasios Mouratidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Gaspari
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Anastasia Donti
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece.
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Yokochi M, Nakamura M, Iwata A, Kaneko R, Watanabe S, Konrad A, Yamada N. The acute effect of roller massager on knee joint range of motion and muscle pain in older adults with total knee arthroplasty. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2023; 23:223-227. [PMID: 37259662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Older adults with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have a limited range of knee joint motion due to pain and stiffness. A roller massager (RM) has recently been suggested to decrease pain and increase joint range of motion (ROM). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the acute effect of RM intervention on pain and knee joint ROM in older adults with TKA in the second postoperative week. METHODS The participants were 23 patients (76.3±5.4 years) who had undergone TKA for knee OA. The degree of pain during the ROM measurements was measured using the visual analog scale before and immediately after the RM intervention. The RM intervention was performed on the thigh's lateral, central, and medial parts for three sets of 60 s using an RM. RESULTS RM intervention could significantly increase knee flexion ROM (p<0.01, d=0.41, Δchange: 4.1±3.2°) and decrease pain during the knee ROM measurements (p<0.01, d=-0.53, Δchange: -11.9±21.0). CONCLUSIONS The three sets of 60-s RM intervention significantly increased knee flexion ROM and reduced pain in older adults with TKA in the second postoperative week. These results show that RM intervention is an effective tool for treating stiffness and pain after TKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Yokochi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Takeda General Hospital, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Ayaka Iwata
- Department of Rehabilitation, Takeda General Hospital, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ryota Kaneko
- Department of Rehabilitation, Takeda General Hospital, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shiho Watanabe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Takeda General Hospital, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Noboru Yamada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Takeda General Hospital, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan
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Konrad A, Nakamura M, Warneke K, Donti O, Gabriel A. The contralateral effects of foam rolling on range of motion and muscle performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1167-1178. [PMID: 36694004 PMCID: PMC10191906 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A single bout of foam rolling (FR) can acutely increase joint range of motion (ROM) without detrimental effects on subsequent muscle performance. Similarly, long-term FR training can increase ROM, while muscle performance seems to be unaffected. Although the acute and long-term effects of FR on the treated muscle are understood, the impact of FR on the contralateral side is not well known. Therefore, this scoping review aims to summarize the current evidence on the acute and long-term effect of FR on the ipsilateral limb on ROM and muscle performance (i.e., maximum force, rate of force development, jump height) for the contralateral (non-treated) limb. Potential explanatory mechanisms are also discussed. There is evidence that a single bout of FR on the ipsilateral limb increases ROM of the contralateral limb; however, evidence is limited for long-term effects. The most likely mechanism for contralateral ROM increases is a reduced perception of pain. With regard to isolated muscle contractions, no changes in muscle performance (i.e., maximum voluntary isometric contraction, maximum voluntary dynamic contraction) were found in the contralateral limb after a single bout of FR on the ipsilateral limb. Notably, only one study reported large impairments in rate of force development of the contralateral limb following FR on the ipsilateral leg, possibly due to decreased motor unit recruitment. Furthermore, to date there are only two studies examining the long-term FR training of the ipsilateral limb on performance (i.e., maximal strength and jump performance) which reported moderate improvements. Although, trivial to very large changes on a variety of parameters were found in this study, the functional and practical relevance of our findings should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Olyvia Donti
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Gabriel
- Professorship for Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Warneke K, Aragão-Santos JC, Alizadeh S, Bahrami M, Anvar SH, Konrad A, Behm DG. Are Acute Effects of Foam-Rolling Attributed to Dynamic Warm Up Effects? A Comparative Study. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:180-188. [PMID: 37293416 PMCID: PMC10244996 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, acute increases in range of motion (ROM) in response to foam rolling (FR) have been frequently reported. Compared to stretching, FR-induced ROM increases were not typically accompanied by a performance (e.g., force, power, endurance) deficit. Consequently, the inclusion of FR in warm-up routines was frequently recommended, especially since literature pointed out non-local ROM increases after FR. However, to attribute ROM increases to FR it must be ensured that such adaptations do not occur as a result of simple warm-up effects, as significant increases in ROM can also be assumed as a result of active warm-up routines. To answer this research question, 20 participants were recruited using a cross-over design. They performed 4x45 seconds hamstrings rolling under two conditions; FR, and sham rolling (SR) using a roller board to imitate the foam rolling movement without the pressure of the foam rolling. They were also tested in a control condition. Effects on ROM were tested under passive, active dynamic as well as ballistic conditions. Moreover, to examine non-local effects the knee to wall test (KtW) was used. Results showed that both interventions provided significant, moderate to large magnitude increases in passive hamstrings ROM and KtW respectively, compared to the control condition (p = 0.007-0.041, d = 0.62-0.77 and p = 0.002-0.006, d = 0.79-0.88, respectively). However, the ROM increases were not significantly different between the FR and the SR condition (p = 0.801, d = 0.156 and p = 0.933, d = 0.09, respectively). No significant changes could be obtained under the active dynamic (p = 0.65) while there was a significant decrease in the ballistic testing condition with a time effect (p < 0.001). Thus, it can be assumed that potential acute increases in ROM cannot be exclusively attributed to FR. It is therefore speculated that warm up effects could be responsible independent of FR or imitating the rolling movement, which indicates there is no additive effect of FR or SR to the dynamic or ballistic range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - José Carlos Aragão-Santos
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Department for Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Mahdi Bahrami
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Nakamura M, Ishikawa T, Sato S, Kiyono R, Yoshida R, Morishita K, Konrad A. Time-Course Changes in Dorsiflexion Range of Motion, Stretch Tolerance, and Shear Elastic Modulus for 20 Minutes of Hot Pack Application. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:175-179. [PMID: 37293429 PMCID: PMC10244995 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The application of thermal agents via hot packs is a commonly utilized method. However, the time-course changes in the range of motion (ROM), stretch sensation, shear elastic modulus, and muscle temperature during hot pack application are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the time-course changes in these variables during a 20-minute hot pack application. Eighteen healthy young men (21.1 ± 0.2 years) participated in this study. We measured the dorsiflexion (DF) ROM, passive torque at DF ROM (an indicator of stretch tolerance), and shear elastic modulus (an indicator of muscle stiffness) of the medial gastrocnemius before and every 5 minutes during a 20-minute hot pack application. The results showed that hot pack application for ≥5 minutes significantly (p < 0.01) increased DF ROM (5 minutes: d = 0.48, 10 minutes: d = 0.59, 15 minutes: d = 0.73, 20 minutes: d = 0.88), passive torque at DF ROM (5 minutes: d = 0.71, 10 minutes: d = 0.71, 15 minutes: d = 0.82, 20 minutes: d = 0.91), and muscle temperature (5 minutes: d = 1.03, 10 minutes: d = 1.71, 15 minutes: d = 1.74, 20 minutes: d = 1.66). Additionally, the results showed that hot pack application for ≥5 minutes significantly (p < 0.05) decreased shear elastic modulus (5 minutes: d = 0.29, 10 minutes: d = 0.31, 15 minutes: d = 0.30, 20 minutes: d = 0.31). These results suggest that hot pack application for a minimum 5 minutes can increase ROM and subsequently decrease muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishikawa
- Rehabilitation Unit, Totsuka Kyoritsu Rehabilitation Hospital, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kiyono
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Morishita
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Reiner M, Gabriel A, Sommer D, Bernsteiner D, Tilp M, Konrad A. Effects of a High-Volume 7-Week Pectoralis Muscle Stretching Training on Muscle Function and Muscle Stiffness. Sports Med Open 2023; 9:40. [PMID: 37261567 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that high-volume static stretching training of the lower limbs can increase the range of motion (ROM) while decreasing muscles stiffness. However, to date, there is no evidence on the effects of upper limb stretching training or its effect mechanism. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a comprehensive 7-week static stretching training program of the pectoralis major muscle (PMa) on glenohumeral joint ROM, muscle force, and muscle stiffness. METHODS Thirty-eight healthy, physically active participants (23 male, 15 female) were randomly assigned to either the PMa-static stretching intervention (PMa-SS) group or the control group. The PMa-SS group performed a 7-week intervention comprising three sessions a week for 15 min per session, including three static stretching exercises of the PMa for 5 min each. Before and after the intervention period, shoulder extension ROM, muscle stiffness of the PMa (pars clavicularis), and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) peak torque (evaluated at both long (MVIClong) and short (MVICshort) muscle lengths) were investigated on a custom-made testing device at 45° shoulder abduction. RESULTS In the PMa-SS group, the shoulder extension ROM (+ 6%; p < 0.01; d = 0.92) and the MVIClong (+ 11%; p = 0.01; d = 0.76) increased. However, there were no significant changes in MVICshort or in PMa muscle stiffness in the PMa-SS group. In the control group, no changes occurred in any parameter. CONCLUSION In addition to the increase in ROM, we also observed an improved MVIC at longer but not shorter muscle lengths. This potentially indicates an increase in fascicle length, and hence a likely increase in sarcomeres in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Reiner
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Gabriel
- Professorship of Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, Department of Sport and Health Science, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Sommer
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Bernsteiner
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Konrad A, Tilp M, Mehmeti L, Mahnič N, Seiberl W, Paternoster FK. The Relationship Between Lower Limb Passive Muscle and Tendon Compression Stiffness and Oxygen Cost During Running. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:28-35. [PMID: 36876188 PMCID: PMC9982528 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies have reported that a stiff triceps surae muscle and tendon-aponeurosis and also a more compliant quadriceps muscle and tendon-aponeurosis, are related to lower oxygen cost during running. However, to date, no study has investigated in a single experiment how oxygen cost during running is related to the stiffness of the free tendons (Achilles tendon, patellar tendon) and all the superficial muscles of two major muscle groups for running (i.e., quadriceps, triceps surae). Thus, 17 male trained runners/triathletes participated in this study and visited the laboratory on three occasions. On the first day, the participants were familiarized with the tests. On the second day, the passive compression stiffness of the triceps surae muscle (i.e., gastrocnemii), Achilles tendon, quadriceps muscle (i.e., vastii, rectus femoris), and patellar tendon was non-invasively measured using a digital palpation device (MyotonPRO). In addition, an incremental test was applied to test the VO2max of the participants. Thereafter, in the third visit, after at least 48-h of rest, participants performed a 15-min run on the treadmill with a speed reflecting a velocity of 70% VO2max, to assess oxygen costs during running. The Spearman correlation showed a significant negative correlation between passive Achilles tendon compression stiffness and running oxygen consumption, with a large effect size (rρ = -0.52; CI (95%) -0.81 to -0.33; P = 0.03). Moreover, no further significant relationship between oxygen cost during running and the passive compression stiffness of the quadriceps muscle and patellar tendon, as well as the triceps surae muscle, was detected. The significant correlation indicates that a stiffer passive Achilles tendon can lead to a lower oxygen cost during running. Future studies will have to test the causality of this relationship with training methods such as strength training that are able to increase the Achilles tendon stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Leutrim Mehmeti
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nik Mahnič
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Seiberl
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Florian K Paternoster
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Reiner MM, Gabriel A, Tilp M, Konrad A. The Acute Effects of Pectoralis Major Foam Ball Rolling on Shoulder Extension Range of Motion, Isometric Contraction Torque, and Muscle Stiffness. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:51-57. [PMID: 36876179 PMCID: PMC9982538 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well known that foam rolling (FR) of the lower extremities can increase the range of motion (ROM) of a joint while likely having no detrimental effect on muscle performance, to date, this is not clear if this is the case for the upper body. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of a 2-min FR intervention of the pectoralis major (PMa) muscle on muscle stiffness of the PMa, shoulder extension ROM, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) peak torque. Thirty-eight (n = 15 females) healthy, physically active participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention (n = 18) or a control group (n = 20). The intervention group performed a 2-min foam ball rolling (FBR) intervention of the PMa muscle (FB-PMa-rolling), while the control group rested for 2 min. Before and after the intervention, muscle stiffness of the PMa was measured with shear wave elastography, while shoulder extension ROM was recorded with a 3D-motion capture system, and shoulder flexion MVIC peak torque was measured with a force sensor. MVIC peak torque decreased in both groups (time effect: p = 0.01; η2 = 0.16), without any difference between groups (interaction effect: p = 0.49, η2 = 0.013). ROM (p = 0.24; η2 = 0.04) and muscle stiffness (FB-PMa-rolling p = 0.86; Z = -0.38; control group p = 0.7, Z = -0.17) did not change due to the intervention. The lack of changes in ROM and muscle stiffness following the FBR intervention might be explained by the small area of applied pressure with the FBR on the PMa muscle. Moreover, the decrease in MVIC peak torque is likely more related to the uncommon test situation of the upper limbs, rather than the FBR intervention itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Reiner
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sports and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Gabriel
- Professorship of Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, Department of Sport and Health Science, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sports and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sports and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Alizadeh S, Daneshjoo A, Zahiri A, Anvar SH, Goudini R, Hicks JP, Konrad A, Behm DG. Resistance Training Induces Improvements in Range of Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:707-722. [PMID: 36622555 PMCID: PMC9935664 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is known that resistance training can be as effective as stretch training to increase joint range of motion, to date no comprehensive meta-analysis has investigated the effects of resistance training on range of motion with all its potential affecting variables. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of chronic resistance training on range of motion compared either to a control condition or stretch training or to a combination of resistance training and stretch training to stretch training, while assessing moderating variables. DESIGN For the main analysis, a random-effect meta-analysis was used and for the subgroup analysis a mixed-effect model was implemented. Whilst subgroup analyses included sex and participants' activity levels, meta-regression included age, frequency, and duration of resistance training. DATA SOURCES Following the systematic search in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) and reference lists, 55 studies were found to be eligible. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Controlled or randomized controlled trials that separately compared the training effects of resistance training exercises with either a control group, stretching group, or combined stretch and resistance training group on range of motion in healthy participants. RESULTS Resistance training increased range of motion (effect size [ES] = 0.73; p < 0.001) with the exception of no significant range of motion improvement with resistance training using only body mass. There were no significant differences between resistance training versus stretch training (ES = 0.08; p = 0.79) or between resistance training and stretch training versus stretch training alone (ES = - 0.001; p = 0.99). Although "trained or active people" increased range of motion (ES = 0.43; p < 0.001) "untrained and sedentary" individuals had significantly (p = 0.005) higher magnitude range of motion changes (ES = 1.042; p < 0.001). There were no detected differences between sex and contraction type. Meta-regression showed no effect of age, training duration, or frequency. CONCLUSIONS As resistance training with external loads can improve range of motion, stretching prior to or after resistance training may not be necessary to enhance flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Abdolhamid Daneshjoo
- Department of Sport Injuries, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Zahiri
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Reza Goudini
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jared P Hicks
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.,Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria.,Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Warneke K, Wagner CM, Konrad A, Kadlubowski B, Sander A, Wirth K, Keiner M. The influence of age and sex on speed-strength performance in children between 10 and 14 years of age. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1092874. [PMID: 36895629 PMCID: PMC9989187 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1092874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Speed-strength performance is important during human movements such as jumping, sprinting, and change of direction (COD) tasks, which are a substantial part of sports practice. Sex and age seem to influence performance output in young persons; however, few studies have focused on the influence of sex and age measured via standard protocols of performance diagnostics. Method: Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of age and sex on linear sprint (LS), COD sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, squat-jump (SJ) height, and drop-jump (DJ) height performance in untrained children and adolescents via a cross-sectional analysis. This study comprised 141 untrained male and female participants 10-14 years of age. Results: The results showed the influence of age in male participants on speed-strength performance, while in female participants, age did not significantly influence performance parameters. Moderate to high correlations between sprint and jump performance (r = 0.69-0.72), sprint and COD sprint performance (r = 0.58-0.72), and jump and COD sprint performance (r = 0.56-0.58) were found. Discussion: Based on the data from this study, it appears that the growth phase of age 10-14 does not necessarily lead to improvements in athletic performance. To ensure holistic motor development, female subjects in particular should be provided with specific training interventions with a focus on strength and power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Carl Maximilian Wagner
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Björn Kadlubowski
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andre Sander
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
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Yokochi M, Nakamura M, Iwata A, Kaneko R, Watanabe S, Konrad A, Yamada N. A 1-Week Comprehensive Foam Rolling Intervention Program Can Improve Knee Pain but Not Muscle Function and Range of Motion in Patients with Total Knee Arthroplasty. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:3351. [PMID: 36834043 PMCID: PMC9961826 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of a 1-week comprehensive foam rolling (FR) intervention program on knee pain, range of motion (ROM), and muscle function in patients with TKA.Thirty patients with TKA were randomly allocated to FR (n = 15) or control (n = 15) groups. The control group received only regular physical therapy. Patients in the FR group performed the FR intervention in addition to their regular physical therapy twice daily from postoperative weeks two to three (60 s × 3 repetitions × 2 times/day × 6 days: total = 2160 s). Pain score, knee flexion and extension ROM, muscle strength, walking function, and balance function were measured before and after the FR intervention. From the second to third postoperative weeks, there were significant improvements in all variables, and the reduction in pain score at stretching was significantly greater in the FR group (-26.0 ± 1.4; p < 0.05) than in the control group (-12.5 ± 1.9). However, there was no significant difference in changes in the other variables except for the pain score at stretching between FR and control groups. A 1-week comprehensive FR intervention program in patients with TKA could reduce pain scores at stretching without a synergistic effect on physical function, i.e., walking speed, balance function, and muscle strength of the knee extensors muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Yokochi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Takeda General Hospital, 3-27 Yamagamachi, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8585, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki 842-8585, Saga, Japan
| | - Ayaka Iwata
- Department of Rehabilitation, Takeda General Hospital, 3-27 Yamagamachi, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8585, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ryota Kaneko
- Department of Rehabilitation, Takeda General Hospital, 3-27 Yamagamachi, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8585, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shiho Watanabe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Takeda General Hospital, 3-27 Yamagamachi, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8585, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Mozartgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Noboru Yamada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Takeda General Hospital, 3-27 Yamagamachi, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8585, Fukushima, Japan
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Konrad A, Kasahara K, Yoshida R, Murakami Y, Koizumi R, Nakamura M. Pain-Pressure Threshold Changes throughout Repeated Assessments with No Sex Related Differences. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:475. [PMID: 36833008 PMCID: PMC9957505 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Algometers are commonly used to measure the pain-pressure threshold (PPT) in various tissues, such as muscle, tendons, or fascia. However, to date, it is not clear if the repeated application of a PPT assessment can adjust the pain thresholds of the various muscles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the repeated application of PPT tests (20 times) in the elbow flexor, knee extensor, and ankle plantar flexor muscles in both sexes. In total, 30 volunteers (15 females, 15 males) were tested for their PPT using an algometer on the respective muscles in random order. We found no significant difference in the PPT between the sexes. Moreover, there was an increase in the PPT in the elbow flexors and knee extensors, starting with the eighth and ninth assessments (out of 20), respectively, compared to the second assessment. Additionally, there was a tendency to change between the first assessment and all the other assessments. In addition, there was no clinically relevant change for the ankle plantar flexor muscles. Consequently, we can recommend that between two and a maximum of seven PPT assessments should be applied so as not to overestimate the PPT. This is important information for further studies, as well as for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Mozartgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimamicho, Kitaku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimamicho, Kitaku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimamicho, Kitaku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Ryoma Koizumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimamicho, Kitaku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki 842-8585, Japan
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Nakamura M, Konrad A, Kasahara K, Yoshida R, Murakami Y, Sato S, Aizawa K, Koizumi R, Wilke J. The Combined Effect of Static Stretching and Foam Rolling With or Without Vibration on the Range of Motion, Muscle Performance, and Tissue Hardness of the Knee Extensor. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:322-327. [PMID: 35544351 PMCID: PMC7614110 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nakamura, M, Konrad, A, Kasahara, K, Yoshida, R, Murakami, Y, Sato, S, Aizawa, K, Koizumi, R, and Wilke, J. The combined effect of static stretching and foam rolling with or without vibration on the range of motion, muscle performance, and tissue hardness of the knee extensor. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 322-327, 2023-Although the combination of static stretching (SS) and foam rolling (FR) is frequently used for warm-up in sports, the effect of the intervention order is unclear. This study compared mechanical tissue properties, pain sensitivity, and motor function after SS and FR (with and without vibration) performed in different orders. Our randomized, controlled, crossover experiment included 15 healthy male subjects (22.5 ± 3.3 years) who visited the laboratory 5 times (inactive control condition, FR + SS, FR vibration + SS, SS + FR, and SS + FR vibration ) with an interval of ≥48 hours. In each session, subjects completed three 60-second bouts of FR and SS, targeting the anterior thigh. Pressure pain threshold, tissue hardness, knee flexion range of motion (ROM), maximal voluntary isometric (MVC-ISO), and concentric (MVC-CON) torque, as well as countermovement jump height, were determined before and after the intervention. All interventions significantly ( p < 0.01) increased knee flexion ROM ( d = 0.78, d = 0.87, d = 1.39, and d = 0.87, respectively) while decreasing tissue hardness ( d = -1.25, d = -1.09, d = -1.18, and d = -1.24, respectively). However, MVC-ISO torque was significantly reduced only after FR + SS ( p = 0.05, d = -0.59). Our results suggest that SS should be followed by FR when aiming to increase ROM and reduce tissue hardness without concomitant stretch-induced force deficits (MVC-ISO, MVC-CON, and countermovement jump height). Additionally, adding vibration to FR does not seem to affect the magnitude of changes observed in the examined outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kazuki Kasahara
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kodai Aizawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryoma Koizumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Warneke K, Zech A, Wagner CM, Konrad A, Nakamura M, Keiner M, Schoenfeld BJ, Behm DG. Sex differences in stretch-induced hypertrophy, maximal strength and flexibility gains. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1078301. [PMID: 36685189 PMCID: PMC9846774 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1078301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: If the aim is to increase maximal strength (MSt) and muscle mass, resistance training (RT) is primarily used to achieve these outcomes. However, research indicates that long-duration stretching sessions of up to 2 h per day can also provide sufficient stimuli to induce muscle growth. In RT literature, sex-related differences in adaptations are widely discussed, however, there is a lack of evidence addressing the sex-related effects on MSt and muscle thickness (MTh) of longer duration stretch training. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of daily (1 h) unilateral static stretch training of the plantar flexors using a calf-muscle stretching device. Methods: Fifty-five healthy (m = 28, f = 27), active participants joined the study. MSt and range of motion (ROM) were measured with extended and flexed knee joint, and MTh was investigated in the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius. Results: Statistically significant increases in MSt of 6%-15% (p < .001-.049, d = 0.45-1.09), ROM of 6%-21% (p < .001-.037, d = 0.47-1.38) and MTh of 4%-14% (p < .001-.005, d = 0.46-0.72) from pre-to post-test were observed, considering both sexes and both legs. Furthermore, there was a significant higher increase in MSt, MTh and ROM in male participants. In both groups, participants showed more pronounced adaptations in MSt and ROM with an extended knee joint as well as MTh in the medial head of the gastrocnemius (p < .001-.047). Results for relative MSt increases showed a similar result (p < .001-.036, d = 0.48-1.03). Discussion: Results are in accordance with previous studies pointing out significant increases of MSt, MTh and ROM due to long duration static stretch training. Both sexes showed significant increases in listed parameters however, male participants showed superior increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schuller University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health & Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
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Nakamura M, Sato S, Kiyono R, Yoshida R, Yasaka K, Yahata K, Konrad A. Comparison Between Foam Rolling With and Without Vibration on Passive and Active Plantar Flexor Muscle Properties. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3339-3344. [PMID: 34474432 PMCID: PMC7613848 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although foam rolling interventions with and without vibration have been used to increase flexibility in the field of sports, their effects on passive and active properties remain unclear. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of foam rolling interventions on range of motion (ROM), shear elastic modulus, plantar flexor muscle strength, and jump performance. This randomized, controlled, crossover study included 16 healthy male participants who visited the laboratory three times (control condition, foam rolling condition, and vibration foam rolling condition), each with an interval of >72 h. In both foam rolling and vibration foam rolling conditions, participants were instructed to perform 60-s bouts of intervention for three sets, with 30-s rest between each set. In the vibration foam rolling condition, the intensity of vibration was set at a frequency of 48 Hz. Dorsiflexion (DF) ROM, shear elastic modulus, plantar flexor muscle strength, and drop jump height were determined before and after the rolling intervention. Our results showed a similar increase in DF ROM (p < 0.01, d = 0.51; p < 0.01, d = 0.65, respectively) and passive torque at DF ROM (p = 0.02, d = 0.51 and p < 0.01, d = 0.65, respectively) after foam rolling and vibration foam rolling. Medial gastrocnemius shear elastic modulus decreased only after vibration foam rolling (p < 0.01, d = 0.44). No significant main effects of time were observed in maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque (F = 2.0, p = 0.15, ηp2 = 0.119) and drop jump height (F = 1.5, p = 0.24, ηp2 = 0.091) after both interventions. Maximal voluntary concentric contraction torque showed a significant main effect of time (F = 7.59, p = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.336). However, only after foam rolling, the maximal voluntary concentric contraction torque significantly decreased (p = 0.01, d = 0.39). Our results suggest that vibration foam rolling effectively alters passive muscle properties without decreasing muscle strength and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan,Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan,Corresponding Author: Masatoshi Nakamura, Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan; Telephone: +81-25-257-4451; Fax: +81-25-257-4451;
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kiyono
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Koki Yasaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yahata
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Kasahara K, Konrad A, Yoshida R, Murakami Y, Koizumi R, Sato S, Ye X, Thomas E, Nakamura M. Comparison of the Prolonged Effects of Foam Rolling and Vibration Foam Rolling Interventions on Passive Properties of Knee Extensors. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:580-585. [PMID: 36523900 PMCID: PMC9741721 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Foam rolling (FR) and vibration foam rolling (VFR) interventions have received attention as pre-exercise warm-ups because they maintain performance and increase range of motion (ROM). However, the immediate and prolonged effects and the comparisons between FR and VFR interventions are unknown. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the effects of FR and VFR interventions on passive properties of knee extensors over time (up to 30 min after interventions). A crossover, random allocation design was used with 14 male college students (22.1 ± 1.0 years old) in the control, FR, and VFR conditions. The knee flexion ROM, pain pressure threshold (PPT), and tissue hardness were measured before and immediately after, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after the intervention. The results showed that knee flexion ROM increased significantly immediately after the intervention in both the FR and VFR conditions and maintained up to 30 minutes after both conditions. PPT increased significantly (p < 0.01) immediately after the FR intervention. In the VFR condition, there was a significant increase in PPT immediately after the intervention (p < 0.01) and 10 minutes after the intervention (p < 0.05). Tissue hardness was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) immediately after and 10 minutes after the FR intervention. However, tissue hardness in the VFR condition was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) up to 30 minutes after the intervention. The results suggest that FR and VFR interventions increase knee flexion ROM, and the effect lasts at least 30 minutes, but the effects on PPT and tissue hardness are maintained a longer time in the VFR condition compared to the FR condition. Therefore, VFR can be recommended as a warm-up before exercise to change the passive properties of knee extensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryoma Koizumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, USA
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, 842-8585, Japan
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Warneke K, Konrad A, Keiner M, Zech A, Nakamura M, Hillebrecht M, Behm DG. Using Daily Stretching to Counteract Performance Decreases as a Result of Reduced Physical Activity-A Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15571. [PMID: 36497646 PMCID: PMC9741422 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There are many reasons for reduced physical activity leading to reduced maximal strength and sport-specific performance, such as jumping performance. These include pandemic lockdowns, serious injury, or prolonged sitting in daily work life. Consequently, such circumstances can contribute to increased morbidity and reduced physical performance. Therefore, a demand for space-saving and home-based training routines to counteract decreases in physical performance is suggested in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of using daily static stretching using a stretching board to counteract inactivity-related decreases in performance. Thirty-five (35) participants were either allocated to an intervention group (IG), performing a daily ten-minute stretch training combined with reduced physical activity or a reduced physical activity-only group (rPA). The effects on maximal voluntary contraction, range of motion using the knee-to-wall test, countermovement jump height (CMJheight), squat jump height (SJheight), drop jump height (DJheight), contact time (DJct) and the reactive strength index (DJRSI) were evaluated using a pre-test-post-test design. The rPA group reported reduced physical activity because of lockdown. Results showed significant decreases in flexibility and jump performance (d = -0.11--0.36, p = 0.004-0.046) within the six weeks intervention period with the rPA group. In contrast, the IG showed significant increases in MVC90 (d = 0.3, p < 0.001) and ROM (d = 0.44, p < 0.001) with significant improvements in SJheight (d = 0.14, p = 0.002), while no change was measured for CMJheight and DJ performance. Hence, 10 min of daily stretching seems to be sufficient to counteract inactivity-related performance decreases in young and healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Sport Science, German University of Health & Sport, 10587 Ismaning, Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga 842-8585, Japan
| | - Martin Hillebrecht
- University Sports Centre, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Konrad A, Tilp M, Stöcker F, Mehmeti L, Mahnič N, Seiberl W, Behm DG, Paternoster FK. Quadriceps or triceps surae proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching with post-stretching dynamic activities does not induce acute changes in running economy. Front Physiol 2022; 13:981108. [PMID: 36246108 PMCID: PMC9557161 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.981108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported that both a more compliant quadriceps tendon and a stiffer Achilles tendon are associated with better running economy. While tendon stiffness can be decreased by a single bout of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), post-stretching dynamic activities (PSA) can counteract the potential stretch-induced force loss. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate if a single, moderate duration, (4 × 15 s), bout of PNF stretching of either the quadriceps or triceps surae muscles followed each by PSA, causes either an improvement or impairment in running economy. Eighteen trained male runners/triathletes visited the laboratory five times. The first two visits were to familiarize the participants and to test for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) respectively. The further three appointments were randomly assigned to either 1.) quadriceps PNF stretching + PSA or 2.) triceps surae PNF stretching + PSA or 3.) no stretching + PSA. Following the interventions, participants performed a 15-min run on the treadmill with a speed reflecting a velocity of 70% VO2max to assess oxygen consumption (i.e., running economy) and running biomechanics. Our results showed neither a difference in oxygen consumption (p = 0.15) nor a change in any variable of the running biomechanics (p > 0.33) during the steady-state (i.e., last 5 min) of the 15-min run. Athletes can perform moderate duration PNF stretching of the quadriceps or triceps surae + PSA prior to a running event, without affecting running economy. Future studies should emphasize long-term training effects on tendon stiffness adaptations and running economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria,Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada,*Correspondence: A. Konrad,
| | - M. Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - F. Stöcker
- Prevention Center, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - L. Mehmeti
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - N. Mahnič
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - W. Seiberl
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - D. G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - F. K. Paternoster
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Konrad A, Nakamura M, Behm DG. The Effects of Foam Rolling Training on Performance Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis including Controlled and Randomized Controlled Trials. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:11638. [PMID: 36141907 PMCID: PMC9517147 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Foam rolling (FR) is a new and popular technique for increasing range of motion. While there are a few studies that demonstrate increased performance measures after an acute bout of FR, the overall evidence indicates trivial performance benefits. As there have been no meta-analyses on the effects of chronic FR on performance, the objective of this systematic meta-analytical review was to quantify the effects of FR training on performance. We searched PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane library, and Web of Science for FR training studies with a duration greater than two weeks, and found eight relevant studies. We used a random effect meta-analysis that employed a mixed-effect model to identify subgroup analyses. GRADE analysis was used to gauge the quality of the evidence obtained from this meta-analysis. Egger's regression intercept test (intercept 1.79; p = 0.62) and an average PEDro score of 6.25 (±0.89) indicated no or low risk of reporting bias, respectively. GRADE analysis indicated that we can be moderately confident in the effect estimates. The meta-analysis found no significant difference between FR and control conditions (ES = -0.294; p = 0.281; I2 = 73.68). Analyses of the moderating variables showed no significant differences between randomized control vs. controlled trials (Q = 0.183; p = 0.67) and no relationship between ages (R2 = 0.10; p = 0.37), weeks of intervention (R2 = 0.17; p = 0.35), and total load of FR (R2 = 0.24; p = 0.11). In conclusion, there were no significant performance changes with FR training and no specific circumstances leading to performance changes following FR training exceeding two weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, 8010 Graz, Austria
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki 842-8585, Saga, Japan
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Nakamura M, Kasahara K, Yoshida R, Murakami Y, Koizumi R, Sato S, Takeuchi K, Nishishita S, Ye X, Konrad A. Comparison of The Effect of High- and Low-Frequency Vibration Foam Rolling on The Quadriceps Muscle. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:376-382. [PMID: 36157391 PMCID: PMC9459764 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vibration foam rolling (VFR) intervention has recently gained attention in sports and rehabilitation settings since the superimposed vibration with foam rolling can affect several physiological systems. However, the sustained effect and a comparison of the effects of different VFR vibration frequencies on flexibility and muscle strength have not been examined. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the acute and sustained effects of three 60-s sets of VFR with different frequencies on knee flexion range of motion (ROM) and muscle strength of the knee extensors. Using a crossover, random allocation design, 16 male university students (21.2 ± 0.6 years) performed under two conditions: VFR with low (35 Hz) and high (67 Hz) frequencies. The acute and sustained effects (20 min after intervention) of VFR on knee flexion ROM, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC-ISO) torque, maximum voluntary concentric contraction (MVC-CON) torque, rate of force development (RFD), and single-leg countermovement jump (CMJ) height were examined. Our results showed that knee flexion ROM increased significantly (p < 0.01) immediately after the VFR intervention and remained elevated up to 20 min, regardless of the vibration frequency. MVC-ISO and MVC-CON torque both decreased significantly (p < 0.01) immediately after the VFR intervention and remained significantly lowered up to 20 min, regardless of the vibration frequency. However, there were no significant changes in RFD or CMJ height. Our results suggest that VFR can increase knee flexion ROM but induces a decrease in muscle strength up to 20 min after VFR at both high and low frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, 842-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryoma Koizumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nishishita
- Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka, Japan,Kansai Rehabilitation Hospital, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, USA
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Mozartgasse 14, Graz, Austria
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Donti O, Konrad A, Panidi I, Dinas PC, Bogdanis GC. Is There a "Window of Opportunity" for Flexibility Development in Youth? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med Open 2022; 8:88. [PMID: 35792993 PMCID: PMC9259532 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flexibility is an important component of physical fitness for competitive and recreational athletes. It is generally suggested that flexibility training should start from childhood (6-11 years of age) to optimize joint range of motion (ROM) increases; however, evidence is limited and inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To examine whether there is a difference in the effect of stretching training on flexibility during childhood (6-11 years of age) and adolescence (12-18 years of age). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We searched PubMed Central, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and SPORTDiscus, to conduct this systematic review. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials were eligible. No language and date of publication restrictions were applied. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB2 and ROBINS-I tools. Meta-analyses were conducted via an inverse variance random-effects model. GRADE analysis was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. RESULTS From the 2713 records retrieved 28 studies were included in the meta-analysis (n = 1936 participants). Risk of bias was low in 56.9% of all criteria. Confidence in cumulative evidence was moderate. We found that stretching was effective in increasing ROM in both children (SMD = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.77-1.41; Z = 6.65; p < 0.001; I2 = 79%) and adolescents (SMD = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.70-1.10; Z = 8.88; p < 0.001; I2 = 81%), with no differences between children and adolescents in ROM improvements (p = 0.32; I2 = 0%). However, when stretching volume load was considered, children exhibited greater increases in ROM with higher than lower stretching volumes (SMD = 1.21; 95% CI = 0.82-1.60; Z = 6.09; p < 0.001; I2 = 82% and SMD = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.29-0.95; Z = 3.65; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%, respectively; subgroup difference: p = 0.02; I2 = 80.5%), while adolescents responded equally to higher and lower stretching volume loads (SMD = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.47-1.33; Z = 4.08; p < 0.001; I2 = 83%, and SMD = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.69-1.12; Z = 8.18; p < 0.001; I2 = 79%, respectively; subgroup difference: p = 0.98; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS Systematic stretching training increases ROM during both childhood and adolescence. However, larger ROM gains may be induced in childhood than in adolescence when higher stretching volume loads are applied, while adolescents respond equally to high and low stretching volume loads. REGISTRATION INPLASY, registration number: INPLASY202190032; https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2021-9-0032/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olyvia Donti
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Konrad
- grid.5110.50000000121539003Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ioli Panidi
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros C. Dinas
- grid.410558.d0000 0001 0035 6670FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Nakamura M, Suzuki Y, Yoshida R, Kasahara K, Murakami Y, Hirono T, Nishishita S, Takeuchi K, Konrad A. The Time-Course Changes in Knee Flexion Range of Motion, Muscle Strength, and Rate of Force Development After Static Stretching. Front Physiol 2022; 13:917661. [PMID: 35721554 PMCID: PMC9201101 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.917661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that longer-duration static stretching (SS) interventions can cause a decrease in muscle strength, especially explosive muscle strength. Furthermore, force steadiness is an important aspect of muscle force control, which should also be considered. However, the time course of the changes in these variables after an SS intervention remains unclear. Nevertheless, this information is essential for athletes and coaches to establish optimal warm-up routines. The aim of this study was to investigate the time course of changes in knee flexion range of motion (ROM), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), rate of force development (RFD), and force steadiness (at 5 and 20% of MVIC) after three 60-s SS interventions. Study participants were sedentary healthy adult volunteers (n = 20) who performed three 60-s SS interventions of the knee extensors, where these variables were measured before and after SS intervention at three different periods, i.e., immediately after, 10 min, and 20 min the SS intervention (crossover design). The results showed an increase in ROM at all time points (d = 0.86-1.01). MVIC was decreased immediately after the SS intervention (d = -0.30), but MVIC showed a recovery trend for both 10 min (d = -0.17) and 20 min (d = -0.20) after the SS intervention. However, there were significant impairments in RFD at 100 m (p = 0.014, F = 6.37, ηp 2 = 0.101) and 200 m (p < 0.01, F = 28.0, ηp 2 = 0.33) up to 20 min after the SS intervention. Similarly, there were significant impairments in force steadiness of 5% (p < 0.01, F = 16.2, ηp 2 = 0.221) and 20% MVIC (p < 0.01, F = 16.0, ηp 2 = 0.219) at 20 min after the SS intervention. Therefore, it is concluded that three 60-s SS interventions could increase knee flexion ROM but impair explosive muscle strength and muscle control function until 20 min after the SS intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Japan,*Correspondence: Masatoshi Nakamura, ; Andreas Konrad,
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan,S/PARK Business Planning Group, MIRAI Technology Institute, R&D Integrated Operation Department, Shiseido Co, Ltd., Global Innovation Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirono
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nishishita
- Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka, Japan,Kansai Rehabilitation Hospital, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria,*Correspondence: Masatoshi Nakamura, ; Andreas Konrad,
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Gabriel A, Paternoster FK, Konrad A, Horstmann T, Pohl T. Comparison between the Original- and a Standardized Version of a Physical Assessment Test for the Dorsal Chain - A Cohort-Based Cross Sectional Study. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:182-190. [PMID: 35719223 PMCID: PMC9157515 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This cohort-based cross-sectional study compares the original (OV) and a newly developed standardized version (SV) of the Bunkie Test, a physical test used to assess the dorsal chain muscles. Twenty-three participants (13 females, 10 males; median age of 26 ± 3 years) performed the test, a reverse plank, with one foot on a stool and the contralateral leg lifted. In the SV, the position of the pelvis and the foot were predefined. The test performance time (s) and surface electromyography (sEMG) signals of the dorsal chain muscles were recorded. We performed a median power frequency (MPF) analysis, using short-time Fourier transformation, and calculated the MPF/time linear regression slope. We compared the slopes of the linear regression analysis (between legs) and the performance times (between the OV and SV) with the Wilcoxon test. Performance times did not differ between SV and OV for either the dominant (p = 0.28) or non-dominant leg (p = 0.08). Linear regression analysis revealed a negative slope for the muscles of the tested leg and contralateral erector spinae, with a significant difference between the biceps femoris of the tested (-0.91 ± 1.08) and contralateral leg (0.01 ± 1.62) in the SV (p = 0.004). The sEMG showed a clearer pattern in the SV than in the OV. Hence, we recommend using the SV to assess the structures of the dorsal chain of the tested leg and contralateral back.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gabriel
- Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, Technical University of Munich, Georg Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Konrad
- Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Horstmann
- Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Pohl
- Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Reiner MM, Tilp M, Guilhem G, Morales-Artacho A, Konrad A. Comparison of A Single Vibration Foam Rolling and Static Stretching Exercise on the Muscle Function and Mechanical Properties of the Hamstring Muscles. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:287-297. [PMID: 35719228 PMCID: PMC9157528 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Knee extension and hip flexion range of motion (ROM) and functional performance of the hamstrings are of great importance in many sports. The aim of this study was to investigate if static stretching (SS) or vibration foam rolling (VFR) induce greater changes in ROM, functional performance, and stiffness of the hamstring muscles. Twenty-five male volunteers were tested on two appointments and were randomly assigned either to a 2 min bout of SS or VFR. ROM, counter movement jump (CMJ) height, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) peak torque, passive resistive torque (PRT), and shear modulus of semitendinosus (ST), semimembranosus (SM), and biceps femoris (BFlh), were assessed before and after the intervention. In both groups ROM increased (SS = 7.7%, P < 0.01; VFR = 8.8%, P < 0.01). The MVIC values decreased after SS (-5.1%, P < 0.01) only. Shear modulus of the ST changed for -6.7% in both groups (VFR: P < 0.01; SS: P < 0.01). Shear modulus decreased in SM after VFR (-6.5%; P = 0.03) and no changes were observed in the BFlh in any group (VFR = -1%; SS = -2.9%). PRT and CMJ values did not change following any interventions. Our findings suggest that VFR might be a favorable warm-up routine if the goal is to acutely increase ROM without compromising functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Maren Reiner
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Antonio Morales-Artacho
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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