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de Souza LC, Moris JM, Lee KM, Fant KH, Gallucci A, Funderburk LK. Dietary Intake and Menstrual Health among Acrobatics and Tumbling NCAA Division I Student-Athletes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024; 43:101-109. [PMID: 37307023 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2218458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acrobatics & Tumbling (A&T) is an emerging sport in the National Collegiate Athletic Association that lacks research regarding the dietary intake and health of A&T student-athletes (A&Tsa). This study assessed the dietary intake adequacy, estimated energy availability (EA), self-reported menstrual health, and body composition of A&Tsa. METHODS Twenty-four female A&Tsa participated during week 8 of the preseason (11 top: Age= 20.1 ± 0.9 years; BMI= 22.1 ± 1.7 kg/m2; 13 base: Age= 19.5 ± 1.3 years; BMI= 26.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2). Total energy intake (TEI) and macronutrient intakes were assessed via a paper-based 3-day dietary recall. Resting Metabolic Rate [RMR = 500 + 22 * fat-free mass (FFM)] and energy availability [EA = (TEI - exercise energy expenditure)/FFM)] were estimated; and LEAF-Q assessed menstrual health. Body composition was measured using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. Macronutrient intakes and EA were compared to sports nutrition recommendations (carbohydrate: 6-10 g/kg; protein: 1.2-2.0 g/kg) and the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (carbohydrate: 45-65%; protein: 10-35%; fat: 20-35%). RESULTS TEI was 1753 ± 467 kcal (top) and 1980 ± 473.8 kcal (base). A total of 20.8% of A&Tsa failed to meet RMR with TEI, with a higher prevalence in the top (-266 ± 219.2 kcal, n = 3) vs. base (-414.3 ± 534.4 kcal, n = 2) A&Tsa. Top and base A&Tsa had both low EA (28.8 ± 13.4 kcals·FFM-1; 23.8 ± 9.5 kcals·FFM-1) and inadequate carbohydrate intake averages (4.2 ± 1.3 g/kg; 3.5 ± 1.1 g/kg, p < 0.001), respectively. A total of 17% of A&Tsa reported secondary amenorrhea, with a higher prevalence in the top (27.3%, n = 3) vs. the base (7.7%, n = 1). CONCLUSION TEI and carbohydrate intake of the majority of A&Tsa were below recommendations. Sports dietitians should encourage and educate A&Tsa about following an adequate diet that meets energy and sports-specific macronutrient needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia C de Souza
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Jose M Moris
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Katherine M Lee
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Kristin H Fant
- Performance Nutrition (Baylor Athletics), Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Gallucci
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - LesLee K Funderburk
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Department of Human Sciences and Design, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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Sim JE, Leota J, Mascaro L, Hoffman D, Facer-Childs ER. Sleep patterns before and after competition: A real-world examination of elite athletes. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:2014-2026. [PMID: 38314742 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2308960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Good sleep before and after competitions is crucial to cognitive, physiological performance and recovery. Yet, elite athletes face a unique set of challenges when acquiring good sleep before and after competitions, and indeed commonly report sleep problems when it matters most. This study examined the sleep of elite athletes before and after competition compared to before and after free days. A total of 1808 unique nights of actigraphy (n = 1495) and sleep diary (n = 1335) data from elite Australian Football League and National Rugby League male athletes (N = 85, M-age = 24.4 ± 3.6) were collected and analysed using multi-level mixed models. On nights before competitions, athletes advanced sleep timings (p < .001, d = 0.63) and increased total sleep time (p < .001, d = 0.65) compared to nights before free days. On nights after competitions, athletes delayed sleep timings (p < .001, d = 1.64), reduced total sleep time (p < .001, d = 1.28), and had significantly worse quality sleep (p < .001, d = 0.71) compared to nights after free days. Sleep was especially worse following night competitions. While elite athletes and organisations may be implementing effective sleep strategies to optimise sleep the night before competitions, strategies to improve sleep after competitions may be lacking. We discuss potential factors contributing to this asymmetry and propose areas for research moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian En Sim
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Josh Leota
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luis Mascaro
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoffman
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elise R Facer-Childs
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- High Performance Department, St Kilda Football Club, Australian Football League, Melbourne, Australia
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Trabelsi K, BaHammam AS, Chtourou H, Jahrami H, Vitiello MV. The good, the bad, and the ugly of consumer sleep technologies use among athletes: A call for action. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023:S2095-2546(23)00018-2. [PMID: 36868375 PMCID: PMC10362482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia.
| | - Ahmed S BaHammam
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University Sleep Disorders Center, King Saud University, Riyadh 2925, Saudi Arabia; The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisia
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Govermental Hospitals, Manama 329, Kingdom of Bahrain; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Michael V Vitiello
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA
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Gifari N, Nuzrina R, Kuswari M, Hutami NT, Ghalda A. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE AND AEROBIC FITNESS IN YOUNG GYMNASTS. SCIENCE OF GYMNASTICS JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.52165/sgj.12.2.195-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the nutrition knowledge, nutritional status, body composition, nutrient intake and physical fitness of young gymnasts. The study used a cross-sectional design with 20 subjects comprising rhythmic and artistic gymnasts in Raden Inten, Jakarta. Nutritional status and body composition were measured using anthropometric measurements, macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were measured with 3x24-h food recall, physical fitness was measured using the bleep test (20m shuttle run), and nutrition knowledge was assessed using questionnaires consisting of 30 questions on macronutrients, micronutrients and water. The results indicated that the gymnasts (n=20, 13.7±2.1 y.o, 37.8±8.2 kg and 147.3±10 cm) generally had a fairly good nutrition knowledge score (73.2%); i.e. 10 people in the good nutrition-knowledge group and 10 people in the poor nutrition-knowledge group. The majority of the macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were below the nutritional requirements, in both the good and poor nutrition-knowledge groups. The nutrition knowledge scores were low for hydration-related knowledge (66%), while the scores for macronutrient and micronutrient knowledge were 73.8% and 84.2%, respectively. This study found that nutrition knowledge had a positive correlation with physical fitness (p<0.05). A sports nutrition-related education intervention is needed for those gymnasts that still have poor nutrition knowledge. Sports nutrition knowledge needs to be provided for athletes and coaches so that athletes’ intakes meet their nutritional requirements in order to maximise their performance.
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Barreto G. Nutrition for the Athlete. PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT CLINICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpha.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Training-Load Management in Rhythmic Gymnastics: Practices and Perceptions of Coaches, Medical Staff, and Gymnasts. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:530-540. [PMID: 35016155 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study described and analyzed practices and perceptions of rhythmic gymnastics coaches, medical staff, and athletes on training-load management. METHODS Online surveys were distributed among professionals and gymnasts involved in rhythmic gymnastics training across the world. One hundred (50 coaches, 12 medical staff, and 38 gymnasts) participants from 25 different countries completed the surveys. RESULTS Respondents stated using coaches' perception on a daily basis as a method of monitoring external (57%) and internal (58%) load, recovery/fatigue (52%), and performance (64%). Variables and methods (eg, wearable devices, athlete self-reported measures, session rating of perceived exertion), and metrics (eg, acute and chronic load) commonly reported in the training-load literature and other sports were not frequently used in rhythmic gymnastics. The majority of coaches (60.3% [17%]) perceived that maladaptation rarely or never occurred. Medical staff involvement in sharing and discussing training-load information was limited, and they perceived that the measurement of athletes' recovery/fatigue was poor. Gymnasts noted good quality in relation to the measurement of performance. Most participants (≥85%) believed that a specific training-load management model for rhythmic gymnastics could be very or extremely effective. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, rhythmic gymnastics coaches' perception is the most commonly used strategy to monitor load, recovery/fatigue, and performance; although, this could be a limited method to guarantee effective training-load management in this sport.
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Kontele I, Grammatikopoulou MG, Vassilakou T. Level of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Weight Status among Adolescent Female Gymnasts: A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8121135. [PMID: 34943331 PMCID: PMC8700392 DOI: 10.3390/children8121135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent female gymnasts are a vulnerable population in terms of their diet, as their nutritional needs are higher due to their growth and high daily training demands. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is a well-known dietary pattern that is associated with a greater nutritional adequacy and a lower prevalence of overweight. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the degree of adherence to the MD among adolescent female athletes who participated in all disciplines of gymnastics in Greece, as well as to explore the potential correlations between MD adherence, body weight, and body mass index (BMI). A total of 269 female gymnasts (between 11-18 years old) completed the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED) and reported their weight and height. Approximately 10% of the participants were underweight and a mere 5.6% were classified as overweight. A high adherence to the MD was reported by 34.9% of the sample and this was correlated with a healthier BMI. Moreover, specific eating habits, such as eating nuts 2-3 times per week and eating fast-food less than once-weekly, were also associated with BMI. Athletes, parents, and coaches of gymnastics should be informed and educated regarding balanced nutrition habits. Future studies could evaluate adherence to MD, as well as the factors that influence the eating behaviors of adolescent female and male athletes in various sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Kontele
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (T.V.)
| | - Maria G. Grammatikopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, Alexander Campus, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Tonia Vassilakou
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (T.V.)
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Silva MR, Chetti MA, Neves H, Manso MC. Is the consumption of beverages and food associated to dental erosion? A cross-sectional study in Portuguese athletes. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Armstrong R, Relph N. Screening Tools as a Predictor of Injury in Gymnastics: Systematic Literature Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:73. [PMID: 34635999 PMCID: PMC8505578 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00361-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Gymnastics requires a high level of physical ability and technical skill which utilises short sets of athleticism and artistry to perform complex and intense movements which can overload musculoskeletal tissues and result in acute injuries which can develop into chronic injuries. The aim of this systematic literature review was to investigate which screening tools predict injury in gymnasts and encompasses all genres, levels and ages. Methods An electronic search of seven databases from their inception until March 2021 was conducted. The databases were the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, CINAHL, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, SPORTDiscus and PEDro (the Physiotherapy Evidence Base). A combination of the following search terms was used: (1) Gymnastics AND injury AND Screening, (2) Screening AND Gymnastics and (3) Musculoskeletal AND Screening AND Gymnastics. These terms were searched in all text, abstract, title and subject terms. Studies were assessed using a 20-point scoring tool. Results The mean methodological quality score was 13.1 points (range 10–17 points). Range of motion, anthropometric and postural measurements, hypermobility, clinical diagnostic tests, movement screening tools, muscle strength, power and endurance were reported in the included studies. Some evidence existed for screening measurement of height and mass as taller and heavier gymnasts might be more susceptible to injury; however, the different methodologies utilised and lack of acknowledgment of confounding variables limit the clinical relevance of these findings. Conclusions Height and mass should be recorded during the screening process. A lack of heterogeneity in study methodology prevented a meta-analysis. Studies were limited by a lack of prospective injury design, poor injury definition, self-reporting of injury and only 2 studies reported reliability of screening tools. Further research is required to determine the role of injury screening in gymnastics. Registration: The review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with the registration number CRD42020218339.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Armstrong
- Rehabilitation and Healthy Lives Research Group, Institute of Health, University of Cumbria, Carlisle, Cumbria, CA1 2HH, England.
| | - Nicola Relph
- Promoting Population Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, England
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Bartholomew J, Gilligan C, Spence A. Contemporary Variables that Impact Sleep and Development in Female Adolescent Swimmers and Gymnasts. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:57. [PMID: 34373962 PMCID: PMC8353044 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The effects of sleep on elite athletes in late adolescence and early adulthood have been well documented in a myriad of sports. However, there is underrepresentation of pre-pubertal and young female adolescent athlete research between the ages of 11-17, and specifically female gymnast and swimmers. Neglecting to understand how high energy demand at a young age relates to sleep and restoration may lead to developmental ramifications for this group, as they display physiological dysfunctions like delayed puberty, amenorrhea and are at risk for the female athlete triad or components of the triad. This review aims to summarize the contemporary variables of blue light emitting screens, social media, and caffeine on quality and quantity of sleep in young athletes while identifying gaps in the literature on how these factors impact the target group of young female swimmers and gymnasts. The implications of this work include sleep hygiene recommendations for increasing duration and quality of sleep, as well as future research with respect to electronic device usage, social media participation, caffeine consumption, and sport engagement in female early adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Bartholomew
- Department of Biology, Portage Learning, 2521 Darlington Road, Beaver Falls, PA, 15010, USA
| | - Carrie Gilligan
- Carlow University, 3333 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15237, USA
| | - Ann Spence
- Department of Nursing, Carlow University, 3333 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15237, USA.
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Stellingwerff T, Heikura IA, Meeusen R, Bermon S, Seiler S, Mountjoy ML, Burke LM. Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S): Shared Pathways, Symptoms and Complexities. Sports Med 2021; 51:2251-2280. [PMID: 34181189 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The symptom similarities between training-overload (with or without an Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) diagnosis) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) are significant, with both initiating from a hypothalamic-pituitary origin, that can be influenced by low carbohydrate (CHO) and energy availability (EA). In this narrative review we wish to showcase that many of the negative outcomes of training-overload (with, or without an OTS diagnosis) may be primarily due to misdiagnosed under-fueling, or RED-S, via low EA and/or low CHO availability. Accordingly, we undertook an analysis of training-overload/OTS type studies that have also collected and analyzed for energy intake (EI), CHO, exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and/or EA. Eighteen of the 21 studies (86%) that met our criteria showed indications of an EA decrease or difference between two cohorts within a given study (n = 14 studies) or CHO availability decrease (n = 4 studies) during the training-overload/OTS period, resulting in both training-overload/OTS and RED-S symptom outcomes compared to control conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate significantly similar symptom overlaps across much of the OTS (n = 57 studies) and RED-S/Female Athlete Triad (n = 88 studies) literature. It is important to note that the prevention of under-recovery is multi-factorial, but many aspects are based around EA and CHO availability. Herein we have demonstrated that OTS and RED-S have many shared pathways, symptoms, and diagnostic complexities. Substantial attention is required to increase the knowledge and awareness of RED-S, and to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of both OTS and RED-S, to allow clinicians to more accurately exclude LEA/RED-S from OTS diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent Stellingwerff
- Pacific Institute for Sport Excellence, Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, 4371 Interurban Road, Victoria, BC, V9E 2C5, Canada.
- Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Ida A Heikura
- Pacific Institute for Sport Excellence, Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, 4371 Interurban Road, Victoria, BC, V9E 2C5, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS Nice, Nice, France
- World Athletics, Health and Science Department, Monte Carlo, Monaco
| | - Stephen Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Margo L Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- IOC Medical Commission Games Group, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Louise M Burke
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Jederström M, Agnafors S, Ekegren C, Fagher K, Gauffin H, Korhonen L, Park J, Spreco A, Timpka T. Determinants of Sports Injury in Young Female Swedish Competitive Figure Skaters. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:686019. [PMID: 34222861 PMCID: PMC8253259 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.686019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Although figure skating attracts several hundred thousand participants worldwide, there is little knowledge about physical health and sports injuries among young skaters. The present study aimed to describe the health status of a geographically defined Swedish population of licensed competitive figure skaters and to examine injury determinants. Methods: All licensed competitive skaters in the southeastern region of Sweden were in April 2019 invited to participate in a cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire. Multiple binary logistic regression was used for the examination of injury determinants. The primary outcome measure was the 1-year prevalence of a severe sports injury episode (time loss >21 days). The secondary outcome measure was the point prevalence of an ongoing injury. The determinants analyzed were age, skating level, relative energy deficiency indicators, and training habits. Results: In total, 142 (36%) skaters participated, 137 (96%) girls [mean (SD) age: 12.9 (SD 3.0) years]. Participating boys (n = 5) were excluded from further analysis. The 1-year prevalence of a severe sports injury episode was 31%. The most common injury locations for these injuries were the knee (25%), ankle (20%), and hip/groin (15%). In the multiple model, having sustained a severe injury episode was associated with older age (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.4; p = 0.002) and an increased number of skipped meals per week (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.3; p = 0.014). The point prevalence of an ongoing injury episode was 19%. The most common locations were the knee (24%), ankle (24%), and foot (24%). Having an ongoing injury episode was associated with older age (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.7; p < 0.001) and an increased number of skipped meals per week (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.3; p = 0.049). Conclusion: One-third of young female Swedish competitive figure skaters had sustained a severe injury episode during the past year, and a fifth reported an ongoing episode. Older age and an increased number of skipped meals per week were associated with a sports injury episode. Long-term monotonous physical loads with increasing intensity and insufficient energy intake appear to predispose for injury in young female figure skaters. Further examination of injury determinants among competitive figure skaters is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa Jederström
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara Agnafors
- Division of Children's and Women's Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christina Ekegren
- Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristina Fagher
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Gauffin
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Departments of Orthopedics and Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Laura Korhonen
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Park
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Armin Spreco
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Health Services Development, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Health Services Development, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
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Villa M, Villa-Vicente JG, Seco-Calvo J, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Collado PS. Body Composition, Dietary Intake and the Risk of Low Energy Availability in Elite-Level Competitive Rhythmic Gymnasts. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062083. [PMID: 34207034 PMCID: PMC8233987 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze dietary intake and body composition in a group of elite-level competitive rhythmic gymnasts from Spain. We undertook body composition and nutritional analysis of 30 elite gymnasts, divided into two groups by age: pre-teen (9-12 years) (n = 17) and teen (13-18 years) (n = 13). Measures of height, weight, and bioimpedance were used to calculate body mass index and percent body fat. Energy and nutrient intakes were assessed based on 7-day food records. The two groups had similar percentages of total body fat (pre-teen: 13.99 ± 3.83% vs. teen: 14.33 ± 5.57%; p > 0.05). The energy availability values for pre-teens were above the recommended values (>40 kcal/FFM/day) 69.38 ± 14.47 kcal/FFM/day, while those for the teens were much lower (34.7 ± 7.5 kcal/FFM/day). The distribution of the daily energy intake across the macronutrients indicates that both groups ingested less than the recommended level of carbohydrates and more than the recommended level of fat. Very low intakes of calcium and vitamin D among other micronutrients were also noted. The main finding is that teenage gymnasts do not consume as much energy as they need each day, which explains their weight and development. Moreover, they are at a high risk of developing low energy availability that could negatively impact their performance and future health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Villa
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Pontificia of Salamanca, 37002 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - José G. Villa-Vicente
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain; (J.G.V.-V.); (P.S.C.)
| | - Jesus Seco-Calvo
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain; (J.G.V.-V.); (P.S.C.)
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +34-987-293-127
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
| | - Pilar S. Collado
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain; (J.G.V.-V.); (P.S.C.)
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14
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Ballesio A, Vacca M, Bacaro V, Benazzi A, De Bartolo P, Alivernini F, Lucidi F, Lombardo C, Baglioni C. Psychological correlates of insomnia in professional soccer players: An exploratory study. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:897-905. [PMID: 33599195 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1892197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep promotes health, well-being, recovery and athletic performance. As a consequence, sleep problems in athletes may have detrimental effects. Previous investigations showed that professional athletes often reported to suffer of poor sleep quality and insomnia (e.g. difficulties falling asleep and/or maintaining sleep). However, psychological variables exacerbating and maintaining insomnia in professional athletes as well as its mechanistic pathways are still largely unknown. Available literature mostly focused on effects of sport-related variables, such as evening training and stimulant consumption on athletes' sleep. Instead, the contribution of cognitive and emotional variables globally associated with insomnia in athletes in clinical models has been largely neglected. To address these limitations, this study explored the associations between emotional experience, pre-sleep arousal, pre-sleep worry and rumination and insomnia severity in a sample of 210 (25.93 ± 6.68 years) male professional soccer players. Bivariate correlations, multiple regression, and structural equation modelling with manifest variables (path analysis) were computed. Results showed that insomnia severity was associated with stimulants consumption, pre-sleep arousal, negative emotions, positive emotions, and pre-sleep worry/rumination (all p < .05). Path analysis showed that relationship between stimulant consumption, emotional experience, worry/rumination and insomnia was mediated by pre-sleep arousal (p < .05). Our results suggest that preventive and interventional studies in professional soccer players would benefit from considering global cognitive-emotional variables as targets of interventions.HighlightsInsomnia was associated with greater stimulants consumption, pre-sleep arousal, negative emotions, pre-sleep worry/rumination, and lower positive emotions.Path analysis showed that pre-sleep arousal mediated the relationship between stimulant consumption, emotional experience, worry/rumination and insomnia severity.Cognitive-emotional and behavioural factors as well as sport-related variables were important predictors of insomnia in professional soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ballesio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences, University of Rome Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Bacaro
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Rome Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Benazzi
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Rome Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy.,Associazione Italiana Calciatori, AIC, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Paola De Bartolo
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Rome Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Alivernini
- INVALSI - Italian National Institute for the Educational Evaluation of Instruction and Training, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Lucidi
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Baglioni
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Rome Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Silva HH, Silva MRG, Cerqueira F, Tavares V, Medeiros R. Genomic profile in association with sport-type, sex, ethnicity, psychological traits and sport injuries of elite athletes: review and future perspectives. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:418-434. [PMID: 33666074 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, some inherited determinants have been associated with elite athletic performance, but its polygenic trait character has limited the correct definition of elite athlete's genomic profile. This qualitative descriptive study aims to summarise the current understanding about genetic and epigenetic factors in elite athletes, as well as their genomic profile in association with sport-type, sex, ethnicity, psychological traits and sport injuries. A narrative review of the literature across a broad cross-section of the elite athletes' genomic profile was undertaken. Elite performance relies on rare gene variants within a great interface between molecular, cellular and behavioural sport-related phenotypes and the environment, which is still poorly understood. ACTN3 rs1815739 and ACE I/D polymorphisms appear to be associated to specific sprint phenotypes and influence the athletic status, i.e., the rs1815739 variant is more influential to 200-m performance and the ACE ID polymorphism is more involved in the longer, 400-m sprint performance. Generally, athletes show endurance-based sports characteristics or power-based sports characteristics, but some studies have reported some genes associations to both sports-based characteristics. Furthermore, genetic studies with larger cohorts of single-sport athletes might be preferable than studies combining athletes of different sports, given the existence of distinct athlete profiles and sport demands. Athletic performance may be influenced by the serotonergic pathway and the potential injury risk (namely stress fracture) might be associated to a genetic predisposition associated to the mechanical loading from the intense physical exercise. The study of gene variants associated to sex and ethnicity-related to athletic performance needs further investigation. The combination of genome-wide association studies addressing the genetic architecture of athletes and the subsequent replication and validation studies might for additional genetic data is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo-Henrique Silva
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal - .,União Desportiva Oliveirense, Senior Rink-Hockey Team, Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal - .,Portuguese Ministry of Education, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - Maria-Raquel G Silva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.,CIAS-Research Centre for Anthropology and Health - Human Biology, Health and Society, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre-Group of Sleep, Chronobiology and Sleep Disorders-Nova Medical School, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,FP-ENAS Research Unit, UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, CEBIMED, Biomedical Research Centre, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Cerqueira
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.,FP-ENAS Research Unit, UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, CEBIMED, Biomedical Research Centre, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valéria Tavares
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- FP-ENAS Research Unit, UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, CEBIMED, Biomedical Research Centre, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LPCC, Research Department - Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPPC - NRN), Porto, Portugal.,FMUP- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Abstract
Vitamin D Deficiency in Sports Abstract. A deficiency in vitamin D is very common in the general population as well as in athletes. The aim of this overview is to assess the level of knowledge about the importance of vitamin D for athletes. A deficiency in vitamin D is present in up to 90 % of athletes. Risk groups are young athletes, female athletes, athletes with a limitation such as paraplegia, vegetarians, athletes with a resorption disorder such as celiac disease, athletes training and competing indoors (e.g. ice hockey, basketball, boxing, rhythmic gymnastics), and older athletes. Dark skin pigmentation, the use of sunscreen, the time of day of the training (early morning, late evening) and the geographical location influence the risk for a deficiency in vitamin D. Exposure to the sun and a balanced diet are often not enough to prevent a vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen
- Institut für Hausarztmedizin, Universität Zürich, Zürich
| | | | - Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Griechenland
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athen, Griechenland
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17
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Juzwiak CR. Understanding food choices and eating practices of Brazilian and Spanish athletes in aesthetics and weight class sports. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742021021020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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18
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The 4R's Framework of Nutritional Strategies for Post-Exercise Recovery: A Review with Emphasis on New Generation of Carbohydrates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010103. [PMID: 33375691 PMCID: PMC7796021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-exercise recovery is a broad term that refers to the restoration of training capacity. After training or competition, there is fatigue accumulation and a reduction in sports performance. In the hours and days following training, the body recovers and performance is expected to return to normal or improve. ScienceDirect, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases were reviewed to identify studies and position declarations examining the relationship between nutrition and sports recovery. As an evidence-based framework, a 4R’s approach to optimizing post-exercise recovery was identified: (i) Rehydration—a fundamental process that will depend on the athlete, environment and sports event; (ii) Refuel—the consumption of carbohydrates is not only important to replenish the glycogen reserves but also to contribute to the energy requirements for the immune system and tissue reparation. Several bioengineered carbohydrates were discussed but further research is needed; (iii) Repair—post-exercise ingestion of high-quality protein and creatine monohydrate benefit the tissue growth and repair; and (iv) Rest—pre-sleep nutrition has a restorative effect that facilitates the recovery of the musculoskeletal, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. Nutritional consultancy based on the 4R’s is important for the wise stewardship of the hydration, feeding, and supplementation strategies to achieve a timely recovery.
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19
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Motivation, Self-Concept and Discipline in Young Adolescents Who Practice Rhythmic Gymnastics. An Intervention. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7090135. [PMID: 32937905 PMCID: PMC7552725 DOI: 10.3390/children7090135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to develop an intervention based on TARGET strategies in young people practicing rhythmic gymnastics, with the aim of observing whether motivation, discipline, self-concept and flexibility are improved. This research is a longitudinal study of a quasi-experimental nature. A total of 104 young adolescents between the ages of 11 and 12 years (11.66 ± 0.47) participated in the study, of which 60 belong to the control group and 44 to the experimental group. The intervention programme lasted two months (17 sessions). TARGET strategies were applied to the experimental group during training. While the experimental group continued with its routine training. To measure the psychological variables, the instrument used were the Youth Physical Self-Concept Scale (C-PSQ), Reason Scale for Discipline (RSD) and Success Perception Questionnaire (SPQ), and for flexibility, the tests were applied to the Sit and Reach and Deep trunk flexion test. The results showed that those teenagers who participated in the intervention, obtained an increased climate task, which entails an enjoyment by the practice of physical activity itself, more optimal levels of physical self-concept and discipline, subsequently, obtaining better results of flexibility. While in the control group gymnasts the ego climate and demotivation increased. TARGET strategies applied to young adolescents have positive effects, improve motivation towards physical activity, self-concept and discipline. This results in greater performance in flexibility. This will encourage young adolescents to continue to engage in physical activity in the future.
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20
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Debien PB, Miloski B, Werneck FZ, Timoteo TF, Ferezin C, Filho MGB, Gabbett TJ. Training Load and Recovery During a Pre-Olympic Season in Professional Rhythmic Gymnasts. J Athl Train 2020; 55:977-983. [PMID: 32731261 PMCID: PMC7534931 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-402.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rhythmic gymnastics requires a high level of complexity and perfection of technical gestures, associated with well-developed physical and artistic capacities. The training-load and recovery profiles of rhythmic gymnasts across a season are unknown. OBJECTIVE To analyze the training load and recovery of professional rhythmic gymnasts during 1 season. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Brazilian National Training Center of Rhythmic Gymnastics and competition facilities. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Eight gymnasts from the Brazilian national senior rhythmic gymnastics group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) and total quality recovery (TQR) scores were collected daily for 43 weeks. We obtained the session-RPE after each session and TQR score before the first session of the day. Performances during 5 competitions were also recorded. The season was divided into 8 periods. Total weekly internal training load (wITL), training intensity, frequency, duration, recovery, and acute : chronic workload ratio were calculated for analysis. RESULTS The season mean wITL was 10 381 ± 4894 arbitrary units, mean session-RPE score was 5.0 ± 1.6, and mean TQR score was 12.8 ± 1.3. The gymnasts trained an average of 8.7 ± 2.9 sessions per week, with a mean duration of 219 ± 36 minutes. Each competitive period showed increased wITL compared with the previous period. Training-load variables (wITL and session-RPE) and recovery were inversely correlated. Gymnasts were poorly recovered (TQR < 13) during 50.9% of the season (n = 167 times), especially during competitive weeks. Spikes in load (acute : chronic workload ratio ≥ 1.5) occurred across 18.1% of the season (n = 55 times). CONCLUSIONS The training-load variables and recovery changed throughout a professional rhythmic gymnastics group season, mainly during competitive periods. The correct distribution of training load is critical to ensure that gymnasts are entering competitions in a recovered state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Barreiros Debien
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Miloski
- Federal Institute of Southeast of Minas Gerais, Barbacena, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Ferreira Timoteo
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Ferezin
- Brazilian Gymnastics Federation, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Tim J. Gabbett
- University of Southern Queensland, Institute for Resilient Regions, Ipswich, Australia
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Australia
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21
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Silva MR, Silva HH, Capkauskiene S, Rosado-Marques V, Machado-Rodrigues A, Nogueira H, Padez C. Cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in physically active and inactive Portuguese middle-aged adults: A cross-sectional study. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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The Impact of Sleep Duration on Performance Among Competitive Athletes: A Systematic Literature Review. Clin J Sport Med 2020; 30:503-512. [PMID: 29944513 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The athletic advantage of sleep, although commonly touted by coaches, trainers, and sports physicians, is still unclear and likely varies by sport, athletic performance metric, and length of sufficient or insufficient sleep. Although recent literature reviews have highlighted circadian and nutritional factors that influence different aspects of athletic performance, a systematic summary of the effects of sleep duration and sleep quality on performance among competitive athletes is lacking. Here we systematically review the relationship between sleep duration and sleep quality and objective athletic performance among competitive athletes across 19 studies representing 12 sports. Taken holistically, we find that the sports requiring speed, tactical strategy, and technical skill are most sensitive to sleep duration manipulations. Furthermore, longer-term sleep manipulations are more likely than acute sleep manipulations (whether deprivation or extension) to affect athletic performance. Thus, the importance of sleep for competitive athletes to achieve high performance is dependent on the demands of the sport as well as the length of sleep interventions. In light of the limited number of studies investigating sleep quality and performance, the potential relevance of subjective sleep quality remains an interesting question for future work.
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23
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Goldstein ER, Fukuda DH. Connecting Energy Availability and Iron Deficiency with Bone Health: Implications for the Female Athlete. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Intermittent Pneumatic Compression and Cold Water Immersion Effects on Physiological and Perceptual Recovery during Multi-Sports International Championship. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5030045. [PMID: 33467261 PMCID: PMC7739238 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congested-fixture championships are common during the selection of the athletes and teams participating in the Olympic Games. Throughout these tournaments, it is fundamental to perform optimally, rest well, and recover between competitions. This study aimed to (a) explore the effectiveness of the use of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) and cold water immersion (CWI) to recover muscle mechanical function (MuscleMechFx), hydration status (HydS), pain perception (PainPercep), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), sleep hours, and sleep quality (SleepQual) during a regional multi-sports international championship and (b) compare these results by sex. METHODS A total of 52 basketball and handball players were exposed to a recovery protocol after the competition as follows: IPC, sequential 20 min at 200 mmHg, and CWI, continuous 12 min at 12 °C. RESULTS MuscleMechFx presented differences by match and sex (p = 0.058) in time of contraction of biceps femoris; SleepQual and sleep hours were different between matches (<0.01). CONCLUSIONS IPC + CWI seems to be effective to maintain some MuscleMechFx, HydS, and recovery and pain perception during a congested multi-sport tournament.
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25
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G. Silva MR, Silva HH, Luemba T. ANTHROPOMETRIC PROFILE OF GYMNASTS PARTICIPATING IN THE EUROPEAN GAMES 2015 IN BAKU, AZERBAIJAN. SCIENCE OF GYMNASTICS JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.52165/sgj.12.2.187-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sports performance is strongly influenced by the athletes’ anthropometric profile. In the specific case of Gymnastics, body weight assumes particular relevance, given the aesthetic character of this sport. Anthropometric data were collected from 309 gymnasts (20.9 ± 4.1 years old) participating in the 2015 European Games: age, body weight and height, from a database of the organization of this competition available online in the 5 disciplines of the Gymnastics included in the competition, namely Men´s and Women´s Artistic Gymnastics, Rhythmic Gymnastics, Acrobatic Gymnastics and Aerobic. Body mass index was calculated. Female gymnasts were significantly younger and lighter than male gymnasts and had a lower body mass index than males (P = 0.000). Female athletes were in the 25th percentile for weight and BMI and in the 15th percentile for height, according to their age. Male gymnasts were in the 25th percentile for weight, height and BMI. Female acrobatic gymnasts were younger and lighter (25th percentile) than other gymnastics disciplines; rhythmic gymnasts presented the lowest BMI (5th percentile). Male artistic gymnasts were the lightest (15th percentile) and with the lowest BMI (25th percentile) within the male participants. BMI was dependent on weight, height and gender, with exception for exclusive-gender disciplines and, surprisingly, also in Aerobics. Gymnasts presented an anthropometric profile with results for body weight, height and body mass index below the normal for their age.
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26
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Silva MRG, Paiva T. Sleep, energy disturbances and pre-competitive stress in female traveller athletes. SLEEP SCIENCE (SAO PAULO, BRAZIL) 2020; 12:279-286. [PMID: 32318249 PMCID: PMC7159074 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20190093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Gymnasts of high performance level are submitted to a demanding competitive schedule, which can negatively affect their circadian rhythm, sleep, appetite and pre-competitive stress. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate sleep, body composition, pre-competitive stress and energy in elite female athletes just before a World Cup and potential sleep risks according to the travelled distance by athletes in order to compete. Methods: Sixty-seven rhythmic gymnasts of high performance level were evaluated in order to collect training and competition data, daytime sleepiness (DS) by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, sleep quality (SQ) by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, precompetitive anxiety by the Sport Competition Anxiety Test-A and dietary intake prior to a World Cup. Results: Gymnasts suffering from severe DS had worse scores in the competition than those who reported normal DS (p=0.004). In addition, gymnasts with severe DS reported reduced SQ (p=0.014) and showed high levels of precompetitive stress (p<0.01). Gymnasts with reduced SQ demonstrated great DS (p=0.014) and high levels of precompetitive stress (p=0.010). Conclusions: Gymnasts demonstrated disordered sleep and precompetitive stress. Athletes who travelled long distances to compete presented high risk for short sleep duration, abnormal DS and reduced SQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Raquel G Silva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Oporto, Portugal. Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. Scientific Commission of the Gymnastics Federation of Portugal, Lisbon - Portugal.,Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Scientific Commission of the Gymnastics Federation of Portugal, Lisbon - Portugal
| | - Teresa Paiva
- CENC, Sleep Medicine Center, Sleep Medicine - Lisbon - Portugal
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27
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Mayolas-Pi C, Sitko S, Oviedo-Caro MA, Bueno-Antequera J, Reverter-Masià J, Francín-Gallego M, Sarasa-Oliván FJ, Legaz-Arrese A. Influence of organised sports practice during adolescence on health of adult women with special emphasis on participation in aesthetic sports. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:107-117. [PMID: 32101509 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1736180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the differences in psychosocial health and cardiometabolic risk during adulthood in women based on previously organised sport (OS) participation during adolescence and current activity levels, with emphasis on participation in aesthetic sports. The study included 1947 women aged 18-55 years who were categorised into four groups: 355 aesthetic athletes during adolescence, 494 non- aesthetic athletes during adolescence, 791 non-athletes during adolescence with similar current levels of physical activity (PA) to OS groups and 307 currently inactive non-athletes during adolescence. Participants answered questionnaires regarding sport participation, psychosocial health and cardiometabolic risk. The results show that non-athletes during adolescence who are currently inactive reported significantly lower psychosocial health and higher cardiometabolic risk scores. Women with currently homogenous PA levels (χ² = 0.514) reported similar physical quality of life (QoL), exercise addiction, anxiety and depression symptoms regardless of participation in OS during adolescence (P > .05), except aesthetic athletes who reported the worst sleep and mental QoL. Very high training volumes in aesthetic athletes did not influence psychological outcomes and cardiometabolic risk in adulthood compared to lower training volumes. In conclusion, the effects of PA during adulthood appear to be powerful enough to induce beneficial adaptations in health outcomes that match those observed in women who participate in OS during adolescence, except for aesthetic sports participants, who show a high risk of lower quality of sleep in adulthood. PA should be promoted in adults and especially women who have not participated in OS during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mayolas-Pi
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Sitko
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M A Oviedo-Caro
- Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - J Bueno-Antequera
- Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - J Reverter-Masià
- Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Social Work, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - M Francín-Gallego
- Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitaro Villanueva de Gállego, Villanueva de Gállego, Spain
| | - F J Sarasa-Oliván
- Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Podium, Medical Center of Sports Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Legaz-Arrese
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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28
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Rowland DL, van Lankveld JJDM. Anxiety and Performance in Sex, Sport, and Stage: Identifying Common Ground. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1615. [PMID: 31379665 PMCID: PMC6646850 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety has long been associated with diminished performance within a number of domains involving evaluative interpersonal interactions, including Sex, Sport, and Stage. Here, we pose three questions: (1) how do these disparate fields approach and understand anxiety and performance; (2) how does the understanding of the issue within one field offer insight to another field; and (3) how could each field benefit from the ideas and strategies used by the others. We begin with a short review of models of anxiety/arousal and performance and then explore definitions, models, presumed underlying physiological processes, and characterizing and influencing factors within each domain separately in a narrative review. This discussion is followed by a synthesis that identifies elements specific to and common across the various domains, with the latter captured in a model of essential characteristics. Concluding remarks note the potential value of promoting increased cross-disciplinary conversation and research, with each domain likely benefiting from the conceptualizations and expert knowledge of the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Rowland
- Department of Psychology, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN, United States
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29
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Rebullido TR, Stracciolini A. Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Female Athletes: Is Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport a Risk Factor? Curr Sports Med Rep 2019; 18:255-257. [PMID: 31283625 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the unique demands of sport participation on the body, female athletes are at increased risk for pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). A high number of female athletes suffer from PFD, especially urinary incontinence. Several biomechanical and physiological risk factors may play a role in the development of PFD in female athletes. RED-S has been shown to be associated with PFD. The goal of this commentary is to discuss RED-S as a risk factor for PFD and propose a mechanism for this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Stracciolini
- Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Gromova OA, Torshin IY, Sorokina MA, Gromov AN. Magnesium and vitamin B2 supplementation is an important nutritional resource of sports medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.21518/2079-701x-2018-21-216-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The supply of the with magnesium and vitamin B2 is essential to maintain the energy metabolism of cells, hormonal balance, endurance, immunity, cardiovascular health of athletes. As a result, by increasing the availability of these micronutrients, it is possible to increase maximum aerobic power, achieve better sports results and stimulate adequate recovery after competition or after intensive training. A promising way to increase the supply of athletes with magnesium and vitamin B2 is the use of aqueous solutions of magnesium citrate in combination with riboflavin.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Gromova
- Federal Research Center «Informatics and Management» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Pharmacoinformatics; Big Data Storage & Analysis Center, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Lomonosov Moscow State University»
| | - I. Yu. Torshin
- Big Data Storage & Analysis Center, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Lomonosov Moscow State University»
| | - M. A. Sorokina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science «Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology RAS»
| | - A. N. Gromov
- Federal Research Center «Informatics and Management» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Pharmacoinformatics
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Silva MRG, Paiva T, Silva HH. The elite athlete as a special risk traveler and the jet lag's effect: lessons learned from the past and how to be prepared for the next Olympic Games 2020 Tokyo. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:1420-1429. [PMID: 30650944 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elite athletes have to travel long-haul distances and cross multiple meridians; thus, a unique syndrome named as jet-lag is induced. Furthermore, traveler athletes are submitted to several factors negatively affecting their well-being and athletic performance. This qualitative descriptive study aims to promote safely and future promising participations of elite athletes in great events, such as the next Olympic Games 2020 Tokyo, based on the chronobiology of jet-lag, factors affecting the traveler athlete and previous experiences from the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil, the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia and the Olympic Games Rio 2016. METHODS A narrative review of the literature across a broad cross-section of the chronobiology of jet-lag and factors affecting the traveler athlete was undertaken. In addition, a general analysis based on the past sport events aforementioned is also included. RESULTS The jet-lag disorder may occur after transmeridian travel over more than three time-zones and the resynchronization is dependent on the direction and number of the time-zones crossed and the availability and the intensity of local circadian time cues. Also the athlete's ability to sleep, eat, get hydrated and train, are essential, as well as, others individual tolerance differences, such as age, gender, chronotype and ethnic differences. Athletes should arrive a number of days before the competition according to the number of time-zone transitions experienced. CONCLUSIONS Jet-lag is usually benign and self-limited, but can occasionally have serious consequences for the athlete's mental and physical health and performance. A good plan concerning the athlete's traveling schedule, sleeping, eating and training before and after travelling is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Raquel G Silva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Oporto, Portugal - .,Research Center for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal - .,Scientific Commission of the Gymnastics Federation of Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | | | - Hugo-Henrique Silva
- Portuguese Ministry of Education, Lisbon, Portugal.,Óquei Clube de Barcelos, Barcelos, Portugal
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Abstract
The body of research that reports the relevance of sleep in high-performance sports is growing steadily. While the identification of sleep cycles and diagnosis of sleep disorders are limited to lab-based assessment via polysomnography, the development of activity-based devices estimating sleep patterns provides greater insight into the sleep behavior of athletes in ecological settings. Generally, small sleep quantity and/or poor quality appears to exist in many athletic populations, although this may be related to training and competition context. Typical sleep-affecting factors are the scheduling of training sessions and competitions, as well as impaired sleep onset as a result of increased arousal prior to competition or due to the use of electronic devices before bedtime. Further challenges are travel demands, which may be accompanied by jet-lag symptoms and disruption of sleep habits. Promotion of sleep may be approached via behavioral strategies such as sleep hygiene, extending nighttime sleep, or daytime napping. Pharmacological interventions should be limited to clinically induced treatments, as evidence among healthy and athletic populations is lacking. To optimize and manage sleep in athletes, it is recommended to implement routine sleep monitoring on an individual basis.
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Silva MR, Paiva T. Risk factors for precompetitive sleep behavior in elite female athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:708-716. [PMID: 29877674 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep is of major importance for the athletes' short and long-term health, performance and recovery; however, published studies on athletes' sleep and even fewer before competition are scarce. This study evaluated the risk factors of sleep in young female gymnasts before an international competition. METHODS Sixty-seven rhythmic gymnasts (M=18.7, SD=2.9 years) of high performance (M=36.6, SD=7.6 h/week) were evaluated regarding training and sport practice, body composition, sleep duration, daytime sleepiness by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, sleep quality by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, precompetitive anxiety by the Sport Competition Anxiety Test form A, and detailed dietary intake just prior to a world competition. RESULTS The majority of the participants (83.6%) presented reduced body fat levels (M=9.1, SD=2.1%) and low energy availability (EA, M=31.5, SD=11.9 kcal/kgFFM/day). They slept 8h10±1h30/night on weekdays and 8h40±00h40/night on weekends, 67% suffered from mild daytime sleepiness and 78% had a reduced sleep quality. Precompetitive anxiety was on average moderate (M=22.7, SD=3.2). The risk factors for short sleep duration were: 1.92 for a training volume>30 hours/week (95% CI 0.84-4.39), 4.57 for menstruation (95% CI 1.17-17.77), 6.62 for bedtime ≥11:00 PM (95% CI 1.74-25.10), 1.40 for BF<12% (95% CI 1.03-1.92), 2.19 for FFM<30 kg (95% IC 0.94-4.94), 2.37 for BMR<1100 kcal/day (95% CI 1.06-5.32), 1.90 for EEE≥700 kcal (95% CI 0.92-3.93) and 3.17 for EA<45 kcal/kg FFM/day (95% CI 0.84-6.59). Age, performance, sleep duration on weekdays and precompetitive stress were also predictors for a reduced sleep quality and/or abnormal daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSIONS Age, training regime, menstruation, individual preferences for bedtime, body composition and energy were important predictors of gymnasts' precompetitive sleep with consequences upon their sleep duration, SQ and DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Raquel Silva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal - .,Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Oporto, Portugal - .,Research Center for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal - .,Scientific Commission of the National School of Gymnastics, Gymnastics Federation of Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - Teresa Paiva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,CENC, Sleep Medicine Center, Lisbon, Portugal
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Silva MRG, Silva HH, Paiva T. Sleep duration, body composition, dietary profile and eating behaviours among children and adolescents: a comparison between Portuguese acrobatic gymnasts. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177:815-825. [PMID: 29502302 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sleep, body composition and dietary intake are crucial for athletes' health and performance but have never been investigated in acrobatic gymnasts. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate sleep, body composition, dietary intake and eating behaviours of acrobatic gymnasts. Using a cross-sectional study, 82 Portuguese acrobatic gymnasts (12.8 ± 3.1 years, 61 females and 21 males) were evaluated during the competitive period to collect training data, sleep duration, body composition, dietary intake and eating behaviours before, during and after practices. Most of the gymnasts (91.5%) slept less than 8 h/night. Female adolescents slept significantly less on weekdays than female children (P = 0.024). Female adolescents' mean body mass was below the normal and 60.0% showed menstrual irregularities; 4.9% of females bases were overweight and 2.4% obese. Male adolescents slept significantly less on weekdays than male children (P = 0.001); significant differences were shown for fat-free mass (P = 0.014); however, 3.7% were overweight. All daily energy and macronutrient intakes were significantly different according to age and gender, with exception for fibre and energy intake in females (P = 0.057 and P = 0.052, respectively), and for protein in males (P = 0.068). Female and male adolescents demonstrated significant lower energy availability (32.8 ± 9.4 kcal/kg FFM/day and 45.1 ± 14.7 kcal/kg FFM/day) than children (45.8 ± 8.7 kcal/kg FFM/day and 53.8 ± 9.1 kcal/kg FFM/day), respectively. Significant low intakes of important vitamins and minerals were reported. Most of the participants did not eat or drink during or immediately after training sessions. CONCLUSION Acrobatic gymnasts revealed low BF, short sleep duration and macro- and micronutrients inadequate intakes. The Female Athlete Triad was demonstrated by female adolescent gymnasts. What is Known: • Adequate dietary intake is an important resource for athletes' short and long-term health and performance. • There are no published studies in acrobatic gymnasts' sleep, body composition or dietary intake. What is New: • This study provides the first data on significant differences in energy intake and availability between acrobatic gymnasts; overweight and obesity were present in females. • Macro and micronutrients were inappropriate. Female Athlete Triad was observed in female adolescent acrobatic gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Raquel G Silva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150, Oporto, Portugal. .,Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Scientific Commission of the Gymnastics Federation of Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Hugo-Henrique Silva
- Portuguese Ministry of Education, Lisbon, Portugal.,Óquei Clube de Barcelos, Barcelos, Portugal
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International Olympic Committee (IOC) Consensus Statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S): 2018 Update. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:316-331. [PMID: 29771168 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Burke LM, Ackerman KE, Blauwet C, Constantini N, Lebrun C, Lundy B, Melin AK, Meyer NL, Sherman RT, Tenforde AS, Klungland Torstveit M, Budgett R. IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52:687-697. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Dumortier J, Mariman A, Boone J, Delesie L, Tobback E, Vogelaers D, Bourgois JG. Sleep, training load and performance in elite female gymnasts. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:151-161. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1389992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Dumortier
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A. Mariman
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J. Boone
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L. Delesie
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E. Tobback
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D. Vogelaers
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J. G. Bourgois
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre of Sports Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on sleep quality and insomnia symptomatology among elite athletes remains poorly systematised in the sports science and medicine literature. The extent to which performance in elite sport represents a risk for chronic insomnia is unknown. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review was to profile the objective and experienced characteristics of sleep among elite athletes, and to consider relationships between elite sport and insomnia symptomatology. METHODS Studies relating to sleep involving participants described on a pre-defined continuum of 'eliteness' were located through a systematic search of four research databases: SPORTDiscus, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar, up to April 2016. Once extracted, studies were categorised as (1) those mainly describing sleep structure/patterns, (2) those mainly describing sleep quality and insomnia symptomatology and (3) those exploring associations between aspects of elite sport and sleep outcomes. RESULTS The search returned 1676 records. Following screening against set criteria, a total of 37 studies were identified. The quality of evidence reviewed was generally low. Pooled sleep quality data revealed high levels of sleep complaints in elite athletes. Three risk factors for sleep disturbance were broadly identified: (1) training, (2) travel and (3) competition. CONCLUSION While acknowledging the limited number of high-quality evidence reviewed, athletes show a high overall prevalence of insomnia symptoms characterised by longer sleep latencies, greater sleep fragmentation, non-restorative sleep, and excessive daytime fatigue. These symptoms show marked inter-sport differences. Two underlying mechanisms are implicated in the mediation of sport-related insomnia symptoms: pre-sleep cognitive arousal and sleep restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Gupta
- Physiology Department, English Institute of Sport, Bisham, Nr. Marlow, SL7 1RR, UK.
- Clinical Sleep Research Unit, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Kevin Morgan
- Clinical Sleep Research Unit, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Sarah Gilchrist
- Physiology Department, English Institute of Sport, Bisham, Nr. Marlow, SL7 1RR, UK
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Hull JH, Dickinson JW, Jackson AR. Cough in exercise and athletes. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 47:49-55. [PMID: 28412479 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cough is the most common respiratory symptom reported by athletes and can significantly impact on health status, ability to train and athletic performance. The presence of cough in an athlete is typically taken to indicate exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), yet in many athletes with chronic cough there is no objective evidence of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) or heightened airway inflammation. Moreover, cough in athletes often fails to respond to a therapeutic asthma strategy, thus further work is urgently needed to progress our understanding of the pathophysiology of exercise-associated cough in this unique population. This article provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of exercise-associated cough in athletes. The article summarises our understanding of pathophysiological basis of cough in this context and provides a pragmatic clinical approach to this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Hull
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, SW3 6HP, United Kingdom.
| | - J W Dickinson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Medway Building, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4AG, United Kingdom
| | - A R Jackson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Medway Building, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4AG, United Kingdom
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Comparison of body composition and nutrients' deficiencies between Portuguese rink-hockey players. Eur J Pediatr 2017; 176:41-50. [PMID: 27837349 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated dietary intake and body composition of child and adolescent rink-hockey players and controls. Seventy-two male rink-hockey players (38 children and 34 adolescents) and 79 male controls (43 children and 36 adolescents) were evaluated in order to collect training data, detailed dietary intake and body composition. Rink-hockey players presented significantly lower body fat (BF) and higher fat-free mass (FFM) than controls. Mean intakes of carbohydrate and protein were considered to be adequate, but mean intakes of fat were above the recommended levels in athletes. Significant differences were found for energy intake (EI) and exercise energy expenditure (EEE) between athletes and controls (P < 0.05), resulting in some cases of low energy availability in rink-hockey players. Significant group differences (P < 0.05) were also observed for vitamins and mineral intakes in child and adolescent rink-hockey players due to higher mean intakes in control groups. Low intakes of vitamins D, E and K, calcium, iron, boron and magnesium were reported in athletes, with exception for thiamine (P = 0.449), riboflavin (P = 0.246), pantothenic acid (P = 0.065), magnesium (P = 0.061) and phosphorus (P = 0.051) in children and for niacin (P = 0.652), vitamin D (P = 0.406) and zinc (P = 0.783) in adolescents. CONCLUSION Nutritional deficiencies in macronutrients and micronutrients observed in very young rink-hockey players can impair their growth and development with negative consequences upon athletic performance. What is Known: • Adequate dietary intake is an important resource for athletes' short- and long-term health, performance and recovery. • There are no published studies in rink-hockey players' energy availability. What is New: • This study provides the first data on significant differences in energy intake between very young athletes and controls, resulting in low energy availability in rink-hockey players. • Mean intakes of fat were above the recommended levels, and micronutrients intakes were inappropriate in athletes with consequences for their health and performance.
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Silva MRG, Pascoal A, Silva HH, Paiva T. Assessing sleep, travelling habits and jet lag in kite surfers according to competition level. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1181233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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