Hepatitis c virus and chronic kidney disease

Validation of spectrophotometric and colorimetric method for the specific quantification of sofosbuvir From luminar capsule microneedle in liver tissue through ex vivo and in vivo applications

An antiviral prodrug that has received regulatory approval and primarily employed in the treatment of hepatitis C is sofosbuvir (SOF). It is therefore imperative to develop advanced delivery methods for SOF in order to address existing absor ption issue and maximize the efficacy. In this study, we developed microneedle-integrated SOF (MN-SOF) which were elongated with branches and coated capsules to form luminar capsule microneedles (LUCAMs). To facilitate the formulation of LUCAMs, analytical methods for SOF in ethanol, artificial intestinal fluid (AIF), and artificial gastric fluid (AGF) were developed using a UV-vis spectrophotometer and colorimetric techniques in liver tissue. These methods were validated by combi ning the samples with ammonium metavanadate reagent. The validation process was conducted in order to ensure the accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, and sensitivity of the methods. These methods exhibited a correlation coefficient of 0.9999, with a coefficient of variation below 25%. The methods demonstrate high accuracy and precision, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values ranging from 0.67% to 9.42% across different medium. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values of SOF on each calibration curve of ethanol, artificial gastric fluid (AGF), artificial intestinal fluid (AIF), and rabbit liver tissue are 0.54μg/mL and 1.65μg/mL; 0.54μg/mL and 1.64μg/mL; 0.39μg/mL and 1.21μg/mL; 0.27μg/mL and 0.83μg/mL. As a significant outcome, the analytical method was validated and demonstrated suitability for determining the amount of SOF in the LUCAMs formulation through in vitro solubility, ex vivo permeation profiles, and in vivo drug delivery studies.

Effects of comorbid conditions and prescribed chronic medications on the treatment plan for chronic hepatitis C infection: A cross-sectional retrospective study

Background

Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by various complications, including end-stage liver disease and cirrhosis. The mortality rate associated with CHC has been increasing due to the presence of comorbidities and the use of chronic medications. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of these comorbidities and chronic medications on the treatment plan for CHC.

Methods

To achieve this objective, a cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study population included patients aged 12 years and above who were diagnosed with CHC between 2016 and 2021. Patients below the age of 12 were excluded from the study. A total of 170 patients with CHC were included in the analysis. The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between CHC complications and the treatment approach.

Results

The mean age of the study participants was 66.78 years, with a higher proportion of female patients. The findings revealed a significant association between hypertension (p = 0.042) and cirrhosis (p = 0.007) with changes in the treatment plan for CHC. Moreover, the presence of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.045), renal diseases (p < 0.001), and hypothyroidism (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with HCV clearance after the initiation of therapy. Additionally, the use of proton pump inhibitors (p = 0.033) and levothyroxine (p = 0.025) was found to be associated with a higher rate of CHC clearance.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study highlights the prevalence of comorbid conditions and the use of chronic medications among patients with CHC. The findings emphasize the importance of considering the effects of comorbidities and chronic medications when developing treatment plans for CHC infections. By taking these factors into account, healthcare professionals can optimize the management of CHC and improve patient outcomes.

The Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in Hemodialysis Patients in Oman: A National Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND

HCV infection in hemodialysis units is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The risk of HCV infection among dialysis patients is higher compared to the general population due to high potential blood exposures in hemodialysis settings. This study aims to assess the national HCV seroprevalence in selected dialysis units and to determine the risk factors for acquiring HCV infection.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 January to 31 March 2021. A total of 734 patients from 11 hemodialysis centers in Oman were included. Samples were tested simultaneously for HCV antibodies and HCV RNA. HCV genotyping was determined in all viremic patients. Demographic and hemodialysis center related data were gathered and their association with the positive HCV serology were explored using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

Out of 800 patients selected from 11 dialysis units for the study, 734 patients (91.8%) were included. The overall seroprevalence of HCV infection among hemodialysis patients was 5.6%. (41/734). HCV RNA was detected in 31.7% (13/41) of seropositive hemodialysis patients. The most common genotype was subtype 1a, followed by subtype 3. Variables associated with high HCV prevalence were family history of HCV and duration of dialysis.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of infection within hemodialysis patients in Oman has significantly decreased but remained higher than the general population. Continuous monitoring and follow-up, including periodic serosurvey and linkage to care and treatment are recommended. Additionally, practice audits are recommended for identifying gaps and ensuring sustainability of best practices and further improvement.

Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir Regimen Outcome for Chronic Hepatitis C Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis

Background Patients on hemodialysis (HD) are most likely to contract hepatitis C (HCV) infection, which is associated with significant morbidity and disease progression. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are safe and tolerable in chronic kidney disease (CKD) with a 90-100% cure rate, and limited data exist regarding their efficacy in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), particularly for HD patients in South Asia. The study aimed to assess the outcome of a 12-week sofosbuvir (SOF) and velpatasvir (VEL) treatment regimen on ESRD patients with chronic HCV infection undergoing HD in the Pakistani Asian population. Methodology This prospective cohort study was conducted between January 2022 and January 2023 at the outpatient nephrology and gastroenterology clinic of Sheikh Zayed Medical College and Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan. This study included a total of 220 ESRD patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria, aged 20-55 years, who had been undergoing weekly HD sessions for at least two years, with acquired HCV infection. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics were collected through patient interviews. Laboratory and dialysis profiling was executed to assess ESRD and discover the underlying cause by ultrasound abdomen, blood pressure measurement by sphygmomanometer, random blood sugar for diabetes, and taking note of the duration and frequency of dialysis. HCV RNA PCR was done at selected intervals to evaluate the virological response to treatment. Sustained virological response (SVR), liver cirrhosis status, and number of weekly HD sessions were compared at one year of SOF/VEL regimen. Results The mean age of patients with ESRD was 41.8 with a standard deviation (SD) of 9.3 years, and HCV diagnosis was 1.3 years with SD of 0.4 years; 52.7% (n=116) were males, 47.3% (n=104) were females, 75% (n=165) were urban dwellers, and 93.6% (n=206) were married. CKD that requires dialysis was caused mainly by hypertension (78, 35%), diabetes mellitus type 2 (52, 24%), bilateral small kidney disease (40, 18%), and others (34, 16%). One hundred and six (48.2%) received dialysis thrice weekly, 83 (37.7%) twice, and 31 (14.1%) once weekly. The study monitored the rapid virological response (RVR) at four weeks of SOF/VEL regimen in 89.5% of ESRD patients, observed end-of-treatment response (ETR) at 12 weeks in 93.2%, and noted 91.4% SVR response at one year. Only four (1.8%) relapses were observed in the study, which was statistically insignificant. The status of liver cirrhosis showed a 50% improvement, decreasing from 40% to 20%. The frequency of weekly HD sessions decreased from thrice to twice-thrice a week. Conclusion The prevalence of contracting HCV is high among CKD and dialysis ESRD patients. All-oral DAA therapy has revolutionized HCV treatment with co-morbidities. Renal functions improved after the SOF/VEL regimen for chronic HCV infection in ESRD patients undergoing HD, with the number of weekly dialysis sessions reduced and SVR reaching 91.4%. Thus, a single-tablet, pan-genotypic DAA regimen of SOF/VEL for 12 weeks is safe, effective, and tolerable regardless of the underlying etiology of ESRD, complications of cirrhosis, HCV genotype, or previous treatment exposure. The successful treatment of HCV and achieving SVR lowers the risk of ESRD complications, improves extra-hepatic manifestations, and greatly enhances survival. Further studies are warranted after the availability of other DAAs to confirm findings with no limitations.

Diagnostic performance of Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) as a liver fibrosis marker in chronic hepatitis C patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis

BACKGROUND/AIM

Liver fibrosis assessment is essential to determine the initiation, duration, and evaluation of chronic hepatitis C treatment. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the role of Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) as a biomarker to measure liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis.

METHODS

This study used a cross-sectional design. Serum M2BPGi level and transient elastography results were evaluated in 102 chronic hepatitis C patients with CKD on HD, 36 CKD on HD patients, and 48 healthy controls. ROC analysis was conducted to identify the optimal cutoff values to assess significant fibrosis and cirrhosis among chronic hepatitis C patients with CKD on HD.

RESULTS

In chronic hepatitis C patients with CKD on HD, the level of serum M2BPGi had a moderately significant correlation with transient elastography (r = 0.447, p < 0.001). The median serum M2BPGi was higher among CKD on HD patients compared to healthy controls (1.260 COI vs. 0.590 COI, p < 0.001) and was even higher in chronic hepatitis C patients with CKD on HD compared to CKD on HD group (2.190 COI vs. 1.260 COI, p < 0.001). It is also increased according to the severity of liver fibrosis: 1.670 COI, 2.020 COI, and 5.065 COI for F0-F1, significant fibrosis, and cirrhosis, respectively. The optimal cutoff values for diagnosing significant fibrosis and cirrhosis were 2.080 and 2.475 COI, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Serum M2BPGi could be a simple and reliable diagnostic tool for evaluating cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C patients with CKD on HD.

Prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney disease in Indonesia: An analysis of the National Basic Health Survey 2018

Background

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Indonesia is rising, but the exact extent of the burden of CKD in Indonesia is unknown. To design a screening program for individuals at high-risk, more knowledge is required regarding the prevalence and risk factors of CKD in Indonesia. The latter could have a big impact on the prevention and management of patients with CKD in Indonesia.

Methods

For this purpose, we analysed data from The National Basic Health Survey 2018 (Riset Kesehatan Dasar, Riskesdas 2018), a descriptive cross-sectional study in 34 provinces, 416 districts and 98 cities in Indonesia. We included subjects aged ≥18 years and analysed the prevalence of CKD. Using multiple logistic regression, we investigated the association between CKD and potential risk factors such as demographic factors (age, gender, occupational status, level of education), lifestyle and behaviours (consumption of salty food, consumption of fruit and vegetables, smoking, alcohol consumption, carbonated drink consumption, physical activity), comorbid conditions (hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis, stroke, nutritional status) and others (clean water supply, pregnancy complication, access to health care).

Results

We included 389 093 subjects in this study out of 713 783 subjects that participated in Riskesdas 2018 survey. The prevalence of CKD was 0.5%. The survey included mostly younger adults age 18-59 years (83.1%) with a mean (SD) age of 44.3 (15.1) years. The majority of subjects were female (60.3%), unemployed (58.4%), and the proportion of obese subject was 25.4%. Hypertension was the major comorbid condition (40.8%), while the proportion of diabetes mellitus (DM), heart disease, stroke and hepatitis were quite low (3.3%, 2.6%, 1.7% and 0.5%; respectively). Despite the high proportion of hypertension, only 36.2% of subjects did receive a prescription for anti-hypertensive medication of which only 21.7% used this medication regularly. The multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that hepatitis was the strongest risk factor of CKD (odds ratio (OR) = 3.406; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.496-4.648), exceeding the risk of CKD in patients with physical inactivity (OR = 1.236; 95% CI = 1.128-1.354), low education status (OR = 1.307; 95% CI = 1.191-1.434), male (OR = 1.527; 95% CI = 1.398-1.668), stroke (OR = 1.916; 95% CI = 1.570-2.338), heart disease (OR = 2.941; 95% CI = 2.356-3.671), and DM (OR = 2.462; 95% CI = 1.979-3.063). We also observed that DM (OR = 4.280; 95% CI = 3.756-4.876) and male subjects (OR = 1.474; 95% CI = 1.352-1.606) were identified as independent risk factors for CKD in hepatitis-positive subjects.

Conclusions

This population-based survey confirmed the increasing burden of CKD in Indonesia and suggested that besides traditional metabolic risk factors, viral hepatitis has proven to be an independent risk factor for CKD in Indonesia. Furthermore, the risk of CKD is greater in male hepatitis patients with DM. The result of this study demonstrates the need for an aggressive screening program for patients with a high risk for the development of CKD. Apart from patients with traditional cardiometabolic risk factors, such a program should include patients with viral hepatitis.

Micro-Elimination of Hepatitis C among Patients with Kidney Disease by Using Electronic Reminder System-A Hospital-Based Experience

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the use of an electronic reminder system for HCV screening among patients with kidney disease. In this study, we tried to determine whether reminder systems could improve the HCV screening rate in patients with kidney disease.

METHODS

Patients with kidney disease were enrolled from August 2019 to December 2020 to automatically screen and order HCV antibody and RNA testing in outpatient departments.

RESULTS

A total of 19,316 outpatients with kidney disease were included, and the mean age was 66.5 years. The assessment rate of HCV antibody increased from 53.1% prior to the reminder system to 79.8% after the reminder system (p < 0.001), and the assessment rate of HCV RNA increased from 71% to 82.9%. The anti-HCV seropositivity rate decreased from 7.3% at baseline to 2.5% after the implementation of the reminder system (p < 0.001), and the percentage of patients with detectable HCV RNA among those with anti-HCV seropositivity decreased from 69.1% at baseline to 46.8% (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The feasibility of an electronic reminder system for HCV screening among patients with kidney disease in a hospital-based setting was demonstrated.

A Focused Review on Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Viral Hepatitis

The global burden of viral hepatitis remains substantial despite advances in antiviral therapy and effective vaccines. There are five hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E). Mortality related to hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections is among the top four global infectious diseases, together with human immunodeficiency virus infection, malaria, and tuberculosis. Of those deaths, approximately 47% are attributable to hepatitis B virus, 48% to hepatitis C virus and the remainder to hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus. Ending hepatitis epidemics as a major public health threat is feasible with the tools and approaches currently available. Effective vaccines are available for preventing viral hepatitis A, B and E infections. New oral, well-tolerated treatment regimens for chronic hepatitis C patients can achieve cure rates of over 90%. Effective treatment is also available for people with chronic hepatitis B virus infection; although for most people such treatment needs to be long-term, and recent advanced aim at a "functional cure" of hepatitis B. In this review article, we discuss the most recent advances of the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis.

Comparison of the Prognosis of Decompensated Cirrhosis in Patients with and Without Eradication of Hepatitis C Virus

Introduction

In patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and decompensated cirrhosis (DC), it is uncertain whether viral clearance is clinically meaningful and whether it decreases liver-related and non-liver-related mortality. The aim of this study was to assess whether viral eradication reduced liver-related and non-liver-related mortality in patients with HCV infection and DC.

Methods

To clarify the impact of viral eradication on liver-related and non-liver-related mortality, 364 patients with DC who received direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and achieved sustained virological response (SVR) in the UK (DAA group) were compared with 249 patients with DC who did not receive DAAs and who underwent symptomatic treatment in Japan (non-DAA group). Propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting (IPW) were performed to adjust the baseline characteristics in the DAA and non-DAA groups. Liver-related and non-liver-related mortality were analyzed using the competing risks IPW cumulative incidence functions estimator.

Results

The cumulative all-cause mortality rate in the DAA group was significantly lower than that in the non-DAA group (p < 0.0001, IPW-adjusted log-rank test). The cumulative incidence rates of both liver-related and non-liver-related mortality were significantly lower in the DAA group than those in the non-DAA group (p < 0.0001 for both).

Conclusion

DAA-mediated viral eradication reduced not only liver-related mortality but also non-liver-related mortality in patients with HCV infection and DC.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40121-021-00441-7.

Clinical Spectrum and Renal Outcome of Cryoglobulinemia in Hong Kong

Background

Cryoglobulinemia is a systemic disease and the clinical involvement is variable. The long-term renal outcome of cryoglobulinemia remains unclear, and most published series are from the Western world, with a high proportion of chronic hepatitis C. The objective is to determine the prevalence, causes, and renal outcome of cryoglobulinemia in Hong Kong.

Methods

We reviewed 289 patients with cryoglobulinemia in the public hospital database of Hong Kong between 2000 and 2019. The renal event-free survival, dialysis-free survival, and overall survival were analyzed according to the underlying etiologies, and compared with 7483 patients who tested negative for cryoglobulinemia during the same period.

Results

Among the patients with cryoglobulinemia, 68 (24%) had chronic hepatitis B, 69 (24%) had hepatitis C, and 14 (5%) paraproteinemia. They were followed for 62.7±58.0 months. The 5-year dialysis-free survival was 68%, 70%, 67%, and 83% for patients with cryoglobulinemia attributed to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, paraproteinemia, and unknown etiology, respectively (P=0.05), and their 5-year overall survival was 61%, 58%, 22%, and 72%, respectively (P=0.002). Among patients with hepatitis B, the group with cryoglobulin had a worse renal event-free survival than those without (36% versus 43%, P=0.005), although their dialysis-free survival and all-cause mortality were similar. For patients with hepatitis C or paraproteinemia, the presence of cryoglobulin did not affect the renal outcome.

Conclusions

Hepatitis B is a common cause of cryoglobulinemia in southeast Asia, and the presence of cryoglobulinemia is associated with a worse renal event-free survival. The renal prognosis of cryoglobulinemia appears to be affected by the underlying cause, with hepatitis B having a worse renal outcome and patients with paraproteinemia having a worse overall survival than those with other causes of cryoglobulinemia.