1
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Abdallah MF, Gado M, Abdelsadek D, Zahran F, El-Salhey NN, Mehrez O, Abdel-Hay S, Mohamed SM, De Ruyck K, Yang S, Gonzales GB, Varga E. Mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world: Highlighting the main knowledge gaps and the current legislation. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:19-44. [PMID: 38117428 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, knowledge in the mycotoxin research field has increased dramatically. Hundreds of review articles have been published summarizing many different aspects, including mycotoxin contamination per country or region. However, mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world, which includes 22 countries in Africa and Asia, has not yet been specifically reviewed. To this end, the contamination of mycotoxins in the Arab world was reviewed not only to profile the pervasiveness of the problem in this region but also to identify the main knowledge gaps imperiling the safety of food and feed in the future. To the best of our knowledge, 306 (non-)indexed publications in English, Arabic, or French were published from 1977 to 2021, focusing on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in matrices of 14 different categories. Characteristic factors (e.g., detected mycotoxins, concentrations, and detection methods) were extracted, processed, and visualized. The main results are summarized as follows: (i) research on mycotoxin contamination has increased over the years. However, the accumulated data on their occurrences are scarce to non-existent in some countries; (ii) the state-of-the-art technologies on mycotoxin detection are not broadly implemented neither are contemporary multi-mycotoxin detection strategies, thus showing a need for capacity-building initiatives; and (iii) mycotoxin profiles differ among food and feed categories, as well as between human biofluids. Furthermore, the present work highlights contemporary legislation in the Arab countries and provides future perspectives to mitigate mycotoxins, enhance food and feed safety, and protect the consumer public. Concluding, research initiatives to boost mycotoxin research among Arab countries are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Muhammad Gado
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Fatma Zahran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nada Nabil El-Salhey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ohaila Mehrez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel-Hay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Mannani N, El Boujamaai M, Sifou A, Bennani M, El Adlouni C, Abdennebi EH, Zinedine A. Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in dried fruits from Morocco: Monitoring, regulatory aspects, and exposure assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 145:105503. [PMID: 37778435 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the presence of Aflatoxins (AF) in 180 samples dried fruits and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in 210 samples dried fruits and grape juices collected in Morocco. Mycotoxins were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to fluorescence detection and immunoaffinity columns (IAC) cleanup. Contamination levels were compared with the maximum regulatory limits (MRL) recently adopted in the country, and mycotoxin exposure of adult consumers was assessed. Results showed that 13.8% of samples were contaminated with AF, with incidences of 23.3, 23.3, 20, 13.8, and 3.3%, in raisins, figs, nuts, peanuts and pistachio, respectively. There were 12 samples (6.6%) that exceeded the MRL of 2-12 ng/g set for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). While OTA was detected in 17.1% of samples, with incidences of 3.3, 3.3, 30, 30, and 53.3% in walnuts, pistachios, peanuts, raisins and figs, respectively, and a maximum value of 99.1 in dried raisins, that exceeded the MRL (10 ng/g) set for OTA. The co-occurrence of OTA and AF was observed in 4.7% of total samples. Dietary intake showed that the OTA exposure level was lower than safety guidelines set by The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) at 100 ng/kg b.w./week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nysrine Mannani
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco.
| | - Mounir El Boujamaai
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
| | - Aicha Sifou
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Center of Materials, Mohammed V University, Faculty of Sciences, Avenue Ibn Battouta, P.O. Box 1014, Rabat, 10000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bennani
- Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry and Toxicology, Institut Pasteur (IPM), 1, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca, 20360, Morocco
| | - Chakib El Adlouni
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
| | - El Hassane Abdennebi
- Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary (IAV Hassan II), Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.O. Box 6202, Rabat-Institutes, 10101, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
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3
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González-Curbelo MÁ, Kabak B. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Dried Fruits Worldwide, with a Focus on Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:576. [PMID: 37756002 PMCID: PMC10537527 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried fruits are popular and nutritious snacks consumed worldwide due to their long shelf life and concentrated nutrient content. However, fruits can be contaminated with various toxigenic fungal species during different stages, including cultivation, harvesting, processing, drying, and storage. Consequently, these products may contain high levels of mycotoxins. This risk is particularly pronounced in developed countries due to the impact of climate change. Several factors contribute to mycotoxin production, including the type of fruit, geographical location, climate conditions, harvest treatments, and storage management practices. The main mycotoxins in dried fruits are aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which can induce human health problems and economic losses. Mycotoxin contamination can vary significantly depending on the geographic origin of dried fruits (vine fruits, figs, dates, apricots, prunes, and mulberries). The aim of this review was to fill the knowledge gap by consolidating data from various regions to understand the global picture and identify regions with higher contamination risks. By consolidating research from various origins and stages of the supply chain, the review intends to shed light on potential contamination events during pre-harvest, drying, storage, and trading, while also highlighting the effects of storage conditions and climate change on mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 no 11-45, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Machinery and Manufacturing Technology Application and Research Center, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
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4
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Belasli A, Herrera M, Ariño A, Djenane D. Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Major Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs from Algeria. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:449. [PMID: 37505718 PMCID: PMC10467145 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal-based products, nuts and dried fruits are staple foods for the Algerian population. However, these foodstuffs may be sources of harmful mycotoxins, with negative impacts on human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrences and levels of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in 198 samples of nuts, dried fruits and cereal products commercialized in Algeria, as well as to calculate the estimated daily intakes (EDIs). Aflatoxins were found in 26.2% of the nut samples (in peanuts and almonds, but not in walnuts), 38.7% of the dried fruit samples (in dried figs, dates and bradj pastries) and 47.9% of the cereal-based products (in rechta noodles and metlou bread, but not in couscous), with mean concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.49 μg/kg. OTA occurred in 16.9% of the cereal-based samples, averaging 0.15 μg/kg, but it was not detected in nuts or dried fruits. The incidence of DON in the cereal-based products was 85.9% on average, with a mean concentration from 90 to 123 μg/kg. ZEA mycotoxin was not detected in any samples. Four peanut samples exceeded the EU maximum level for aflatoxin B1 set at 2 μg/kg, while three of them surpassed the maximum level for the sum of aflatoxins (4 μg/kg). Traditional foods such as bradj, rechta and metlou were significant sources of aflatoxins, with MOE (margin of exposure) values ranging from 648 to 9333, indicating a potential risk for the Algerian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azem Belasli
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University, P.O. Box 17, Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria;
| | - Marta Herrera
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Agustín Ariño
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Djamel Djenane
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University, P.O. Box 17, Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria;
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5
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Xu Y, Dong H, Liu C, Lou H, Zhao R. Efficient Aflatoxin B1 degradation by a novel isolate, Pseudomonas aeruginosa M-4. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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6
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Fernandes L, Graeff F, Jelassi A, Sulyok M, Garcia C, Rodrigues N, Pereira JA, Bento A, Kanoun A, Rodrigues P, Pereira EL, Ramalhosa E. Effect of relative humidity on the quality and safety of peeled almond kernels (
Prunus dulcis
Mill.) during simulated maritime transport/storage. J Food Sci 2022; 87:5363-5374. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
- MORE, Laboratório Colaborativo Montanhas de Investigação ‐ Associação BragançaPortugal
| | - Francieli Graeff
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
- School of Food ScienceFederal TechnologicalUniversity of Paraná, UTFPR MedianeiraBrazil
| | - Arij Jelassi
- Ecole Polytechnique Université Libre de Tunis TunisTunisia
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐MetabolomicsUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaAustria
| | - Carolina Garcia
- School of Food ScienceFederal TechnologicalUniversity of Paraná, UTFPR MedianeiraBrazil
| | - Nuno Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
| | - José Alberto Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
| | - Albino Bento
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
| | - Alifa Kanoun
- Ecole Polytechnique Université Libre de Tunis TunisTunisia
| | - Paula Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
| | - Ermelinda Lopes Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
| | - Elsa Ramalhosa
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC)Instituto Politécnico de Bragança BragançaPortugal
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7
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Celik D, Kabak B. Assessment to propose a maximum permitted level for ochratoxin A in dried figs. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Silva JJ, Fungaro MHP, Soto TS, Taniwaki MH, Iamanaka BT. Low-cost, specific PCR assays to identify the main aflatoxigenic species of Aspergillus section Flavi. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 196:106470. [PMID: 35447279 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites that are present as contaminants in food globally. Most aflatoxigenic species belong to Aspergillus section Flavi, and the main ones are grouped in the A. flavus clade, where many cryptic species that are difficult to discriminate are found. In this study, we investigated inter- and intraspecific diversity of the A. flavus clade to develop low-cost, species-specific PCR assays for identifying aflatoxigenic species. A total of 269 sequences of the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) locus were retrieved from GenBank, and primer pairs were designed using data mining to identify A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. novoparasiticus. Species-specific amplicons of approximately 620, 350, and 860 bp enabled identification of target species as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. novoparasiticus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué J Silva
- Institute of Food Technology - ITAL, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Naeem I, Ismail A, Rehman AU, Ismail Z, Saima S, Naz A, Faraz A, de Oliveira CAF, Benkerroum N, Aslam MZ, Aslam R. Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Selected Dry Fruits, Impact of Storage Conditions on Contamination Levels and Associated Health Risks on Pakistani Consumers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063404. [PMID: 35329090 PMCID: PMC8954913 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dry fruits and nuts are nutritious foods with several health-promoting properties. However, they are prone to contamination with aflatoxins at all stages of production and storage. The present study aimed to determine the natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), and total aflatoxins (AFT) in dates, pistachios, and walnuts collected from four districts of South Punjab (Pakistan), and to assess the associated health risks as estimated by dietary exposure and the Margin of Exposure (MoE) determinations. The contents of AFB1 and AFT in these food products were monitored during storage under three different conditions (open-air, hermetically closed jars, and refrigeration at 4 °C) to determine the most efficient conditions in preventing aflatoxin accumulation. HPLC-fluorescence analysis of 60 samples of these products for aflatoxin contamination showed that 52 (86.7%) samples were contaminated at different levels, with a maximum of 24.2 ng/g. The overall (all samples) mean concentrations of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and AFT were 3.39 ± 2.96, 1.39 ± 1.68, 1.63 ± 1.48. 1.12 ± 1.23, and 7.54 ± 6.68, respectively. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and MoE of aflatoxins through the consumption of the products ranged from 0.06 ng/kg bw/day to 2.0 ng/kg bw/day and from 84.84 to 2857.13, respectively, indicating that consumers are at high health risk. Significant differences were recorded between aflatoxin levels in the samples stored under different storage conditions, with storage under refrigeration (4 °C) being the most effective in controlling aflatoxin accumulation, although storage in closed jars was also efficient and offers a more flexible alternative to retailers. The findings of the study urge official authorities of Pakistan to implement appropriate regulatory and control measures and surveillance program to alleviate the potential public health risks associated with the consumption of dry fruits and nuts in the scope of their increased consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Naeem
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (I.N.); (A.U.R.); (Z.I.)
| | - Amir Ismail
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (I.N.); (A.U.R.); (Z.I.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (N.B.)
| | - Awais Ur Rehman
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (I.N.); (A.U.R.); (Z.I.)
| | - Zubair Ismail
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (I.N.); (A.U.R.); (Z.I.)
| | - Shehzadi Saima
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Ambreen Naz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Asim Faraz
- Department of Livestock & Poultry Production, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | | | - Noreddine Benkerroum
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Rd Charlottetown, Charlottetown, PE C1A 5T1, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Rashida Aslam
- Cytogenetics Section, Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
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10
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Habibi A, Afzali D. Aspergillus Section Flavi from Four Agricultural Products and Association of Mycotoxin and Sclerotia Production with Isolation Source. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3674-3685. [PMID: 34398304 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many agricultural products are susceptible to contamination by aflatoxin-producing species from Aspergillus section Flavi. The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence of Aspergillus section Flavi in four agricultural products, such as pistachio, walnut, hazelnut, and dried fruits, collected from market and retail shops in various areas of Kerman County and obtain information on the relationships between isolation source and ability to produce sclerotia and potential for aflatoxin production. Aspergillus species were identified based on morphological characteristics as well as subsequent sequencing of the parts of the β-tubulin and calmodulin genes. From 207 isolated strains, the following species were identified: A. flavus, A. tamarii A. nomius, A. parasiticus, A. arachidicola, A. caelatus, A. pseudotamarii, and A. leporis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of A. pseudotamarii and A. arachidicola with the potential to produce aflatoxins from dried apricots and hazelnuts, respectively. Sclerotial type was significantly different between isolates from different isolation sources. From 192 tested isolates, 38% were aflatoxin producer from which 5% were scored as strong aflatoxin producers and 33% as average aflatoxin producers. A significant difference in the population of aflatoxin-producing strains across the isolation sources was observed which may reflect host adaptation and thereby different vulnerabilities to aflatoxin-producing species among the examined products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Habibi
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Daryoush Afzali
- Department of Environment, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
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11
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Ouakhssase A, Fatini N, Ait Addi E. Chemometric Approach Based on Accuracy Profile and Data Chronological Distribution as a Tool to Detect Performance Degradation and Improve the Analytical Quality Control for Aflatoxins' Analysis in Almonds Using UPLC-MS/MS. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12746-12754. [PMID: 34056426 PMCID: PMC8154234 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the main objectives of routine laboratories is the development of simple and reliable methods as well as meeting fit-for-purpose criteria for regulatory surveillance. In this study, the accuracy profiles and the evaluation of the distribution of results in the case of aflatoxins in almonds have been performed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The method consists of designing the experiment and using certified reference material (CRM) to evaluate the bias, to calculate the combined uncertainty, and to construct the control charts. Good sensitivity (limit of quantifications (LOQs) 0.34-0.5 μg/kg) and recovery (between 82 and 107%) were achieved. The proposed method was successfully tested with a proficiency test in almond powder with acceptable z scores (-2 ≤ z ≤ 2). The results provided direct evidence for the proper functioning and stability of the whole analytical protocol, allowing acceptable combined uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Ouakhssase
- Research
group: Génie des procédés et Ingénierie
Chimique, Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d’Agadir,
B.P: 33/S, Université Ibn Zohr, 80000 Agadir, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Fatini
- Département
de contaminants organiques, Laboratoire
Marocain de l’Agriculture (LABOMAG), 20000 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Elhabib Ait Addi
- Research
group: Génie des procédés et Ingénierie
Chimique, Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d’Agadir,
B.P: 33/S, Université Ibn Zohr, 80000 Agadir, Morocco
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12
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Qiu T, Wang H, Yang Y, Yu J, Ji J, Sun J, Zhang S, Sun X. Exploration of biodegradation mechanism by AFB1-degrading strain Aspergillus niger FS10 and its metabolic feedback. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Galván AI, Rodríguez A, Martín A, Serradilla MJ, Martínez-Dorado A, Córdoba MDG. Effect of Temperature during Drying and Storage of Dried Figs on Growth, Gene Expression and Aflatoxin Production. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020134. [PMID: 33670398 PMCID: PMC7918548 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried fig is susceptible to infection by Aspergillus flavus, the major producer of the carcinogenic mycotoxins. This fruit may be contaminated by the fungus throughout the entire chain production, especially during natural sun-drying, post-harvest, industrial processing, storage, and fruit retailing. Correct management of such critical stages is necessary to prevent mould growth and mycotoxin accumulation, with temperature being one of the main factors associated with these problems. The effect of different temperatures (5, 16, 25, 30, and 37 °C) related to dried-fig processing on growth, one of the regulatory genes of aflatoxin pathway (aflR) and mycotoxin production by A. flavus, was assessed. Firstly, growth and aflatoxin production of 11 A. flavus strains were checked before selecting two strains (M30 and M144) for in-depth studies. Findings showed that there were enormous differences in aflatoxin amounts and related-gene expression between the two selected strains. Based on the results, mild temperatures, and changes in temperature during drying and storage of dried figs should be avoided. Drying should be conducted at temperatures >30 °C and close to 37 °C, while industry processing, storage, and retailing of dried figs are advisable to perform at refrigeration temperatures (<10 °C) to avoid mycotoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Galván
- Junta de Extremadura, Finca La Orden-Valdesequera Research Centre (CICYTEX), Horticulture, 06187 Guadajira, Spain;
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Food Quality and Microbiology, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Adolfo Suárez, s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; (A.M.); (A.M.-D.); (M.d.G.C.)
- University Institute for the Research in Agrifood Resources (INURA), University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-924-289-300 (ext. 86283)
| | - Alberto Martín
- Food Quality and Microbiology, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Adolfo Suárez, s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; (A.M.); (A.M.-D.); (M.d.G.C.)
- University Institute for the Research in Agrifood Resources (INURA), University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Manuel Joaquín Serradilla
- Junta de Extremadura, Agri-Food Technological Institute of Extremadura (INTAEX-CICYTEX), Department of Postharvest Science Avda, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Ana Martínez-Dorado
- Food Quality and Microbiology, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Adolfo Suárez, s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; (A.M.); (A.M.-D.); (M.d.G.C.)
- University Institute for the Research in Agrifood Resources (INURA), University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María de Guía Córdoba
- Food Quality and Microbiology, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Adolfo Suárez, s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; (A.M.); (A.M.-D.); (M.d.G.C.)
- University Institute for the Research in Agrifood Resources (INURA), University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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14
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Rapid detection of mycotoxins on foods and beverages with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2020. [DOI: 10.15586/qas2019.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Bouti K, Verheecke‐Vaessen C, Mokrane S, Meklat A, Djemouai N, Sabaou N, Mathieu F, Riba A. Polyphasic characterization of
Aspergillus
section
Flavi
isolated from animal feeds in Algeria. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karima Bouti
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes MicrobiensEcole Normale Supérieure de Kouba Alger Algeria
| | - Carol Verheecke‐Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood ThemeCranfield University Cranfield UK
- Laboratoire de Génie ChimiqueUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS Toulouse France
| | - Salim Mokrane
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes MicrobiensEcole Normale Supérieure de Kouba Alger Algeria
| | - Atika Meklat
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes MicrobiensEcole Normale Supérieure de Kouba Alger Algeria
- Département de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la VieUniversité Saad Dahlab Blida Algeria
| | - Nadjette Djemouai
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes MicrobiensEcole Normale Supérieure de Kouba Alger Algeria
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie des OrganismesUniversité des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene Bab Ezzouar (USTHB) Algiers Algeria
| | - Nasserdine Sabaou
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes MicrobiensEcole Normale Supérieure de Kouba Alger Algeria
| | - Florence Mathieu
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood ThemeCranfield University Cranfield UK
| | - Amar Riba
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes MicrobiensEcole Normale Supérieure de Kouba Alger Algeria
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des SciencesUniversité M'Hamed Bougara Boumerdès Algeria
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16
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Sui J, Yang W, Ma Y, Li TY, Simon TG, Meyerhardt JA, Liang G, Giovannucci EL, Chan AT, Zhang X. A Prospective Study of Nut Consumption and Risk of Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the U.S. Women and Men. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:367-374. [PMID: 31040153 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although increasing evidence suggests a potential beneficial effect of nut consumption on various diseases, no epidemiologic study has yet examined the association between nut consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We prospectively examined this association in 88,783 women from the Nurses' Health Study and 51,492 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Nut consumption was assessed every 4 years using validated food frequency questionnaires. Multivariable HRs and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models after adjusting for HCC risk factors. After an average of 27.9 years of follow-up, we identified a total of 162 incident HCC cases. Higher total nut consumption was not significantly associated with HCC risk (the highest vs. lowest tertile intake, HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.56-1.26). For the same comparison, higher tree nut consumption was associated with a lower HCC risk (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43-0.95). We found nonsignificant inverse associations with consumption of walnuts, peanuts, and peanut butter. Overall, nut consumption was not strongly associated with HCC risk. There was a suggestive inverse association with tree nut consumption. Future studies should carefully consider hepatitis B or C virus infections and examine these associations in other racial/ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wanshui Yang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Tricia Y Li
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tracey G Simon
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit (CTEU), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit (CTEU), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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17
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Seasonal variation and health implications due to aflatoxins in nuts sold in Riyadh region. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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