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Debnath U, Verma S, Patra J, Mandal SK. A review on recent synthetic routes and computational approaches for antibody drug conjugation developments used in anti-cancer therapy. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Song Y, Cai H, Tan Z, Mussa N, Li ZJ. Mechanistic insights into inter-chain disulfide bond reduction of IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1057-1066. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Jones J, Pack L, Hunter JH, Valliere-Douglass JF. Native size-exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry: suitability for antibody-drug conjugate drug-to-antibody ratio quantitation across a range of chemotypes and drug-loading levels. MAbs 2021; 12:1682895. [PMID: 31769727 PMCID: PMC6927766 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1682895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Native size-exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry (nSEC-MS) is an analytical methodology that is appropriate for accurately quantitating the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) on a wide variety of interchain cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), irrespective of chemotype. In the current preclinical environment, novel ADCs conjugated with unique drug-linkers need to progress toward the clinic as quickly as possible. Platform analytical approaches can reduce time-to-clinic because key process development and optimization activities can be decoupled from the development of bespoke, molecule-specific analytical methods. In this work, we assessed the potential of nSEC-MS as a platformable, quantitative DAR method. The nSEC-MS method was evaluated according to performance characteristics and parameters described in the ICH guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). In order to comprehensively assess the accuracy and bias of nSEC-MS DAR quantitation, ADCs were generated using three different drug-linker chemotypes with DARs ranging from 2 to 8. These molecules were tested by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and nSEC-MS, and DARs obtained from both methods were compared to assess the degree to which nSEC-MS quantitation aligned with the HIC release assay. Our results indicated that there is no bias introduced by nSEC-MS quantitation of DAR and that SEC-MS data can be bridged to HIC data without the need for a correction factor or offset. nSEC-MS was also found to be suitable for unbiased DAR quantitation in the other ADC chemotypes that were evaluated. Based on the totality of our work, we conclude that, used as intended, nSEC-MS is well suited for quantitating DAR on a variety of interchain cysteine-linked ADCs in an accurate, unbiased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Jones
- Analytical Sciences, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Laura Pack
- Quality, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Joshua H Hunter
- Conjugation Process Development, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
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4
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Sajeevan KA, Roy D. Simulation of differential structure and dynamics of disulfide bond isoforms of conopeptide
AuIB
in presence of human
α
3
β
4
nAChR. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Anna Sajeevan
- Department of Chemistry Birla Institute of Technology and Science‐Pilani Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Durba Roy
- Department of Chemistry Birla Institute of Technology and Science‐Pilani Hyderabad Telangana India
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5
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Han L, Zhao Y, Zhang Q. Conjugation Site Analysis by MS/MS Protein Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2078:221-233. [PMID: 31643060 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9929-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In-depth knowledge about the site of drug-linker conjugation is important for the understanding of the conjugation efficiency and the exact locations of payloads for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Here we describe a peptide mapping-based protocol, covering sample preparation procedure, LC-MS/MS setup, and data processing (auto and manual), to determine the locations of drug-linker attachment on mAbs. In comparison with classical mAb peptide mapping, some improvements will be highlighted for maintaining hydrophobic drug-loaded peptides in solution, enabling efficient chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection, and allowing for their unambiguous identification in LC-MS/MS map by using diagnostic fragmentation ions of the payload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Han
- Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Yanqun Zhao
- Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qunying Zhang
- Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
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6
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Beck A, Liu H. Macro- and Micro-Heterogeneity of Natural and Recombinant IgG Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010018. [PMID: 31544824 PMCID: PMC6640695 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) intended for therapeutic usage are required to be thoroughly characterized, which has promoted an extensive effort towards the understanding of the structures and heterogeneity of this major class of molecules. Batch consistency and comparability are highly relevant to the successful pharmaceutical development of mAbs and related products. Small structural modifications that contribute to molecule variants (or proteoforms) differing in size, charge or hydrophobicity have been identified. These modifications may impact (or not) the stability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of mAbs. The presence of the same type of modifications as found in endogenous immunoglobulin G (IgG) can substantially lower the safety risks of mAbs. The knowledge of modifications is also critical to the ranking of critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the drug and define the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP). This review provides a summary of the current understanding of post-translational and physico-chemical modifications identified in recombinant mAbs and endogenous IgGs at physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and developability, IRPF, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre, St Julien-en-Genevois CEDEX, 74160 Saint-Julien en Genevois, France.
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Anokion, 50 Hampshire Street, Suite 402, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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7
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Beck A, D’Atri V, Ehkirch A, Fekete S, Hernandez-Alba O, Gahoual R, Leize-Wagner E, François Y, Guillarme D, Cianférani S. Cutting-edge multi-level analytical and structural characterization of antibody-drug conjugates: present and future. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:337-362. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1578215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Unité de Technologies Biologiques et Chimiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris 5-CNRS UMR8258 Inserm U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannis François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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Hansen K, Lau AM, Giles K, McDonnell JM, Struwe WB, Sutton BJ, Politis A. A Mass-Spectrometry-Based Modelling Workflow for Accurate Prediction of IgG Antibody Conformations in the Gas Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17194-17199. [PMID: 30408305 PMCID: PMC6392142 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are biomolecules involved in defence against foreign substances. Flexibility is key to their functional properties in relation to antigen binding and receptor interactions. We have developed an integrative strategy combining ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) with molecular modelling to study the conformational dynamics of human IgG antibodies. Predictive models of all four human IgG subclasses were assembled and their dynamics sampled in the transition from extended to collapsed state during IM-MS. Our data imply that this collapse of IgG antibodies is related to their intrinsic structural features, including Fab arm flexibility, collapse towards the Fc region, and the length of their hinge regions. The workflow presented here provides an accurate structural representation in good agreement with the observed collision cross section for these flexible IgG molecules. These results have implications for studying other nonglobular flexible proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Hansen
- Department of ChemistryKing's College London7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
| | - Andy M. Lau
- Department of ChemistryKing's College London7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
| | | | | | | | - Brian J. Sutton
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonUK
| | - Argyris Politis
- Department of ChemistryKing's College London7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
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9
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Hansen K, Lau AM, Giles K, McDonnell JM, Struwe WB, Sutton BJ, Politis A. A Mass‐Spectrometry‐Based Modelling Workflow for Accurate Prediction of IgG Antibody Conformations in the Gas Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Hansen
- Department of Chemistry King's College London 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Andy M. Lau
- Department of Chemistry King's College London 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Kevin Giles
- Waters Corp. Stamford Road Wilmslow SK9 4AX UK
| | - James M. McDonnell
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics King's College London UK
| | | | - Brian J. Sutton
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics King's College London UK
| | - Argyris Politis
- Department of Chemistry King's College London 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
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10
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Liu-Shin LPY, Fung A, Malhotra A, Ratnaswamy G. Evidence of disulfide bond scrambling during production of an antibody-drug conjugate. MAbs 2018; 10:1190-1199. [PMID: 30339473 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1521128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that are formed using thiol-maleimide chemistry are commonly produced by reactions that occur at or above neutral pHs. Alkaline environments can promote disulfide bond scrambling, and may result in the reconfiguration of interchain disulfide bonds in IgG antibodies, particularly in the IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses. IgG2-A and IgG2-B antibodies generated under basic conditions yielded ADCs with comparable average drug-to-antibody ratios and conjugate distributions. In contrast, the antibody disulfide configuration affected the distribution of ADCs generated under acidic conditions. The similarities of the ADCs derived from alkaline reactions were attributed to the scrambling of interchain disulfide bonds during the partial reduction step, where conversion of the IgG2-A isoform to the IgG2-B isoform was favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Pei-Yao Liu-Shin
- a Analytical and Formulation Development , Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc , Santa Monica , CA , USA.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Adam Fung
- a Analytical and Formulation Development , Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Arun Malhotra
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Gayathri Ratnaswamy
- a Analytical and Formulation Development , Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc , Santa Monica , CA , USA
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Resemann A, Liu-Shin L, Tremintin G, Malhotra A, Fung A, Wang F, Ratnaswamy G, Suckau D. Rapid, automated characterization of disulfide bond scrambling and IgG2 isoform determination. MAbs 2018; 10:1200-1213. [PMID: 30277844 PMCID: PMC6284591 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1512328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human antibodies of the IgG2 subclass exhibit complex inter-chain disulfide bonding patterns that result in three structures, namely A, A/B, and B. In therapeutic applications, the distribution of disulfide isoforms is a critical product quality attribute because each configuration affects higher order structure, stability, isoelectric point, and antigen binding. The current standard for quantification of IgG2 disulfide isoform distribution is based on chromatographic or electrophoretic techniques that require additional characterization using mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods to confirm disulfide linkages. Detailed characterization of the IgG2 disulfide linkages often involve MS/MS approaches that include electrospray ionization or electron-transfer dissociation, and method optimization is often cumbersome due to the large size and heterogeneity of the disulfide-bonded peptides. As reported here, we developed a rapid LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF workflow that can both identify the IgG2 disulfide linkages and provide a semi-quantitative assessment of the distribution of the disulfide isoforms. We established signature disulfide-bonded IgG2 hinge peptides that correspond to the A, A/B, and B disulfide isoforms and can be applied to the fast classification of IgG2 isoforms in heterogeneous mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Resemann
- a BioPharma Solutions R&D , BALS, Bruker Daltonik , Bremen , Germany
| | - Lily Liu-Shin
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | | | - Arun Malhotra
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Adam Fung
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Fang Wang
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Gayathri Ratnaswamy
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Detlev Suckau
- a BioPharma Solutions R&D , BALS, Bruker Daltonik , Bremen , Germany
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12
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Datta-Mannan A, Choi H, Stokell D, Tang J, Murphy A, Wrobleski A, Feng Y. The Properties of Cysteine-Conjugated Antibody-Drug Conjugates Are Impacted by the IgG Subclass. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:103. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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