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Miyajima R, Manaka H, Honda T, Hashii N, Suzuki M, Komeno M, Takao K, Ishii-Watabe A, Igarashi K, Toida T, Higashi K. Intracellular polyamine depletion induces N-linked galactosylation of the monoclonal antibody produced by CHO DP-12 cells. J Biotechnol 2023; 378:1-10. [PMID: 37922995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of the N-linked glycan profile of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from animal cells affects therapeutic efficacy and, therefore, needs to be appropriately controlled during the manufacturing process. In this study, we examined the effects of polyamines on the N-linked glycan profiles of mAbs produced by CHO DP-12 cells. Normal cell growth of CHO DP-12 cells and their growth arrest by α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, was observed when 0.5% fetal bovine serum was added to serum-free medium, despite the presence of cadaverine and aminopropylcadaverine, instead of putrescine and spermidine in cells. Polyamine depletion by DFMO increased IgG galactosylation, accompanied by β1,4-galactosyl transferase 1 (B4GAT1) mRNA elevation. Additionally, IgG production in polyamine-depleted cells was reduced by 30% compared to that in control cells. Therefore, we examined whether polyamine depletion induces an ER stress response. The results indicated increased expression levels of chaperones for glycoprotein folding in polyamine-depleted cells, suggesting that polyamine depletion causes ER stress related to glycoprotein folding. The effect of tunicamycin, an ER stress inducer that inhibits N-glycosylation, on the expression of B4GALT1 mRNA was examined. Tunicamycin treatment increased B4GALT1 mRNA expression. These results suggest that ER stress caused by polyamine depletion induces B4GALT1 mRNA expression, resulting in increased IgG galactosylation in CHO cells. Thus, introducing polyamines, particularly SPD, to serum-free CHO culture medium for CHO cells may contribute to consistent manufacturing and quality control of antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rin Miyajima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hitomi Manaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Honda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Komeno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Koichi Takao
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, 1-8-15 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kyohei Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Kirsch-Stefan N, Guillen E, Ekman N, Barry S, Knippel V, Killalea S, Weise M, Wolff-Holz E. Do the Outcomes of Clinical Efficacy Trials Matter in Regulatory Decision-Making for Biosimilars? BioDrugs 2023; 37:855-871. [PMID: 37831324 PMCID: PMC10581956 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing body of evidence supporting a more flexible approach in clinical data requirements for the approval of more complex biosimilar substances such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to further analyse the role of quality/chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC) and clinical data for the conclusion on biosimilarity and the decision on marketing authorisation (MA). METHODS In the present study, we analysed the MA applications (MAAs) of all 33 mAbs and three fusion proteins evaluated by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) between July 2012 and November 2022 with special emphasis on all submitted rituximab (four products) and trastuzumab (seven products) biosimilar candidates, including withdrawn applications. For the two withdrawn applications, the comparative efficacy trials suggested biosimilarity, but the quality/CMC package was not accepted by EMA. We therefore investigated whether a negative MAA outcome could have been predicted based on the evidence generated in the quality/CMC packages, regardless of clinical trial data. For this purpose, we reviewed the respective European Public Assessment Reports (EPARs) or withdrawal assessment reports, and the first regulatory assessments for all these 36 MAAs (i.e. day 120 of the centralized procedure), which are not publicly available. During EMA review, where significant issues are identified which would preclude a marketing authorisation, these issues are raised as questions to the applicant and are classified as major objections (MO). RESULTS In 67% of cases, the outcome of the quality and clinical assessment was the same, i.e. both the quality and clinical assessments either supported approval or did not support approval. In 11% of cases, MO were identified in the quality part of the submission but not in the clinical data. In 22% of cases, MO were raised on the clinical data package but not on the quality data. However, we found no instance where seemingly negative clinical data, including failed efficacy trials, led to a negative overall decision. In each instance, the failure to confirm similar clinical performance in all investigated aspects was eventually viewed as not being related to the biosimilar per se but as being due to imbalances in the trial arms, immaturity of secondary endpoint results, change in the reference product, or even chance findings. Furthermore, when performing an in-depth analysis of the quality and clinical packages of trastuzumab and rituximab biosimilars, we found that in no case were clinical trial data necessary to resolve residual uncertainties regarding the quality part. CONCLUSION The results further support the argument that sufficient evidence for biosimilarity can be obtained from a combination of analytical and functional testing and pharmacokinetic studies which may also generate immunogenicity data. This calls into question the usefulness of comparative efficacy studies for the purposes of regulatory decision-making when approving biosimilar mAbs and fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kirsch-Stefan
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany.
| | - Elena Guillen
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Niklas Ekman
- Finnish Medicines Agency, Helsinki, Finland
- Biosimilar Medicinal Products Working Party, EMA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biologics Working Party, EMA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sean Barry
- Health Products Regulatory Authority, Dublin, Ireland
- Biologics Working Party, EMA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Knippel
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - Sheila Killalea
- Health Products Regulatory Authority, Dublin, Ireland
- Scientific Advice Working Party, EMA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Weise
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
- Biosimilar Medicinal Products Working Party, EMA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Committee of Medicinal Products for Human Use, EMA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Wolff-Holz
- Clinical Development and Medical Affairs, Biocon Biologics Ltd, Bengaluru, 560 100, India
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Alejandra WP, Miriam Irene JP, Fabio Antonio GS, Patricia RGR, Elizabeth TA, Juan Pablo AA, Rebeca GV. Production of monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic purposes: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110376. [PMID: 37244118 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been used in the development of immunotherapies that target a variety of diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and even viral infections; they play a key role in immunization and are expected after vaccination. However, some conditions do not promote the development of neutralizing antibodies. Production and use of mAbs, generated in biofactories, represent vast potential as aids in immunological responses when the organism cannot produce them on their own, these convey unique specificity by recognizing and targeting specific antigen. Antibodies can be defined as heterotetrametric glycoproteins of symmetric nature, and they participate as effector proteins in humoral responses. Additionally, there are different types of mAbs (murine, chimeric, humanized, human, mAbs as Antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific mAbs) discussed in the present work. When these molecules are produced in vitro as mAbs, several common techniques, such as hybridomas or phage display are used. There are several preferred cell lines that function as biofactories, for the production of mAbs, the selection of which rely on the variation of adaptability, productivity and both phenotypic and genotypic shifts. After the cell expression systems and culture techniques are used, there are diverse specialized downstream processes to achieve desired yield and isolation as well as product quality and characterization. Novel perspectives regarding these protocols represent a potential improvement for mAbs high-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waller-Pulido Alejandra
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jiménez-Pérez Miriam Irene
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Science, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gonzalez-Sanchez Fabio Antonio
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | - Aleman-Aguilar Juan Pablo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Science, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Garcia-Varela Rebeca
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Guillen E, Ekman N, Barry S, Weise M, Wolff-Holz E. A Data Driven Approach to Support Tailored Clinical Programs for Biosimilar Monoclonal Antibodies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 113:108-123. [PMID: 36546547 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biosimilar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved in the European Union since 2013 and have been demonstrated to reduce healthcare costs and to expand patient access. Biosimilarity is mainly established on the basis of demonstrated similarity of relevant quality attributes (QAs), determined by comprehensive physiochemical and functional analyses, and demonstration of bioequivalence. In addition, comparative efficacy/safety studies have been requested for all approved biosimilar mAbs so far, although the European Medicines Agency (EMA) Guidelines state that such confirmatory clinical trials may not be necessary in specific circumstances. In order to evaluate the degree of analytical similarity, how residual uncertainty regarding biosimilarity was resolved, and the value of clinical data, we analyzed the quality and clinical data packages for authorized adalimumab (7 products) and bevacizumab (5 products) biosimilars. The percentage of biosimilar batches meeting the similarity range for QAs, as defined by the biosimilar manufacturer based on a comprehensive characterization of the EU reference product (RP), was determined and clinical data were reviewed. Our analyses show that QAs of approved adalimumab and bevacizumab biosimilars have varying concordance with the EU-RP similarity range. In this study, we found that clinical efficacy data played a limited role in addressing quality concerns. Therefore, we encourage a regulatory review of the standards for clinical data requirements for mAb and fusion protein biosimilars. This study outlines a quality data driven approach for facilitating tailored clinical programs for biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guillen
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Clinical Pharmacology Service, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niklas Ekman
- Finnish Medicines Agency Fimea, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sean Barry
- Health Products Regulatory Authority, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martina Weise
- Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
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Recent advances and trends in sample preparation and chemical modification for glycan analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114424. [PMID: 34653745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Growing significance of glycosylation in protein functions has accelerated the development of methodologies for detection, identification, and characterization of protein glycosylation. In the past decade, glycobiology research has been advanced by innovative techniques with further progression in the post-genome era. Although significant technical progress has been made in terms of analytical throughput, comprehensiveness, and sensitivity, most methods for glycosylation analysis still require laborious and time-consuming sample preparation tasks. Additionally, sample preparation methods that are focused on specific glycan(s) require an in-depth understanding of various issues in glycobiology. In this review, modern sample preparation and chemical modification methods for the structural and quantitative glycan analyses together with the challenges and advantages of recent sample preparation methods are summarized. The techniques presented herein can facilitate the exploration of biomarkers, understanding of unknown glycan functions, and development of biopharmaceuticals.
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