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Sabbioni G, Castaño A, Esteban López M, Göen T, Mol H, Riou M, Tagne-Fotso R. Literature review and evaluation of biomarkers, matrices and analytical methods for chemicals selected in the research program Human Biomonitoring for the European Union (HBM4EU). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107458. [PMID: 36179646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Humans are potentially exposed to a large amount of chemicals present in the environment and in the workplace. In the European Human Biomonitoring initiative (Human Biomonitoring for the European Union = HBM4EU), acrylamide, mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1), diisocyanates (4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate), and pyrethroids were included among the prioritized chemicals of concern for human health. For the present literature review, the analytical methods used in worldwide biomonitoring studies for these compounds were collected and presented in comprehensive tables, including the following parameter: determined biomarker, matrix, sample amount, work-up procedure, available laboratory quality assurance and quality assessment information, analytical techniques, and limit of detection. Based on the data presented in these tables, the most suitable methods were recommended. According to the paradigm of biomonitoring, the information about two different biomarkers of exposure was evaluated: a) internal dose = parent compounds and metabolites in urine and blood; and b) the biologically effective = dose measured as blood protein adducts. Urine was the preferred matrix used for deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, and pyrethroids (biomarkers of internal dose). Markers of the biological effective dose were determined as hemoglobin adducts for diisocyanates and acrylamide, and as serum-albumin-adducts of aflatoxin B1 and diisocyanates. The analyses and quantitation of the protein adducts in blood or the metabolites in urine were mostly performed with LC-MS/MS or GC-MS in the presence of isotope-labeled internal standards. This review also addresses the critical aspects of the application, use and selection of biomarkers. For future biomonitoring studies, a more comprehensive approach is discussed to broaden the selection of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Research and Transfer Service, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, Airolo, Switzerland; Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Argelia Castaño
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain.
| | - Marta Esteban López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain.
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (IPASUM), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Margaux Riou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé publique France, The National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France.
| | - Romuald Tagne-Fotso
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé publique France, The National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France.
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Awuchi CG, Ondari EN, Nwozo S, Odongo GA, Eseoghene IJ, Twinomuhwezi H, Ogbonna CU, Upadhyay AK, Adeleye AO, Okpala COR. Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030167. [PMID: 35324664 PMCID: PMC8949390 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are well established toxic metabolic entities produced when fungi invade agricultural/farm produce, and this happens especially when the conditions are favourable. Exposure to mycotoxins can directly take place via the consumption of infected foods and feeds; humans can also be indirectly exposed from consuming animals fed with infected feeds. Among the hundreds of mycotoxins known to humans, around a handful have drawn the most concern because of their occurrence in food and severe effects on human health. The increasing public health importance of mycotoxins across human and livestock environments mandates the continued review of the relevant literature, especially with regard to understanding their toxicological mechanisms. In particular, our analysis of recently conducted reviews showed that the toxicological mechanisms of mycotoxins deserve additional attention to help provide enhanced understanding regarding this subject matter. For this reason, this current work reviewed the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms involving humans, livestock, and their associated health concerns. In particular, we have deepened our understanding about how the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms impact on the human cellular genome. Along with the significance of mycotoxin toxicities and their toxicological mechanisms, there are associated health concerns arising from exposures to these toxins, including DNA damage, kidney damage, DNA/RNA mutations, growth impairment in children, gene modifications, and immune impairment. More needs to be done to enhance the understanding regards the mechanisms underscoring the environmental implications of mycotoxins, which can be actualized via risk assessment studies into the conditions/factors facilitating mycotoxins’ toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinaza Godseill Awuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
- Correspondence: (C.G.A.); (C.O.R.O.)
| | - Erick Nyakundi Ondari
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
| | - Sarah Nwozo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
| | - Grace Akinyi Odongo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
| | - Ifie Josiah Eseoghene
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
| | | | - Chukwuka U. Ogbonna
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Anjani K. Upadhyay
- Heredity Healthcare & Lifesciences, 206-KIIT TBI, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
| | - Ademiku O. Adeleye
- Faith Heroic Generation, No. 36 Temidire Street, Azure 340251, Ondo State, Nigeria;
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Department of Functional Foods Product Development, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (C.G.A.); (C.O.R.O.)
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SILVA JVBD, OLIVEIRA CAFD, RAMALHO LNZ. An overview of mycotoxins, their pathogenic effects, foods where they are found and their diagnostic biomarkers. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.48520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Human Biomonitoring of Selected Hazardous Compounds in Portugal: Part II—Lessons Learned on Mycotoxins. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010130. [PMID: 35011364 PMCID: PMC8747060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) data provide information on total exposure regardless of the route and sources of exposure. HBM studies have been applied to quantify human exposure to contaminants and environmental/occupational pollutants by means of determining the parent compounds, their metabolites, or even their reaction products in biological matrices. HBM studies performed among the Portuguese population are dispersed and limited. Thus, to overcome this knowledge gap, this work reviews the published Portuguese HBM information concerning mycotoxins detected in the urine, serum, milk, hair, and nails of different groups of the Portuguese population. This integrative approach to the available HBM data allows us to analyze the main determinants and patterns of exposure of the Portuguese population to the selected hazardous compounds, as well as to assess the potential health risks. We also aimed to identify the main difficulties and challenges of HBM through the analysis of the enrolled studies. Ultimately, this study aims to support national and European policies in promoting human health by summarizing the most important outcomes and lessons learned through the HBM studies carried out in Portugal.
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Development and Limitations of Exposure Biomarkers to Dietary Contaminants Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050314. [PMID: 33924868 PMCID: PMC8147022 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that frequently contaminate cereal crops globally, presenting exposure hazards to humans and livestock in many settings. The heterogeneous distribution of mycotoxins in food restricts the usefulness of food sampling and intake estimates for epidemiological studies, making validated exposure biomarkers better tools for informing epidemiological investigations. While biomarkers of exposure have served important roles for understanding the public health impact of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AF), the science of biomarkers must continue advancing to allow for better understanding of mycotoxins' roles in the etiology of disease and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. This review will discuss mycotoxin biomarker development approaches over several decades for four toxins of significant public health concerns, AFs, fumonisins (FB), deoxynivalenol (DON), and ochratoxin A (OTA). This review will also highlight some knowledge gaps, key needs and potential pitfalls in mycotoxin biomarker interpretation.
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Yin J, Fan W, Du J, Feng W, Dong Z, Liu Y, Zhou T. The toxicity of graphene oxide affected by algal physiological characteristics: A comparative study in cyanobacterial, green algae, diatom. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 248:865-873. [PMID: 32000020 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Though the main toxic mechanisms of graphene oxide (GO) to algae have been accepted as the shading effect, oxidative stress and mechanical damage, the effect of algal characteristics on these three mechanisms of GO toxicity have seldom been taken into consideration. In this study, we investigated GO toxicity to green algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) and diatoms (Cyclotella sp.). The aim was to assess how the physiological characteristics of algae affect the toxicity of GO. Results showed that 10 mg/L of GO significantly inhibited the growth of all tested algal types, while S. obliquus and C. reinhardtii were found to be the most susceptible and tolerant species, respectively. Then, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the physiological characteristics of the assessed algae. The presence of locomotive organelles, along with smaller and more spherical cells, was more likely to alleviate the shading effect. Variations in cell wall composition led to different extents of mechanical damage as shown by Cyclotella sp. silica frustules and S. obliquus autosporine division being prone to damage. Meanwhile, growth inhibition and cell division were significantly correlated with the oxidative stress and membrane permeability, suggesting the latter two indicators can effectively signal GO toxicity to algae. The findings of this study provide novel insights into the toxicity of graphene materials in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Yin
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Wenhong Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Juan Du
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Weiying Feng
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
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Xue KS, Tang L, Sun G, Wang S, Hu X, Wang JS. Mycotoxin exposure is associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Huaian area, China. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1218. [PMID: 31842816 PMCID: PMC6916103 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of moldy food has previously been identified as a risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in high-risk countries; however, what contributing roles these dietary carcinogenic mycotoxins play in the etiology of ESCC are largely unknown. METHODS A mycotoxin biomarker-incorporated, population-based case-control study was performed in Huaian area, Jiangsu Province, one of the two high-risk areas in China. Exposure biomarkers of aflatoxins (AF) and fumonisins (FN) were quantitatively analyzed using HPLC-fluorescence techniques. RESULTS Among the cases (n = 190), the median levels of AF biomarker, serum AFB1-lysine adduct, and FN biomarker, urinary FB1, were 1.77 pg/mg albumin and 176.13 pg/mg creatinine, respectively. Among the controls (n = 380), the median levels of AFB1-lysine adduct and urinary FB1 were 1.49 pg/mg albumin and 56.92 pg/mg creatinine, respectively. These mycotoxin exposure biomarker levels were significantly higher in cases as compared to controls (p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). An increased risk to ESCC was associated with exposure to both AFB1 and FB1 (p < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS Mycotoxin exposure, especially to AFB1 and FB1, was associated with the risk of ESCC, and a greater-than-additive interaction between co-exposures to these two mycotoxins may contribute to the increased risk of ESCC in Huaian area, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy S Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 150 Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 150 Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Guiju Sun
- Southeast University School of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaokang Wang
- Southeast University School of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Hu
- Huaian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 150 Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Wangia RN, Githanga DP, Xue KS, Tang L, Anzala OA, Wang JS. Validation of urinary sphingolipid metabolites as biomarker of effect for fumonisins exposure in Kenyan children. Biomarkers 2019; 24:379-388. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2019.1587510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nabwire Wangia
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Kathy Siyu Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Omu Aggrey Anzala
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- KAVI Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Meneely JP, Hajšlová J, Krska R, Elliott CT. Assessing the combined toxicity of the natural toxins, aflatoxin B 1, fumonisin B 1 and microcystin-LR by high content analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:527-540. [PMID: 30253246 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As human co-exposure to natural toxins through food and water is inevitable, risk assessments to safeguard health are necessary. Aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1, frequent co-contaminants of maize and microcystin-LR, produced in freshwater by cyanobacteria are all naturally occurring potent toxins that threaten human health. Populations in the poorest regions of the world may suffer repeated simultaneous exposure to these contaminants. Using High Content Analysis, multiple cytotoxicity endpoints were measured for the individual toxins and mixtures in various cell lines. Results highlighted that significant cytotoxic effects were observed for aflatoxin B1 in all cell lines while no cytotoxic effects were observed for fumonisin B1 or microcystin-LR. Aflatoxin B1/microcystin-LR was cytotoxic in the order HepG2 > Caco-2 > MDBK. Fumonisin B1/microcystin-LR affected MDBK cells. The ternary mixture was cytotoxic to all cell lines. Most combinations were additive, however antagonism was observed for binary and ternary mixtures in HepG2 and MDBK cell lines at low and high concentrations. Synergy was observed in all cell lines, including at low concentrations. The combination of these natural toxins may pose a significant risk to populations in less developed countries. Furthermore, the study highlights the complexity around trying to regulate for human exposure to multiple contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie P Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom.
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis & Nutrition, University of Chemistry & Technology, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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Chen C, Riley RT, Wu F. Dietary Fumonisin and Growth Impairment in Children and Animals: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1448-1464. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Michigan State Univ.; East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
- Inst. of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Ronald T. Riley
- Dept. of Environmental Health Science; Univ. of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 U.S.A
| | - Felicia Wu
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Michigan State Univ.; East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
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Xue KS, Qian G, Lin S, Su J, Tang L, Gelderblom WC, Riley RT, Phillips TD, Wang JS. Modulation of pre-neoplastic biomarkers induced by sequential aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 exposure in F344 rats treated with UPSN clay. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:316-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Knutsen HK, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Gutleb AC, Humpf HU, Galli C, Metzler M, Oswald IP, Parent-Massin D, Binaglia M, Steinkellner H, Alexander J. Appropriateness to set a group health-based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05172. [PMID: 32625807 PMCID: PMC7009576 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for fumonisin B1 (FB 1) of 1.0 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day based on increased incidence of megalocytic hepatocytes found in a chronic study with mice. The CONTAM Panel considered the limited data available on toxicity and mode of action and structural similarities of FB 2-6 and found it appropriate to include FB 2, FB 3 and FB 4 in a group TDI with FB 1. Modified forms of FBs are phase I and phase II metabolites formed in fungi, infested plants or farm animals. Modified forms also arise from food or feed processing, and include covalent adducts with matrix constituents. Non-covalently bound forms are not considered as modified forms. Modified forms of FBs identified are hydrolysed FB 1-4 (HFB 1-4), partially hydrolysed FB 1-2 (pHFB 1-2), N-(carboxymethyl)-FB 1-3 (NCM-FB 1-3), N-(1-deoxy-d-fructos-1-yl)-FB 1 (NDF-FB 1), O-fatty acyl FB 1, N-fatty acyl FB 1 and N-palmitoyl-HFB 1. HFB 1, pHFB 1, NCM-FB 1 and NDF-FB 1 show a similar toxicological profile but are less potent than FB 1. Although in vitro data shows that N-fatty acyl FBs are more toxic in vitro than FB 1, no in vivo data were available for N-fatty acyl FBs and O-fatty acyl FBs. The CONTAM Panel concluded that it was not appropriate to include modified FBs in the group TDI for FB 1-4. The uncertainty associated with the present assessment is high, but could be reduced provided more data are made available on occurrence, toxicokinetics and toxicity of FB 2-6 and modified forms of FB 1-4.
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Rheeder J, Van der Westhuizen L, Imrie G, Shephard G. Fusariumspecies and fumonisins in subsistence maize in the former Transkei region, South Africa: a multi-year study in rural villages. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2016; 9:176-84. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1154612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fromme H, Gareis M, Völkel W, Gottschalk C. Overall internal exposure to mycotoxins and their occurrence in occupational and residential settings – An overview. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:143-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mitigation of Fumonisin Biomarkers by Green Tea Polyphenols in a High-Risk Population of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17545. [PMID: 26626148 PMCID: PMC4667183 DOI: 10.1038/srep17545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea polyphenols (GTP) are highly effective in inhibiting a variety of tumorigenic effects induced by carcinogens. In this study we assessed GTP mitigation on biomarkers of fumonisin B1 (FB1), a class 2B carcinogen, in blood and urine samples collected from an intervention trial. A total of 124 exposed people were recruited and randomly assigned to low-dose (GTP 500 mg, n = 42), high-dose (GTP 1,000 mg, n = 41) or placebo (n = 41) for 3 months. After one-month of intervention, urinary FB1 was significantly decreased in high-dose group compared to that of placebo group (p = 0.045), with reduction rates of 18.95% in the low-dose group and 33.62% in the high-dose group. After three-month intervention, urinary FB1 showed significant decrease in both low-dose (p = 0.016) and the high-dose (p = 0.0005) groups compared to that of both placebo group and baseline levels, with reduction rates of 40.18% in the low-dose group and 52.6% in the high-dose group. GTP treatment also significantly reduced urinary excretion of sphinganine (Sa), sphingosine (So), and Sa/So ratio, but had no effect on serum Sa, So, and Sa/So ratio. Analysis with mixed-effect model revealed significant interactions between time and treatment effects of GTP on both urinary free FB1 levels and Sa/So ratios.
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Lee HJ, Ryu D. Advances in Mycotoxin Research: Public Health Perspectives. J Food Sci 2015; 80:T2970-83. [PMID: 26565730 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone are of significant public health concern as they can cause serious adverse effects in different organs including the liver, kidney, and immune system in humans. These toxic secondary metabolites are produced by filamentous fungi mainly in the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. It is challenging to control the formation of mycotoxins due to the worldwide occurrence of these fungi in food and the environment. In addition to raw agricultural commodities, mycotoxins tend to remain in finished food products as they may not be destroyed by conventional processing techniques. Hence, much of our concern is directed to chronic health effects through long-term exposure to one or multiple mycotoxins from contaminated foods. Ideally risk assessment requires a comprehensive data, including toxicological and epidemiological studies as well as surveillance and exposure assessment. Setting of regulatory limits for mycotoxins is considered necessary to protect human health from mycotoxin exposure. Although advances in analytical techniques provide basic yet critical tool in regulation as well as all aspects of scientific research, it has been acknowledged that different forms of mycotoxins such as analogs and conjugated mycotoxins may constitute a significant source of dietary exposure. Further studies should be warranted to correlate mycotoxin exposure and human health possibly via identification and validation of suitable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- School of Food Science, Univ. of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, ID, 83844, U.S.A
| | - Dojin Ryu
- School of Food Science, Univ. of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, ID, 83844, U.S.A
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Kouadio JH, Lattanzio VMT, Ouattara D, Kouakou B, Visconti A. Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure in Côte d'ivoire (Ivory Coast) Through Multi-Biomarker Analysis and Possible Correlation with Food Consumption Patterns. Toxicol Int 2015; 21:248-57. [PMID: 25948962 PMCID: PMC4413406 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.155336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Scope: The aim of the presented study was to investigate the mycotoxin exposure of Ivorian population related to the consumption patterns of maize, peanuts, millet, and cassava product (attiéké). Materials and Methods: Maize flour samples (n = 51) were purchased from all Abidjan local markets, in the south of Ivory Coast, and urine (n = 99) was collected during the same reference period (July–September 2011) from volunteers living in Abidjan and Daloa cities. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to analyze aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FB1, FB2), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and T-2 and HT-2 toxins in maize flour samples, and their relevant biomarkers (AFM1, DON, DON + de-epoxydeoxynivalenol (DOM-1), FB1, α-zearalenol (ZOL), β-ZOL, and OTA) in urine samples. Results: Critical maize contamination was observed by AFs occurrence (total AFs 4.5 – 330.0 μg/kg) while OTA was found in 13% of samples analyzed. AFM1 was detected in 40% of urines samples (0.06 – 14.11 ng/ml), OTA in 37% (0.01 – 0.42 ng/ml), FB1 in 27% (0.07 to 15.31 ng/ml) and, DON was found in 21% of samples at levels up to 10.0 ng/ml. The correlation coefficients (R2) obtained by plotting the percentage of biomarker occurrence (positive samples) versus the frequency of food consumption revealed maize, peanuts, millet and attiéké were strongly linked to AFB1 and OTA exposure with values of R2 ranged from 0.462 to 0.956. Conclusion: The present study provided data on mycotoxin risk in Ivory Coast, revealing a frequent co-exposure to the major mycotoxins such as AFs, OTA, and fumonisins, which appeared to be related to the frequency of peanuts, maize, millet and attiéké consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Halbin Kouadio
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Jean Lorougnon Guédé University, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Veronica M T Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
| | - Djeneba Ouattara
- Department of Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Paris, France
| | - Brou Kouakou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Angelo Visconti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
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18
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Fast and sensitive LC–MS/MS method measuring human mycotoxin exposure using biomarkers in urine. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1993-2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Torres O, Matute J, Gelineau-van Waes J, Maddox JR, Gregory SG, Ashley-Koch AE, Showker JL, Zitomer NC, Voss KA, Riley RT. Urinary fumonisin B1and estimated fumonisin intake in women from high- and low-exposure communities in Guatemala. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:973-83. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Torres
- Centro de Investigaciones en Nutrición y Salud; Guatemala City Guatemala
| | - Jorge Matute
- Centro de Investigaciones en Nutrición y Salud; Guatemala City Guatemala
| | | | - Joyce R. Maddox
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine; Creighton University; Omaha NE USA
| | - Simon G. Gregory
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Durham NC USA
| | | | - Jency L. Showker
- USDA - ARS; Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit; R.B. Russell Research Center; Athens GA USA
| | - Nicholas C. Zitomer
- USDA - ARS; Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit; R.B. Russell Research Center; Athens GA USA
| | - Kenneth A. Voss
- USDA - ARS; Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit; R.B. Russell Research Center; Athens GA USA
| | - Ronald T. Riley
- USDA - ARS; Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit; R.B. Russell Research Center; Athens GA USA
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20
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Turner PC. The molecular epidemiology of chronic aflatoxin driven impaired child growth. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:152879. [PMID: 24455429 PMCID: PMC3881689 DOI: 10.1155/2013/152879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate dietary staples in tropical regions; chronic high levels of exposure are common for many of the poorest populations. Observations in animals indicate that growth and/or food utilization are adversely affected by aflatoxins. This review highlights the development of validated exposure biomarkers and their use here to assess the role of aflatoxins in early life growth retardation. Aflatoxin exposure occurs in utero and continues in early infancy as weaning foods are introduced. Using aflatoxin-albumin exposure biomarkers, five major studies clearly demonstrate strong dose response relationships between exposure in utero and/or early infancy and growth retardation, identified by reduced birth weight and/or low HAZ and WAZ scores. The epidemiological studies include cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys, though aflatoxin reduction intervention studies are now required to further support these data and guide sustainable options to reduce the burden of exposure. The use of aflatoxin exposure biomarkers was essential in understanding the observational data reviewed and will likely be a critical monitor of the effectiveness of interventions to restrict aflatoxin exposure. Given that an estimated 4.5 billion individuals live in regions at risk of dietary contamination the public health concern cannot be over stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Craig Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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21
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Mitchell NJ, Xue KS, Lin S, Marroquin-Cardona A, Brown KA, Elmore SE, Tang L, Romoser A, Gelderblom WCA, Wang JS, Phillips TD. Calcium montmorillonite clay reduces AFB1 and FB1 biomarkers in rats exposed to single and co-exposures of aflatoxin and fumonisin. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:795-804. [PMID: 24193864 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FBs) can co-contaminate foodstuffs and have been associated with hepatocellular and esophageal carcinomas in humans at high risk for exposure. One strategy to reduce exposure (and toxicity) from contaminated foodstuffs is the dietary inclusion of a montmorillonite clay (UPSN) that binds AFs and FBs in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, the binding capacity of UPSN was evaluated for AFB1, FB1 and a combination thereof in Fischer 344 rats. Rats were pre-treated with different dietary levels of UPSN (0.25% or 2%) for 1 week. Rats were gavaged with a single dose of either 0.125 mg AFB1 or 25 mg FB1 per kg body weight and a combination thereof in the presence and absence of an aqueous solution of UPSN. The kinetics of mycotoxin excretion were monitored by analyzing serum AFB1 -albumin, urinary AF (AFM1) and FB1 biomarkers over a period of 72 h. UPSN decreased AFM1 excretion by 88-97%, indicating highly effective binding. FB1 excretion was reduced, to a lesser extent, ranging from 45% to 85%. When in combination, both AFB1 and FB1 binding occurred, but capacity was decreased by almost half. In the absence of UPSN, the combined AFB1 and FB1 treatment decreased the urinary biomarkers by 67% and 45% respectively, but increased levels of AFB1 -albumin, presumably by modulating its cytochrome metabolism. UPSN significantly reduced bioavailability of both AFB1 and FB1 when in combination; suggesting that it can be utilized to reduce levels below their respective thresholds for affecting adverse biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Mitchell
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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22
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Shirima CP, Kimanya ME, Kinabo JL, Routledge MN, Srey C, Wild CP, Gong YY. Dietary exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin among Tanzanian children as determined using biomarkers of exposure. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1874-81. [PMID: 23776058 PMCID: PMC4044922 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The study aims to evaluate the status of dietary exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin in young Tanzanian children, using previously validated biomarkers of exposure. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 148 children aged 12-22 months, were recruited from three geographically distant villages in Tanzania; Nyabula, Kigwa, and Kikelelwa. Plasma aflatoxin-albumin adducts (AF-alb) and urinary fumonisin B1 (UFB1) were measured by ELISA and LC-MS, respectively. AF-alb was detectable in 84% of children, was highest in fully weaned children (p < 0.01) with higher levels being associated with higher maize intake (p < 0.05). AF-alb geometric mean (95% CI) was 43.2 (28.7-65.0), 19.9 (13.5-29.2), and 3.6 (2.8-4.7) pg/mg albumin in children from Kigwa, Nyabula, and Kikelelwa, respectively. UFB1 was detectable in 96% of children and the level was highest in children who had been fully weaned (p < 0.01). The geometric UFB1 mean (95% CI) was 327.2 (217.1-493.0), 211.7 (161.1-278.1), and 82.8 (58.3-117.7) pg/mL in Kigwa, Nyabula, and Kikelelwa, respectively. About 82% of all the children were exposed to both mycotoxins. CONCLUSION Young children in Tanzania are chronically exposed to both aflatoxin and fumonisin through contaminated diet, although the level of exposure varies markedly between the three villages studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida P. Shirima
- Division of Epidemiology, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, UK
- Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Martin E. Kimanya
- Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- The Nelson Mandela Institute of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Joyce L. Kinabo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Michael N. Routledge
- Division of Epidemiology, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Chou Srey
- Division of Epidemiology, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | - Yun Yun Gong
- Division of Epidemiology, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, UK
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
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Shephard GS, Burger HM, Gambacorta L, Gong YY, Krska R, Rheeder JP, Solfrizzo M, Srey C, Sulyok M, Visconti A, Warth B, van der Westhuizen L. Multiple mycotoxin exposure determined by urinary biomarkers in rural subsistence farmers in the former Transkei, South Africa. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:217-25. [PMID: 23985452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Subsistence farmers are exposed to a range of mycotoxins. This study applied novel urinary multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS methods to determine multiple exposure biomarkers in the high oesophageal cancer region, Transkei, South Africa. Fifty-three female participants donated part of their maize-based evening meal and first void morning urine, which was analysed both with sample clean-up (single and multi-biomarker) and by a 'dilute-and-shoot' multi-biomarker method. Results were corrected for recovery with LOD for not detected. A single biomarker method detected fumonisin B1 (FB1) (87% incidence; mean±standard deviation 0.342±0.466 ng/mg creatinine) and deoxynivalenol (100%; mean 20.4±49.4 ng/mg creatinine) after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. The multi-biomarker 'dilute-and-shoot' method indicated deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide was predominantly present. A multi-biomarker method with β-glucuronidase and immunoaffinity clean-up determined zearalenone (100%; 0.529±1.60 ng/mg creatinine), FB1 (96%; 1.52±2.17 ng/mg creatinine), α-zearalenol (92%; 0.614±1.91 ng/mg creatinine), deoxynivalenol (87%; 11.3±27.1 ng/mg creatinine), β-zearalenol (75%; 0.702±2.95 ng/mg creatinine) and ochratoxin A (98%; 0.041±0.086 ng/mg creatinine). These demonstrate the value of multi-biomarker methods in measuring exposures in populations exposed to multiple mycotoxins. This is the first finding of urinary deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, their conjugates, ochratoxin A and zearalenols in Transkei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon S Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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van der Westhuizen L, Shephard G, Gelderblom W, Torres O, Riley R. Fumonisin biomarkers in maize eaters and implications for human disease. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maize is the predominant food source contaminated by fumonisins and this has particular health risks for communities consuming maize as a staple diet. The main biochemical effect of fumonisins is the inhibition of ceramide biosynthesis causing an increase in sphingoid bases and sphingoid base 1-phosphates and a depletion of the complex sphingolipids, thereby disrupting lipid metabolism and sphingolipid-mediated processes and signalling systems. Attempts to use the elevation of sphinganine as a human biomarker of fumonisin exposure have to date been unsuccessful. Consequently, recent research has focussed on developing a urinary exposure biomarker based on the measurement of the nonmetabolised toxin. In animals, fumonisins are poorly absorbed in the gut and are mostly excreted unmetabolised in faeces, with only a small percentage (0.25-2.0%) in urine. This appears to also be true in humans were fumonisin B1 (FB1) is detectable in urine soon after exposure, but in very small amounts relative to total intake. However, with modern sensitive and selective analytical methods such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, these low levels can be readily determined. The first study to show a positive correlation between consumption of maize and urinary FB1 was conducted in a Mexican population consuming tortillas as a staple food. Further validation of this relationship was achieved in a South African subsistence farming community with a positive correlation between urinary FB1 and fumonisin exposure, as assessed by food analysis and food intake data. The most recent developments are aimed at measuring multiple mycotoxin biomarkers in urine, including FB1. Current exposure studies in Guatemala are combining the urinary biomarker with measurement of sphinganine-1-phosphate in blood spots as a measure of biochemical effect. Thus, the urinary FB1 biomarker could contribute considerably in assessing the adverse health impact of fumonisin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G.S. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - W.C.A. Gelderblom
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - O. Torres
- Centro de Investigaciones en Nutrición y Salud, Laboratorio Diagnóstico Molecular, S.A., 2a. calle 25-19 zona 15 VHI, 01015 Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - R.T. Riley
- USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, R.B. Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Suarez L, Felkner M, Brender JD, Canfield M, Zhu H, Hendricks KA. Neural tube defects on the Texas-Mexico border: What we've learned in the 20 years since the Brownsville cluster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 94:882-92. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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27
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Riley RT, Torres O, Showker JL, Zitomer NC, Matute J, Voss KA, Gelineau-van Waes J, Maddox JR, Gregory SG, Ashley-Koch AE. The kinetics of urinary fumonisin B1 excretion in humans consuming maize-based diets. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1445-55. [PMID: 22815244 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Fumonisins (FB) are mycotoxins found in maize. The purpose of this study was to (i) determine the relationship between FB(1) , FB(2) , and FB(3) intake and urinary excretion in humans, (ii) validate a method to isolate urinary FB on C(18) -SPE cartridges for international shipment, and (iii) test the method using samples from Guatemala. METHODS AND RESULTS Volunteers (n = 10) consumed 206 grams/day of tortillas and biscuits prepared from masa flour and a product containing maize flour. Volunteers estimated their daily urine output and samples were analyzed for FB(1) , FB(2) , and FB(3) and hydrolyzed FB(1) . Only FB(1) was detected in urine suggesting lower absorption of FB(2) and FB(3) . Excretion was highly variable peaking soon after consumption began and decreasing rapidly after consumption stopped. Within 5 days after consumption ended, FB(1) was not detected in urine. In a study with eight volunteers, the average total urinary FB(1) was 0.5% of the intake. FB(1) was detected in 61% (107/177) of the samples collected in Guatemala. CONCLUSION The results support the use of urinary FB(1) to assess ongoing exposure in population-based studies. However, relating the FB(1) concentration in urine to dietary intake of FB by individual subjects will be complicated due to interindividual variability and the rapidity of clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald T Riley
- USDA - ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, R.B. Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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The role of biomarkers in evaluating human health concerns from fungal contaminants in food. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 25:162-79. [PMID: 22651937 DOI: 10.1017/s095442241200008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites that globally contaminate an estimated 25 % of cereal crops and thus exposure is frequent in many populations. Aflatoxins, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol are amongst those mycotoxins of particular concern from a human health perspective. A number of risks to health are suggested including cancer, growth faltering, immune suppression and neural tube defects; though only the demonstrated role for aflatoxin in the aetiology of liver cancer is widely recognised. The heterogeneous distribution of mycotoxins in food restricts the usefulness of food sampling and intake estimates; instead biomarkers provide better tools for informing epidemiological investigations. Validated exposure biomarkers for aflatoxin (urinary aflatoxin M(1), aflatoxin-N7-guaunine, serum aflatoxin-albumin) were established almost 20 years ago and were critical in confirming aflatoxins as potent liver carcinogens. Validation has included demonstration of assay robustness, intake v. biomarker level, and stability of stored samples. More recently, aflatoxin exposure biomarkers are revealing concerns of growth faltering and immune suppression; importantly, they are being used to assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies. For fumonisins and deoxynivalenol these steps of development and validation have significantly advanced in recent years. Such biomarkers should better inform epidemiological studies and thus improve our understanding of their potential risk to human health.
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Dall'Asta C, Scarlato AP, Galaverna G, Brighenti F, Pellegrini N. Dietary exposure to fumonisins and evaluation of nutrient intake in a group of adult celiac patients on a gluten-free diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:632-40. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | | | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Furio Brighenti
- Department of Public Health; University of Parma; Parma Italy
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Dall'Asta C, Scarlato AP, Galaverna G, Brighenti F, Pellegrini N. Dietary exposure to fumonisins and evaluation of nutrient intake in a group of adult celiac patients on a gluten-free diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry; University of Parma; Parma; Italy
| | | | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry; University of Parma; Parma; Italy
| | - Furio Brighenti
- Department of Public Health; University of Parma; Parma; Italy
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Scott P. Recent research on fumonisins: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:242-8. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.546000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Jonker M, Krska R, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, Van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2010-2011. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2010 and mid-2011. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Analytical methods for mycotoxins continue to be developed and published. Despite much interest in immunochemical methods and in the rapid development of LC-MS methodology, more conventional methods, sometimes linked to novel clean-up protocols, have also been the subject of research publications over the above period. Occurrence of mycotoxins falls outside the main focus of this review; however, where relevant to analytical method development, this has been mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P. Burdaspal
- National Centre for Food, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Ctra. Pozuelo a Majadahonda km 5.100, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M. Jonker
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - H. Van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625 USA
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Lee TP, Saad B, Khayoon WS, Salleh B. RAPID DETERMINATION OF SPHINGANINE AND SPHINGOSINE IN URINE BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY USING MONOLITHIC COLUMN. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.582214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tien Ping Lee
- a School of Chemical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia
| | - Bahruddin Saad
- a School of Chemical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Baharuddin Salleh
- b School of Biological Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia
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Simultaneous LC–MS/MS determination of aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, de-epoxydeoxynivalenol, α and β-zearalenols and fumonisin B1 in urine as a multi-biomarker method to assess exposure to mycotoxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2831-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Cano-Sancho G, Marin S, Sanchis V, Colom C, Coronel M, Ramos A. Sphinganine and sphingosine levels and ratio in urine and blood samples from a Catalonian population, Spain. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1055-65. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.576437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rapid mycotoxin analysis in human urine: a pilot study. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2299-304. [PMID: 21708211 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method effective for quantitative determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), aflatoxins (AFs) B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2) and fumonisins FB(1) and FB(2) in urine was developed. The urine was diluted with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and thoroughly mixed. For clean-up and extraction, the mixture was loaded on a MYCO 6in1 IAC. Hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QTrap) was used for the detection. Extra tools for confirmation of selected mycotoxins in positive samples, Information Dependent Acquisition (IDA) experiments, were also developed. The use of immunoaffinity columns followed by the LC-MS/MS analysis showed acceptable average recoveries between 83% and 116% and reached acceptable precision values (relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 14%). In a pilot study with 27 volunteers, OTA, DON and AFG(2) were detected. However, this study needs to be extended in order to understand the relation between the mycotoxins intake and mycotoxin levels in human urine.
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van der Westhuizen L, Shephard GS, Burger HM, Rheeder JP, Gelderblom WCA, Wild CP, Gong YY. Fumonisin B1 as a urinary biomarker of exposure in a maize intervention study among South African subsistence farmers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:483-9. [PMID: 21266524 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of maize highly contaminated with carcinogenic fumonisins has been linked to high oesophageal cancer rates. The aim of this study was to validate a urinary fumonisin B1 (UFB1) biomarker as a measure of fumonisin exposure and to investigate the reduction in exposure following a simple and culturally acceptable intervention. METHODS At baseline home-grown maize, maize-based porridge, and first-void urine samples were collected from female participants (n=22), following their traditional food practices in Centane, South Africa. During intervention the participants were trained to recognize and remove visibly infected kernels, and to wash the remaining kernels. Participants consumed the porridge prepared from the sorted and washed maize on each day of the two-day intervention. Porridge, maize, and urine samples were collected for FB1 analyses. RESULTS The geometric mean (95% confidence interval) for FB1 exposure based on porridge (dry weight) consumption at baseline and following intervention was 4.84 (2.87-8.14) and 1.87 (1.40-2.51) μg FB1/kg body weight/day, respectively, (62% reduction, P<0.05). UFB1C, UFB1 normalized for creatinine, was reduced from 470 (295-750) at baseline to 279 (202-386) pg/mg creatinine following intervention (41% reduction, P=0.06). The UFB1C biomarker was positively correlated with FB1 intake at the individual level (r=0.4972, P<0.01). Urinary excretion of FB1 was estimated to be 0.075% (0.054%-0.104%) of the FB1 intake. CONCLUSION UFB1 reflects individual FB1 exposure and thus represents a valuable biomarker for future fumonisin risk assessment. IMPACT The simple intervention method, hand sorting and washing, could positively impact on food safety and health in communities exposed to fumonisins.
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