1
|
Xiao H, Fang LT, Tang AZ, Chen HL, Xu ML, Wei XS, Pang GD, Li CQ. Mycobacterium vaccae alleviates allergic airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in asthmatic mice by altering intestinal microbiota. Immunology 2024; 171:595-608. [PMID: 38205925 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Host immunity can influence the composition of the gut microbiota and consequently affect disease progression. Previously, we reported that a Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine could ameliorate allergic inflammation in asthmatic mice by regulating inflammatory immune processes. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of M. vaccae on allergic asthma via gut microbiota modulation. An ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic murine model was established and treated with M. vaccae. Gut microbiota profiles were determined in 18 BALB/c mice using 16S rDNA gene sequencing and metabolomic profiling was performed using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Mycobacterium vaccae alleviated airway hyper-reactivity and inflammatory infiltration in mice with OVA-induced allergic asthma. The microbiota of asthmatic mice is disrupted and that this can be reversed with M. vaccae. Additionally, a total of 24 differential metabolites were screened, and the abundance of PI(14:1(9Z)/18:0), a glycerophospholipid, was found to be correlated with macrophage numbers (r = 0.52, p = 0.039). These metabolites may affect chemokine (such as macrophage chemoattractant protein-1) concentrations in the serum, and ultimately affect pulmonary macrophage recruitment. Our data demonstrated that M. vaccae might alleviate airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in asthmatic mice by reversing imbalances in gut microbiota. These novel mechanistic insights are expected to pave the way for novel asthma therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xiao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li-Ting Fang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - An-Zhou Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hong-Liu Chen
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Mei-Li Xu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiao-Shua Wei
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guo-Dong Pang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chao-Qian Li
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aghighi F, Salami M. What we need to know about the germ-free animal models. AIMS Microbiol 2024; 10:107-147. [PMID: 38525038 PMCID: PMC10955174 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2024007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM), as a forgotten organ, refers to the microbial community that resides in the gastrointestinal tract and plays a critical role in a variety of physiological activities in different body organs. The GM affects its targets through neurological, metabolic, immune, and endocrine pathways. The GM is a dynamic system for which exogenous and endogenous factors have negative or positive effects on its density and composition. Since the mid-twentieth century, laboratory animals are known as the major tools for preclinical research; however, each model has its own limitations. So far, two main models have been used to explore the effects of the GM under normal and abnormal conditions: the isolated germ-free and antibiotic-treated models. Both methods have strengths and weaknesses. In many fields of host-microbe interactions, research on these animal models are known as appropriate experimental subjects that enable investigators to directly assess the role of the microbiota on all features of physiology. These animal models present biological model systems to either study outcomes of the absence of microbes, or to verify the effects of colonization with specific and known microbial species. This paper reviews these current approaches and gives advantages and disadvantages of both models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I. R. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gonzales J, Gulbransen BD. The Microbiota Conducts the Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Orchestra in the Small Intestine. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:503-504. [PMID: 38109941 PMCID: PMC10884552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gonzales
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
| | - Brian D Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carson MD, Westwater C, Novince CM. Adolescence and the Microbiome: Implications for Healthy Growth and Maturation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1900-1909. [PMID: 37673331 PMCID: PMC10699129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota was initially thought to develop into a stable, adult-like profile during early postnatal life. The formation of the gut microbiota during early life has been shown to contribute to healthy growth and has lifelong implications for host health. Adolescence, the developmental period between childhood and adulthood, is a critical window for healthy growth and maturation. The composition of the gut microbiota in adolescents is distinct from that of children and adults, which supports the premise that the gut microbiota continues to develop during adolescence toward an adult-like profile. Research has begun to shift its focus from understanding the gut microbiome at the extremes of the life span to evaluating the importance of the gut microbiome during adolescence and its role in healthy development. This article provides an overview of adolescent development, host-microbiota interactions, and experimental models used to discern effects of gut microbiota on health and disease. Herein, the role of the gut microbiota is reviewed as it relates to adolescent: i) brain development, cognition, and behavior; ii) metabolism and adiposity; and iii) skeletal growth and bone mass accrual. Future directions are addressed, including omics investigations defining mechanisms through which the gut microbiota influences adolescent development. Furthermore, we discuss advancing noninvasive interventions targeting the adolescent gut microbiota that could be employed to support healthy growth and maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Carson
- Departments of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Caroline Westwater
- Departments of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chad M Novince
- Departments of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guan Z, Xuanqi Z, Zhu J, Yuan W, Jia J, Zhang C, Sun T, Leng H, Jiang C, Xu Y, Song C. Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss through the gut microbiota. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106930. [PMID: 37722518 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a common bone metabolic disease, and gut microbiota (GM) imbalance plays an important role in the development of metabolic bone disease. Here, we show that ovariectomized mice had high levels of lipopolysaccharide in serum and gut microbiota dysbiosis through increases in luminal Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio. We depleted the GM through antibiotic treatment and observed improvements in bone mass, bone microstructure, and bone strength in ovariectomized mice. Conversely, transplantation of GM adapted to ovariectomy induced bone loss. However, GM depletion reversed ovariectomy-induced gene expression in the tibia and increased periosteal bone formation. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis revealed that the G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) and systemic inflammatory factors play key roles in bone metabolism. Silencing TGR5 expression through small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the local tibia and knockout of TGR5 attenuated the effects of GM depletion in ovariectomized mice, confirming these findings. Thus, this study highlights the critical role of the GM in inducing bone loss in ovariectomized mice and suggests that targeting TGR5 within the GM may have therapeutic potential for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Guan
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Xuanqi
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junxiong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqiong Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantong Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Leng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yingsheng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Diseases, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mingaila J, Atzeni A, Burokas A. A Comparison of Methods of Gut Microbiota Transplantation for Preclinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12005. [PMID: 37569381 PMCID: PMC10418867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The experimental details reported in preclinical fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) protocols are highly inconsistent, variable, and/or incomplete. We therefore evaluated FMT from a human donor to antibiotic-induced microbial-depleted mice by exploring the effects of six techniques based on antibiotic (AB) or antibiotic + antimycotic (AB + T) gut decontamination, different administration routes, and different dosing intervals on the gut microbial population, assessed using 16S and 18S sequencing. In addition, we explored the effectiveness of FMT in terms of inflammation, physiological, and behavioral outcomes. Our results showed that intrarectal FMT at low dosing intervals better preserved the donor's gut bacterial community at genus level. Furthermore, we showed a lower abundance of several genera of fungi in animals treated with AB + T. In addition, we observed that AB + T gut decontamination followed by per os FMT, once every 3 days, affected behavioral parameters when compared to other FMT techniques. Accordingly, the same FMT groups that showed an association with some of the behavioral tests were also related to specific gut fungal genera, suggesting a possible mediation. Our findings may be useful for optimizing the practice of FMT and also in terms of donor microbiota preservation. This information may help to improve the reproducibility and reliability of FMT studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aurelijus Burokas
- Department of Biological Models, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu F, Hu L, Sheng J, Sun Y, Xia Q, Tang Y, Jiang P, Wei S, Hu J, Lin H, Xu Z, Guo W, Gu Y, Feng N. Can antibiotics for enteritis or for urinary tract infection disrupt the urinary microbiota in rats? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1169909. [PMID: 37448775 PMCID: PMC10338079 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1169909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To establish antibiotic preregimes and administration routes for studies on urinary microbiota. Methods and materials Antibiotics for enteritis (Abx-enteritis) and UTIs (Abx-UTI) were administered via gavage and/or urinary catheterisation (UC) for 1 and/or 2 weeks. The effects of these Abx on the urinary microbiota of rats were examined via 16S rRNA sequencing and urine culture, including anaerobic and aerobic culture. Additionally, the safety of the Abx was examined. Results Abx-enteritis/Abx-UTI (0.5 g/L and 1 g/L) administered via gavage did not alter the microbial community and bacterial diversity in the urine of rats (FDR > 0.05); however, Abx-UTI (1 g/L) administered via UC for 1 and 2 weeks altered the urinary microbial community (FDR < 0.05). Rats administered Abx-UTI (1 g/L) via UC for 1 week demonstrated a distinct urinary microbiota in culture. Abx-enteritis/Abx-UTI administered via gavage disrupted the microbial community and reduced bacterial diversity in the faeces of rats (FDR < 0.05), and Abx-UTI administered via UC for 2 weeks (FDR < 0.05) altered the fecal microbiota. Abx-UTI (1 g/L) administered via UC did not alter safety considerations. In addition, we noticed that UC did not induce infections and injuries to the bladder and kidney tissues. Conclusions Administration of Abx-UTI via UC for 1 week can be considered a pre-treatment option while investigating the urinary microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Liu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayi Sheng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Urology, Wuxi 9 People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Tang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shichao Wei
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jialin Hu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenyi Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifeng Gu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ninghan Feng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang X, Wang Z, Niu J, Zhai R, Xue X, Wu G, Fang Y, Meng G, Yuan H, Zhao L, Zhang C. Pathobionts from chemically disrupted gut microbiota induce insulin-dependent diabetes in mice. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:62. [PMID: 36978130 PMCID: PMC10052834 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysbiotic gut microbiome, genetically predisposed or chemically disrupted, has been linked with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) including autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) in both humans and animal models. However, specific IDD-inducing gut bacteria remain to be identified and their casual role in disease development demonstrated via experiments that can fulfill Koch's postulates. RESULTS Here, we show that novel gut pathobionts in the Muribaculaceae family, enriched by a low-dose dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment, translocated to the pancreas and caused local inflammation, beta cell destruction and IDD in C57BL/6 mice. Antibiotic removal and transplantation of gut microbiota showed that this low DSS disrupted gut microbiota was both necessary and sufficient to induce IDD. Reduced butyrate content in the gut and decreased gene expression levels of an antimicrobial peptide in the pancreas allowed for the enrichment of selective members in the Muribaculaceae family in the gut and their translocation to the pancreas. Pure isolate of one such members induced IDD in wildtype germ-free mice on normal diet either alone or in combination with normal gut microbiome after gavaged into stomach and translocated to pancreas. Potential human relevance of this finding was shown by the induction of pancreatic inflammation, beta cell destruction and IDD development in antibiotic-treated wildtype mice via transplantation of gut microbiome from patients with IDD including autoimmune T1D. CONCLUSION The pathobionts that are chemically enriched in dysbiotic gut microbiota are sufficient to induce insulin-dependent diabetes after translocation to the pancreas. This indicates that IDD can be mainly a microbiome-dependent disease, inspiring the need to search for novel pathobionts for IDD development in humans. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junling Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinhe Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guojun Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Endocrinology of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Huijuan Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Chenhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Caminero A, Verdu EF, Galipeau HJ. Elucidating the role of microbes in celiac disease through gnotobiotic modeling. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 179:77-101. [PMID: 37625882 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a common immune-mediated disease triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. CeD is unique in that the trigger (gluten), necessary genes (HLA-DQ2 and DQ8), and the autoantigen (tissue transglutaminase) have been identified, allowing additional environmental co-factors, like the intestinal microbiota, to be studied through relevant in vivo models. Murine models for CeD have come a long way in the past decade and there are now in vitro and in vivo tools available that mimic certain aspects of clinical disease. These models, many of which express the CeD risk genes, have recently been used to study the mechanisms through which the microbiota play a role in CeD pathogenesis through a gnotobiotic approach. Historically, the generation of gnotobiology technology in mid-20th century allowed for the study of immunity and physiology under a complete absence of microbes (axenic) or known colonized status (gnotobiotic). This enabled understanding of mechanisms by which certain bacteria contribute to health and disease. With this perspective, here, we will discuss the various murine models currently being used to study CeD. We will then describe how utilizing axenic and gnotobiotic CeD models has increased our understanding of how microbes influence relevant steps of CeD pathogenesis, and explain key methodology involved in axenic and gnotobiotic modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Caminero
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elena F Verdu
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Heather J Galipeau
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aburahma A, Stewart EL, Rana S, Larsen R, Ward CS, Sprague JE. Influence of fecal microbial transplant (FMT) between male and female rats on methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2023; 40:2159072. [PMID: 36581324 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2022.2159072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of bidirectional fecal microbial transplant (FMT) between male and female rats on methamphetamine (MA)-induced hyperthermia. METHODS FMT was performed between male and female rats prior to MA (10 mg/kg, sc) treatment. Core body temperature, plasma drug and norepinephrine (NE) levels were measured and compared between treatment groups. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of bacterial communities between male and female rats was performed. RESULTS MA treatment resulted in significantly higher core body temperatures in male groups (control and FMT-treated) compared to MA-treated female groups (control and FMT-treated). Plasma concentrations of MA and amphetamine were higher in females than males. Whereas, plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels were not different between male and female rats 90 minutes after MA treatment. At the phyla level, the microbiome of male and female control rats were dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Males had a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and lower relative abundances of Bacteroidetes than females. The FMT procedure changed the recipient group towards their donor with males getting closer to their donors than females. In the control groups following MA treatment, Firmicutes increased and Bacteroides decreased in females and males. Conversely, in the FMT treatment groups following MA treatment, Firmicutes decreased while Bacteroidetes increased in females and males. CONCLUSIONS Although definite differences in the structure and diversity of the gut microbiome were observed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of bacterial communities between male and female rats, these differences do not seem to contribute to the sex-based differences in MA-induced hyperthermia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Aburahma
- The Ohio Attorney General's Center for the Future of Forensic Science, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Emma L Stewart
- The Ohio Attorney General's Center for the Future of Forensic Science, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Srishti Rana
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Ray Larsen
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Christopher S Ward
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Jon E Sprague
- The Ohio Attorney General's Center for the Future of Forensic Science, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guseinova RM, Shestakova EA. Possibilities of Autologous Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus. OBESITY AND METABOLISM 2022. [DOI: 10.14341/omet12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are major problems for public health all over the world. According to retrospective research, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries since 1980, as well as the prevalence of obesity complications (atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and their complications. There are many drug therapies for T2DM, but it is difficult to achieve a stable, clinically relevant effect on a long-term basis. The fact that a patient has both conditions makes it difficult to optimize carbohydrate metabolism and to achieve normal body weight. Many antidiabetic drugs cause weight again, which, in turn, contributes to the growth of insulin resistance (IR) and requires further intensification of therapy.In the last few years, there is a growing evidence of the relationship between the gut microbiota (GM), obesity and T2DM. There has been a steady growth of interest in such medical technology as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in the world. Since there is data on the association of the gut microbiota (GM) with the development of IR and T2DM, the possibility of FMT can potentially be one of the new methods of treatment. This review presents the current state of the problem and discusses the possibility of modifying GM as a therapeutic strategy in obesity and T2DM with an accent on autologous fecal microbiota transplantation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gan B, Sun N, Lai J, Wan Z, Li L, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Zeng D, Pan K, Fang J, Shu G, Wang H, Xin J, Ni X. Dynamic Monitoring of Changes in Fecal Flora of Giant Pandas in Mice: Co-Occurrence Network Reconstruction. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 11:e0199122. [PMID: 36472469 PMCID: PMC10100740 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01991-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant pandas are uniquely vulnerable mammals in western China. It is important to develop an animal model to explore the intestinal flora of giant pandas to understand the relationship between digestive diseases and flora. Existing animal models of intestinal flora focus on human flora-associated animals, such as mice, and there is a very limited amount of knowledge regarding giant panda flora-associated animals. To fill this gap, fecal microorganisms from giant pandas were transplanted into pseudosterile and germfree mice using single and multiple gavages. Fecal samples were collected from mice at four time points after transplantation for microbial community analysis. We determined that compared to pseudosterile mice, the characteristics of intestinal flora in pandas were better reproduced in germfree mice. There was no significant difference in microbial diversity between germfree mice and giant panda gut microbes from day 3 to day 21. Germfree mice at the phylum level possessed large amounts of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, and at the genus level, Escherichia-Shigella, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, and Streptococcus dominated the intestinal flora structure. The microbial community co-occurrence network based on indicator species indicated that germfree mice transplanted with fecal bacteria tended to form a microbial community co-occurrence network similar to that of giant pandas, while pseudosterile mice tended to restore the microbial community co-occurrence network originally present in these mice. Our data are helpful for the study of giant panda flora-associated animals and provide new insights for the in vitro study of giant panda intestinal flora. IMPORTANCE The giant panda is a unique vulnerable mammal in western China, and its main cause of death is digestive system diseases regardless of whether these animals are in the wild or in captivity. The relationship between the intestinal flora and the host exerts a significant impact on the nutrition and health of the giant pandas. However, the protected status of the giant panda has made in vivo, repeatable, and large-sample sampling studies of their intestinal flora difficult. This greatly hinders the research depth of the giant panda intestinal flora from the source. The development and utilization of specific animal models to simulate the structure and characteristics of the intestinal flora provide another means to deal with these research limitations. However, current research examining giant panda flora-associated animals is limited. This study is the first to reveal dynamic changes in the fecal flora of giant pandas in mice after transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoxing Gan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Lai
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianxin Li
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hesong Wang
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinge Xin
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Daoust L, Choi BSY, Agrinier AL, Varin TV, Ouellette A, Mitchell PL, Samson N, Pilon G, Levy E, Desjardins Y, Laplante M, Anhê FF, Houde VP, Marette A. Gnotobiotic mice housing conditions critically influence the phenotype associated with transfer of faecal microbiota in a context of obesity. Gut 2022; 72:896-905. [PMID: 36881441 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in germ-free (GF) mice is a common approach to study the causal role of the gut microbiota in metabolic diseases. Lack of consideration of housing conditions post-FMT may contribute to study heterogeneity. We compared the impact of two housing strategies on the metabolic outcomes of GF mice colonised by gut microbiota from mice treated with a known gut modulator (cranberry proanthocyanidins (PAC)) or vehicle. DESIGN High-fat high-sucrose diet-fed GF mice underwent FMT-PAC colonisation in sterile individual positive flow ventilated cages under rigorous housing conditions and then maintained for 8 weeks either in the gnotobiotic-axenic sector or in the specific pathogen free (SPF) sector of the same animal facility. RESULTS Unexpectedly, 8 weeks after colonisation, we observed opposing liver phenotypes dependent on the housing environment of mice. Mice housed in the GF sector receiving the PAC gut microbiota showed a significant decrease in liver weight and hepatic triglyceride accumulation compared with control group. Conversely, exacerbated liver steatosis was observed in the FMT-PAC mice housed in the SPF sector. These phenotypic differences were associated with housing-specific profiles of colonising bacterial in the gut and of faecal metabolites. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the housing environment in which gnotobiotic mice are maintained post-FMT strongly influences gut microbiota composition and function and can lead to distinctive phenotypes in recipient mice. Better standardisation of FMT experiments is needed to ensure reproducible and translatable results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Daoust
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Québec, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| | - Béatrice S-Y Choi
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Québec, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Agrinier
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Québec, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| | - Thibault V Varin
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| | - Adia Ouellette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Québec, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| | - Patricia L Mitchell
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Québec, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Genevieve Pilon
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Québec, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Québec, Canada.,CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Fernando F Anhê
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute and Centre for Metabolsim, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa P Houde
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Québec, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| | - Andre Marette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Québec, Canada .,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xian W, Yang S, Deng Y, Yang Y, Tan Z, Li W, Yang R. Potential of Establishing the Corresponding Human Microbial Community in Pseudo Germ-Free Mice through Fecal Microbe Transfer from Three Urolithin Metabotypes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9388-9398. [PMID: 35877603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three urolithin metabotypes (UMs) have been defined in the population according to final urolithins converted by gut microbiota. Currently, it is difficult to establish the cause-and-effect relationship between urolithins and microbiota in human studies. Studies on the health effects of ellagic acid (EA) in animal models rarely consider the differences in the urolithin production. Therefore, the objective of this study is to establish human microbiota-associated (HMA) mice, imitating the microbiota composition of the three UMs. Antibiotic-induced pseudo germ-free mice were gavaged with fecal bacteria of the three UM donors for four weeks. The results showed that the ability to produce corresponding urolithins was successfully transferred from the donor of the three UMs to HMA mice. The three UM HMA mice adopted a humanized microbiota profile similar to their corresponding donor. The family Eggerthellaceae and genera Eggerthella and Gordonibacter were successfully transferred and colonized from UM-A/B donors to HMA mice. Overall, the three UM HMA mouse models were successfully established, which provide a basis for exploring the health effects of EA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuzhe Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaolun Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wu Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Ruili Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Implications of microbe-mediated crosstalk in the gut: Impact on metabolic diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159180. [PMID: 35568374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases continue to afflict most of the U.S. population. Advancements in gut microbiota research have led to the discovery of various functional roles of microorganisms that influence the development of obesity and co-morbidities including type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Many mechanisms behind these host-microbe interactions stem from processes involving the intestinal epithelium including lipid metabolism. Thus, the purpose of this review is to discuss gut microbe-mediated changes in intestinal physiology and lipid metabolism that contribute to obesity, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Within each disease state, the causal role of bacteria in both driving disease development and protecting against metabolic disease will be discussed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Secombe KR, Al-Qadami GH, Subramaniam CB, Bowen JM, Scott J, Van Sebille YZ, Snelson M, Cowan C, Clarke G, Gheorghe CE, Cryan JF, Wardill HR. Guidelines for reporting on animal fecal transplantation (GRAFT) studies: recommendations from a systematic review of murine transplantation protocols. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1979878. [PMID: 34586011 PMCID: PMC8489962 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1979878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is a powerful tool used to connect changes in gut microbial composition with a variety of disease states and pathologies. While FMT enables potential causal relationships to be identified, the experimental details reported in preclinical FMT protocols are highly inconsistent and/or incomplete. This limitation reflects a current lack of authoritative guidance on reporting standards that would facilitate replication efforts and ultimately reproducible science. We therefore systematically reviewed all FMT protocols used in mouse models with the goal of formulating recommendations on the reporting of preclinical FMT protocols. Search strategies were applied across three databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Ovid Medline) until June 30, 2020. Data related to donor attributes, stool collection, processing/storage, recipient preparation, administration, and quality control were extracted. A total of 1753 papers were identified, with 241 identified for data extraction and analysis. Of the papers included, 92.5% reported a positive outcome with FMT intervention. However, the vast majority of studies failed to address core methodological aspects including the use of anaerobic conditions (91.7% of papers lacked information), storage (49.4%), homogenization (33.6%), concentration (31.5%), volume (19.9%) and administration route (5.3%). To address these reporting limitations, we developed theGuidelines for Reporting Animal Fecal Transplant (GRAFT) that guide reporting standards for preclinical FMT. The GRAFT recommendations will enable robust reporting of preclinical FMT design, and facilitate high-quality peer review, improving the rigor and translation of knowledge gained through preclinical FMT studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate R. Secombe
- School of Biomedicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,CONTACT Kate R. Secombe The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Ghanyah H. Al-Qadami
- School of Biomedicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Courtney B. Subramaniam
- School of Biomedicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Bowen
- School of Biomedicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jacqui Scott
- School of Biomedicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Precision Medicine Theme (Cancer), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Matthew Snelson
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Caitlin Cowan
- School of Psychology and Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cassandra E. Gheorghe
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Hannah R. Wardill
- School of Biomedicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Precision Medicine Theme (Cancer), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Glenny EM, Fouladi F, Thomas SA, Bulik-Sullivan EC, Tang Q, Djukic Z, Trillo-Ordonez YS, Fodor AA, Tarantino LM, M. Bulik C, Carroll IM. Gut microbial communities from patients with anorexia nervosa do not influence body weight in recipient germ-free mice. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-15. [PMID: 33769200 PMCID: PMC8007138 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1897216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorder that presents with profound weight dysregulation, metabolic disturbances, and an abnormal composition of gut microbial communities. As the intestinal microbiota can influence host metabolism, the impact of enteric microbial communities from patients with AN on host weight and adiposity was investigated. Germ-free (GF) mice were colonized with fecal microbiotas from either patients with AN (n = 4) prior to inpatient treatment (AN T1, n = 50 recipient mice), the same 4 patients following clinical renourishment (AN T2, n = 53 recipient mice), or age- and sex-matched non-AN controls (n = 4 human donors; non-AN, n = 50 recipient mice). Biological and fecal microbiota data were analyzed with linear mixed-effects models. Body weight did not differ significantly between AN recipient mice (T1 and T2) and non-AN recipient mice following 4 weeks of colonization. Enteric microbiotas from recipient mice colonized with AN T1 and AN T2 fecal microbiotas were more similar to each other compared with enteric microbiotas from non-AN recipient mice. Specific bacterial families in the Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes phyla were significantly associated with body weight, fat mass, and cecum weight irrespective of the donor group. These data suggest that body weight, fat mass, and cecum weight of colonized GF mice are associated with human fecal microbes and independent of donor AN status, although additional analyses with larger cohorts are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M. Glenny
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,CONTACT Ian M. Carroll Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Farnaz Fouladi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Thomas
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily C. Bulik-Sullivan
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Quyen Tang
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Graduate School of Professional Psychology, Morrison Family College of Health, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zorka Djukic
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yesel S. Trillo-Ordonez
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anthony A. Fodor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Lisa M. Tarantino
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Minaya DM, Weinstein NL, Czaja K. Development of a 3D-Printed High Temperature Resin Cecal Fistula Implant for Long-Term and Minimally Invasive Access to the Gut Microbiome. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124515. [PMID: 34960067 PMCID: PMC8704934 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with chronic diseases ranging from gastrointestinal inflammatory and metabolic conditions to neurological changes affecting the gut-brain neural axis, mental health, and general well-being. However, current animal studies using oral gavage and gnotobiotic animals do not allow for non-invasive long-term access to gut microbiome. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of 3D-printed fistula implants through the body wall and into the cecum of rats to obtain long-term access to gut microbiome. Cecal fistulas were designed and 3D-printed using a high temperature resin (Formlabs; acrylic and methacrylic mixture). Nine male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent the fistula implantation. Food intake, body weight, and body fat were measured to determine the impact of fistula manipulation. Gut microbiome, vagal afferents in the hindbrain, and microglia activation were analyzed to determine if fistula implantation disrupted the gut-brain neural axis. We found that the procedure induced a transient decrease in microbial diversity in the gut that resolved within a few weeks. Fistula implantation had no impact on food intake, body weight, fat mass, or microglia activation. Our study shows that 3D-printed cecal fistula implantation is an effective procedure that allows long-term and minimally invasive access to gut microbiome.
Collapse
|
19
|
Pitfalls and novel experimental approaches to optimize microbial interventions for chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2021; 14:127-134. [PMID: 32324645 PMCID: PMC7259380 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing number of studies implicating gut dysbiosis in mucositis development. However, few studies have shed light on the causal relationship limiting translational potential. Here, we detail the key supportive evidence for microbial involvement, candidate mechanisms by which the microbiome may contribute to mucositis and emerging approaches to model host–microbe interactions with clinical relevance and translational potential.
Collapse
|
20
|
Designer fibre meals sway human gut microbes. Nature 2021; 595:32-34. [PMID: 34163080 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-021-01601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
21
|
Goulding DR, Myers PH, Dickerson AB, Comins MM, Wiltshire RA, Blankenship-Paris TL. Comparative Efficacy of Two Types of Antibiotic Mixtures in Gut Flora Depletion in Female C57BL/6 Mice. Comp Med 2021; 71:203-209. [PMID: 34088363 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, interest in the role of the microbiome in health and disease has increased. The use of germ-free animals and depletion of the microbial flora using antimicrobials are 2 methods commonly used to study the microbiome in laboratory mice. Germ-free mice are born, raised, and studied in isolators in the absence of any known microbes; however, the equipment, supplies, and training required for the use of these mice can be costly and time-consuming. The use of antibiotics to decrease the microbial flora does not require special equipment, can be used for any mouse strain, and is relatively inexpensive; however, mice treated in this manner still retain microbes and they do not live in a germ-free environment. One commonly used antibiotic cocktail regimen uses ampicillin, neomycin, metronidazole, and vancomycin in the drinking water for 2 to 4 wk. We found that the palatability of this mixture is low, resulting in weight loss and leading to removal of mice from the study. The addition of sucralose to the medicated water and making wet food (mash) with the medicated water improved intake; however, the low palatability still resulted in a high number of mice requiring removal. The current study evaluated a new combination of antibiotics designed to reduce the gut microbiota while maintaining body weights. C57BL/6NCrl mice were placed on one of the following drinking water regimens: ampicillin/neomycin/metronidazole/vancomycin water (n = 16), enrofloxacin/ampicillin water ( n = 12), or standard reverse osmosis deionized water (RODI) ( n = 11). During an 8 day regimen, mice were weighed and water consumption was measured. Feces were collected before and after 8 d of treatment. Quantitative real-time PCR (real-time qPCR) for 16S bacterial ribosome was performed on each sample, and values were compared among groups. The combination of enrofloxacin and ampicillin improved water intake, together with a greater reduction in gut flora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Goulding
- Veterinary Medicine Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Page H Myers
- Veterinary Medicine Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Angela B Dickerson
- Veterinary Medicine Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Molly M Comins
- Veterinary Medicine Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca A Wiltshire
- Veterinary Medicine Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Terry L Blankenship-Paris
- Veterinary Medicine Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chiu CW, Tsai PJ, Lee CC, Ko WC, Hung YP. Application of Microbiome Management in Therapy for Clostridioides difficile Infections: From Fecal Microbiota Transplantation to Probiotics to Microbiota-Preserving Antimicrobial Agents. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060649. [PMID: 34073695 PMCID: PMC8225043 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral vancomycin and metronidazole, though they are the therapeutic choice for Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs), also markedly disturb microbiota, leading to a prolonged loss of colonization resistance to C. difficile after therapy; as a result, their use is associated with a high treatment failure rate and high recurrent rate. An alternative for CDIs therapy contains the delivery of beneficial (probiotic) microorganisms into the intestinal tract to restore the microbial balance. Recently, mixture regimens containing Lactobacillus species, Saccharomyces boulardii, or Clostridium butyricum have been extensively studied for the prophylaxis of CDIs. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), the transfer of (processed) fecal material from healthy donors to patients for treating CDIs, combined with vancomycin was recommended as the primary therapy for multiple recurrent CDIs (rCDIs). Either probiotics or FMT have been utilized extensively in preventing or treating CDIs, aiming at less disturbance in the microbiota to prevent rCDIs after therapy cessation. Otherwise, many newly developed therapeutic agents have been developed and aim to preserve microbiota during CDI treatment to prevent disease recurrence and might be useful in clinical patients with rCDIs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Chi Lee
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-C.K.); (Y.-P.H.)
| | - Yuan-Pin Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-C.K.); (Y.-P.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lindenberg FC, Lützhøft DO, Krych L, Fielden J, Kot W, Frøkiær H, van Galen G, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK. An Oligosaccharide Rich Diet Increases Akkermansia spp. Bacteria in the Equine Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:666039. [PMID: 34093482 PMCID: PMC8176217 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.666039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some oligosaccharides induce growth of anti-inflammatory bacterial species and induce regulatory immunity in humans as well as animals. We have shown that the equine gut microbiota and the immune-microbial homeostasis largely stabilize within the first 50 days of life. Furthermore, we have previously established that certain bacterial species in the equine gut correlated with regulatory immunity. Accordingly, we hypothesized that an oligosaccharide rich diet fed to foals during the first 50 days would increase the abundance of bacterial species associated with regulatory immunity, and that this would influence immune responses in the foals. Eight pregnant mares and their foals were fed an oligosaccharide rich diet from 4 weeks before expected parturition until 49 days post-partum. Six mares and foals served as control. Fecal microbiota from mares and foals was characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplicon high throughput sequencing. On Day 49 the test foals had significantly higher abundances of Akkermansia spp. Blood sampled from the foals in the test group on Day 7, 28, and 49 showed non-significant increases in IgA, and decreases in IgG on Day 49. In BALB/cBomTac mice inoculated with gut microbiota from test and control foals we found increased species richness, increased relative abundance of several species identified as potentially anti-inflammatory in horses, which were unclassified Clostridiales, Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcus, Oscilospira, and Coprococcus. We also found increased il10 expression in the ileum if inoculated with test foal microbiota. We conclude that an oligosaccharide diet fed to foals in the "window of opportunity," the first 50 days of life, increases the abundance of anti-inflammatory species in the microbiota with potentially anti-inflammatory effects on regulatory immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke Christine Lindenberg
- Brogaarden ApS, Lynge, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Olsen Lützhøft
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lukasz Krych
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Witold Kot
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frøkiær
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gaby van Galen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Sandris Nielsen
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Buss MT, Ramesh P, English MA, Lee-Gosselin A, Shapiro MG. Spatial Control of Probiotic Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract Assisted by Magnetic Particles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007473. [PMID: 33709508 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engineered probiotics have the potential to diagnose and treat a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. However, these exogenous bacterial agents have limited ability to effectively colonize specific regions of the GI tract due to a lack of external control over their localization and persistence. Magnetic fields are well suited to providing such control, since they freely penetrate biological tissues. However, they are difficult to apply with sufficient strength to directly manipulate magnetically labeled cells in deep tissue such as the GI tract. Here, it is demonstrated that a composite biomagnetic material consisting of microscale magnetic particles and probiotic bacteria, when orally administered and combined with an externally applied magnetic field, enables the trapping and retention of probiotic bacteria within the GI tract of mice. This technology improves the ability of these probiotic agents to accumulate at specific locations and stably colonize without antibiotic treatment. By enhancing the ability of GI-targeted probiotics to be at the right place at the right time, cellular localization assisted by magnetic particles (CLAMP) adds external physical control to an important emerging class of microbial theranostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie T Buss
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Pradeep Ramesh
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Max Atticus English
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Audrey Lee-Gosselin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang T, Chakraborty S, Mandal J, Mei X, Joe B. Microbiota and Metabolites as Factors Influencing Blood Pressure Regulation. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1731-1757. [PMID: 33792901 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of microbes has rapidly expanded in recent years due to a surge in our understanding that humans host a plethora of commensal microbes, which reside in their bodies and depending upon their composition, contribute to either normal physiology or pathophysiology. This article provides a general foundation for learning about host-commensal microbial interactions as an emerging area of research. The article is divided into two sections. The first section is dedicated to introducing commensal microbiota and its known effects on the host. The second section is on metabolites, which are biochemicals that the host and the microbes use for bi-directional communication with each other. Together, the sections review what is known about how microbes interact with the host to impact cardiovascular physiology, especially blood pressure regulation. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1731-1757, 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Saroj Chakraborty
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Juthika Mandal
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Xue Mei
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lee CB, Chae SU, Jo SJ, Jerng UM, Bae SK. The Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Metformin as a Key for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073566. [PMID: 33808194 PMCID: PMC8037857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its mechanism of modulating glucose metabolism is elusive. Recent advances have identified the gut as a potential target of metformin. As patients with metabolic disorders exhibit dysbiosis, the gut microbiome has garnered interest as a potential target for metabolic disease. Henceforth, studies have focused on unraveling the relationship of metabolic disorders with the human gut microbiome. According to various metagenome studies, gut dysbiosis is evident in T2DM patients. Besides this, alterations in the gut microbiome were also observed in the metformin-treated T2DM patients compared to the non-treated T2DM patients. Thus, several studies on rodents have suggested potential mechanisms interacting with the gut microbiome, including regulation of glucose metabolism, an increase in short-chain fatty acids, strengthening intestinal permeability against lipopolysaccharides, modulating the immune response, and interaction with bile acids. Furthermore, human studies have demonstrated evidence substantiating the hypotheses based on rodent studies. This review discusses the current knowledge of how metformin modulates T2DM with respect to the gut microbiome and discusses the prospect of harnessing this mechanism in treating T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Bin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (C.B.L.); (S.U.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Soon Uk Chae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (C.B.L.); (S.U.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Seong Jun Jo
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (C.B.L.); (S.U.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Ui Min Jerng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea;
| | - Soo Kyung Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (C.B.L.); (S.U.C.); (S.J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2164-4054
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang H, Ren S, Lv H, Cao L. Gut microbiota from mice with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury affects the brain in healthy mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:10058-10074. [PMID: 33795522 PMCID: PMC8064205 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microorganisms can profoundly influence brain function in the host and their behavior. Since altered brain functional connectivity (FC) has been implicated in various cerebrovascular disorders, including cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, we hypothesized that gut microbiota in mice with cerebral I/R injury would affect brain FC when transplanted into germ-free mice. Metagenomic analysis of germ-free male C57BL/6J mice colonized with microbiota from mice with and without cerebral I/R injury showed a clear distinction in microbiota composition between mice colonized with control and I/R microbiota. The I/R microbiota-colonized mice showed decreased FC in the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, and exhibited increased anxiety as well as diminished spatial learning and memory and short-term object recognition memory. I/R microbiota-colonized mice also had significantly reduced dendritic spine density and synaptic protein levels and exhibited increased hippocampal inflammation. These results indicate that gut microbiota components from mice with cerebral I/R injury can alter animal behavior, brain functional connectivity, hippocampal neuronal plasticity, and neuroinflammation. Moreover, they increase our understanding of the mechanisms through which the gut microbiome contributes to the pathobiology of cerebrovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Shangjun Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Hailing Lv
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ericsson AC, Franklin CL. The gut microbiome of laboratory mice: considerations and best practices for translational research. Mamm Genome 2021; 32:239-250. [PMID: 33689000 PMCID: PMC8295156 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Just as the gut microbiota (GM) is now recognized as an integral mediator of environmental influences on human physiology, susceptibility to disease, and response to pharmacological intervention, so too does the GM of laboratory mice affect the phenotype of research using mouse models. Multiple experimental factors have been shown to affect the composition of the GM in research mice, as well as the model phenotype, suggesting that the GM represents a major component in experimental reproducibility. Moreover, several recent studies suggest that manipulation of the GM of laboratory mice can substantially improve the predictive power or translatability of data generated in mouse models to the human conditions under investigation. This review provides readers with information related to these various factors and practices, and recommendations regarding methods by which issues with poor reproducibility or translatability can be transformed into discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Ericsson
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center (MUMC), MU Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center (MU MMRRC), Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Craig L Franklin
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center (MUMC), MU Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center (MU MMRRC), Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee KE, Kim JK, Kim DH. Orally Administered Antibiotics Vancomycin and Ampicillin Cause Cognitive Impairment With Gut Dysbiosis in Mice With Transient Global Forebrain Ischemia. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:564271. [PMID: 33324357 PMCID: PMC7726352 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.564271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is closely associated with the occurrence of neuropsychiatric disorders. Antibiotics are frequently used to prevent pathogen infection in patients with brain ischemia. To understand the impact of prophylactic antibiotic treatment for patients with brain ischemia, we examined the effects of orally administered vancomycin and ampicillin on cognitive function and gut microbiota composition in mice with transient global forebrain ischemia (tIsc). tIsc operation and orally gavaged vancomycin mildly and moderately caused cognitive impairment, respectively. However, the exposure of mice with tIsc to vancomycin or ampicillin severely impaired cognitive function in the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and Banes maze tasks. Furthermore, their treatments induced NF-κB activation as well as active microglia (NF-κB+/Iba1+ and LPS+/Iba1+ cells) and apoptotic (caspase 3+/NeuN+) cell population in the hippocampus, whereas the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)+/NeuN+ cell populations decreased. These treatments also caused colitis and gut dysbiosis. They increased the population of Proteobacteria including Enterobacter xiangfangenesis. Orally delivered fecal transplantation of vancomycin-treated mice with or without tIsc and oral gavage of Enterobacter xiangfangenesis also significantly deteriorated the cognitive impairment and colitis in transplanted mice with tIsc. These findings suggest that oral administration of antibiotics can deteriorate cognitive impairment with gut dysbiosis in patients with brain ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Eon Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeon-Kyung Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Barba C, Soulage CO, Caggiano G, Glorieux G, Fouque D, Koppe L. Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Composition in Mice with CKD. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120741. [PMID: 33255454 PMCID: PMC7761367 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a renal disorder characterized by the accumulation of uremic toxins with limited strategies to reduce their concentrations. A large amount of data supports the pivotal role of intestinal microbiota in CKD complications and as a major source of uremic toxins production. Here, we explored whether fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) could be attenuated in metabolic complication and uremic toxin accumulation in mice with CKD. Methods: Kidney failure was chemically induced by a diet containing 0.25% (w/w) of adenine for four weeks. Mice were randomized into three groups: control, CKD and CKD + FMT groups. After four weeks, CKD mice underwent fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy mice or phosphate buffered saline as control. The gut microbiota structure, uremic toxins plasmatic concentrations, and metabolic profiles were explored three weeks after transplantation. Results: Associated with the increase of alpha diversity, we observed a noticeable improvement of gut microbiota disturbance, after FMT treatment. FMT further decreased p-cresyl sulfate accumulation and improved glucose tolerance. There was no change in kidney function. Conclusions: These data indicate that FMT limited the accumulation of uremic toxins issued from intestinal cresol pathway by a beneficial effect on gut microbiota diversity. Further studies are needed to investigate the FMT efficiency, the timing and feces amount for the transplantation before, to become a therapeutic option in CKD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Barba
- CarMeN Lab, INSA-Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRA, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.B.); (C.O.S.); (D.F.)
- Department of Nephrology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Christophe O. Soulage
- CarMeN Lab, INSA-Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRA, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.B.); (C.O.S.); (D.F.)
| | - Gianvito Caggiano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Griet Glorieux
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Denis Fouque
- CarMeN Lab, INSA-Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRA, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.B.); (C.O.S.); (D.F.)
- Department of Nephrology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Laetitia Koppe
- CarMeN Lab, INSA-Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRA, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.B.); (C.O.S.); (D.F.)
- Department of Nephrology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tirelle P, Breton J, Riou G, Déchelotte P, Coëffier M, Ribet D. Comparison of different modes of antibiotic delivery on gut microbiota depletion efficiency and body composition in mouse. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:340. [PMID: 33176677 PMCID: PMC7657353 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of animal models with depleted intestinal microbiota has recently increased thanks to the huge interest in the potential role of these micro-organisms in human health. In particular, depletion of gut bacteria using antibiotics has recently become popular as it represents a low cost and easy alternative to germ-free animals. Various regimens of antibiotics are used in the literature, which differ in composition, dose, length of treatment and mode of administration. In order to help investigators in choosing the most appropriate protocol for their studies, we compared here three modes of antibiotic delivery to deplete gut bacteria in C57Bl/6 mice. We delivered one of the most frequently used combination of antibiotics (a mix of ampicillin, neomycin, metronidazole and vancomycin) either ad libitum in drinking water or by oral gavage once or twice per day. Results We quantified the global bacterial density, as well as the abundance of specific bacterial and fungal taxa, in mouse feces in response to antibiotics exposure. We observed that oral gavage once a day with antibiotics is not a reliable method as it occasionally triggers hyperproliferation of bacteria belonging to the Escherichia/Shigella taxon and leads, as a consequence, to a moderate decrease in fecal bacterial density. Antibiotics delivery by oral gavage twice a day or in drinking water induces in contrast a robust and consistent depletion of mouse fecal bacteria, as soon as 4 days of treatment, and is associated with an increase in fecal moisture content. Extending exposure to antibiotics beyond 7 days does not improve total bacteria depletion efficiency and promotes fungal overgrowth. We show in addition that all tested protocols impact neither gut microbiota recolonization efficiency, 1 or 2 weeks after the stop of antibiotics, nor mice body composition after 1 week of treatment. Conclusions Our study provides key experimental data and highlights important parameters to consider before selecting an appropriate protocol for antibiotic-mediated depletion of gut bacteria, in order to optimize the accuracy and the reproducibility of results and to facilitate comparison between studies. Supplementary Information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12866-020-02018-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Tirelle
- UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation et dysfonction de l'axe intestin-cerveau, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Jonathan Breton
- UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation et dysfonction de l'axe intestin-cerveau, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Gaëtan Riou
- UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, Rouen, France.,UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1234, PANTHER, Flow cytometry facility, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation et dysfonction de l'axe intestin-cerveau, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation et dysfonction de l'axe intestin-cerveau, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - David Ribet
- UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation et dysfonction de l'axe intestin-cerveau, Normandie University, Rouen, France. .,UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, Rouen, France. .,INSERM UMR1073, Université de Rouen, UFR Santé - 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183, Rouen Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yang H, Sanidad KZ, Wang W, Xie M, Gu M, Cao X, Xiao H, Zhang G. Triclocarban exposure exaggerates colitis and colon tumorigenesis: roles of gut microbiota involved. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1690364. [PMID: 31760871 PMCID: PMC7524142 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1690364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is a widely used antimicrobial ingredient in consumer products and is a ubiquitous contaminant in the environment. In 2016, the FDA removed TCC from over-the-counter handwashing products, but this compound is still approved for use in many other personal care products. A better understanding of its impact on human health could lead to significant impact for public health and regulatory policies. Here we show that exposure to low-dose TCC exaggerated the severity of colitis and exacerbated the development of colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis, via gut microbiota-dependent mechanisms. Exposure to TCC increased dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)- and interleukin 10 (IL-10) knockout-induced colitis, and exaggerated azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS-induced colon tumorigenesis in mice. Regarding the mechanisms, TCC exposure reduced the diversity and altered the composition of gut microbiota and failed to promote DSS-induced colitis in mice lacking the microbiota, supporting that the presence of the microbiota is critical for the pro-colitis effects of TCC. Together, these results support TCC could be a novel risk factor for colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer, and further regulatory policies on this compound could be needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Yang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Katherine Z. Sanidad
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Weicang Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Minhao Xie
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Gu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,Hang Xiao Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,CONTACT Guodong Zhang
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lach G, Fülling C, Bastiaanssen TFS, Fouhy F, Donovan ANO, Ventura-Silva AP, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Enduring neurobehavioral effects induced by microbiota depletion during the adolescent period. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:382. [PMID: 33159036 PMCID: PMC7648059 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is an essential regulator of many aspects of host physiology. Disruption of gut microbial communities affects gut-brain communication which ultimately can manifest as changes in brain function and behaviour. Transient changes in gut microbial composition can be induced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors, however, it is possible that enduring shifts in the microbiota composition can be achieved by perturbation at a timepoint when the gut microbiota has not fully matured or is generally unstable, such as during early life or ageing. In this study, we investigated the effects of 3-week microbiota depletion with antibiotic treatment during the adolescent period and in adulthood. Following a washout period to restore the gut microbiota, behavioural and molecular hallmarks of gut-brain communication were investigated. Our data revealed that transient microbiota depletion had long-lasting effects on microbiota composition and increased anxiety-like behaviour in mice exposed to antibiotic treatment during adolescence but not in adulthood. Similarly, gene expression in the amygdala was more severely affected in mice treated during adolescence. Taken together these data highlight the vulnerability of the gut microbiota during the critical adolescent period and the long-lasting impact manipulations of the microbiota can have on gene expression and behaviour in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilliard Lach
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Present Address: University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
| | - Christine Fülling
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Fouhy
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.6435.40000 0001 1512 9569Teagasc Food Research Centre, Food Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Aoife N. O’ Donovan
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.6435.40000 0001 1512 9569Teagasc Food Research Centre, Food Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Catherine Stanton
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.6435.40000 0001 1512 9569Teagasc Food Research Centre, Food Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Prevotella Induces the Production of Th17 Cells in the Colon of Mice. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9607328. [PMID: 33204736 PMCID: PMC7657696 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9607328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17-mediated mucosal inflammation is related to increased Prevotella bacterial abundance. The actual involvement of Prevotella in the development and accumulation of intestinal Th17 cells at a steady state, however, remains undefined. Herein, we investigated the role of Prevotella in inducing intestinal Th17 cells in mice. Mice were treated with a combination of broad-spectrum antibiotics (including ampicillin, neomycin sulfate, vancomycin hydrochloride, and metronidazole) in their drinking water for 4 weeks and then gavaged with Prevotella for 4 weeks. After inoculation, 16S rDNA sequencing was used to verify the colonization of Prevotella in the colon of mice. The IL-17A as well as IL-17A-expressing T cells was localized and quantified by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) of colon sections. Th17 cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice were counted by flow cytometry. Systemic immune response to Prevotella colonization was evaluated based on the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-10, IL-4, IFN-γ, and IL-2. Th17-polarizing cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-2) induced by Prevotella were evaluated by stimulation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Results revealed that after inoculation, Prevotella successfully colonized the intestine of mice and induced the production and accumulation of colonic Th17 cells in the colon. Moreover, Prevotella elevated some of the Th17-related cytokines in the serum of mice. And Th17-polarizing cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β) produced by BMDCs were mediated mainly through the interaction between Prevotella and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). In conclusion, our data suggest that Prevotella induces the production of Th17 cells in the colon of mice, thus highlighting the potential role of Prevotella in training the intestinal immune system.
Collapse
|
35
|
Transplantation of microbiota from drug-free patients with schizophrenia causes schizophrenia-like abnormal behaviors and dysregulated kynurenine metabolism in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2905-2918. [PMID: 31391545 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This study sought to investigate whether transplantation of fecal microbiota from drug-free patients with schizophrenia into specific pathogen-free mice could cause schizophrenia-like behavioral abnormalities. The results revealed that transplantation of fecal microbiota from schizophrenic patients into antibiotic-treated mice caused behavioral abnormalities such as psychomotor hyperactivity, impaired learning and memory in the recipient animals. These mice also showed elevation of the kynurenine-kynurenic acid pathway of tryptophan degradation in both periphery and brain, as well as increased basal extracellular dopamine in prefrontal cortex and 5-hydroxytryptamine in hippocampus, compared with their counterparts receiving feces from healthy controls. Furthermore, colonic luminal filtrates from the mice transplanted with patients' fecal microbiota increased both kynurenic acid synthesis and kynurenine aminotransferase II activity in cultured hepatocytes and forebrain cortical slices. Sixty species of donor-derived bacteria showed significant difference between the mice colonized with the patients' and the controls' fecal microbiota, highlighting 78 differentially enriched functional modules including tryptophan biosynthesis function. In conclusion, our study suggests that the abnormalities in the composition of gut microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia partially through the manipulation of tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism.
Collapse
|
36
|
Park JC, Im SH. Of men in mice: the development and application of a humanized gnotobiotic mouse model for microbiome therapeutics. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1383-1396. [PMID: 32908211 PMCID: PMC8080820 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence points to the critical role of the gut microbiota in physiology and disease. The administration of live microbes as a therapeutic modality is increasingly being considered. However, key questions such as how to identify candidate microorganisms and which preclinical models are relevant to recapitulate human microbiota remain largely unanswered. The establishment of a humanized gnotobiotic mouse model through the fecal microbiota transplantation of human feces into germ-free mice provides an innovative and powerful tool to mimic the human microbial system. However, numerous considerations are required in designing such a model, as various elements, ranging from the factors pertaining to human donors to the mouse genetic background, affect how microbes colonize the gut. Thus, it is critical to match the murine context to that of human donors to provide a continuous and faithful progression of human flora in mice. This is of even greater importance when the need for accuracy and reproducibility across global research groups are taken into account. Here, we review the key factors that affect the formulation of a humanized mouse model representative of the human gut flora and propose several approaches as to how researchers can effectively design such models for clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Chulhoon Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,ImmunoBiome Inc. POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhao Y, Jiang Q. Roles of the Polyphenol-Gut Microbiota Interaction in Alleviating Colitis and Preventing Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:546-565. [PMID: 32905583 PMCID: PMC8009754 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiota can promote or inhibit colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis. Promotion of beneficial gut bacteria is considered a promising strategy to alleviate colonic diseases including colitis and colorectal cancer. Interestingly, dietary polyphenols, which have been shown to attenuate colitis and inhibit colorectal cancer in animal models and some human studies, appear to reach relatively high concentrations in the large intestine and to interact with the gut microbial community. This review summarizes the modulatory effects of polyphenols on the gut microbiota in humans and animals under healthy and diseased conditions including colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Existing human and animal studies indicate that polyphenols and polyphenol-rich whole foods are capable of elevating butyrate producers and probiotics that alleviate colitis and inhibit CAC, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Studies in colitis and CAC models indicate that polyphenols decrease opportunistic pathogenic or proinflammatory microbes and counteract disease-induced dysbiosis. Consistently, polyphenols also change microbial functions, including increasing butyrate formation. Moreover, polyphenol metabolites produced by the gut microbiota appear to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities, protect gut barrier integrity, and mitigate inflammatory conditions in cells and animal models. Based on these results, we conclude that polyphenol-mediated alteration of microbial composition and functions, together with polyphenol metabolites produced by the gut microbiota, likely contribute to the protective effects of polyphenols on colitis and CAC. Future research is needed to validate the causal role of the polyphenol-gut microbiota interaction in polyphenols' anti-colitis and anti-CAC effects, and to further elucidate mechanisms underlying such interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Zhao
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Franklin CL, Ericsson AC. Complex Microbiota in Laboratory Rodents: Management Considerations. ILAR J 2020; 60:289-297. [PMID: 32706377 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our bodies and those of our animal research subjects are colonized by bacterial communities that occupy virtually every organ system, including many previously considered sterile. These bacteria reside as complex communities that are collectively referred to as microbiota. Prior to the turn of the century, characterization of these communities was limited by a reliance on culture of organisms on a battery of selective media. It was recognized that the vast majority of microbes, especially those occupying unique niches of the body such as the anaerobic environment of the intestinal tract, were uncultivatable. However, with the onset and advancement of next-generation sequencing technology, we are now capable of characterizing these complex communities without the need to cultivate, and this has resulted in an explosion of information and new challenges in interpreting data generated about, and in the context of, these complex communities. We have long known that these microbial communities often exist in an intricate balance that, if disrupted (ie, dysbiosis), can lead to disease or increased susceptibility to disease. Because of many functional redundancies, the makeup of these colonies can vary dramatically within healthy individuals [1]. However, there is growing evidence that subtle differences can alter the phenotype of various animal models, which may translate to the varying susceptibility to disease seen in the human population. In this manuscript, we discuss how to include complex microbiota as a consideration in experimental design and model reproducibility and how to exploit the extensive variation that exists in contemporary rodent research colonies. Our focus will be the intestinal or gut microbiota (GM), but it should be recognized that microbial communities exist in many other body compartments and these too likely influence health and disease [2, 3]. Much like host genetics, can we one day harness the vast genetic capacity of the microbes we live with in ways that will benefit human and animal health?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Franklin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,MU Metagenomics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,MU Metagenomics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Directed remodeling of the mouse gut microbiome inhibits the development of atherosclerosis. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:1288-1297. [PMID: 32541956 PMCID: PMC7641989 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a malleable microbial community that can remodel in response to a number of factors, including diet, and contribute to the development of several chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis. We devised an in vitro screening protocol of the mouse gut microbiome to discover molecules that can selectively modify bacterial growth. This approach was used to identify cyclic d,l-α-peptides that remodeled the Western diet (WD) gut microbiome toward the low fat diet microbiome state. Daily oral administration of the peptides in WD-fed LDLr−/− mice reduced plasma total cholesterol levels and atherosclerotic plaques. Depletion of the microbiome with antibiotics abrogated these effects. Peptide treatment reprogrammed the microbiome transcriptome, suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β), rebalanced levels of short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, improved gut barrier integrity, and increased intestinal T regulatory cells. Directed chemical manipulation provides an additional tool to decipher the chemical biology of the gut microbiome and may advance microbiome-targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
|
40
|
Autologous fecal transplantation from a lean state potentiates caloric restriction effects on body weight and adiposity in obese mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9388. [PMID: 32523094 PMCID: PMC7287061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous fecal transplantation (FT-A) emerges as a promising strategy to modulate gut microbiota with minimal side effects since individual´s own feces are transplanted. With the premise of improving obesity and its associated disorders, we investigated if fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), heterologous and autologous, potentiates the effects of a moderate caloric restriction (CR) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Mice were randomized into control, HFD, CR (12 weeks on HFD and 6 weeks under CR), FT-H (similar to CR and FMT carried out with feces from controls, weeks 17 & 18), and FT-A (administration of their own feces before developing obesity at weeks 17 & 18). Our study demonstrated that FMT, and, especially, FT-A potentiates the effects of a moderate CR on weight loss and adiposity in the short term, by decreasing feed efficiency and increasing adipose tissue lipolysis. Although FT-A produced a significant increase in bacterial richness/diversity, FMT did not significantly modify gut microbiota composition compared to the CR at phyla and bacteria genera levels, and only significant increases in Bifidobacterium and Blautia genera were observed. These results could suggest that other mechanisms different from bacterial microbiota engraftment participates in these beneficial effects. Thus, FT-A represents a very positive synergetic approach for obese patients that do not respond well to moderate restrictive diets.
Collapse
|
41
|
Pebenito AM, Liu M, Nazzal L, Blaser MJ. Development of a Humanized Murine Model for the Study of Oxalobacter formigenes Intestinal Colonization. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1848-1858. [PMID: 31328778 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxalobacter formigenes are bacteria that colonize the human gut and degrade oxalate, a component of most kidney stones. Findings of clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that O. formigenes colonization reduces the risk for kidney stones. We sought to develop murine models to allow investigating O. formigenes in the context of its native human microbiome. METHODS For humanization, we transplanted pooled feces from healthy, noncolonized human donors supplemented with a human O. formigenes strain into recipient mice. We transplanted microbiota into mice that were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics to suppress their native microbiome, were germ free, or received humanization without pretreatment or received sham gavage (controls). RESULTS All humanized mice were stably colonized with O. formigenes through 8 weeks after gavage, whereas mice receiving sham gavage remained uncolonized (P < .001). Humanization significantly changed the murine intestinal microbial community structure (P < .001), with humanized germ-free and antibiotic-treated groups overlapping in β-diversity. Both germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice had significantly increased numbers of human species compared with sham-gavaged mice (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Transplanting mice with human feces and O. formigenes introduced new microbial populations resembling the human microbiome, with stable O. formigenes colonization; such models can define optimal O. formigenes strains to facilitate clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Pebenito
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Menghan Liu
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Lama Nazzal
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Martin J Blaser
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York.,Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Immune-Microbiota Interplay and Colonization Resistance in Infection. Mol Cell 2020; 78:597-613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
43
|
Tengeler AC, Dam SA, Wiesmann M, Naaijen J, van Bodegom M, Belzer C, Dederen PJ, Verweij V, Franke B, Kozicz T, Arias Vasquez A, Kiliaan AJ. Gut microbiota from persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects the brain in mice. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:44. [PMID: 32238191 PMCID: PMC7114819 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of the gut microbiota on host physiology and behavior has been relatively well established. Whether changes in microbial composition affect brain structure and function is largely elusive, however. This is important as altered brain structure and function have been implicated in various neurodevelopmental disorders, like attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We hypothesized that gut microbiota of persons with and without ADHD, when transplanted into mice, would differentially modify brain function and/or structure. We investigated this by colonizing young, male, germ-free C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice with microbiota from individuals with and without ADHD. We generated and analyzed microbiome data, assessed brain structure and function by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and studied mouse behavior in a behavioral test battery. RESULTS Principal coordinate analysis showed a clear separation of fecal microbiota of mice colonized with ADHD and control microbiota. With diffusion tensor imaging, we observed a decreased structural integrity of both white and gray matter regions (i.e., internal capsule, hippocampus) in mice that were colonized with ADHD microbiota. We also found significant correlations between white matter integrity and the differentially expressed microbiota. Mice colonized with ADHD microbiota additionally showed decreased resting-state functional MRI-based connectivity between right motor and right visual cortices. These regions, as well as the hippocampus and internal capsule, have previously been reported to be altered in several neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, we also show that mice colonized with ADHD microbiota were more anxious in the open-field test. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we demonstrate that altered microbial composition could be a driver of altered brain structure and function and concomitant changes in the animals' behavior. These findings may help to understand the mechanisms through which the gut microbiota contributes to the pathobiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Video abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C Tengeler
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Centre PRIME, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein noord 21, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarita A Dam
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Wiesmann
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Centre PRIME, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein noord 21, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jilly Naaijen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda van Bodegom
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Centre PRIME, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein noord 21, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Dept. Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen UR (University & Research), 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Dederen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Centre PRIME, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein noord 21, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vivienne Verweij
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Centre PRIME, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein noord 21, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Centre PRIME, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein noord 21, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Centre PRIME, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein noord 21, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Walsh J, Olavarria-Ramirez L, Lach G, Boehme M, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Griffin BT, Hyland NP, Clarke G. Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity: implications for gastrointestinal serotonin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G816-G826. [PMID: 32146834 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00026.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract houses a reservoir of bacterial-derived enzymes that can directly catalyze the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules. Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. We aimed to investigate the influence of the microbiota, and the modulation of its composition, on fecal enzymatic activity. Intrinsic factors related to the host, including age, sex and genetic background, were also explored. Fecalase, a cell-free extract of feces, was prepared and used in a colorimetric-based assay to quantify enzymatic activity. To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. As expected, β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity were absent in germ-free mice. Enzymatic activity was significantly influenced by mouse strain and animal species. Sex and age significantly altered metabolic activity with implications for free 5-HT. β-Glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity remained at reduced levels for nearly two weeks after cessation of antibiotic administration. This effect on fecalase corresponded to significantly lower 5-HT levels as compared with incubation with pre-antibiotic fecalase from the same mice. Dietary targeting of the microbiota using prebiotics did not alter β-glucuronidase or β-glucosidase activity. Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. Our results demonstrate that altered β-glucuronidase activity has implications for the bioavailability of luminal serotonin. The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Walsh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Loreto Olavarria-Ramirez
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gilliard Lach
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall P Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kang B, Alvarado LJ, Kim T, Lehmann ML, Cho H, He J, Li P, Kim BH, Larochelle A, Kelsall BL. Commensal microbiota drive the functional diversification of colon macrophages. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:216-229. [PMID: 31772323 PMCID: PMC7039809 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes are a heterogeneous population of leukocytes essential for immune homeostasis that develop tissue-specific functions due to unique transcriptional programs driven by local microenvironmental cues. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of colonic myeloid cells from specific pathogen free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) C57BL/6 mice revealed extensive heterogeneity of both colon macrophages (MPs) and dendritic cells (DCs). Modeling of developmental pathways combined with inference of gene regulatory networks indicate two major trajectories from common CCR2+ precursors resulting in colon MP populations with unique transcription factors and downstream target genes. Compared to SPF mice, GF mice had decreased numbers of total colon MPs, as well as selective proportional decreases of two major CD11c+CD206intCD121b+ and CD11c-CD206hiCD121b- colon MP populations, whereas DC numbers and proportions were not different. Importantly, these two major colon MP populations were clearly distinct from other colon MP populations regarding their gene expression profile, localization within the lamina propria (LP) and ability to phagocytose macromolecules from the blood. These data uncover the diversity of intestinal myeloid cell populations at the molecular level and highlight the importance of microbiota on the unique developmental as well as anatomical and functional fates of colon MPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byunghyun Kang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Luigi J Alvarado
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Teayong Kim
- San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | | | - Hyeseon Cho
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jianping He
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peng Li
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bong-Hyun Kim
- National Laboratory of Cancer Research, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Andre Larochelle
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brian L Kelsall
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen EB, Shapiro KE, Wun K, Kuntz T, Theriault BR, Nooromid MJ, Leone VA, Harris KG, Jiang Q, Spedale M, Xiong L, Gilbert JA, Chang EB, Ho KJ. Microbial Colonization of Germ-Free Mice Restores Neointimal Hyperplasia Development After Arterial Injury. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e013496. [PMID: 32089055 PMCID: PMC7335569 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background The potential role of the gut microbiome in cardiovascular diseases is increasingly evident. Arterial restenosis attributable to neointimal hyperplasia after cardiovascular procedures such as balloon angioplasty, stenting, and bypass surgery is a common cause of treatment failure, yet whether gut microbiota participate in the development of neointimal hyperplasia remains largely unknown. Methods and Results We performed fecal microbial transplantation from conventionally raised male C57BL/6 mice to age‐, sex‐, and strain‐matched germ‐free mice. Five weeks after inoculation, all mice underwent unilateral carotid ligation. Neointimal hyperplasia development was quantified after 4 weeks. Conventionally raised and germ‐free cohorts served as comparison groups. Conclusions Germ‐free mice have significantly attenuated neointimal hyperplasia development compared with conventionally raised mice. The arterial remodeling response is restored by fecal transplantation. Our results describe a causative role of gut microbiota in contributing to the pathogenesis of neointimal hyperplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund B Chen
- Department of Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Katherine E Shapiro
- Department of Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Kelly Wun
- Department of Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Thomas Kuntz
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago IL
| | - Betty R Theriault
- Department of Surgery University of Chicago IL.,Animal Resources Center University of Chicago IL.,Section of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine University of Chicago IL
| | - Michael J Nooromid
- Department of Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Vanessa A Leone
- Section of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine University of Chicago IL
| | - Katharine G Harris
- Section of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine University of Chicago IL
| | - Qun Jiang
- Department of Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | | | - Liqun Xiong
- Department of Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics and Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Section of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine University of Chicago IL
| | - Karen J Ho
- Department of Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fouladi F, Brooks AE, Fodor AA, Carroll IM, Bulik-Sullivan EC, Tsilimigras MCB, Sioda M, Steffen KJ. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Sustained Weight Loss Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery. Obes Surg 2020; 29:1259-1267. [PMID: 30604078 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-03653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to investigate the role of the gut microbiota in weight regain or suboptimal weight loss following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). MATERIALS AND METHODS The gut microbiota composition in post-RYGB patients who experienced successful weight loss (SWL, n = 6), post-RYGB patients who experienced poor weight loss (PWL, n = 6), and non-surgical controls (NSC, n = 6) who were age- and BMI-matched to the SWL group (NSC, n = 6) were characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. To further investigate the impact of the gut microbiota on weight profile, human fecal samples were transplanted into antibiotic-treated mice. RESULTS Orders of Micrococcales and Lactobacillales were enriched in SWL and PWL groups compared to the NSC group. No significant difference was observed in the gut microbiota composition between PWL and SWL patients. However, transfer of the gut microbiota from human patients into antibiotic-treated mice resulted in significantly greater weight gain in PWL recipient mice compared to SWL recipient mice. A few genera that were effectively transferred from humans to mice were associated with weight gain in mice. Among them, Barnesiella was significantly higher in PWL recipient mice compared to SWL and NSC recipient mice. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the gut microbiota are at least functionally, if not compositionally, different between PWL and SWL patients. Some taxa may contribute to weight gain after surgery. Future studies will need to determine the molecular mechanisms behind the effects of the gut bacteria on weight regain after RYGB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Fouladi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9331 Robert D. Snyder Road, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
| | - Amanda E Brooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, 1401 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Anthony A Fodor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9331 Robert D. Snyder Road, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Ian M Carroll
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 130 Mason Farm Rd., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Emily C Bulik-Sullivan
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Matthew C B Tsilimigras
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9331 Robert D. Snyder Road, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Michael Sioda
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9331 Robert D. Snyder Road, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Kristine J Steffen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, 1401 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
- Center for Biobehavioral Research/Sanford Research, 120 8th St. S., Fargo, ND, 58103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Flux MC, Lowry CA. Finding intestinal fortitude: Integrating the microbiome into a holistic view of depression mechanisms, treatment, and resilience. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 135:104578. [PMID: 31454550 PMCID: PMC6995775 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression affects at least 322 million people globally, or approximately 4.4% of the world's population. While the earnestness of researchers and clinicians to understand and treat depression is not waning, the number of individuals suffering from depression continues to increase over and above the rate of global population growth. There is a sincere need for a paradigm shift. Research in the past decade is beginning to take a more holistic approach to understanding depression etiology and treatment, integrating multiple body systems into whole-body conceptualizations of this mental health affliction. Evidence supports the hypothesis that the gut microbiome, or the collective trillions of microbes inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, is an important factor determining both the risk of development of depression and persistence of depressive symptoms. This review discusses recent advances in both rodent and human research that explore bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems implicated in the etiology and pathophysiology of depression. Through interactions with circulating inflammatory markers and hormones, afferent and efferent neural systems, and other, more niche, pathways, the gut microbiome can affect behavior to facilitate the development of depression, exacerbate current symptoms, or contribute to treatment and resilience. While the challenge of depression may be the direst mental health crisis of our age, new discoveries in the gut microbiome, when integrated into a holistic perspective, hold great promise for the future of positive mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Flux
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, and Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Senior Fellow, VIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 07093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lützhøft DO, Sánchez-Alcoholado L, Tougaard P, Junker Mentzel CM, Kot W, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK. Short communication: Gut microbial colonization of the mouse colon using faecal transfer was equally effective when comparing rectal inoculation and oral inoculation based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:227-232. [PMID: 31627163 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we hypothesized that a higher degree of gut microbiota (GM) transfer and colonization could be reached by rectal inoculation compared to oral inoculation, which is commonly used in mouse studies for GM transfer. We treated C57BL/6NTac Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) mice with antibiotics and subsequently we inoculated these with GM from donor mice of the same strain by either the oral or the rectal inoculation method. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the colon microbiota showed no difference in microbial community on account of inoculation method as determined by unweighted UniFrac distance metrics in C57BL/6NTac SPF mice. In addition, qPCR analysis on colon tissue revealed no difference in mRNA expression between the inoculation methods. Next, the SPF mice were compared to germ-free (GF)-mice to identify differences in inoculation efficacy. Whether the mice were antibiotic treated SPF or GF clearly influenced GM determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing where the SPF mice experienced up-regulation of S24-7 (p = .0001) and a decrease in Rikenellaceae (p = .016) compared to GF mice. qPCR analysis on colon tissue revealed up-regulation in mRNA gene expression of Il6, Il10, Reg3g and transcription factor RORγt (Rorc) in GF mice compared to SPF mice on a significant level (p < .05). This gene expression profile is consistent with post colonization development of the intestinal barrier in GF mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Olsen Lützhøft
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Alcoholado
- Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain; Center for biomedical research in the network of physiopathology of obesity and nutrition (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Tougaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Caroline M Junker Mentzel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Aarhus, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Dennis S Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Daharsh L, Zhang J, Ramer-Tait A, Li Q. A Double Humanized BLT-mice Model Featuring a Stable Human-Like Gut Microbiome and Human Immune System. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31524867 DOI: 10.3791/59773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice (hu-mice) that feature a functional human immune system have fundamentally changed the study of human pathogens and disease. They can be used to model diseases that are otherwise difficult or impossible to study in humans or other animal models. The gut microbiome can have a profound impact on human health and disease. However, the murine gut microbiome is very different than the one found in humans. There is a need for improved pre-clinical hu-mice models that have an engrafted human gut microbiome. Therefore, we created double hu-mice that feature both a human immune system and stable human-like gut microbiome. NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice are one of the best animals for humanization due to their high level of immunodeficiency. However, germ-free NSG mice, and various other important germ-free mice models are not currently commercially available. Further, many research settings do not have access to gnotobiotic facilities, and working under gnotobiotic conditions can often be expensive and time consuming. Importantly, germ-free mice have several immune deficiencies that exist even after the engraftment of microbes. Therefore, we developed a protocol that does not require germ-free animals or gnotobiotic facilities. To generate double hu-mice, NSG mice were treated with radiation prior to surgery to create bone-marrow, liver, thymus-humanized (hu-BLT) mice. The mice were then treated with broad spectrum antibiotics to deplete the pre-existing murine gut microbiome. After antibiotic treatment, the mice were given fecal transplants with healthy human donor samples via oral gavage. Double hu-BLT mice had unique 16S rRNA gene profiles based on the individual human donor sample that was transplanted. Importantly, the transplanted human-like microbiome was stable in the double hu-BLT mice for the duration of the study up to 14.5 weeks post-transplant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lance Daharsh
- Nebraska Center for Virology; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Jianshui Zhang
- Nebraska Center for Virology; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Amanda Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln;
| |
Collapse
|