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Okabe K, Chikasue K, Murakami K, Matsuda N, Yamada S. Suppressed distribution of protein A on the surface of Staphylococcus aureus as a morphological characteristic of erythromycin-resistant strain. Med Mol Morphol 2024; 57:101-109. [PMID: 38386083 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-023-00379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
To identify a new morphological phenotype of erythromycin (EM)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were isolated in vitro from EM-sensitive parent strain, and the distribution of staphylococcus specific protein A (SpA) on the surface of these strains was examined morphologically by using applied immunoelectron microscopy. The isolated EM-resistant strains had thickened cell walls, and the distribution of SpA on the surfaces of these strains was demonstrated to be lower than that of the parent strain. The SpA suppression was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using fixed EM-resistant cells. Moreover, the spa gene of EM-resistant cells was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR assay, showing that the expression of SpA was repressed at the transcriptional level in these strains. Furthermore, ELISA assay showed that whole EM-resistant cell SpA content was significantly decreased. Therefore, it was considered that the suppression of surface SpA on the EM-resistant strain was due to regulated SpA production, and not dependent on the conformational change in SpA molecule expression through cell wall thickening. These results strongly suggest that suppressed SpA distribution on the EM-resistant S. aureus is a phenotypical characteristic in these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Okabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan.
| | - Kumiko Chikasue
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
| | - Keiji Murakami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Matsuda
- Electron Microscope Center, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sakuo Yamada
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
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Moses IB, Santos FF, Gales AC. Human Colonization and Infection by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: An Emerging and Underestimated Zoonotic Pathogen. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030581. [PMID: 36985155 PMCID: PMC10057476 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
S. pseudintermedius is a known resident of the skin and mucous membranes and a constituent of the normal microbiota of dogs. It has also been recognized as an opportunistic and zoonotic pathogen that is able to colonize humans and cause severe diseases, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Most importantly, methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), which is intrinsically multidrug-resistant, has emerged with serious public health consequences. The epidemiological situation is further exacerbated with reports of its zoonotic transmission and human infections which have been mostly attributed to the increasing frequency of dog ownership and close contact between dogs and humans. Evidence on the zoonotic transmission of MRSP from pet dogs to humans (such as dog owners, small-animal veterinarians, and other people in close proximity to dogs) is limited, especially due to the misidentification of S. pseudintermedius as S. aureus. Despite this fact, reports on the increasing emergence and spread of MRSP in humans have been increasing steadily over the years since its first documented report in 2006 in Belgium. The emergence of MRSP strains has further compromised treatment outcomes in both veterinary and human medicine as these strains are resistant to beta-lactam antimicrobials usually prescribed as first line treatment. Frustratingly, the limited awareness and surveillance of the zoonotic transmission of S. pseudintermedius have underestimated their extent of transmission, prevalence, epidemiology, and public health significance. In order to fill this gap of information, this review focused on detailed reports on zoonotic transmission, human colonization, and infections by S. pseudintermedius, their pathogenic features, antimicrobial resistance profiles, epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. In writing this review, we searched Web of Science, PubMed, and SCOPUS databases using the keyword “Staphylococcus pseudintermedius AND humans”. A phylogenetic tree to determine the genetic relatedness/diversity of publicly available genomes of S. pseudintermedius was also constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo–UNIFESP, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki PMB 053, Nigeria
| | - Fernanda Fernandes Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo–UNIFESP, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Gales
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo–UNIFESP, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Bzdil J, Zouharova M, Nedbalcova K, Sladecek V, Senk D, Holy O. Oxacillin (Methicillin) Resistant Staphylococci in Domestic Animals in the Czech Republic. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121585. [PMID: 34959540 PMCID: PMC8706185 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of different Staphylococcus species isolated from pathological processes and lesions in domestic animals in the Czech Republic and to detect and describe oxacillin (methicillin)-resistant strains (MRS). During the years 2019–2020, a total of 5218 veterinary clinical samples from the Czech Republic were tested. Testing was performed by culture methods and typing by molecular phenotypic methods MALDI-TOF MS and PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the strains was performed by the disk diffusion method. A total of 854 staphylococci strains were identified (16.37% prevalence), out of which 43 strains of 6 species of staphylococci were MRS (n = 43; 0.82% prevalence). Of the MRS strains, the most prevalent species were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 24; 0.46% prevalence) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 7; 0.13% prevalence). Susceptibility testing showed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and, depending on the species, also to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, and enrofloxacin. For further characterization of MRS, PCR assay for virulence factor genes was performed. Seven of the 14 target genes were observed only in S. aureus, except for the eno gene encoding laminin-binding protein, which was also detected in other staphylococci. It is necessary to emphasize the issue of correct using of antimicrobials in practice and antibiotic policy in university teaching and to create stricter legislation that would prevent the widespread use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine, especially in livestock to reduce the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Bzdil
- Ptacy s.r.o., Valasska Bystrice 194, 75627 Valasska Bystrice, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Monika Zouharova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.Z.); (K.N.)
| | - Katerina Nedbalcova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.Z.); (K.N.)
| | - Vladimir Sladecek
- Ptacy s.r.o., Valasska Bystrice 194, 75627 Valasska Bystrice, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - David Senk
- Ptacy s.r.o., Valasska Bystrice 194, 75627 Valasska Bystrice, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Ondrej Holy
- Science and Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-585632818
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Rynhoud H, Forde BM, Beatson SA, Abraham S, Meler E, Soares Magalhães RJ, Gibson JS. Molecular Epidemiology of Clinical and Colonizing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Isolates in Companion Animals. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:620491. [PMID: 33969030 PMCID: PMC8102687 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.620491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) clinical and colonizing isolates of dogs and cats to profile contributing factors associated with their isolation. Nasal and rectal samples were collected from dogs and cats between 2015 and 2017 to identify colonizing isolates. Clinical isolates collected between 2003 and 2016 were retrieved from a Queensland university veterinary diagnostic laboratory. All isolates were identified using standard microbiological and molecular methods and were characterized by whole genome sequencing. Phylogenetic relationships and differences in epidemiological factors were investigated. Seventy-two MRSP isolates out of 1,460 colonizing samples and nine MRSP clinical isolates were identified. No MRSA was isolated. ST496 and ST749 were the most commonly isolated sequence types with different SCCmec types. ST496 clones spread both along the coast and more inland where ST749 was more centered in Brisbane. The resistance and virulence factors differed significantly between the two sequence types. ST496 colonizing and clinical isolates were similarly multidrug resistant. The virulence genes of ST749 colonizing and clinical isolates were similar as both contained the gene nanB for sialidase. There were no differences in the individual and clinical factors between predominant sequence types. High levels of antimicrobial resistance occurred in the majority of isolates, which is of potential concern to human and veterinary health. The phylogenetic clustering of isolates from this study and others previously identified in countries, particularly New Zealand, with which Australia has high volume of pet movements could suggest the importation of clones, which needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Rynhoud
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Brian M. Forde
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott A. Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Erika Meler
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
- Children Health and Environment Program, UQ Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Justine S. Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
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Bünsow D, Tantawy E, Ostermeier T, Bähre H, Garbe A, Larsen J, Winstel V. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius synthesizes deoxyadenosine to cause persistent infection. Virulence 2021; 12:989-1002. [PMID: 33779509 PMCID: PMC8018352 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1903691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen of canine origin that causes an array of fatal diseases, including bacteremia and endocarditis. Despite large-scale genome sequencing projects have gained substantial insights into the genomic landscape of MRSP, current knowledge on virulence determinants that contribute to S. pseudintermedius pathogenesis during human or canine infection is very limited. Using a panel of genetically engineered MRSP variants and a mouse abscess model, we here identified the major secreted nuclease of S. pseudintermedius designated NucB and adenosine synthase A (AdsA) as two synergistically acting enzymes required for MRSP pathogenesis. Similar to Staphylococcus aureus, S. pseudintermedius requires nuclease secretion along with the activity of AdsA to degrade mammalian DNA for subsequent biosynthesis of cytotoxic deoxyadenosine. In this manner, S. pseudintermedius selectively kills macrophages during abscess formation thereby antagonizing crucial host immune cell responses. Ultimately, bioinformatics analyses revealed that NucB and AdsA are widespread in the global S. pseudintermedius population. Together, these data suggest that S. pseudintermedius deploys the canonical Nuc/AdsA pathway to persist during invasive disease and may aid in the development of new therapeutic strategies to combat infections caused by MRSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Bünsow
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eshraq Tantawy
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tjorven Ostermeier
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Bähre
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annette Garbe
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jesper Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Volker Winstel
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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González-Martín M, Corbera JA, Suárez-Bonnet A, Tejedor-Junco MT. Virulence factors in coagulase-positive staphylococci of veterinary interest other than Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Q 2021; 40:118-131. [PMID: 32223696 PMCID: PMC7178840 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1748253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CoPS) can exist as commensals in humans, companion and food-producing animals, but can cause severe or even lethal diseases. Exchange of these bacteria between humans and animals has been described. Special attention has been focused on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but other CoPS can also represent an important threat. In addition to significant antimicrobial resistance, these bacteria may carry a plethora of virulence factors - molecules that allow bacteria to establish on or within a host and increase their ability to cause disease. These virulence factors have been widely described in S. aureus but information about other species of CoPS is scarce. The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature about the virulence factors of non-aureus CoPS of animal origin. Their possible effects on human health are also described. The role and prevalence of different virulence factors including leukocidins, hemolysins, adhesins, enterotoxins, exfoliative and toxic shock syndrome toxins as well as superantigen-like proteins are addressed. The effect of these virulence factors on human health is also described. The possibility of misdiagnosis of species of CoPS has been demonstrated in human clinical samples. Prevalence of zoonotic infections could be higher than thought and medical laboratories should be aware of these other staphylococcal species. In keeping with the ‘One Health’ approach to animal and human disease, medical professionals, veterinarians and health workers should be aware of the risks derived from exposure to these bacteria in people in close contact with animals, including pet owners, farmers and veterinarians themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita González-Martín
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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Silva V, Oliveira A, Manageiro V, Caniça M, Contente D, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C, Carvalho I, Capelo JL, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Clonal Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolated from Canine Pyoderma. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030482. [PMID: 33668916 PMCID: PMC7996521 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) antimicrobial resistance and epidemic genetic lineages is posing a challenge in veterinary medicine due to the limited therapeutical options. MRSP has been identified as an important canine pyoderma pathogen. Thus, we aimed to characterize the antimicrobial resistance and clonal lineages of MRSP isolated from canine cutaneous pyoderma. Thirty-one MRSP isolates recovered from pyoderma were further characterized. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against 14 antimicrobial agents. The presence of antimicrobial and virulence genes was carried out by PCR. Multilocus sequence typing was performed in all isolates. All strains had a multidrug-resistant profile showing resistance mainly to penicillin, macrolides and lincosamides, aminoglycosides, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which was encoded by the blaZ, ermB, msr(A/B), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, ant(4')-Ia, tetM, tetK and dfrG genes. All isolates harbored the lukS-I/lukF-I virulence factors. Isolates were ascribed to nine previously described sequence types (STs): ST123, ST339, ST727, ST71, ST537, ST45, ST1029, ST118 and ST1468; and to five STs first described in this study: ST2024, ST2025, ST2026, ST2027 and ST2028. In this study, most isolates belonged to ST123 (n = 16), which belongs to CC71 and is the most common clone in Europe. All isolates were multidrug-resistant, which may impose a serious threat to animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (D.C.); (I.C.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, 2825-466 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Oliveira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Vera Manageiro
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Contente
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (D.C.); (I.C.)
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain; (R.C.); (C.A.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain; (R.C.); (C.A.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Isabel Carvalho
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (D.C.); (I.C.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, 2825-466 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José L. Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-466 Almada, Portugal;
- Proteomass Scientific Society, 2825-466 Costa de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, 2825-466 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (D.C.); (I.C.)
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, 2825-466 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259350466
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Lynch SA, Helbig KJ. The Complex Diseases of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Canines: Where to Next? Vet Sci 2021; 8:11. [PMID: 33477504 PMCID: PMC7831068 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a pathogenic bacterium of concern within the veterinary sector and is involved in numerous infections in canines, including topical infections such as canine pyoderma and otitis externa, as well as systemic infections within the urinary, respiratory and reproductive tract. The high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) within such infections is a growing concern. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the involvement of S. pseudintermedius in canine disease pathology to gain better insight into novel treatment avenues. Here, we review the literature focused on S. pseudintermedius infection in multiple anatomic locations in dogs and the role of MRSP in treatment outcomes at these niches. Multiple novel treatment avenues for MRSP have been pioneered in recent years and these are discussed with a specific focus on vaccines and phage therapy as potential therapeutic options. Whilst both undertakings are in their infancy, phage therapy is versatile and has shown high success in both animal and human medical use. It is clear that further research is required to combat the growing problems associated with MRSP in canines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla J. Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
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Staphylococcal Protein A ( spa) Locus Is a Hot Spot for Recombination and Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. mSphere 2020; 5:5/5/e00666-20. [PMID: 33115833 PMCID: PMC7593597 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00666-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a major canine pathogen but can also occasionally infect humans. Identification of genetic factors contributing to the virulence and clonal success of multidrug-resistant S. pseudintermedius clones is critical for the development of therapeutics against this pathogen. Here, we characterized the genome sequences of a global collection of 622 S. pseudintermedius isolates. We show that all major clones, besides carrying core virulence genes, which are present in all strains, carry one or more lineage-specific genes. Many of these genes have been acquired from other bacterial species through a horizontal gene transfer mechanism. Importantly, we have discovered that the staphylococcal protein A gene (spa), a widely used marker for molecular typing of S. pseudintermedius strains and a potential vaccine candidate antigen, is deleted in 62% of strains. Furthermore, the spa locus in S. pseudintermedius acts as a reservoir to accumulate lineage-associated genes with adaptive functions. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a major canine pathogen but also occasionally colonizes and infects humans. Multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MDR MRSP) strains have emerged globally, making treatment and control of this pathogen challenging. Sequence type 71 (ST71), ST68, and ST45 are the most widespread and successful MDR MRSP clones. The potential genetic factors underlying the clonal success of these and other predominant clones remain unknown. Characterization of the pangenome, lineage-associated accessory genes, and genes acquired through horizontal gene transfer from other bacteria is important for identifying such factors. Here, we analyzed genome sequence data from 622 S. pseudintermedius isolates to investigate the evolution of pathogenicity across lineages. We show that the predominant clones carry one or more lineage-associated virulence genes. The gene encoding staphylococcal protein A (SpA), a key virulence factor involved in immune evasion and a potential vaccine antigen, is deleted in 62% of isolates. Most importantly, we have discovered that the spa locus is a hot spot for recombination and horizontal gene transfer in S. pseudintermedius, where genes related to restriction modification, prophage immunity, mercury resistance, and nucleotide and carbohydrate metabolism have been acquired in different lineages. Our study also establishes that ST45 is composed of two distinct sublineages that differ in their accessory gene content and virulence potential. Collectively, this study reports several previously undetected lineage-associated genetic factors that may have a role in the clonal success of the major MDR MRSP clones. These data provide a framework for future experimental studies on S. pseudintermedius pathogenesis and for developing novel therapeutics against this pathogen. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus pseudintermedius is a major canine pathogen but can also occasionally infect humans. Identification of genetic factors contributing to the virulence and clonal success of multidrug-resistant S. pseudintermedius clones is critical for the development of therapeutics against this pathogen. Here, we characterized the genome sequences of a global collection of 622 S. pseudintermedius isolates. We show that all major clones, besides carrying core virulence genes, which are present in all strains, carry one or more lineage-specific genes. Many of these genes have been acquired from other bacterial species through a horizontal gene transfer mechanism. Importantly, we have discovered that the staphylococcal protein A gene (spa), a widely used marker for molecular typing of S. pseudintermedius strains and a potential vaccine candidate antigen, is deleted in 62% of strains. Furthermore, the spa locus in S. pseudintermedius acts as a reservoir to accumulate lineage-associated genes with adaptive functions.
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Development of a Prototype Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Rapid Detection of Staphylococcal Protein A in Positive Blood Culture Samples. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10100794. [PMID: 33036348 PMCID: PMC7601020 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a major cause of mortality in hospitalized patients worldwide. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens found in BSI. The conventional workflow is time consuming. Therefore, we developed a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for rapid detection of S. aureus-protein A in positive blood culture samples. A total of 90 clinical isolates including 58 S. aureus and 32 non-S. aureus were spiked in simulated blood samples. The antigens were extracted by a simple boiling method and diluted before being tested using the developed LFIA strips. The results were readable by naked eye within 15 min. The sensitivity of the developed LFIA was 87.9% (51/58) and the specificity was 93.8% (30/32). When bacterial colonies were used in the test, the LFIA provided higher sensitivity and specificity (94.8% and 100%, respectively). The detection limit of the LFIA was 107 CFU/mL. Initial evaluation of the LFIA in 20 positive blood culture bottles from hospitals showed 95% agreement with the routine methods. The LFIA is a rapid, simple and highly sensitive method. No sophisticated equipment is required. It has potential for routine detection particularly in low resource settings, contributing an early diagnosis that facilitates effective treatment and reduces disease progression.
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12
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Abouelkhair MA, Frank LA, Bemis DA, Giannone RJ, Kania SA. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius 5'-nucleotidase suppresses canine phagocytic activity. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108720. [PMID: 32605759 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a major opportunistic bacterial pathogen and the leading cause of pyoderma in dogs. In canines it is also often associated with infections of the urinary system and wounds and occasionally infects people. Widespread antimicrobial resistance has made the development of alternative treatments a high priority. The development of a staphylococcal vaccine, however, has proven challenging. Identification of virulence factors that inhibit phagocytosis and avoid innate immunity may play a significant role in preventing or treating infection with S. pseudintermedius. In this study, we identified a putative 5'-nucleotidase provisionally named SpAdsA, a S. pseudintermedius cell- wall protein encoded by SpAdsA. SpAdsA shares approximately 52% identity with the orthologous protein of Staphylococcus aureus and 14.8% identity with that of Streptococcus suis type2. It catalyzes the dephosphorylation of adenosine triphosphate and attenuation of this enzyme with critical amino acid substitutions nearly eliminated its hydrolytic activity. Exogenous adenosine inhibited phagocytosis of S. pseudintermedius by canine neutrophils and monocytes. Conversely, the addition of SpAdsA inhibitor or A2A adenosine receptor antagonist impaired the capacity of S. pseudintermedius to escape from killing by phagocytic cells. The neutralizing ability of canine antibody produced against SpAdsA-M was determined. Taken together, these results suggest that SpAdsA likely plays an important role in S. pseudintermedius virulence and that attenuated SpAdsA may be a good candidate for inclusion in a vaccine against S. pseudintermedius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abouelkhair
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA; Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Linda A Frank
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - David A Bemis
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Giannone
- Chemical Sciences Division, Mass Spectrometry and Laser Spectrometry, Oakridge National Laboratories, Oakridge, TN, USA
| | - Stephen A Kania
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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13
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Abouelkhair MA, Bemis DA, Giannone RJ, Frank LA, Kania SA. Identification, cloning and characterization of SpEX exotoxin produced by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220301. [PMID: 31356636 PMCID: PMC6663030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci have evolved numerous strategies to evade their hosts’ immune systems. Some staphylococcal toxins target essential components of host innate immunity, one of the two main branches of the immune system. Analysis of the Staphylococcus pseudintermedius secretome using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry guided by genomic data, was used to identify an S. pseudintermedius exotoxin provisionally named SpEX. This exoprotein has low overall amino acid identity with the Staphylococcus aureus group of proteins named staphylococcal superantigen like proteins (SSLs) and staphylococcal enterotoxin- like toxin X (SEIX), but predictive modeling showed that it shares similar folds and domain architecture to these important virulence factors. In this study, we found SpEX binds to complement component C5, prevents complement mediated lysis of sensitized bovine red blood cells, kills polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes and inhibits neutrophil migration at sub-lethal concentrations. A mutant version of SpEX, produced through amino acid substitution at selected positions, had diminished cytotoxicity. Anti-SpEX produced in dogs reduced the inhibitory effect of native SpEX on canine neutrophil migration and protected immune cells from the toxic effects of the native recombinant protein. These results suggest that SpEX likely plays an important role in S. pseudintermedius virulence and that attenuated SpEX may be an important candidate for inclusion in a vaccine against S. pseudintermedius infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Abouelkhair
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - David A. Bemis
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Giannone
- Chemical Sciences Division, Biological Mass Spectrometry, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Linda A. Frank
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Kania
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Sewid AH, Hassan MN, Ammar AM, Bemis DA, Kania SA. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Sbi paralogs inhibit complement and bind IgM, IgG Fc and Fab. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219817. [PMID: 31335868 PMCID: PMC6650138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of staphylococci as pathogens has been attributed, in part, to their ability to evade their hosts’ immune systems. Although the proteins involved in evasion have been extensively studied in staphylococci affecting humans little characterization has been done with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, an important cause of pyoderma in dogs. Staphylococcus aureus binder of immunoglobulin (Sbi) interferes with innate immune recognition by interacting with multiple host proteins. In this study, a S. pseudintermedius gene that shares 38% similarity to S. aureus Sbi was cloned from S. pseudintermedius strains representative of major clonal lineages bearing two paralogs of the protein. Binding of immunoglobulins and Fab and Fc fragments as well as interaction with complement was measured. S. pseudintermedius Sbi protein bound IgG from multiple species and canine complement C3, neutralized complement activity and bound to canine IgM and B cells. Evidence from this work suggests Sbi may play an important role in S. pseudintermedius immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa H. Sewid
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - M. Nabil Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - A. M. Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - David A. Bemis
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Kania
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Abouelkhair MA, Bemis DA, Kania SA. Characterization of recombinant wild-type and nontoxigenic protein A from Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Virulence 2018; 9:1050-1061. [PMID: 30052123 PMCID: PMC6086296 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1489199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen that is the major cause of pyoderma affecting dogs. Conventional antimicrobial treatment for infections caused by this organism have failed in recent years due to widespread resistance and alternative treatment strategies are a high priority. Protein A encoded in Staphylococcus aureus by spa protects the bacterium by binding IgG and acts as a superantigen. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius possess two genes orthologous to S. aureus spa, spsP, and spsQ. Methods: SpsQ and SpsQ-M, a non-toxigenic SpsQ, were cloned and expressed as recombinant proteins and their cytotoxic effect on canine B cells was measured. The neutralizing ability of antibody raised against them in clinically healthy dogs was evaluated. Results:S. pseudintermedius SpsQ induced apoptosis of canine B cells. Specific amino acid substitutions diminished SpsQ-M binding to immunoglobulin and its super-antigenic activity, while its antigenicity was maintained. This recombinant, non-toxigenic S. pseudintermedius SpsQ stimulated the production of antibodies in dogs that specifically reacted with SpsQ and greatly diminished its cytotoxic effect on canine B cells. Conclusions: The production of neutralizing antibody suggests that attenuated, non-toxic SpsQ produced in this study is a good candidate for inclusion in a vaccine for use in the treatment and prevention of S. pseudintermedius infections. Abbreviations: SpA: Staphylococcus aureus protein A; SpsP: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius protein A; SpsQ: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius protein A; SpsQ-M: attenuated Staphylococcus pseudintermedius protein A; MRSP: methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius; IgA: immunoglobulin A; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IgM: immunoglobulin M; VH: variable region of immunoglobulin heavy chain; IgBD: immunoglobulin binding domains; MFI: mean fluorescent intensity; SEM: standard error of the mean; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; CD21: complement receptor type 2; ST: Sequence type; OD: Optical density; ORF: open reading frame; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; Tween 20: Polyethylene glycol sorbitan monolaurate 20; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; TMB- 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abouelkhair
- a Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences , University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine , Knoxville , TN , USA.,b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Sadat City , Menoufia , Egypt
| | - David A Bemis
- a Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences , University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine , Knoxville , TN , USA
| | - Stephen A Kania
- a Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences , University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine , Knoxville , TN , USA
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16
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Maali Y, Badiou C, Martins-Simões P, Hodille E, Bes M, Vandenesch F, Lina G, Diot A, Laurent F, Trouillet-Assant S. Understanding the Virulence of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: A Major Role of Pore-Forming Toxins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:221. [PMID: 30003063 PMCID: PMC6032551 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is responsible for severe and necrotizing infections in humans and dogs. Contrary to S. aureus, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in this virulence are incompletely understood. We previously showed the intracellular cytotoxicity induced after internalization of S. pseudintermedius. Herein, we aimed to identify the virulence factors responsible for this cytotoxic activity. After addition of filtered S. pseudintermedius supernatants in culture cell media, MG63 cells, used as representative of non-professional phagocytic cells (NPPc), released a high level of LDH, indicating that the cytotoxicity was mainly mediated by secreted factors. Accordingly, we focused our attention on S. pseudintermedius toxins. In silico analysis found the presence of two PSMs (δ-toxin and PSMε) as well as Luk-I leukotoxin, the presence of which was confirmed by PCR in all clinical strains tested (n = 17). Recombinant Luk-I leukotoxin had no cytotoxic activity on NPPc but the ectopic expression of the CXCR2 receptor in U937 cells conferred cytotoxity to Luk-I. This is in agreement with the lack of Luk-I effect on NPPc and the previous report of Luk-I cytoxic activity on immune cells. Contrary to Luk-I, synthetic δ-toxin and PSMε had a strong cytotoxic activity on NPPc. The secretion of δ-toxin and PSMε at cytotoxic concentrations by S. pseudintermedius in culture supernatant was confirmed by HPLC-MS. In addition, the supplementation of such supernatants with human serum, known to inhibit PSM, induced a complete abolition of cytotoxicity which indicates that PSMs are the key players in the cytotoxic phenotype of NPPc. The results suggest that the severity of S. pseudintermedius infections is, at least in part, explained by a combined action of Luk-I that specifically targets immune cells expressing the CXCR2 receptor, and PSMs that disrupt cell membranes whatever the cell types. The present study strengthens the key role of PSMs in virulence of the different species belonging to Staphylococcus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Maali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France
| | - Cédric Badiou
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France
| | - Patrícia Martins-Simões
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Elisabeth Hodille
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Michele Bes
- Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - François Vandenesch
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gérard Lina
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alan Diot
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France
| | - Frederic Laurent
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Trouillet-Assant
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire Commun de Recherche Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Pierre Bénite, France
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17
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Grandolfo E. Looking through Staphylococcus pseudintermedius infections: Could SpA be considered a possible vaccine target? Virulence 2018; 9:703-706. [PMID: 29457988 PMCID: PMC5955435 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1426964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Grandolfo
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine , University of Bari "Aldo Moro" , Valenzano , Italy
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