1
|
Hasan M, Talukder S, Mandal AK, Tasmim ST, Parvin S, Ali Y, Sikder MH, Callaghan TJ, Soares Magalhães RJ, Islam T. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Campylobacter spp. Recovered from Chicken Farms in Two Districts of Bangladesh. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38563794 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Campylobacter has reinforced its status as a foodborne pathogen of significant public health concern. Resistant Campylobacter is typically transferred to humans via the consumption of contaminated animal products, particularly poultry. The genes associated with antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a prevalence survey of AMR Campylobacter across 84 chicken farms in two districts of Bangladesh. Pooled cloacal swabs were collected from chickens and underwent bacteriological testing for Campylobacter spp. with PCR confirmation. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested against 14 antibiotics by disk diffusion method, and 12 resistance genes were screened in Campylobacter-positive isolates using multiplex PCR. A total of 34 (40.5%) farms were Campylobacter-positive of which 73.5% of isolates were resistant to at least 10 antibiotics. The antimicrobial susceptibility results indicate a high level of resistance against streptomycin (97.1%), clindamycin (97.1%), ampicillin (94.1%), tetracycline (94.1%), erythromycin (91.2%), ciprofloxacin (88.2%), nalidixic acid (85.3%), and imipenem (82.4%), and comparatively a low frequency of resistance to chloramphenicol (47.1%), ceftazidime (44.1%), and colistin (35.3%). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant Campylobacter were identified in 97.1%, and 50% of isolates, respectively. Ten resistance genes were identified including blaTEM (in 97.1% of isolates), strA-strB (85.9%), tetA (70.6%), tetB (32.4%), qnrS (23.5%), blaCTX-M-1 (20.6%), qnrB (20.6%), blaSHV (8.8%), aadB (5.9%), and qnrA (2.9%). Our findings demonstrate that resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and ceftazidime in Campylobacter isolates was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) associated with the presence of blaTEM, tetA, and blaSHV genes, respectively. The high rates of AMR in Campylobacter isolates from our study are not surprising given the liberal use of antimicrobials and incomplete biosecurity provisions on farms. Of particular concern are resistance rates to those classes of antibiotics that should be reserved for human use (azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and colistin). AMR was more prevalent in chicken farms that used multiple antibiotics, engaged in prophylactic treatment of the birds, and improperly disposed of antibiotic packages. The high prevalence of MDR in chicken-derived Campylobacter isolates from the different regions of our study reinforces the need for more prudent use of antimicrobial compounds in Bangladeshi chicken farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehedi Hasan
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Sudipta Talukder
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Syeda Tanjina Tasmim
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Sonia Parvin
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Yamin Ali
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan Sikder
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Thomas J Callaghan
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Taohidul Islam
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kariyawasam TN, Ciocchetta S, Visendi P, Soares Magalhães RJ, Smith ME, Giacomin PR, Sikulu-Lord MT. Near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms for rapid and non-invasive detection of Trichuris. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011695. [PMID: 37956181 PMCID: PMC10681298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) is one of the most prevalent soil transmitted helminths (STH) affecting 604-795 million people worldwide. Diagnostic tools that are affordable and rapid are required for detecting STH. Here, we assessed the performance of the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique coupled with machine learning algorithms to detect Trichuris muris in faecal, blood, serum samples and non-invasively through the skin of mice. METHODOLOGY We orally infected 10 mice with 30 T. muris eggs (low dose group), 10 mice with 200 eggs (high dose group) and 10 mice were used as the control group. Using the NIRS technique, we scanned faecal, serum, whole blood samples and mice non-invasively through their skin over a period of 6 weeks post infection. Using artificial neural networks (ANN) and spectra of faecal, serum, blood and non-invasive scans from one experiment, we developed 4 algorithms to differentiate infected from uninfected mice. These models were validated on mice from a second independent experiment. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS NIRS and ANN differentiated mice into the three groups as early as 2 weeks post infection regardless of the sample used. These results correlated with those from concomitant serological and parasitological investigations. SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the potential of NIRS as a diagnostic tool for human STH infections. The technique could be further developed for large scale surveillance of soil transmitted helminths in human populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tharanga N. Kariyawasam
- School of the Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Silvia Ciocchetta
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Visendi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, UQ Children’s Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maxine E. Smith
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul R. Giacomin
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maggy T. Sikulu-Lord
- School of the Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Owada K, Abdullah S, Clark N, Nguyen T, Soares Magalhães RJ. Associations between canine hookworm infection and dog owners' awareness, perception, and behaviour: A cross-sectional study in Brisbane, Queensland, 2019-2020. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:498-510. [PMID: 37248661 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Canine hookworms are found globally, and infections have been recorded in domestic dogs visiting dog parks in Queensland, Australia. Some canine hookworms also present a risk of zoonotic transmission to humans. Potential transmission of hookworms can occur in the household and at public places because of lack of owner awareness and poor coverage of canine deworming. Between April 2019 and March 2020, faecal samples from owned dogs were collected from 39 dog parks in metropolitan Brisbane, Queensland, and tested for the presence of hookworm eggs using faecal floatation technique. Dog owners who provided samples were requested to complete a survey on their awareness, perceptions and behaviour regarding the risks and consequences of canine parasitic infection. Associations between dog owner demographics and responses to the survey were measured using Goodman and Kruskal's gamma. Statistical associations between canine hookworm infection in dogs and their owner's responses were quantified using a two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A total of five canine faecal samples from 175 respondents were found positive for hookworm eggs, corresponding to a sample- and park-level prevalence of 2.86% and 12.82%, respectively. Female dog owners were found to be more aware of the importance of regular deworming of their dogs (|γ| = 0.405). Our results indicate that hookworm infection was associated with a lower awareness of the importance of deworming (p = 0.007), less diligence in administration of deworming (p = 0.004), lower awareness of the risk of acquiring parasites from raw meat (p = 0.010), less likelihood of cooking meat before feeding it to their dogs (p = 0.028), and less likelihood to properly dispose their dog's faeces (p = 0.027). This study not only indicates a need for improving owner education towards the importance of deworming but also a need for changing owner's behaviours to reduce potential environmental contamination with infective hookworms. The latter in particular indicates a broader public health risk of disease transmission in public places due to improper disposal of dog faeces, especially in areas with higher canine hookworm infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Owada
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Swaid Abdullah
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tu Nguyen
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Children's Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Horsman S, Meler E, Mikkelsen D, Mallyon J, Yao H, Magalhães RJS, Gibson JS. Nasal microbiota profiles in shelter dogs with dermatological conditions carrying methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus species. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4844. [PMID: 36964169 PMCID: PMC10039040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatological conditions may be complicated by Staphylococcus spp. infections influencing skin and nasal microbiota. We investigated the associations between the resident nasal microbiota of shelter dogs with and without dermatological conditions carrying methicillin-resistant and -sensitive Staphylococcus spp. Nasal sampling of 16 dogs with and 52 without dermatological conditions were performed upon shelter admission (baseline), and then bi-weekly until discharge (follow-up). All samples were cultured for Staphylococcus spp., while 52 samples underwent microbiota analysis. Two elastic net logistic regression (ENR) models (Model 1-baseline samples; Model 2-follow-up samples) were developed to identify predictive associations between dermatological conditions and the variables: signalment, antimicrobial treatment, and nasal microbial genera. Follow-up nasal samples of dogs with dermatological conditions had decreased microbiota diversity and abundance compared to dogs without dermatological conditions. Our ENR models identified predictive differences in signalment and nasal microbial genera between baseline and follow-up samples. Co-occurrence networks showed nasal microbial genera were more dissimilar when comparing dogs with and without dermatological conditions at follow-up. Overall, this study is the first to investigate Staphylococcus spp. carriage effects on nasal microbial genera in a canine animal shelter population, and ultimately reveals the importance of investigating decolonisation and probiotic therapies for restoring nasal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Horsman
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.
| | - Erika Meler
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Deirdre Mikkelsen
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - John Mallyon
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Hong Yao
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
- Children Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Justine S Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mshelbwala PP, J. Soares Magalhães R, Weese JS, Ahmed NO, Rupprecht CE, Clark NJ. Modelling modifiable factors associated with the probability of human rabies deaths among self-reported victims of dog bites in Abuja, Nigeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011147. [PMID: 36809362 PMCID: PMC9983858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine-mediated rabies kills tens of thousands of people annually in lesser-developed communities of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, primarily through bites from infected dogs. Multiple rabies outbreaks have been associated with human deaths in Nigeria. However, the lack of quality data on human rabies hinders advocacy and resource allocation for effective prevention and control. We obtained 20 years of dog bite surveillance data across 19 major hospitals in Abuja, incorporating modifiable and environmental covariates. To overcome the challenge of missing information, we used a Bayesian approach with expert-solicited prior information to jointly model missing covariate data and the additive effects of the covariates on the predicted probability of human death after rabies virus exposure. Only 1155 cases of dog bites were recorded throughout the study period, out of which 4.2% (N = 49) died of rabies. The odds for risk of human death were predicted to decrease among individuals who were bitten by owned dogs compared to those bitten by free-roaming dogs. Similarly, there was a predicted decrease in the probability of human death among victims bitten by vaccinated dogs compared to those bitten by unvaccinated dogs. The odds for the risk of human death after bitten individuals received rabies prophylaxis were predicted to decrease compared to no prophylaxis. We demonstrate the practical application of a regularised Bayesian approach to model sparse dog bite surveillance data to uncover risk factors for human rabies, with broader applications in other endemic rabies settings with similar profiles. The low reporting observed in this study underscores the need for community engagement and investment in surveillance to increase data availability. Better data on bite cases will help to estimate the burden of rabies in Nigeria and would be important to plan effective prevention and control of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip P. Mshelbwala
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, UQ Children’s Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Charles E. Rupprecht
- LYSSA LLC, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Popovic I, Soares Magalhães RJ, Yang Y, Yang S, Yang B, Dong G, Wei X, Fox GJ, Hammer MS, Martin RV, van Donkelaar A, Ge E, Marks GB, Knibbs LD. Effects of long-term ambient air pollution exposure on township-level pulmonary tuberculosis notification rates during 2005-2017 in Ningxia, China. Environ Pollut 2023; 317:120718. [PMID: 36435281 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining long-term effects of ambient air pollution exposure, measured as annual averages, on pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) incidence are scarce, particularly in endemic, rural settings. We performed a small-area study in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), a high TB-burden area in rural China, using township-level (n = 358 non-overlapping townships) annual TB notification data (2005-2017). We aimed to determine if annual average concentrations of ambient air pollution (particulate matter <2·5 μm [PM2·5], nitrogen dioxide [NO2] ozone [O3]) were associated with TB notification rates (as a proxy for incidence). Air pollution effects on TB notification rates at township-level were estimated as incidence rate ratios (IRR), fitted using a generalised estimating equation (GEE) adjusted for covariates (age, sex, occupation, education, ethnicity, remoteness [urban or rural], household crowding and solid fuel use). A total of 38,942 TB notifications were reported in NHAR between 2005 and 2017. The mean annual TB notification rate was 67 (standard deviation [SD]; 7) per 100,000 people. Median concentrations of PM2·5, NO2, and O3 were 42 μg/m3 (interquartile range [IQR]; 38-48 μg/m3), 15 ppb (IQR; 12-16 ppb), and 56 ppb (IQR; 56-57 ppb), respectively. In single pollutant models, adjusted for covariates, an interquartile range (IQR) increase (10 μg/m3) in PM2·5 was significantly associated with higher TB notification rates (IRR: 1∙35; 95% CI: 1·25-1·48). Comparable effects on notifications of TB were observed for increases in NO2 exposure (IRR: 1·20 per IQR (4 ppb) increase; 95% CI: 1·08-1·31). Ground-level ozone was not associated with TB notification rate in any models. The observed effects were consistent over time, in multi-pollutant models, and appeared robust to additional adjustment for indicators of household crowding, solid fuel use and remoteness. More rigorous study designs are needed to understand if improving air quality has population-level benefits on TB disease incidence in endemic settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Popovic
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, 4006, Australia; UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia; Children's Health and Environment Program, UQ Children's Health Research Center, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, 4101, Australia
| | - Yurong Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology & Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Shukun Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, The First People's Hospital in Yinchuan, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Boyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510085, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510085, China
| | - Xiaolin Wei
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Greg J Fox
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Melanie S Hammer
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, 63130, United States
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, 63130, United States; Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 3J5, Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, 63130, United States; Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 3J5, Canada
| | - Erjia Ge
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Guy B Marks
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, 2170, Australia; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, 2037, Australia
| | - Luke D Knibbs
- Public Health Unit, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, 2050, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Proboste T, James A, Charette-Castonguay A, Chakma S, Cortes-Ramirez J, Donner E, Sly P, Magalhães RJS. Research and Innovation Opportunities to Improve Epidemiological Knowledge and Control of Environmentally Driven Zoonoses. Ann Glob Health 2022; 88:93. [PMID: 36348706 PMCID: PMC9585982 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While zoonotic diseases are defined by transmission processes between animals and humans, for many of these diseases the presence of a contaminated environmental source is the cause of transmission. Most zoonoses depend on complex environmentally driven interactions between humans and animals, which occur along an occupational and recreational environmental continuum, including farming and animal marketing systems, environmental management systems, and community leisure environments. Environmentally driven zoonoses (EDZs) are particularly challenging to diagnose and control as their reservoirs are in the natural environment and thus often escape conventional surveillance systems that rely on host monitoring. Changes in the environment as a result of climate change [1], human population density [2], and intensification of agriculture [3] have been linked to increasing transmission events for this group of infections. As such, there is a recognised need to be able to detect the presence of EDZs in the environment as a means to better anticipate transmission events and improve source attribution investigations. Finally, the recognition that a One Health approach is needed to combat these infections is signalling to governments the need to develop policy that optimises trade-offs across human, animal, and environmental health sectors. In this review, we discuss and critically appraise the main challenges relating to the epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of environmental zoonotic disease. Using a set of exemplar diseases, including avian influenza and antimicrobial resistant pathogens, we explore the epidemiological contexts (risk factors) within which these infections not only impact human health but also contribute to animal health and environmental impacts. We then critically appraise the surveillance challenges of monitoring these infections in the environment and examine the policy trade-offs for a more integrated approach to mitigating their impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Proboste
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Ameh James
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Adam Charette-Castonguay
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Shovon Chakma
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Javier Cortes-Ramirez
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4101 QLD, Australia
- Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, 4059 QLD, Australia
| | - Erica Donner
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Peter Sly
- Children’s Health and Research Centre, Children’s Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Children’s Health and Research Centre, Children’s Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Assoum M, Ortu G, Basáñez MG, Lau C, Clements ACA, Halton K, Fenwick A, Magalhães RJS. Impact of a 5-Year Mass Drug Administration Programme for Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases on the Spatial Distribution of Childhood Anaemia in Burundi from 2007 to 2011. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7100307. [PMID: 36288048 PMCID: PMC9611614 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Childhood anaemia affects 1.8 billion people globally. Little is known about the long-term impact of mass drug administration (MDA) for the control of soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) on the spatiotemporal variation of anaemia prevalence and severity. We describe the long-term spatiotemporal impact of a 5-year STH MDA programme (2007−2011) on the prevalence of anaemia and anaemia severity in school-aged children (SAC) in Burundi. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used annual haemoglobin concentration and STH data collected during 2007−2011 in 31 schools in Burundi. Spatial dependence in prevalence and severity of anaemia was assessed using semivariograms. Bayesian geostatistical models were developed to (a) quantify the role of STH (adjusted for other anaemia determinants) in the spatiotemporal distribution of anaemia prevalence/severity, and (b) predict the geographical variation of both outcomes across Burundi. Adjusted population data were used to estimate the geographical distribution of the number of SAC at risk of anaemia and with low and moderate/severe anaemia. Infections with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were positively and significantly associated with childhood anaemia; hookworm infections were not. A significant decrease in anaemia prevalence, from 40−50% (2008) to 10−20% (2011) was predicted in western areas. The predicted prevalence of low-severity anaemia decreased from 40−50% (2008) to <20% (2011) in southern and eastern areas. Moderate/high-severity anaemia was concentrated in western regions of Burundi, with pockets of moderate/high-severity anaemia in central and northern regions in 2008. The overall number of predicted anaemic children decreased from 443,657 (2008) to 232,304 (2011), with a resurgence after MDA disruption in 2010 (to 480,605). Prevalence of low- and moderate-severity anaemia was higher in boys than in girls. Conclusions/Significance: Despite ongoing MDA, the prevalence of anaemia in SAC remained high and increased in certain parts of the country. It is recommended that MDA programmes targeting STH are complemented with specific anaemia interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Assoum
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Via Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppina Ortu
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary’s Campus), Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research and MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Colleen Lau
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Archie C. A. Clements
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kate Halton
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovations, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Alan Fenwick
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary’s Campus), Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Via Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Owada K, Sarkar J, Rahman MK, Khan SA, Islam A, Hassan MM, Soares Magalhães RJ. Epidemiological Profile of a Human Hepatitis E Virus Outbreak in 2018, Chattogram, Bangladesh. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7080170. [PMID: 36006262 PMCID: PMC9415847 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a waterborne zoonotic disease that can result in a high fatality rate in pregnant women and infants. In 2018, a large HEV outbreak emerged in Chattogram, Bangladesh, resulting in 2800 cases and a significant public health response to mitigate the transmission. While the source of the outbreak remained poorly understood, authorities suggested that possible risk factors for HEV infection included contamination of water supply, exacerbated by concurrent severe flooding events in the community. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the distribution and risk factors for HEV seroprevalence between January and December 2018 in the Chattogram city area. A total of 505 blood samples were collected from symptomatic patients of 10 hospitals who met the case definition for an HEV infection. Standard ELISA tests were performed in all patients to identify anti-HEV antibodies. The size and location of HEV seroprevalence clusters within Chattogram were investigated using SaTScan. We investigated the association between risk of HEV infection and individual and environmentally lagged risk factors using Bernoulli generalised linear regression models. Our results indicate an overall HEV seroprevalence of 35% with significant variation according to sex, source of drinking water, and boiling of drinking water. A positive cross-correlation was found between HEV exposure and precipitation, modified normalised difference water index (MNDWI), and normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI). Our model indicated that risk of infection was associated with sex, age, source of drinking water, boiling of water, increased precipitation, and increased MNDWI. The results from this study indicate that source and boiling of drinking water and increased precipitation were critical drivers of the 2018 HEV outbreak. The communities at highest risk identified in our analyses should be targeted for investments in safe water infrastructure to reduce the likelihood of future HEV outbreaks in Chattogram.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Owada
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Joyantee Sarkar
- One Health Institute, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kaisar Rahman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Shahneaz Ali Khan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- One Health Institute, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (R.J.S.M.)
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, UQ Children’s Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (R.J.S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lim JS, Soares Magalhães RJ, Chakma S, You DS, Lee KN, Pak SI, Kim E. Spatial epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N6 in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, 2016-2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2431-e2442. [PMID: 35526114 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over four months in the winter of 2016-2017, 343 poultry farms in South Korea reported highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 occurrences, leading to the culling of 40 million poultry. Our study aimed to describe the spatial epidemiology of the 2016-2017 HPAI H5N6 outbreak in Gyeonggi Province, the most affected area in South Korea, comprising 35.9% (123) of the HPAI-infected poultry farms, to identify spatial risk factors for the increased probability of HPAI H5N6 occurrence, and to delineate areas with the highest likelihood of infection among different target poultry species. Although the poultry density was risk factor for the all species, rice paddy was only identified as risk factor for chicken and duck farms, not other species farms suggesting different biosecurity measures are required depending on the species. Although spatial effects of HPAI occurrence tended to be clustered within 16 km, the cluster range was reduced to 7 km when considering the identified risk factors, indicating a more geographically focused outbreak response when taking risk factors into account. The areas identified with the highest likelihood of infection can provide evidence, with accessibility to policymakers, to improve risk-based surveillance for HPAI. Our findings provide epidemiological understanding helpful in improving surveillance activity and assisting in the design of more cost-effective intervention policies related to future HPAI outbreaks in South Korea. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sik Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shovon Chakma
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Dae-Sung You
- Department of Public Health, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Son-Il Pak
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eutteum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yi Z, Lu G, Chaojian S, Ping L, Renjun Z, Jida L, Yuhai B, Xiaoyan Z, Honglin Y, Quangang X, Yan L, Magalhães RJS, Youming W. Exploring the determinants of influenza A/H7N9 control intervention efficacy in China: disentangling the effect of the "1110" policy and poultry vaccination. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1982-e1991. [PMID: 35332680 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
: The influenza A virus of the H7N9 subtype (FLUAV H7N9) emerged in Eastern China provinces in 2013 causing illness in both poultry and humans. Most reported FLUAV H7N9 human cases were related to those associated with the live poultry market chain. From 2013 to 2017, there were five epidemic waves of human infections, and from the end of 2016, the number of human cases increased sharply. To control FLUAV H7N9 in the market chain, the so-called "1110" policy at live poultry markets and a national vaccination programme were implemented. The relative efficacy of these two measures on the number of poultry and human infections has not been quantified and compared. To explore their efficacy, a cross-sectional study was conducted in six provinces of China, and the vaccination and surveillance data of H7N9 were analysed. Our survey data showed that poultry vendors were not widely aware of and did not accept the "1110" policy. For subjective and objective factors, some measures of the "1110" policy were not implemented in live bird markets (LBMs). However, the national vaccination programme achieved good immune effects and sharply decreased poultry FLUAV H7N9 infections. The detection rates of FLUAV H7N9 in LBMs and farms gradually decreased since the vaccination programme was implemented. Our analysis also indicated that human infections were closely related to poultry virus carriage rates; therefore, controlling FLUAV H7N9 circulation in poultry was an effective measure to control FLUAV H7N9 infections in humans. Although LBMs play a significant role in human infections, the management measures may not be implemented efficiently; hence, we need to conduct more investigations before developing related policies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yi
- College of public health, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Zunyi, China
| | - Gao Lu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center (CAHEC), Shandong Qingdao, China
| | - Shen Chaojian
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center (CAHEC), Shandong Qingdao, China
| | - Liu Ping
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center (CAHEC), Shandong Qingdao, China
| | - Zhang Renjun
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention of GuiZhou Province, Guizhou Guiyang, China
| | - Li Jida
- College of public health, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Zunyi, China
| | - Bi Yuhai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Xiaoyan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center (CAHEC), Shandong Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Honglin
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center (CAHEC), Shandong Qingdao, China
| | - Xu Quangang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center (CAHEC), Shandong Qingdao, China
| | - Li Yan
- College of public health, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Zunyi, China
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Queensland, 4343, Australia.,Children Health and Environment Program, UQ Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| | - Wang Youming
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center (CAHEC), Shandong Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Parvin I, Das SK, Ahmed S, Rahman A, Shahid ASMSB, Shahrin L, Afroze F, Ackhter MM, Alam T, Jahan Y, Palit P, Sarker MHR, Das J, Hoque ME, Magalhães RJS, Mamun AA, Faruque ASG, Ahmed T, Chisti MJ. Toxoplasma gondii Infection Is Associated with Low Birth Weight: Findings from an Observational Study among Rural Bangladeshi Women. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030336. [PMID: 35335660 PMCID: PMC8954211 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection may cause substantial adverse effects on developing fetuses, newborns and also mothers. This study aims to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii among rural Bangladeshi pregnant women and determine the risk of a low birth weight (LBW). We followed a longitudinal design where 208 pregnant women were followed until the birth of their infants. Levels of IgG and IgM of T. gondii were assessed using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted associations and multiple regression analysis was performed to understand the confounding and modifying effects of the variables. Thirty-nine (19%) children were born with LBW, among whom 15 (39%) mothers were positive for T. gondii IgG during pregnancy. After adjusting for several confounders and modifiers, pregnant women with T. gondii IgG or IgM seropositivity were significantly associated with LBW of infants (aRR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.17–3.42). The strength of this association increased after adjusting for maternal education (aRR: 4.88, 95% CI: 1.74–13.69). The final model had an AROC of 0.84 with a sensitivity of 36% and specificity of 97%. Although causality is yet to be established, the study observed an association between T. gondii infection during pregnancy among rural Bangladeshi women and LBW of newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irin Parvin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (I.P.); (A.R.); (A.S.M.S.B.S.); (L.S.); (F.A.); (M.M.A.); (T.A.); (Y.J.); (P.P.); (M.H.R.S.); (T.A.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Sumon Kumar Das
- Menzies—School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia
- Correspondence: or (S.K.D.); (A.S.G.F.)
| | - Shahnawaz Ahmed
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia;
| | - Aminur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (I.P.); (A.R.); (A.S.M.S.B.S.); (L.S.); (F.A.); (M.M.A.); (T.A.); (Y.J.); (P.P.); (M.H.R.S.); (T.A.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayeem Bin Shahid
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (I.P.); (A.R.); (A.S.M.S.B.S.); (L.S.); (F.A.); (M.M.A.); (T.A.); (Y.J.); (P.P.); (M.H.R.S.); (T.A.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Lubaba Shahrin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (I.P.); (A.R.); (A.S.M.S.B.S.); (L.S.); (F.A.); (M.M.A.); (T.A.); (Y.J.); (P.P.); (M.H.R.S.); (T.A.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Farzana Afroze
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (I.P.); (A.R.); (A.S.M.S.B.S.); (L.S.); (F.A.); (M.M.A.); (T.A.); (Y.J.); (P.P.); (M.H.R.S.); (T.A.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Mst. Mahmuda Ackhter
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (I.P.); (A.R.); (A.S.M.S.B.S.); (L.S.); (F.A.); (M.M.A.); (T.A.); (Y.J.); (P.P.); (M.H.R.S.); (T.A.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Tahmina Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (I.P.); (A.R.); (A.S.M.S.B.S.); (L.S.); (F.A.); (M.M.A.); (T.A.); (Y.J.); (P.P.); (M.H.R.S.); (T.A.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Yasmin Jahan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (I.P.); (A.R.); (A.S.M.S.B.S.); (L.S.); (F.A.); (M.M.A.); (T.A.); (Y.J.); (P.P.); (M.H.R.S.); (T.A.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Parag Palit
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (I.P.); (A.R.); (A.S.M.S.B.S.); (L.S.); (F.A.); (M.M.A.); (T.A.); (Y.J.); (P.P.); (M.H.R.S.); (T.A.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Mohammad Habibur Rahman Sarker
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (I.P.); (A.R.); (A.S.M.S.B.S.); (L.S.); (F.A.); (M.M.A.); (T.A.); (Y.J.); (P.P.); (M.H.R.S.); (T.A.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Jui Das
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia;
| | - Mohammad Enamul Hoque
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia;
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, UQ Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia;
| | - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (I.P.); (A.R.); (A.S.M.S.B.S.); (L.S.); (F.A.); (M.M.A.); (T.A.); (Y.J.); (P.P.); (M.H.R.S.); (T.A.); (M.J.C.)
- Correspondence: or (S.K.D.); (A.S.G.F.)
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (I.P.); (A.R.); (A.S.M.S.B.S.); (L.S.); (F.A.); (M.M.A.); (T.A.); (Y.J.); (P.P.); (M.H.R.S.); (T.A.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (I.P.); (A.R.); (A.S.M.S.B.S.); (L.S.); (F.A.); (M.M.A.); (T.A.); (Y.J.); (P.P.); (M.H.R.S.); (T.A.); (M.J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mshelbwala PP, Weese JS, Clark NJ, Tekki I, Chakma S, Shamaki D, Mamun AA, Rupprecht CE, Soares Magalhães RJ. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and determinants of canine rabies evidence at Local Government Area Level in Nigeria: Implications for rabies prevention and control. One Health 2022; 14:100378. [PMID: 35342784 PMCID: PMC8941265 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies poses a significant risk to humans and animals in Nigeria. However, the lack of reliable tools to evaluate the performance of existing canine rabies control programs to inform public health policy decisions poses a severe obstacle. We obtained canine rabies surveillance data from the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) and supplemented these data with rabies diagnoses reported in the published studies from Nigeria. To uncover contextual factors (i.e., environmental and sociodemographic) associated with canine rabies evidence at the Local Government Area (LGA) level, we classified LGAs in Nigeria into four categories based on evidence availability (i.e., LGAs with NVRI data or published studies, both, or no evidence). We described the geographical and temporal variation in coverage. We fitted a multinomial regression model to examine the association between LGA level canine rabies evidence and potential sociodemographic and ecological determinants of canine rabies evidence. The effective annual testing during the 19 years was less than one dog/100,000 Nigerian resident-year. Our results showed that 58% of Nigerian LGAs (450/774) had not been targeted by the existing national rabies surveillance or studies on rabies, including ten states capitals with high human populations. While 16% (122/774) of Nigerian LGAs concentrated in Taraba, Adamawa, and Abia had canine rabies evidence from published studies, none of these LGAs was represented in the NVRI rabies surveillance data. We also observed an increasing trend in rabies evidence over time towards the eastern part of Nigeria. Our multinomial regression model indicated that education level, poverty, population density, land use and temperature were significantly associated with canine rabies evidence at the LGA level. This study underscores the value of combining canine rabies evidence from different sources to better understand the current disease situation for targeted intervention. This study shows the value of combining different evidence sources to advocate for public health interventions. Educational level, poverty, population density, land use and temperature were determinants of evidence of canine rabies. Such evidence demonstrates the need to expand Nigeria's rabies laboratory-based surveillance to support rabies prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip P. Mshelbwala
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
- Corresponding author at: UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | - Nicholas J. Clark
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Ishaya Tekki
- Rabies Laboratory, Infectious and Transboundary Animal Diseases Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Shovon Chakma
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - David Shamaki
- Rabies Laboratory, Infectious and Transboundary Animal Diseases Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Abdullah A. Mamun
- Institute for of Social Science Research, the University of Queensland, Long Pocket, Australia
| | | | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Clark NJ, Proboste T, Weerasinghe G, Soares Magalhães RJ. Near-term forecasting of companion animal tick paralysis incidence: An iterative ensemble model. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009874. [PMID: 35171905 PMCID: PMC8887734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick paralysis resulting from bites from Ixodes holocyclus and I. cornuatus is one of the leading causes of emergency veterinary admissions for companion animals in Australia, often resulting in death if left untreated. Availability of timely information on periods of increased risk can help modulate behaviors that reduce exposures to ticks and improve awareness of owners for the need of lifesaving preventative ectoparasite treatment. Improved awareness of clinicians and pet owners about temporal changes in tick paralysis risk can be assisted by ecological forecasting frameworks that integrate environmental information into statistical time series models. Using an 11-year time series of tick paralysis cases from veterinary clinics in one of Australia's hotspots for the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus, we asked whether an ensemble model could accurately forecast clinical caseloads over near-term horizons. We fit a series of statistical time series (ARIMA, GARCH) and generative models (Prophet, Generalised Additive Model) using environmental variables as predictors, and then combined forecasts into a weighted ensemble to minimise prediction interval error. Our results indicate that variables related to temperature anomalies, levels of vegetation moisture and the Southern Oscillation Index can be useful for predicting tick paralysis admissions. Our model forecasted tick paralysis cases with exceptional accuracy while preserving epidemiological interpretability, outperforming a field-leading benchmark Exponential Smoothing model by reducing both point and prediction interval errors. Using online particle filtering to assimilate new observations and adjust forecast distributions when new data became available, our model adapted to changing temporal conditions and provided further reduced forecast errors. We expect our model pipeline to act as a platform for developing early warning systems that can notify clinicians and pet owners about heightened risks of environmentally driven veterinary conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Clark
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatiana Proboste
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Guyan Weerasinghe
- Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, UQ Child Health Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Popovic I, Magalhães RJS, Yang S, Yang Y, Ge E, Yang B, Dong G, Wei X, Marks GB, Knibbs LD. Development and Validation of a Sub-National, Satellite-Based Land-Use Regression Model for Annual Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations in North-Western China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182412887. [PMID: 34948497 PMCID: PMC8701972 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Existing national- or continental-scale models of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure have a limited capacity to capture subnational spatial variability in sparsely-populated parts of the world where NO2 sources may vary. To test and validate our approach, we developed a land-use regression (LUR) model for NO2 for Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR) and surrounding areas, a small rural province in north-western China. Using hourly NO2 measurements from 105 continuous monitoring sites in 2019, a supervised, forward addition, linear regression approach was adopted to develop the model, assessing 270 potential predictor variables, including tropospheric NO2, optically measured by the Aura satellite. The final model was cross-validated (5-fold cross validation), and its historical performance (back to 2014) assessed using 41 independent monitoring sites not used for model development. The final model captured 63% of annual NO2 in NHAR (RMSE: 6 ppb (21% of the mean of all monitoring sites)) and contiguous parts of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Shaanxi Provinces. Cross-validation and independent evaluation against historical data yielded adjusted R2 values that were 1% and 10% lower than the model development values, respectively, with comparable RMSE. The findings suggest that a parsimonious, satellite-based LUR model is robust and can be used to capture spatial contrasts in annual NO2 in the relatively sparsely-populated areas in NHAR and neighbouring provinces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Popovic
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Australia
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia;
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, UQ Children’s Health Research Center, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane 4101, Australia
| | - Shukun Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, The First People’s Hospital in Yinchuan, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Yurong Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology & Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Erjia Ge
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; (E.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Boyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510085, China;
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510085, China;
| | - Xiaolin Wei
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; (E.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Guy B. Marks
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool 2170, Australia;
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe 2037, Australia
- Centre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research, Glebe 2037, Australia;
| | - Luke D. Knibbs
- Centre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research, Glebe 2037, Australia;
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Puspandari N, Sunarno S, Febrianti T, Febriyana D, Saraswati RD, Rooslamiati I, Amalia N, Nursofiah S, Hartoyo Y, Herna H, Mursinah M, Muna F, Aini N, Risniati Y, Dhewantara PW, Allamanda P, Wicaksana DN, Sukoco R, Efadeswarni, Nelwan EJ, Cahyarini, Haryanto B, Sihombing B, Soares Magalhães RJ, Kakkar M, Setiawaty V, Matheu J. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli surveillance in the human, food chain, and environment sectors: Tricycle project (pilot) in Indonesia. One Health 2021; 13:100331. [PMID: 34632041 PMCID: PMC8493575 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has been implementing antimicrobial surveillance with a "One Health" approach, known as the Global Surveillance ESBL E. coli Tricycle Project. We describe the implementation of the Tricycle Project (pilot) in Indonesia, focusing on its results, challenges and recommendations. The samples were 116 patients with bloodstream infections caused by ESBL E. coli, 100 rectal swabs collected from pregnant women, 240 cecums of broiler, and 119 environmental samples, using the standardized method according to the guidelines. ESBL-producing E. coli was found in 40 (40%) of the 100 pregnant women, while the proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli was 57.7% among the total E. coli-induced bloodstream infections. ESBL-producing E. coli was isolated from 161 (67.1%) out of 240 broilers. On the other hand, the average concentration of E. coli in the water samples was 2.0 × 108 CFU/100 mL, and the ratio of ESBL-producing E. coli was 12.8% of total E. coli. Unfortunately, 56.7% of questionnaires for patients were incomplete. The Tricycle Project (pilot) identified that the proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli was very high in all types of samples, and several challenges and obstacles were encountered during the implementation of the study in Indonesia. The finding of this study have implication to health/the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance. We recommend continuing this project and extending this study to other provinces to determine the AMR burden as the baseline in planning AMR control strategies in Indonesia. We also recommend improving the protocol of this study to minimize obstacles in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Puspandari
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sunarno Sunarno
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tati Febrianti
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Febriyana
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ratih Dian Saraswati
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Indri Rooslamiati
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Novi Amalia
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sundari Nursofiah
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yudi Hartoyo
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Herna Herna
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mursinah Mursinah
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fauzul Muna
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Aini
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yenni Risniati
- Centre for Research and Development of Health Resources and Services, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Pandji Wibawa Dhewantara
- Centre for Research and Development of Public Health Efforts, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Rinto Sukoco
- Disease Investigation Center Subang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Efadeswarni
- Research and Development for Environmental Quality and Laboratory Center, Banten, Indonesia
| | | | - Cahyarini
- Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | - Vivi Setiawaty
- Centre for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jorge Matheu
- WHO Food Safety and Zoonoses Department, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Proboste T, Deressa FB, Li Y, Kal DO, Gelalcha BD, Soares Magalhães RJ. Geographical Variation in Coxiella burnetii Seroprevalence in Dairy Farms Located in South-Western Ethiopia: Understanding the Broader Community Risk. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060646. [PMID: 34071090 PMCID: PMC8224686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic disease that is caused by Coxiella burnetii and leads to abortion and infertility in ruminants and debilitating disease in humans. Jimma zone, including Jimma town, located in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, was affected by an outbreak of abortions in ruminants related to Q fever infection between 2013 and 2015. This study aimed to investigate the geo-clustering of C. burnetii seroprevalence in dairy farms of Jimma town and identify the environmental risk factors associated with seroprevalence distribution. A total of 227 cattle were tested for antibodies against C. burnetii in 25 farms. We explored the clustering of C. burnetii seroprevalence using semivariograms. A geostatistical regression-based model was implemented to quantify the risk factors and to predict the geographical variation in C. burnetii seroprevalence at unsampled locations in Jimma town using OpenBugs. Our results demonstrated that the risk of exposure in dairy cattle varied across the landscape of Jimma town and was associated with environmental risk factors. The predictive map of C. burnetii seroprevalence showed that communities in the eastern part of Jimma town had the highest risk of exposure. Our results can inform community-level investigations of human seroprevalence in the high-risk areas to the east of Jimma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Proboste
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (Y.L.); (R.J.S.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Feyissa Begna Deressa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 307, Ethiopia; (F.B.D.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Yanjin Li
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (Y.L.); (R.J.S.M.)
| | - David Onafruo Kal
- College of Veterinary Science, Bahr El Ghazal University, Wau P.O. Box 10739, Sudan;
| | - Benti Deressa Gelalcha
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 307, Ethiopia; (F.B.D.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (Y.L.); (R.J.S.M.)
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rynhoud H, Forde BM, Beatson SA, Abraham S, Meler E, Soares Magalhães RJ, Gibson JS. Molecular Epidemiology of Clinical and Colonizing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Isolates in Companion Animals. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:620491. [PMID: 33969030 PMCID: PMC8102687 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.620491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) clinical and colonizing isolates of dogs and cats to profile contributing factors associated with their isolation. Nasal and rectal samples were collected from dogs and cats between 2015 and 2017 to identify colonizing isolates. Clinical isolates collected between 2003 and 2016 were retrieved from a Queensland university veterinary diagnostic laboratory. All isolates were identified using standard microbiological and molecular methods and were characterized by whole genome sequencing. Phylogenetic relationships and differences in epidemiological factors were investigated. Seventy-two MRSP isolates out of 1,460 colonizing samples and nine MRSP clinical isolates were identified. No MRSA was isolated. ST496 and ST749 were the most commonly isolated sequence types with different SCCmec types. ST496 clones spread both along the coast and more inland where ST749 was more centered in Brisbane. The resistance and virulence factors differed significantly between the two sequence types. ST496 colonizing and clinical isolates were similarly multidrug resistant. The virulence genes of ST749 colonizing and clinical isolates were similar as both contained the gene nanB for sialidase. There were no differences in the individual and clinical factors between predominant sequence types. High levels of antimicrobial resistance occurred in the majority of isolates, which is of potential concern to human and veterinary health. The phylogenetic clustering of isolates from this study and others previously identified in countries, particularly New Zealand, with which Australia has high volume of pet movements could suggest the importation of clones, which needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hester Rynhoud
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Brian M Forde
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott A Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Erika Meler
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.,Children Health and Environment Program, UQ Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Justine S Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Goh B, Ching K, Soares Magalhães RJ, Ciocchetta S, Edstein MD, Maciel-de-Freitas R, Sikulu-Lord MT. The application of spectroscopy techniques for diagnosis of malaria parasites and arboviruses and surveillance of mosquito vectors: A systematic review and critical appraisal of evidence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009218. [PMID: 33886567 PMCID: PMC8061870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The potential of RS as a surveillance tool for malaria and arbovirus vectors and MIRS for the diagnosis and surveillance of arboviruses is yet to be assessed. NIRS capacity as a surveillance tool for malaria and arbovirus vectors should be validated under field conditions, and its potential as a diagnostic tool for malaria and arboviruses needs to be evaluated. It is recommended that all 3 techniques evaluated simultaneously using multiple machine learning techniques in multiple epidemiological settings to determine the most accurate technique for each application. Prior to their field application, a standardised protocol for spectra collection and data analysis should be developed. This will harmonise their application in multiple field settings allowing easy and faster integration into existing disease control platforms. Ultimately, development of rapid and cost-effective point-of-care diagnostic tools for malaria and arboviruses based on spectroscopy techniques may help combat current and future outbreaks of these infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Goh
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Koek Ching
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Children's Health Research Centre, Children's Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Silvia Ciocchetta
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael D Edstein
- Australian Defence Force, Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Maggy T Sikulu-Lord
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rynhoud H, Gibson JS, Meler E, Soares Magalhães RJ. The Association Between the Use of Oclacitinib and Antibacterial Therapy in Dogs With Allergic Dermatitis: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:631443. [PMID: 33681331 PMCID: PMC7928369 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.631443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Canine allergic dermatitis, including atopic dermatitis, often requires antibacterial therapy for concurrent infections. Oclacitinib is indicated for treatment of pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis and the clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis in dogs aged ≥12 months. Hypothesis/Objectives: We aimed to determine if there was a quantitative difference in antibacterial use by dogs with allergic dermatitis receiving oclacitinib vs. other anti-pruritic therapies and before vs. after oclacitinib. Animals: In this retrospective case-control study, cases (n = 58) included dogs suffering from allergic dermatitis aged ≥12 months receiving oclacitinib and controls (n = 205) were counterpart dogs treated with other anti-pruritic therapies. Methods: Clinical histories of dogs with allergic dermatitis were collected from a small animal university hospital. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed adjusting for underlying skin or ear conditions to determine whether cases were prescribed fewer antibacterials than controls. Results: The odds of systemic antibacterial usage were lower in cases vs. controls [odds ratio (OR): 0.29 (95% confidence interval 0.12–0.71); P = 0.007]. The odds of amoxycillin clavulanic acid usage (12.5–25 mg/kg orally every 12 h) was lower in cases vs. controls [OR: 0.08 (0.01–0.71); P = 0.024]. Topical antibacterial drug use was reduced overall; however, only the odds of neomycin use was lower in cases vs. controls [OR: 0.3 (0.1–0.89); P = 0.029]. Cases had higher odds of experiencing improvements in allergic dermatitis categories vs. controls [OR: 7.89 (3.26–19.13); P < 0.001]. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Our results suggest that use of oclacitinib to treat allergic dermatitis in dogs is associated with less antibacterial use than other anti-pruritic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hester Rynhoud
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Justine S Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Erika Meler
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.,Children Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Horsman S, Rynhoud H, Zhou X, Soares Magalhães RJ, Gibson JS, Meler E. Environmental Recovery of Nosocomial Bacteria in a Companion Animal Shelter Before and After Infection Control Procedures. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:608901. [PMID: 33553281 PMCID: PMC7854535 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.608901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While the effects of cleaning and disinfection practices on the reduction of environmental nosocomial bacteria are well-established in human and large animal veterinary hospitals, how animal movements within animal health care facilities influence environmental bacterial recovery is poorly understood. During three consecutive weeks, 155 electrostatic wipes were collected from the environment pre- and post-cleaning only or following disinfection from seven target locations within an animal shelter. All samples were cultured, and isolates were identified using a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Social network analysis of animal movements during the sampling period was performed to estimate the level of connectivity of the seven target locations. The relationship between bacterial levels and connectivity estimates of the target locations were investigated using a negative binomial regression model with a random effect of sampling areas. Overall, our results indicate a significant reduction in the total bacterial contamination with disinfection when compared to cleaning only [Coefficient (Coef.) = -1.72, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = -3.09, -0.34, P = 0.015]. Higher total bacterial contamination was significantly more likely in sampled areas with less animal movement connectivity (Coef. = -0.32, 95% CI = -0.49, -0.15, P ≤ 0.001). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and ampicillin resistant Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp.) were present in the animal holdings and in the shelters' veterinary clinic environment at all sampling times. Our findings demonstrate that cleaning followed by disinfection practices are effective at reducing environmental bacterial levels. Areas with less animal connectivity are more likely to have a higher bacterial contamination. These areas could represent environmental reservoirs for bacterial infection and should be targeted with effective cleaning and disinfection protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Horsman
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Hester Rynhoud
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Justine S. Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Erika Meler
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pekin A, Rynhoud H, Brennan B, Soares Magalhães RJ. Dog bite Emergency department presentations in Brisbane metro south: Epidemiology and exploratory medical geography for targeted interventions. One Health 2020; 12:100204. [PMID: 33364297 PMCID: PMC7750554 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog bites are a recognized public health issue due to their impact on human and animal health/welfare. This study aimed to investigate demographic and geographic disparities in the epidemiology of dog bites presentations reported to the emergency departments of the four main public hospitals in the Metro South region of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Dog bite patient hospitalization data geolocated to the street address were collected from clinical records management systems from the four main public hospitals in the Metro South Hospital Health Service region of Queensland for a 5-year period (ie. 01/07/2013 to 30/06/2017). We investigated the epidemiology of three clinical outcomes including probability of paediatric cases (paediatric vs. adult), probability of dog bites to the head (head injury vs. other injury), and probability of re-presentation to the ED following their initial dog bite (yes or no) by way of univariable then multivariable Bernoulli logistic regression models including patient postcode as a random effect. Residual semivariograms were created to identify spatial trends in the medical geography of dog bites and binomial geostatistical models were created to predict the probability of the outcomes of interest in Brisbane Metro south and surrounding suburbs. Our results demonstrate that compared to adult dog bite cases, paediatric dog bite cases were significantly associated with bites to the head or face or neck (OR 14.65, P < 0.001), bites to the lower body (OR 4.95, P = 0.035) and larger dogs (OR 0.25, P = 0.030 for small dogs). The probability of head injuries was greater in younger age groups (17-39 OR 0.25, P = 0.001; 40-64 OR 0.15, P = 0.001; 65-above OR 0.14, P = 0.029). Attacks by small dogs were more likely to inflict head wounds than large dogs (OR 6.12, P < 0.001). The probability of re-presentation was lower in patients bitten by medium sized dogs (OR 0.29, P = 0.027) than larger dogs. Our predictive maps showed significant clustering of paediatric case probability in the Logan city and Redlands councils associated with socioeconomic status of the places of residence. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate significant demographic and geographic heterogeneity in dog bite ED presentations. Public health interventions to reduce the burden of dog bites should be targeted to the populations most at-risk in the areas identified in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pekin
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, QLD, Australia
| | - Hester Rynhoud
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, QLD, Australia
| | - Bradley Brennan
- Logan Hospital, Metro South Hospital Service, Logan, 4131, QLD, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, QLD, Australia.,UQ Children's Health Research Centre, Children's Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Betts KS, Magalhães RJS, Alati R. Elective Caesarean Delivery Associated with Infant Hospitalisation for Intestinal But Not Respiratory Infection. Matern Child Health J 2020; 25:392-401. [PMID: 33230680 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-020-03065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the impact of caesarean delivery on offspring respiratory and intestinal infection. METHODS Data were extracted from all live births (n = 429,058) occurring in the Australian state of Queensland between January 2009 and December 2015, and followed for 12 months. Births were categorised as either non-medically indicated caesarean or vaginal delivery and each offspring had a record (present/absent) of respiratory and intestinal infection hospitalisation for each month from birth to 12 months. RESULTS Infants delivered by non-medically indicated caesarean were more likely to experience respiratory infection [OR = 1.51 (1.15, 1.99)] and intestinal infection [OR = 1.74 (1.19, 2.55)] than those born by vaginal delivery. In the propensity score weighted analyses the estimate for respiratory infection was similar but non-significant [OR = 1.52 (0.99, 2.31)], while the association with intestinal infection strengthened [OR = 2.21 (1.25, 3.89)]. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRATICE Our findings provide strong evidence for a specific and clinically meaningful link between non-medically indicated caesarean delivery and infant intestinal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Betts
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rosa Alati
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Deressa FB, Kal DO, Gelalcha BD, Magalhães RJS. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for Q fever in dairy and slaughterhouse cattle of Jimma town, South Western Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:385. [PMID: 33046069 PMCID: PMC7552523 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Q fever is a zoonotic disease, caused by Gram negative bacterium C. burnetii, which imparts significant socio-economic burden due to production and reproductive loss (abortion, stillbirth, and infertility) in ruminants and debilitating clinical disease in human populations. While sheep and goats are considered the primary reservoirs of infection to humans, infection can also result from exposure to cattle. Recent studies indicate that in Ethiopia Q fever is a disease of growing public health interest. The top cattle producing region in Ethiopia is the Oromia region and Jimma is the zone that ranks first in the population of cattle within Oromia. While in Jimma zone livestock production plays an important role in people's livelihoods and nutrition, to date, there is no available report on seroprevalence of Q fever in cattle. This is particularly important due to the low dairy farm biosecurity in Jimma town. This study aimed to evaluate the potential risk for public health from cattle production; a specific objective of this study included the estimation of the seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection and its potential risk factors in dairy cattle and cattle for slaughter in Jimma Town. RESULTS The seroprevalence of C. burnetii in cattle present at dairy farms was significantly lower compared to cattle presented at slaughterhouse [6.17% (95% CI: 3.41-10.13) and 11.79% (95% CI: 7.63-17.17), respectively; (P = 0.04)]. As the age of dairy cattle increase by 1 year, they were 1.51 more likely to be positive of C. burnetii [OR = 1.51 (95%CI: 1.30-1.75; (P = 0.000)]. Cattle managed in semi-intensive production systems were 8.08 more likely to be C. burnetii seropositive compared to intensively managed dairy cattle [OR = 8.08 (95%CI: 1.03-63.68); P = 0.047]. Dairy cattle with access to nuisance animals like dogs, cats and mice were 5.65 more likely to be C. burnetii seropositive compared to dairy cattle without access to these animals. On the other hand, dairy cattle that have no tick infestation are 93% less likely to be seropositive for C. burnetii [OR = 0.07 (95%CI: 0.01-0.74); P = 0.027]. Concerning farm-level data, farms of larger herd sizes were 1.03 more likely to be C. burnetii seropositive than small herd farms [OR = 1.03 (95%CI: 0.99-1.06)]. The result from slaughterhouse indicates that as the age of cattle increase by 1 year their chance of being C. burnetii seropositive increases by 2.27 [OR = 2.27 (95%CI: 1.93-2.68); p = 0.000]. CONCLUSION Considering its zoonotic and economic burden the seroprevalence of Q fever recorded in this study is of eminent public health concern with a farm-level and slaughterhouse seroprevalence of 6.17 and 11.79% respectively. Based on modifiable risk factors identified in this study, Q fever management plans better be focused on health education and awareness campaigns for abattoir workers and dairy farm workers. Dairy farm Q fever management plans should contemplate improved dairy herd biosecurity with regards to cattle tick infestation, keeping different livestock species segregated and avoiding mixing of herd with others with unknown health status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feyissa Begna Deressa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O.Box: 307, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - David Onafruo Kal
- Bahr El Ghazal University College of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 10739, Wau, South Sudan
| | - Benti Deressa Gelalcha
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O.Box: 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Clark NJ, Tozer S, Wood C, Firestone SM, Stevenson M, Caraguel C, Chaber AL, Heller J, Soares Magalhães RJ. Unravelling animal exposure profiles of human Q fever cases in Queensland, Australia, using natural language processing. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2133-2145. [PMID: 32259390 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Q fever, caused by the zoonotic bacterium Coxiella burnetii, is a globally distributed emerging infectious disease. Livestock are the most important zoonotic transmission sources, yet infection in people without livestock exposure is common. Identifying potential exposure pathways is necessary to design effective interventions and aid outbreak prevention. We used natural language processing and graphical network methods to provide insights into how Q fever notifications are associated with variation in patient occupations or lifestyles. Using an 18-year time-series of Q fever notifications in Queensland, Australia, we used topic models to test whether compositions of patient answers to follow-up exposure questionnaires varied between demographic groups or across geographical areas. To determine heterogeneity in possible zoonotic exposures, we explored patterns of livestock and game animal co-exposures using Markov Random Fields models. Finally, to identify possible correlates of Q fever case severity, we modelled patient probabilities of being hospitalized as a function of particular exposures. Different demographic groups consistently reported distinct sets of exposure terms and were concentrated in different areas of the state, suggesting the presence of multiple transmission pathways. Macropod exposure was commonly reported among Q fever cases, even when exposure to cattle, sheep or goats was absent. Males, older patients and those that reported macropod exposure were more likely to be hospitalized due to Q fever infection. Our study indicates that follow-up surveillance combined with text modelling is useful for unravelling exposure pathways in the battle to reduce Q fever incidence and associated morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Clark
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Queensland Centre for Gynaecological Cancer, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
| | - Caitlin Wood
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Charles Caraguel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jane Heller
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
O'Bryan CJ, Braczkowski AR, Magalhães RJS, McDonald-Madden E. Conservation epidemiology of predators and scavengers to reduce zoonotic risk. Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4:e304-e305. [PMID: 32800146 PMCID: PMC7423334 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J O'Bryan
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | | | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia; Children Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Eve McDonald-Madden
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gelaw YA, Williams G, Assefa Y, Asressie M, Soares Magalhães RJ. Sociodemographic profiling of tuberculosis hotspots in Ethiopia, 2014-2017. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 113:379-391. [PMID: 30989204 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) notification rates vary across regions in Ethiopia and districts within the Amhara Region. The Amhara Region is one of the main TB hotspot regions in the country. In this study we identified the spatial distribution of TB and characterized the sociodemographic factors of spatial clusters in the Amhara Region. METHODS An ecological spatial analysis of TB notifications from 2014 to 2017 was conducted to quantify the presence and location of spatial clusters of TB notifications at the district level within the Amhara Region. Global Moran's I statistics and local indicators of spatial association were used to explore the spatial clustering of TB notifications. Notifications from hotspots and low-risk districts were compared to identify significant sociodemographic factors using analysis of variance and Classification and Regression Tree analysis. The geographic information system and 'sp' packages of R software were used for spatial analysis. RESULTS From 2014 to 2017 the average notification rate of all forms of TB in the Amhara Region was 107/100 000 population (range 18-614 per 100 000 population). District-level TB notification rates were positively spatially autocorrelated, with Moran's I value ranging from 0.207 to 0.276 (p=0.01). Hotspot TB clusters were found in the northwest and central part of the region. The proportion of migrants (F(3,124)=23.21, p<0.001, d=1.4) was found to be the most important factor associated with hotspot TB clustering. CONCLUSIONS TB notification rates in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia over the past 4 y were significantly clustered. Distinguishing high-risk areas from low-risk areas and characterizing the proportion of migrants and other risk factors is important for targeted TB prevention and control in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gail Williams
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yibeltal Assefa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dhewantara PW, Zhang W, Al Mamun A, Yin WW, Ding F, Guo D, Hu W, Soares Magalhães RJ. Spatial distribution of leptospirosis incidence in the Upper Yangtze and Pearl River Basin, China: Tools to support intervention and elimination. Sci Total Environ 2020; 725:138251. [PMID: 32298905 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2011 human leptospirosis incidence in China has remained steadily low with persistent pockets of notifications reported in communities within the Upper Yangtze River Basin (UYRB) and Pearl River Basin (PRB). To help guide health authorities within these residual areas to identify communities where interventions should be targeted, this study quantified the local effect of socioeconomic and environmental factors on the spatial distribution of leptospirosis incidence and developed predictive maps of leptospirosis incidence for UYRB and PRB. METHODS Data on all human leptospirosis cases reported during 2005-2016 across the UYRB and PRB regions were geolocated at the county-level and included in the analysis. Bayesian conditional autoregressive (CAR) models with zero-inflated Poisson link for leptospirosis incidence were developed after adjustment of environmental and socioeconomic factors such as precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), land surface temperature (LST), elevation, slope, land cover, crop production, livestock density, gross domestic product and population density. RESULTS The relationship of environmental and socioeconomic variables with human leptospirosis incidence varied between both regions. While across UYRB incidence of human leptospirosis was associated with MNDWI and elevation, in PRB human leptospirosis incidence was significantly associated with NDVI, livestock density and land cover. Precipitation was significantly and positively associated with the spatial variation of incidence of leptospirosis in both regions. After accounting for the effect of environmental and socioeconomic factors, the predicted distribution of residual high-incidence county is potentially more widespread both in the UYRB and PRB compared to the observed distribution. In the UYRB, the highest predicted incidence was found along the border of Chongqing and Guizhou towards Sichuan basin and northwest Yunnan. The highest predicted incidence was also identified in counties in the central and lower reaches of the PRB. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated significant geographical heterogeneity in leptospirosis incidence within UYRB and PRB, providing an evidence base for prioritising targeted interventions in counties identified with the highest predicted incidence. Furthermore, environmental drivers of leptospirosis incidence were highly specific to each of the regions, emphasizing the importance of localized control measures. The findings also suggested the need to expand interventional coverage and to support surveillance and diagnostic capacity on the predicted high-risk areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pandji Wibawa Dhewantara
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; Pangandaran Unit of Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health of Indonesia, West Java 46396, Indonesia.
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia.
| | - Wen-Wu Yin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fan Ding
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Danhuai Guo
- Scientific Data Center, Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia; Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhou X, Gao L, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Shen C, Liu A, Yu Q, Zhang W, Pekin A, Guo F, Smith C, Clements ACA, Edwards J, Huang B, Soares Magalhães RJ. Geographical variation in the risk of H7N9 human infections in China: implications for risk-based surveillance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10372. [PMID: 32587266 PMCID: PMC7316858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A (H7N9) subtype remains a public health problem in China affecting individuals in contact with live poultry, particularly at live bird markets. Despite enhanced surveillance and biosecurity at LBMs H7N9 viruses are now more widespread in China. This study aims to quantify the temporal relationship between poultry surveillance results and the onset of human H7N9 infections during 2013-2017 and to estimate risk factors associated with geographical risk of H7N9 human infections in counties in Southeast China. Our results suggest that poultry surveillance data can potentially be used as early warning indicators for human H7N9 notifications. Furthermore, we found that human H7N9 incidence at county-level was significantly associated with the presence of wholesale LBMs, the density of retail LBMs, the presence of poultry virological positives, poultry movements from high-risk areas, as well as chicken population density and human population density. The results of this study can influence the current AI H7N9 control program by supporting the integration of poultry surveillance data with human H7N9 notifications as an early warning of the timing and areas at risk for human infection. The findings also highlight areas in China where monitoring of poultry movement and poultry infections could be prioritized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Lu Gao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Youming Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yin Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China.,School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Yi Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Chaojian Shen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ailing Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Qi Yu
- Beijing Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Alexander Pekin
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fusheng Guo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl Smith
- School of Business, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - John Edwards
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China.,School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Baoxu Huang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Clark NJ, Owada K, Ruberanziza E, Ortu G, Umulisa I, Bayisenge U, Mbonigaba JB, Mucaca JB, Lancaster W, Fenwick A, Soares Magalhães RJ, Mbituyumuremyi A. Parasite associations predict infection risk: incorporating co-infections in predictive models for neglected tropical diseases. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:138. [PMID: 32178706 PMCID: PMC7077138 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis and infection by soil-transmitted helminths are some of the world's most prevalent neglected tropical diseases. Infection by more than one parasite (co-infection) is common and can contribute to clinical morbidity in children. Geostatistical analyses of parasite infection data are key for developing mass drug administration strategies, yet most methods ignore co-infections when estimating risk. Infection status for multiple parasites can act as a useful proxy for data-poor individual-level or environmental risk factors while avoiding regression dilution bias. Conditional random fields (CRF) is a multivariate graphical network method that opens new doors in parasite risk mapping by (i) predicting co-infections with high accuracy; (ii) isolating associations among parasites; and (iii) quantifying how these associations change across landscapes. METHODS We built a spatial CRF to estimate infection risks for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) and Schistosoma mansoni using data from a national survey of Rwandan schoolchildren. We used an ensemble learning approach to generate spatial predictions by simulating from the CRF's posterior distribution with a multivariate boosted regression tree that captured non-linear relationships between predictors and covariance in infection risks. This CRF ensemble was compared against single parasite gradient boosted machines to assess each model's performance and prediction uncertainty. RESULTS Parasite co-infections were common, with 19.57% of children infected with at least two parasites. The CRF ensemble achieved higher predictive power than single-parasite models by improving estimates of co-infection prevalence at the individual level and classifying schools into World Health Organization treatment categories with greater accuracy. The CRF uncovered important environmental and demographic predictors of parasite infection probabilities. Yet even after capturing demographic and environmental risk factors, the presences or absences of other parasites were strong predictors of individual-level infection risk. Spatial predictions delineated high-risk regions in need of anthelminthic treatment interventions, including areas with higher than expected co-infection prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring studies routinely screen for multiple parasites, yet statistical models generally ignore this multivariate data when assessing risk factors and designing treatment guidelines. Multivariate approaches can be instrumental in the global effort to reduce and eventually eliminate neglected helminth infections in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Clark
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
| | - Kei Owada
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
- Children Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
| | - Eugene Ruberanziza
- Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Parasitic Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Giuseppina Ortu
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI), Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Irenee Umulisa
- Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Parasitic Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Ursin Bayisenge
- Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Parasitic Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Jean Bosco Mbonigaba
- Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Parasitic Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Jean Bosco Mucaca
- Microbiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory (NRL) Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Alan Fenwick
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI), Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
- Children Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
| | - Aimable Mbituyumuremyi
- Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Araujo Navas AL, Osei F, Soares Magalhães RJ, Leonardo LR, Stein A. Modelling the impact of MAUP on environmental drivers for Schistosoma japonicum prevalence. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:112. [PMID: 32122402 PMCID: PMC7053105 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) arises when the support size of a spatial variable affects the relationship between prevalence and environmental risk factors. Its effect on schistosomiasis modelling studies could lead to unreliable parameter estimates. The present research aims to quantify MAUP effects on environmental drivers of Schistosoma japonicum infection by (i) bringing all covariates to the same spatial support, (ii) estimating individual-level regression parameters at 30 m, 90 m, 250 m, 500 m and 1 km spatial supports, and (iii) quantifying the differences between parameter estimates using five models. METHODS We modelled the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum using sub-provinces health outcome data and pixel-level environmental data. We estimated and compared regression coefficients from convolution models using Bayesian statistics. RESULTS Increasing the spatial support to 500 m gradually increased the parameter estimates and their associated uncertainties. Abrupt changes in the parameter estimates occur at 1 km spatial support, resulting in loss of significance of almost all the covariates. No significant differences were found between the predicted values and their uncertainties from the five models. We provide suggestions to define an appropriate spatial data structure for modelling that gives more reliable parameter estimates and a clear relationship between risk factors and the disease. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of quantified MAUP effects was important in this study on schistosomiasis. This will support helminth control programmes by providing reliable parameter estimates at the same spatial support and suggesting the use of an adequate spatial data structure, to generate reliable maps that could guide efficient mass drug administration campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Araujo Navas
- Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Osei
- Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
- Child Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
| | - Lydia R. Leonardo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, 1000 Manila, Philippines
| | - Alfred Stein
- Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhou X, Wang Y, Liu H, Guo F, Doi SA, Smith C, Clements ACA, Edwards J, Huang B, Soares Magalhães RJ. Effectiveness of Market-Level Biosecurity at Reducing Exposure of Poultry and Humans to Avian Influenza: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1861-1875. [PMID: 29986030 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we aimed to identify the effect of market-level risk factors on avian influenza (AI) infection in poultry and humans and generate evidence that will inform AI prevention and control programs at live bird markets (LBMs). Methods We performed a systematic literature review in both English and Chinese search engines. We estimated the pooled odds ratios of biosecurity indicators relating to AI infections at market level using a quality effects (QE) meta-analysis model. Results Biosecurity measures effective at reducing AI market contamination and poultry infection at LBMs include smaller market size, selling single poultry species and separating different species, performing cleaning and disinfection and market closures, ban on overnight storage, and sourcing poultry from local areas. Our meta-analysis indicates that higher risk of exposure to AI infection occurs in workers at retail LBMs, female workers, and those who contact ducks, conduct cleaning, slaughtering, defeathering, or evisceration. Conclusions The most effective strategies to reduce AI market contamination identified in this study should target larger LBMs that are located at noncentral city areas and sell and slaughter multispecies of live poultry. Live bird market workers directly involved in cleaning and poultry processing tasks should participate in occupational health and safety programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Youming Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualei Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China
| | - Fusheng Guo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Bangkok
| | - Suhail A Doi
- Research School of Population Health, the Australian National University, Australia.,College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha
| | - Carl Smith
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, the University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, the Australian National University, Australia
| | - John Edwards
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.,Murdoch University, Western Australia
| | - Baoxu Huang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Program, UQ Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dhewantara PW, Hu W, Zhang W, Yin WW, Ding F, Mamun AA, Soares Magalhães RJ. Climate variability, satellite-derived physical environmental data and human leptospirosis: A retrospective ecological study in China. Environ Res 2019; 176:108523. [PMID: 31203048 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past three decades, the incidence rate of notified leptospirosis cases in China have steeply declined and are now circumscribed to discrete areas in the country. Previous research showed that climate and environmental variation may play an important role in leptospirosis transmission. However, quantitative associations between climate, environmental factors and leptospirosis in the high-risk areas in China, is still poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To quantify the temporal effects of climate and remotely-sensed physical environmental factors on human leptospirosis in the high-risk counties in China. METHODS Time series seasonal decomposition was performed to explore the seasonality pattern of leptospirosis incidence in Mengla County, Yunnan and Yilong County, Sichuan for the period 2006-2016. Time series cross-correlation analysis was carried out to examine lagged effects of rainfall, relative humidity, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) and land surface temperature (LST) on leptospirosis. The associations of climatic and physical environment factors with leptospirosis in each county were assessed by using a generalized linear regression model with negative binomial link, adjusted by seasonal components. RESULTS Leptospirosis incidence in both counties showed strong and unique annual seasonality. Our results show that in Mengla County leptospirosis notifications exhibits a bi-modal temporal pattern while in Yilong County it follows a typical single epidemic curve. After adjusting for seasonality, the final best-fitting model for Mengla County indicated that leptospirosis notifications were significantly associated with present LST values (incidence rate ratio, IRR = 0.857, 95% confidence interval (CI):0.729-0.929) and rainfall at a lag of 6-months (IRR = 0.989; 95% CI: 0.985-0.993). The incidence of leptospirosis in Yilong was associated with rainfall at 1-month lag (IRR = 1.013, 95% CI: 1.003-1.023), LST (3-months lag) (IRR = 1.193, 95% CI: 1.095-1.301), and MNDWI (5-months lag) (IRR = 7.960, 95% CI: 1.241-47.66). CONCLUSIONS Our study identified lagged effects between leptospirosis incidence and climate and remotely-sensed environmental factors in the two most endemic counties in China. Rainfall in combination with satellite derived physical environment factors provided better insight of the local epidemiology as well as good predictors for leptospirosis outbreak in both counties. This would also be an avenue for the development of leptospirosis early warning systems to support leptospirosis control in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pandji Wibawa Dhewantara
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia; Pangandaran Unit of Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health of Indonesia, West Java, 46396, Indonesia.
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Wu Yin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fan Ding
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, 4068, Australia.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia; Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ruberanziza E, Owada K, Clark NJ, Umulisa I, Ortu G, Lancaster W, Munyaneza T, Mbituyumuremyi A, Bayisenge U, Fenwick A, Soares Magalhães RJ. Mapping Soil-Transmitted Helminth Parasite Infection in Rwanda: Estimating Endemicity and Identifying At-Risk Populations. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4020093. [PMID: 31207897 PMCID: PMC6630518 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are globally distributed intestinal parasite infections caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus). STH infection constitutes a major public health threat, with heavy burdens observed in many of the world’s tropical and subtropical regions. Mass drug administration and sanitation improvements can drastically reduce STH prevalence and associated morbidity. However, identifying targeted areas in need of treatment is hampered by a lack of knowledge on geographical and population-level risk factors. In this study, we applied Bayesian geostatistical modelling to data from a national school-based STH infection survey in Rwanda to (1) identify ecological and population-level risk factors and (2) provide comprehensive precision maps of infection burdens. Our results indicated that STH infections were heterogeneously distributed across the country and showed signatures of spatial clustering, though the magnitude of clustering varied among parasites. The highest rates of endemic clustering were attributed to A. lumbricoides infection. Concordant infection patterns among the three parasite groups highlighted populations currently most at-risk of morbidity. Population-dense areas in the Western and North-Western regions of Rwanda represent areas that have continued to exhibit high STH burden across two surveys and are likely in need of targeted interventions. Our maps support the need for an updated evaluation of STH endemicity in western Rwanda to evaluate progress in MDA efforts and identify communities that need further local interventions to further reduce morbidity caused by STH infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Ruberanziza
- Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Parasitic Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Kei Owada
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia.
- Children Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nicholas J Clark
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia.
- Children Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Irenee Umulisa
- Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Parasitic Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Giuseppina Ortu
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI), Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | | - Tharcisse Munyaneza
- Microbiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory (NRL) Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Aimable Mbituyumuremyi
- Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Ursin Bayisenge
- Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Parasitic Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Alan Fenwick
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI), Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia.
- Children Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gelaw YA, Williams G, Soares Magalhães RJ, Gilks CF, Assefa Y. HIV Prevalence Among Tuberculosis Patients in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:1561-1575. [PMID: 30607755 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-02386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HIV associated tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and mortality is a major concern in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding the level of HIV infection among TB patients is vital for adequate response. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of HIV in TB patients in sub-Saharan Africa. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and CINAHL databases. A meta-analysis with a random-effects model was performed. Potential sources of heterogeneity in the prevalence estimates were explored using meta-regression analysis. We identified 68 studies that collectively included 62,969 TB patients between 1990 and 2017. The overall estimate of HIV prevalence in TB patients was 31.8% (95% CI 27.8-36.1). There was substantial heterogeneity in the prevalence estimates in Southern, Central, Eastern, and Western sub-Saharan Africa regions (43.7, 41.3, 31.1 and 25.5%, respectively). We noted an apparent reduction in the estimate from 33.7% (95% CI 27.6-40.4) in the period before 2000 to 25.7% (95% CI 17.6-336.6) in the period after 2010. The Eastern and Southern sub-Saharan Africa region had higher prevalence [34.4% (95% CI 29.3-34.4)] than the Western and Central region [27.3% (95% CI 21.6-33.8)]. The prevalence of HIV in TB patients has declined over time in sub-Saharan Africa. We argue that this is due to strengthened HIV prevention and control response and enhanced TB/HIV collaborative activities. Countries and regions with high burdens of HIV and TB should strengthen and sustain efforts in order to achieve the goal of ending both HIV and TB epidemics in line with the Sustainable Development Goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Gail Williams
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Faculty of Medicine, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Charles F Gilks
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Yibeltal Assefa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhou X, Zhang Y, Shen C, Liu A, Wang Y, Yu Q, Guo F, Clements ACA, Smith C, Edwards J, Huang B, Soares Magalhães RJ. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with avian influenza along the live chicken market chains in Eastern China: A cross-sectional survey in Shanghai, Anhui, and Jiangsu. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1529-1538. [PMID: 30891947 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The avian influenza (AI) virus of the H7N9 subtype emerged in China in 2013. Live bird markets (LBMs) selling live meat chickens were indicated to present a high-risk of the virus dissemination. This study aimed to quantify the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on AI and to measure the associated risk factors among different actors along the live chicken market chain within H7N9-affected Eastern provinces in China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in these provinces from June to July 2014. Structured questionnaires about KAP on AI were delivered to chicken farmers, chicken vendors, and consumers in LBMs. Multivariable generalized least squares regression models were developed to identify predictors of KAP scores among different actors. Our results indicate that KAP scores of chicken farmers were generally higher than those of chicken vendors. Chicken farmers who worked for more than 15 years had significantly lower total KAP scores than those who worked for less than 6 years. Chicken farmers who worked more than 15 hrs in a day had significantly lower attitude scores than those who worked less than 6 hrs. For chicken vendors, females and individuals > 35 years old had significantly lower knowledge scores compared to the reference categories. Practice scores were significantly higher in female vendors and those vendors who also conducted slaughter compared to males and vendors who did not conduct slaughter. Consumers who bought chicken at least once every month had better risk awareness compared to those who bought chicken at least once every week. In addition, female consumers had significantly better practice scores than male consumers. In conclusion, risk-based health promotion interventions should be developed and implemented by animal health agencies (targeting farmers and vendors) and public health agencies (targeting frequent and male consumers) to prevent transmission of H7N9 along the market chain in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology Survey, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Chaojian Shen
- Department of Epidemiology Survey, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ailing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology Survey, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Youming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology Survey, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Qi Yu
- Beijing Centre for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fusheng Guo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carl Smith
- School of Business, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Edwards
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology Survey, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, PR China.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Baoxu Huang
- Department of Epidemiology Survey, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,UQ Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gelaw YA, Magalhães RJS, Assefa Y, Williams G. Spatial clustering and socio-demographic determinants of HIV infection in Ethiopia, 2015-2017. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 82:33-39. [PMID: 30844516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amhara Region has the largest at-risk population in Ethiopia, with widespread traditional practices that are likely to increase transmission of HIV. However, the identification and characterization of HIV hotspots within this region have not been undertaken. This study aimed to explore and describe the geographical pattern of HIV infection using notification data in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. METHODS Data on HIV infection at the district level were obtained from the Amhara Regional Health Bureau. A Bayesian conditional autoregressive (CAR) model was used to explore the association between HIV infection and socio-demographic variables in OpenBUGS. RESULTS A total of 35 210 new HIV cases were reported during 2015-2017 in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Metema and Mirab Armacho districts were found to be hotspots throughout the study period. There was a decrease in HIV infection in 2016 (odds ratio 0.77, 95% credible interval (CrI) 0.72-0.82) and 2017 (odds ratio 0.71, 95% CrI 0.60-0.76) as compared with HIV infection in 2015. HIV infection increased by 1.004 (95% CrI 1.001-1.008) and 1.47 (95% CrI 1.11-3.59) for a one-unit increase in the proportion of the population who had never attended school and migrants, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study identified spatial clustering of HIV infection in Amhara Region, with a slight reduction in the annual infection rates from 2015 to 2017. The proportion of the population who were migrants or who had a low educational status was associated with a high risk of infection. Access to HIV counselling and the promotion of condom utilization, integrated with other health care services, targeting those with a lower level of education and seasonal migrants, are important strategies for the prevention of new HIV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia; Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yibeltal Assefa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gail Williams
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ryu S, Soares Magalhães RJ, Chun BC. The impact of expanded brucellosis surveillance in beef cattle on human brucellosis in Korea: an interrupted time-series analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:201. [PMID: 30819243 PMCID: PMC6394004 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Korean surveillance program for bovine brucellosis was improved by extending it to beef slaughterhouses and by pre-movement testing of bulls on May 2005 (Intervention 1). The bovine brucellosis surveillance program was further extended to beef cattle farms with more than 10 heads of cattle on June 2006 (Intervention 2). METHODS To quantify the temporal relationship between bovine and human brucellosis, a time-series analysis was conducted using Korean national notification data reported between January 2004 and December 2014. RESULTS Our findings indicate that while during the pre-intervention phase (January 2004 to March 2005) there was no significant temporal relationship between the incidences of bovine and human brucellosis, significant temporal relationships were observed after Intervention 1 (June 2005 to June 2006, no lag, β = 0.57, p = 0.04), and Intervention 2 (July 2006 to June 2007, 1-month lag, β = 0.65, p = 0.03). Furthermore, significant changes in incidence in human were observed after Intervention 1 (β = - 0.17 per 10 million-people, p = 0.03) and Intervention 2 (β = - 0.19 per 10 million-people, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated the changes of a nationwide comprehensive surveillance programme targeting all cattle is required for effective reduction in the human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukhyun Ryu
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Informatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Byung Chul Chun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Informatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbukgu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Araujo Navas AL, Osei F, Leonardo LR, Soares Magalhães RJ, Stein A. Modeling Schistosoma japonicum Infection under Pure Specification Bias: Impact of Environmental Drivers of Infection. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E176. [PMID: 30634518 PMCID: PMC6351909 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Uncertainties in spatial modeling studies of schistosomiasis (SCH) are relevant for the reliable identification of at-risk populations. Ecological fallacy occurs when ecological or group-level analyses, such as spatial aggregations at a specific administrative level, are carried out for an individual-level inference. This could lead to the unreliable identification of at-risk populations, and consequently to fallacies in the drugs’ allocation strategies and their cost-effectiveness. A specific form of ecological fallacy is pure specification bias. The present research aims to quantify its effect on the parameter estimates of various environmental covariates used as drivers for SCH infection. This is done by (i) using a spatial convolution model that removes pure specification bias, (ii) estimating group and individual-level covariate regression parameters, and (iii) quantifying the difference between the parameter estimates and the predicted disease outcomes from the convolution and ecological models. We modeled the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum using group-level health outcome data, and city-level environmental data as a proxy for individual-level exposure. We included environmental data such as water and vegetation indexes, distance to water bodies, day and night land surface temperature, and elevation. We estimated and compared the convolution and ecological model parameter estimates using Bayesian statistics. Covariate parameter estimates from the convolution and ecological models differed between 0.03 for the nearest distance to water bodies (NDWB), and 0.28 for the normalized difference water index (NDWI). The convolution model presented lower uncertainties in most of the parameter estimates, except for NDWB. High differences in uncertainty were found in night land surface temperature (0.23) and elevation (0.13). No significant differences were found between the predicted values and their uncertainties from both models. The proposed convolution model is able to correct for a pure specification bias by presenting less uncertain parameter estimates. It shows a good predictive performance for the mean prevalence values and for a positive number of infected people. Further research is needed to better understand the spatial extent and support of analysis to reliably explore the role of environmental variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Araujo Navas
- Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Osei
- Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Lydia R Leonardo
- Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343 QLD, Australia.
- Child Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane 4101 QLD, Australia.
| | - Alfred Stein
- Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Owada K, Nielsen M, Lau CL, Yakob L, Clements ACA, Leonardo L, Soares Magalhães RJ. Determinants of Spatial Heterogeneity of Functional Illiteracy among School-Aged Children in the Philippines: An Ecological Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16010137. [PMID: 30621052 PMCID: PMC6339103 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Functional literacy is one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. Functional literacy indicators are likely to vary between locations given the geographical variability of its major determinants. This property poses a challenge to decisions around efficient allocation of population services and resources to mitigate the impact of functional literacy in populations most in need. Using functional literacy indicators of 11,313 school-aged children collected in 2008 during the nationwide survey, the current study examined the association between functional literacy and geographical disparities in socioeconomic status (SES), water supply, sanitation and hygiene, household education stimuli, and environmental variables in all three regions of the Philippines (Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao). Three nested fixed-effects multinomial regression models were built to determine associations between functional literacy and a wide array of variables. Our results showed the general prevalence rate of functional illiteracy as being 4.7%, with the highest prevalence rate in the Visayas, followed by Mindanao and Luzon (7.5%, 6.9%, and 3.0%, respectively. Our results indicated that in Luzon prevalence of functional illiteracy was explained by variation in household education stimuli scores, sources of drinking water, and type of toilet facility. In Mindanao and the Visayas prevalence of functional illiteracy was primarily explained by geographical variation in SES, and natural environmental conditions. Our study highlights region-specific determinants of functional literacy and the need for geographically targeted, integrated interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Owada
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Mark Nielsen
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Laith Yakob
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Lydia Leonardo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Harriott L, Gentle M, Traub R, Soares Magalhães RJ, Cobbold R. The association between diet of periurban wild dogs and zoonotic pathogen carriage. Aust Mammalogy 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/am18042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Established wildlife populations in periurban environments provide an opportunity to spread zoonotic pathogens within human-associated environments. Characteristics of prevalent pathogens harboured by periurban wild dogs suggest that dietary preference could influence their infection status; however, data comparing diet composition and pathogen presence are rarely available. We analysed the stomach contents of 170 periurban wild dogs (Canis familiaris) for the occurrence and biomass of prey items, and then associated this with their known infection status of key zoonotic pathogens. The staple prey items detected were mammalian prey species, most commonly swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) (20.6±6.1%), canines (C. familiaris) (prey) (10.6±4.6%), eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) (10.0±4.5%), and deer (various species) (10.0±4.5%). Unidentified bird species (10.0±4.5%) were also common. Wild dogs that were positive for Echinococcus granulosus were significantly more likely to have consumed swamp wallabies. These findings demonstrate the importance of managing both the definitive and intermediate stages of E. granulosus, and suggest that diet correlates with pathogen presence in some cases. This information may assist the development of specific strategies to manage zoonotic pathogens of wild dogs, which are currently lacking.
Collapse
|
42
|
Harriott L, Gentle M, Traub R, Soares Magalhães RJ, Cobbold R. Zoonotic and economically significant pathogens of peri-urban wild dogs across north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Wildl Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/wr18110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Peri-urban wild dogs are known to reside within high-risk and densely populated regions and are capable of harbouring a variety of zoonotic pathogens. Despite recognising the potential of peri-urban wild dogs to carry zoonotic pathogens, limited prevalence data are currently available to assist in understanding the potential risks that peri-urban wild dogs pose within developed communities.
Aims
The aim of the present research was to establish the current status of key zoonotic and economically significant pathogens in peri-urban wild dogs.
Methods
Two hundred and one peri-urban wild dog cadavers were collected from south-eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales. In addition, whole blood, serum and faecal samples were also collected. Pathogens were identified through several morphological, microbiological and molecular methods.
Key results
Helminth parasites were detected within 79.6% of peri-urban wild dogs; Echinococcus granulosus was the most common pathogen, with adult worms being detected within 50.7 ± 6.9% of intestines, followed by Spirometra erinacei (36.6 ± 6.4%); hookworms, including Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala (28.8 ± 7.1%); Toxocara canis (5.4 ± 3.1%) and Taenia spp., including T. serialis and T. pisiformis (4.5 ± 2.8%). Bacterial pathogens detected included methicillin-resistant Escherichia coli (20.0 ± 10.1%), Salmonella spp. (3.7 ± 4.0%) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (3.3 ± 2.7%).
Conclusions
The present study is the most comprehensive investigation of zoonotic pathogen carriage in peri-urban wild dogs in Australia. Parasitic infections in peri-urban wild dogs are common, with tapeworms representing the majority of intestinal pathogens. Important zoonotic bacterial pathogens are carried by peri-urban wild dogs, although at a much lower prevalence than are parasites.
Implications
The presence of these pathogens in free-ranging peri-urban dog populations suggests a strong potential for public health risk, most notably from E. granulosus. These data are inherently important as baseline information, which is essential to guide risk-based management of peri-urban wild dog impacts.
Collapse
|
43
|
Gelaw YA, Yu W, Magalhães RJS, Assefa Y, Williams G. Effect of Temperature and Altitude Difference on Tuberculosis Notification: A Systematic Review. J Glob Infect Dis 2019; 11:63-68. [PMID: 31198309 PMCID: PMC6555232 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_95_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ecological factors are important indicators for tuberculosis (TB) notification. However, consolidation of evidence on the effect of altitude and temperature on TB notification rate has not yet been done. The aim of this review is to illustrate the effect of altitude and temperature on TB notification rate. Methods: Electronic searches were undertaken from PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases. Hand searches of bibliographies of retrieved papers provided additional references. A review was performed using the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guideline. Results: Nine articles from various geographic regions were included in the study. Five out of nine studies showed the effect of altitude and four articles identified temperature effects. Results showed that TB notification rates were lower at higher altitude and higher at a higher temperature. Conclusion: This review provides qualitative evidence that TB notification rates increase with temperature and decrease with altitude. The findings of this review will encourage policymakers and program managers to consider seasonality and altitude differences in the design and implementation of TB prevention and control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Weiwei Yu
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yibeltal Assefa
- Health Systems and Policy Division, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gail Williams
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dhewantara PW, Lau CL, Allan KJ, Hu W, Zhang W, Mamun AA, Soares Magalhães RJ. Spatial epidemiological approaches to inform leptospirosis surveillance and control: A systematic review and critical appraisal of methods. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:185-206. [PMID: 30593736 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease that the transmission is driven by complex geographical and temporal variation in demographics, animal hosts and socioecological factors. This results in complex challenges for the identification of high-risk areas. Spatial and temporal epidemiological tools could be used to support leptospirosis control programs, but the adequacy of its application has not been evaluated. We searched literature in six databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, SciELO and Zoological Record to systematically review and critically assess the use of spatial and temporal analytical tools for leptospirosis and to provide general framework for its application in future studies. We reviewed 115 articles published between 1930 and October 2018 from 41 different countries. Of these, 65 (56.52%) articles were on human leptospirosis, 39 (33.91%) on animal leptospirosis and 11 (9.5%) used data from both human and animal leptospirosis. Spatial analytical (n = 106) tools were used to describe the distribution of incidence/prevalence at various geographical scales (96.5%) and to explored spatial patterns to detect clustering and hot spots (33%). A total of 51 studies modelled the relationships of various variables on the risk of human (n = 31), animal (n = 17) and both human and animal infection (n = 3). Among those modelling studies, few studies had generated spatially structured models and predictive maps of human (n = 2/31) and animal leptospirosis (n = 1/17). In addition, nine studies applied time-series analytical tools to predict leptospirosis incidence. Spatial and temporal analytical tools have been greatly utilized to improve our understanding on leptospirosis epidemiology. Yet the quality of the epidemiological data, the selection of covariates and spatial analytical techniques should be carefully considered in future studies to improve usefulness of evidence as tools to support leptospirosis control. A general framework for the application of spatial analytical tools for leptospirosis was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pandji W Dhewantara
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Pangandaran Unit for Health Research and Development, National Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Pangandaran, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Allan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Center for Disease Surveillance and Research, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zaw Win TT, Campbell A, Soares Magalhães RJ, Oo KN, Henning J. Characteristics of Livestock Husbandry and Management Practice in the Central Dry Zone of Myanmar. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:643-654. [PMID: 30374824 PMCID: PMC6513792 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The central dry zone of Myanmar is the area with the highest density of small-scale livestock farmers under harsh environmental condition. In this study, we describe and quantify ownership patterns for various livestock species and characterised management and husbandry practices of small-scale farmers. In addition, we identify the husbandry factors associated with selected outcome indicators, ‘herd or flock size’ and ‘purpose of rearing’. A total of 613 livestock farmers in 40 villages were interviewed. Multispecies rearing was common with 51.7% of farmers rearing more than one livestock species. Rearing animals to be sold as adults for slaughter (meat production) was more common for small ruminants (98.1%) and chickens (99.8%) compared to cattle (69.8%). Larger cattle herds were more likely to practice grazing (p < 0.001) and to employ labour from outside the household to manage cattle than medium or small herds (p = 0.03). Patterns of grazing differed significantly between seasons (p < 0.01) for cattle, but not for small ruminants and village chicken. Overall, multispecies rearing and species-specific husbandry practices are used to raise livestock under harsh environmental conditions. Our results reveal that herd/flock size and purpose of rearing across different livestock species were significantly associated with feeding and housing practices and experience of farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tu Tu Zaw Win
- The School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.
| | - Angus Campbell
- Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- The School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Kyaw Naing Oo
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.,The School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Joerg Henning
- The School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
McGreevy PD, Wilson BJ, Mansfield CS, Brodbelt DC, Church DB, Dhand N, Soares Magalhães RJ, O’Neill DG. Labrador retrievers under primary veterinary care in the UK: demography, mortality and disorders. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2018; 5:8. [PMID: 30377534 PMCID: PMC6196571 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-018-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Labrador retrievers are reportedly predisposed to many disorders but accurate prevalence information relating to the general population are lacking. This study aimed to describe demography, mortality and commonly recorded diseases in Labrador retrievers under UK veterinary care. METHODS The VetCompass™ programme collects electronic patient record data on dogs attending UK primary-care veterinary practices. Demographic analysis covered all33,320 Labrador retrievers in the VetCompass™ database under veterinary care during 2013 while disorder and mortality data were extracted from a random sample of 2074 (6.2%) of these dogs. RESULTS Of the Labrador retrievers with information available, 15,427 (46.4%) were female and 15,252 (53.6%) were male. Females were more likely to be neutered than males (59.7% versus 54.8%, P < 0.001). The overall mean adult bodyweight was 33.0 kg (SD 6.1). Adult males were heavier (35.2 kg, SD 5.9 kg) than adult females (30.4 kg, SD 5.2 kg) (P < 0.001). The median longevity of Labrador retrievers overall was 12.0 years (IQR 9.9-13.8, range 0.0-16.0). The most common recorded colours were black (44.6%), yellow (27.8%) and liver/chocolate (reported from hereon as chocolate) (23.8%). The median longevity of non-chocolate coloured dogs (n = 139, 12.1 years, IQR 10.2-13.9, range 0.0-16.0) was longer than for chocolate coloured animals (n = 34, 10.7 years, IQR 9.0-12.4, range 3.8-15.5) (P = 0.028).Of a random sample of 2074 (6.2%) Labrador retrievers under care in 2013 that had full disorder data extracted, 1277 (61.6%) had at least one disorder recorded. The total number of dogs who died at any date during the study was 176. The most prevalent disorders recorded were otitis externa (n = 215, prevalence 10.4%, 95% CI: 9.1-11.8), overweight/obesity (183, 8.8%, 95% CI: 7.6-10.1) and degenerative joint disease (115, 5.5%, 95% CI: 4.6-6.6). Overweight/obesity was not statistically significantly associated with neutering in females (8.3% of entire versus 12.5% of neutered, P = 0.065) but was associated with neutering in males (4.1% of entire versus 11.4% of neutered, P < 0.001). The prevalence of otitis externa in black dogs was 12.8%, in yellow dogs it was 17.0% but, in chocolate dogs, it rose to 23.4% (P < 0.001). Similarly, the prevalence of pyo-traumatic dermatitis in black dogs was 1.1%, in yellow dogs it was 1.6% but in chocolate dogs it rose to 4.0% (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS The current study assists prioritisation of health issues within Labrador retrievers. The most common disorders were overweight/obesity, otitis externa and degenerative joint disease. Males were significantly heavier females. These results can alert prospective owners to potential health issues and inform breed-specific wellness checks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. McGreevy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Bethany J. Wilson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Caroline S. Mansfield
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030 Australia
| | - Dave C. Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - David B. Church
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - Navneet Dhand
- Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dan G. O’Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Owada K, Lau CL, Leonardo L, Clements ACA, Yakob L, Nielsen M, Carabin H, Soares Magalhães RJ. Spatial distribution and populations at risk of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infections and infection intensity classes: an ecological study. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:535. [PMID: 30285906 PMCID: PMC6171148 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are highly prevalent in the Philippines. Mapping the prevalence and high-intensity of STH co-infections can help guide targeted intervention programmes to reduce morbidity, especially among vulnerable school-aged children. In this study, we aimed to predict the spatial distribution of the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura co-infection and infection intensity classes in the Philippines to identify populations most in need of interventions. METHODS Data on STH infections from 29,919 individuals during the nationwide parasitological survey in 2005 to 2007 were included in the analysis. To geographically predict the prevalence of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infections and infection intensity classes, Bayesian multinomial geostatistical models were built including age, sex, environmental variables and a geostatistical random effect. The number of individuals co-infected and belonging to each of the infection intensity classes in 2017 was forecast by combining our predictive prevalence maps with population density maps. RESULTS Our models showed that school-aged children (5-19 years) are most at risk of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infections and of moderate/high infection intensity compared to other age groups. We identified target provinces where the likelihood of STH-associated morbidity was highest: Luzon (Bulacan, Benguet, Cavite, Sorsogon, Metropolitan Manila, Pampanga and Rizal), the Visayas (Cebu, Iloilo, Leyte and Negros Occidental), and in Mindanao (Agusan Del Norte, Davao Del Sur, Davao Oriental, Lanao Del Sur, Maguindanao, Misamis Oriental, Sulu and Zamboanga Del Sur). Luzon had the highest estimated number of school-aged children with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infections (estimated total 89,400), followed by the Visayas (38,300) and Mindanao (20,200). CONCLUSIONS Our study provided epidemiological evidence to highlight national priority areas for controlling co-infections and high intensity infections in the Philippines. Our maps could assist more geographically targeted interventions to reduce the risk of STH-associated morbidity in the Philippines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Owada
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, QLD, South Brisbane, Australia. .,Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD, South Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD, South Brisbane, Australia.,Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Lydia Leonardo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Laith Yakob
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mark Nielsen
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, QLD, St Lucia, Australia.,Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Hélène Carabin
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD, South Brisbane, Australia.,Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, QLD, Gatton, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ilbeigi K, Bokaie S, Aghasharif S, Soares Magalhães RJ, Rashtibaf M. Risk factors for recurrence of FMD outbreaks in Iran: a case-control study in a highly endemic area. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:253. [PMID: 30157846 PMCID: PMC6114044 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals with high economic impact. FMD remains endemic in Iran particularly in the livestock-dense province of Khorasan Razavi in northeastern Iran where FMD outbreaks continuously occur. In this study, we aimed to quantify risk factors for the recurrence of FMD outbreaks in Iran by analyzing a time-series of FMD outbreak data from the province of Khorasan Razavi. RESULTS This study used FMD outbreak data collected from 2012 to 2014. Data were collected by local offices of the Iranian Animal Disease Department and the veterinarian of the veterinary council of the Khorasan Razavi province. An outbreak investigation questionnaire was delivered to 127 farms, including 46 case farms (FMD-infected) and 81 control farms (FMD-free). To quantify and compare the odds of exposure to a risk factor in FMD-infected farms versus FMD-free farms, logistic regression models were built using SPSS software version 16. Our results of multivariable logistic regression indicate that hygienic status of the farm (OR = 11.83; CI = 3.38-41.43), FMD vaccination status (OR = 0.06; CI = 0.01-0.68), transportation of livestock (OR = 0.40; CI = 0.163-0.981) and inhibition of livestock dealers' entry into the farm (OR = 0.36; CI = 0.12-1.09) were identified as important risk factors for farm-level FMD infection. CONCLUSION This study generated much needed evidence on a set of modifiable risk factors for the recurrence of FMD outbreaks in the high risk province of Khorasan Razavi. This information can be used to improve existing national FMD control program and suggest new guidelines to prevent FMD outbreaks in the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayhan Ilbeigi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Garmsar, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Saied Bokaie
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Aghasharif
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Garmsar, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mohamad Rashtibaf
- Iranian Veterinary Organization, Provincial Department of Surveillance and Disease Control, Khorasan Razavi, Islamic Republic of Iran
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Araujo Navas AL, Soares Magalhães RJ, Osei F, Fornillos RJC, Leonardo LR, Stein A. Modelling local areas of exposure to Schistosoma japonicum in a limited survey data environment. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:465. [PMID: 30103810 PMCID: PMC6090730 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spatial modelling studies of schistosomiasis (SCH) are now commonplace. Covariate values are commonly extracted at survey locations, where infection does not always take place, resulting in an unknown positional exposure mismatch. The present research aims to: (i) describe the nature of the positional exposure mismatch in modelling SCH helminth infections; (ii) delineate exposure areas to correct for such positional mismatch; and (iii) validate exposure areas using human positive cases. Methods To delineate exposure areas to Schistosoma japonicum, a spatial Bayesian network (sBN) was constructed. It uses data on exposure risk factors such as: potential sites for snails’ accessibility, geographical distribution of snail infection rate, and cost of the community to access nearby water bodies. Prior and conditional probabilities were obtained from the literature and inserted as weights based on their relative contribution to exposure; these probabilities were then used to calculate joint probabilities of exposure within the sBN. Results High values of probability of S. japonicum exposure correspond to polygons where snails could potentially be present, for instance in wet soils and areas with low slopes, but also where people can easily access water bodies. Low correlation (R2 = 0.3) was found between the percentage of human cases and the delineated probabilities of exposure when validation buffers are generated over the human cases. Conclusions The utility of a probabilistic method for the identification of exposure areas for S. japonicum, with wider application for other water-borne infections, was demonstrated. From a public health perspective, the schistosomiasis exposure sBN developed in this study could be used to guide local schistosomiasis control teams to specific potential areas of exposure, and improve efficiency of mass drug administration campaigns in places where people are likely to be exposed to the infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3039-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Araujo Navas
- Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, QLD, Gatton, 4343, Australia.,Child Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD, South Brisbane, 4101, Australia
| | - Frank Osei
- Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Raffy Jay C Fornillos
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101, Quezon, Philippines
| | - Lydia R Leonardo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, 1000, Manila, Philippines
| | - Alfred Stein
- Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dhewantara PW, Mamun AA, Zhang WY, Yin WW, Ding F, Guo D, Hu W, Costa F, Ko AI, Soares Magalhães RJ. Epidemiological shift and geographical heterogeneity in the burden of leptospirosis in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:57. [PMID: 29866175 PMCID: PMC5985562 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis morbidity and mortality rates in China have decreased since the 2000s. Further analyses of the spatiotemporal and demographic changes occurring in the last decade and its implication on estimates of disease burden are required to inform intervention strategies. In this study, we quantified the epidemiological shift and geographical heterogeneity in the burden of leptospirosis during 2005–2015 in China. Methods We used reported leptospirosis case data from 1st January 2005 to 31st of December 2015 that routinely collected by the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP) to analyze the epidemiological trend and estimate the burden in terms of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) over space, time, and demographical groups. Results A total of 7763 cases were reported during 2005–2015. Of which, 2403 (31%) cases were the laboratory-confirmed case. Since 2005, the notified incidence rate was gradually decreased (P < 0.05) and it was relatively stable during 2011–2015 (P > 0.05). During 2005–2015, we estimated a total of 10 313 DALYs were lost due to leptospirosis comprising a total of 1804 years-lived with disability (YLDs) and 8509 years-life lost (YLLs). Males had the highest burden of disease (7149 DALYs) compared to females (3164 DALYs). The highest burden estimate was attributed to younger individuals aged 10–19 years who lived in southern provinces of China. During 2005–2015, this age group contributed to approximately 3078 DALYs corresponding to 30% of the total DALYs lost in China. Yet, our analysis indicated a declining trend in burden estimates (P < 0.001) since 2005 and remained relatively low during 2011–2015. Low burden estimates have been identified in the endemic regions where infections principally distributed. Most of the changes in DALY estimates were driven by changes in YLLs. Conclusions In the last 11-years, the burden estimates of leptospirosis have shown a declining trend across the country; however, leptospirosis should not be neglected as it remains an important zoonotic disease and potentially affecting the young and productive population in economically less-developed provinces in southern of China. In addition, while in the last five years the incidence has been reported at very low-level, this might not reflect the true incidence of leptospirosis. Strengthened surveillance in the endemic regions is, hence, substantially required to capture the actual prevalence to better control leptospirosis in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0435-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pandji Wibawa Dhewantara
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia. .,National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Unit of Vector-borne Diseases Control, Pangandaran, West Java, 46396, Indonesia.
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, 4068, Australia
| | - Wen-Yi Zhang
- Center for Disease Surveillance and Research, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Wu Yin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Ding
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Danhuai Guo
- Scientific Data Center, Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Federico Costa
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, 40296-710, Brazil.,Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40110-040, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Albert Icksang Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| |
Collapse
|