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Iperi C, Bordron A, Dueymes M, Pers JO, Jamin C. Metabolic Program of Regulatory B Lymphocytes and Influence in the Control of Malignant and Autoimmune Situations. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735463. [PMID: 34650560 PMCID: PMC8505885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways have been studied for a while in eukaryotic cells. During glycolysis, glucose enters into the cells through the Glut1 transporter to be phosphorylated and metabolized generating ATP molecules. Immune cells can use additional pathways to adapt their energetic needs. The pentose phosphate pathway, the glutaminolysis, the fatty acid oxidation and the oxidative phosphorylation generate additional metabolites to respond to the physiological requirements. Specifically, in B lymphocytes, these pathways are activated to meet energetic demands in relation to their maturation status and their functional orientation (tolerance, effector or regulatory activities). These metabolic programs are differentially involved depending on the receptors and the co-activation molecules stimulated. Their induction may also vary according to the influence of the microenvironment, i.e. the presence of T cells, cytokines … promoting the expression of particular transcription factors that direct the energetic program and modulate the number of ATP molecule produced. The current review provides recent advances showing the underestimated influence of the metabolic pathways in the control of the B cell physiology, with a particular focus on the regulatory B cells, but also in the oncogenic and autoimmune evolution of the B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Bordron
- LBAI, UMR1227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
| | - Maryvonne Dueymes
- LBAI, UMR1227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France.,Service d'Odontologie, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- LBAI, UMR1227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France.,Service d'Odontologie, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Christophe Jamin
- LBAI, UMR1227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
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2
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Targeting CD38 is lethal to Breg-like chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and Tregs, but restores CD8+ T-cell responses. Blood Adv 2021; 4:2143-2157. [PMID: 32421811 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are characterized by monoclonal expansion of CD5+CD23+CD27+CD19+κ/λ+ B lymphocytes and are clinically noted to have profound immune suppression. In these patients, it has been recently shown that a subset of B cells possesses regulatory functions and secretes high levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10). Our investigation identified that CLL cells with a CD19+CD24+CD38hi immunophenotype (B regulatory cell [Breg]-like CLL cells) produce high amounts of IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and are capable of transforming naive T helper cells into CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) in an IL-10/TGF-β-dependent manner. A strong correlation between the percentage of CD38+ CLL cells and Tregs was observed. CD38hi Tregs comprised more than 50% of Tregs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with CLL. Anti-CD38 targeting agents resulted in lethality of both Breg-like CLL and Treg cells via apoptosis. Ex vivo, use of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy was associated with a reduction in IL-10 and CLL patient-derived Tregs, but an increase in interferon-γ and proliferation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells with an activated phenotype, which showed an improved ability to lyse patient-autologous CLL cells. Finally, effects of anti-CD38 mAb therapy were validated in a CLL-patient-derived xenograft model in vivo, which showed decreased percentage of Bregs, Tregs, and PD1+CD38hiCD8+ T cells, but increased Th17 and CD8+ T cells (vs vehicle). Altogether, our results demonstrate that targeting CD38 in CLL can modulate the tumor microenvironment; skewing T-cell populations from an immunosuppressive to immune-reactive milieu, thus promoting immune reconstitution for enhanced anti-CLL response.
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Naseraldeen N, Michelis R, Barhoum M, Chezar J, Tadmor T, Aviv A, Shvidel L, Litmanovich A, Shehadeh M, Stemer G, Shaoul E, Braester A. The Role of Alpha 2 Macroglobulin in IgG-Aggregation and Chronic Activation of the Complement System in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603569. [PMID: 33643290 PMCID: PMC7905172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults in the western world. One of the treatments offered for CLL is immunotherapy. These treatments activate various cellular and biochemical mechanisms, using the complement system. Recently it was shown that the complement system in CLL patients is persistently activated at a low level through the classical pathway (CP). The mechanism of chronic CP activation involves the formation of IgG-hexamers (IgG-aggregates). According to recent studies, formation of ordered IgG-hexamers occurs on cell surfaces via specific interactions between Fc regions of the IgG monomers, which occur after antigen binding. The present study investigated the formation of IgG-hexamers in CLL patients and normal (non-malignant) controls (NC), their ability to activate complement, their incidence as cell-free and cell-bound forms and the identity of the antigen causing their formation. Sera from 30 patients and 12 NC were used for separation of IgG- aggregates. The obtained IgG- aggregates were measured and used for assessment of CP activation. For evaluation of the presence of IgG- aggregates on blood cells, whole blood samples were stained and assessed by flow cytometry. Serum levels of IgG- aggregates were higher in CLL and they activated the complement system to a higher extent than in NC. Alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M) was identified as the antigen causing the hexamerization/aggregation of IgG, and was found to be part of the hexamer structure by mass spectrometry, Western blot and flow cytometry analysis. The presence of A2M-IgG-hexamers on B-cells suggests that it may be formed on B cells surface and then be detached to become cell-free. Alternatively, it may form in the plasma and then attach to the cell surface. The exact time course of A2M-IgG-hexamers formation in CLL should be further studied. The results in this study may be useful for improvement of current immunotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseba Naseraldeen
- The Institute for Medical Research, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Regina Michelis
- The Institute for Medical Research, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Masad Barhoum
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Judith Chezar
- Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Aviv
- Department of Hematology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Lev Shvidel
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Litmanovich
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Mona Shehadeh
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Galia Stemer
- Department of Hematology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Ety Shaoul
- Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Andrei Braester
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
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Mohr A, Cumin M, Bagacean C, Pochard P, Le Dantec C, Hillion S, Renaudineau Y, Berthou C, Tempescul A, Saad H, Pers JO, Bordron A, Jamin C. The regulatory capacity of B cells directs the aggressiveness of CLL. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1554968. [PMID: 30723588 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1554968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with abnormal T-cell responses responsible for defective anti-tumor activities. Intriguingly, CLL B cells share phenotypical characteristics with regulatory B (Breg) cells suggesting that they might negatively control the T-cell activation and immune responses. We elaborated an in vitro co-culture system with T cells to evaluate the Breg capacities of CLL B cells following innate Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) engagement. We demonstrated that B cells from half of the patients exhibited regulatory capacities, whilst B cells from the remaining patients were unable to develop a Breg function. The T cell sensitivities of all patients were normal suggesting that defective Breg activities were due to intrinsic CLL B cell deficiencies. Thus, TLR-dedicated gene assays highlighted differential signature of the TLR9 negative regulation pathway between the two groups of patients. Furthermore, correlations of the doubling time of lymphocytosis, the time to first treatment, the mutational status of IgVH and the Breg functions indicate that patients with efficient Breg activities have more aggressive CLL than patients with defective Breg cells. Our in vitro observations may open new approaches for adjusting therapeutic strategies targeting the Breg along with the evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mohr
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Univ Brest, INSERM, Brest, France
| | - Marie Cumin
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Univ Brest, INSERM, Brest, France
| | - Cristina Bagacean
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Univ Brest, INSERM, Brest, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Pierre Pochard
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Univ Brest, INSERM, Brest, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | | | - Sophie Hillion
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Univ Brest, INSERM, Brest, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Univ Brest, INSERM, Brest, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Christian Berthou
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Univ Brest, INSERM, Brest, France.,Département d'Hématologie, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Adrian Tempescul
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Univ Brest, INSERM, Brest, France.,Département d'Hématologie, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Hussam Saad
- Département d'Hématologie, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | | | - Anne Bordron
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Univ Brest, INSERM, Brest, France
| | - Christophe Jamin
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Univ Brest, INSERM, Brest, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
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5
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Liu M, Sun Q, Wang J, Wei F, Yang L, Ren X. A new perspective: Exploring future therapeutic strategies for cancer by understanding the dual role of B lymphocytes in tumor immunity. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:2909-2917. [PMID: 30183084 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our previous understanding of the role of B lymphocytes in tumor immunity is its antitumor effects. However, further evidence indicates B lymphocytes can also promote tumorigenesis by modulating immune responses. Therefore, the increasingly complex role of B lymphocytes in tumor immunity may become an important factor in tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we describe the development of B cells in tumor microenvironments. We then focus on the most controversial issues of the biological functions of B lymphocytes. Finally, we nominate B cells as therapeutic targets, which should open broad perspectives for the development of their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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6
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Jia X, Liu H, Xu C, Han S, Shen Y, Miao X, Hu X, Lin Z, Qian L, Wang Z, Gong W. MiR-15a/16-1 deficiency induces IL-10-producing CD19 + TIM-1 + cells in tumor microenvironment. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1343-1353. [PMID: 30467955 PMCID: PMC6349175 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IL‐10‐producing B cells (B10) are associated with autoimmune diseases, infection and tumours. MiR‐15a/16 as a tumour‐suppressive gene is down‐regulated in several tumours, such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, pituitary adenomas and prostate carcinoma. Here, increased frequency of IL‐10‐producing CD19+ Tim‐1+ cells was seen in both aged miR‐15a/16−/− mice (15‐18 months) with the onset of B cell leukaemia and young knockout mice (8‐12 weeks) transplanted with hepatic cancer cells. CD19+ Tim‐1+ cells down‐regulated the function of effector CD4+CD25low T cells ex vivo dependent on IL‐10 production, and adoptive transfer of CD19+ Tim‐1+ cells promoted tumour growth in mice. IL‐10 production by CD19+ Tim‐1+ cells was involved with the STAT3 activation. Bioinformatics analysis shows that miR‐16 targets the 3′‐untranslating region (3′‐UTR) of STAT3 mRNA. Overexpression of miR‐16 in CD19+ Tim‐1+ cells inhibited STAT3 transcription and its protein expression. Thus, the loss of miR‐15a/16 promoted induction of regulatory CD19+ Tim‐1+ cells in tumour microenvironment. These results confirmed that miR‐15a/16 could be used in tumour therapy due to its inhibition of tumour and regulatory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Jia
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chong Xu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sen Han
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yating Shen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Miao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Hu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhengbing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, P.R. China
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7
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Targeting the tumor promoting effects of adenosine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 126:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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8
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Amrouche K, Jamin C. Influence of drug molecules on regulatory B cells. Clin Immunol 2017; 184:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Jensen-Jarolim E, Turner MC, Karagiannis SN. AllergoOncology: IgE- and IgG 4 -mediated immune mechanisms linking allergy with cancer and their translational implications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:982-984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Gazeau P, Alegria GC, Devauchelle-Pensec V, Jamin C, Lemerle J, Bendaoud B, Brooks WH, Saraux A, Cornec D, Renaudineau Y. Memory B Cells and Response to Abatacept in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 53:166-176. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Hock BD, MacPherson SA, McKenzie JL. Idelalisib and caffeine reduce suppression of T cell responses mediated by activated chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172858. [PMID: 28257435 PMCID: PMC5336221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with T cell dysfunction. Activated CLL cells are found within the lymphoid tumor micro-environment and overcoming immuno-suppression induced by these cells may improve anti-CLL immune responses. However, the mechanisms by which activated CLL cells inhibit T cell responses, and reagents targeting such mechanisms have not been identified. Here we demonstrate that the ability of in vitro activated CLL cells to suppress T cell proliferation is not reversed by the presence of ecto-nuclease inhibitors or blockade of IL-10, PD-1 and CTLA-4 pathways. Caffeine is both an adenosine receptor antagonist and a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, p110δ (PI3Kδ) inhibitor and, at physiologically relevant levels, significantly reversed suppression. Significant reversal of suppression was also observed with the PI3Kδ specific inhibitor Idelalisib but not with adenosine receptor specific antagonists. Furthermore, addition of caffeine or Idelalisib to activated CLL cells significantly inhibited phosphorylation of AKT, a downstream kinase of PI3K, but did not affect CLL viability. These results suggest that caffeine, in common with Idelalisib, reduces the immuno-suppressive activity of activated CLL cells by inhibiting PI3Kδ. These findings raise the possibility that these compounds may provide a useful therapeutic adjunct by reducing immuno-suppression within the tumor micro-environment of CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Caffeine/administration & dosage
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/biosynthesis
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Purines/administration & dosage
- Quinazolinones/administration & dosage
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry D. Hock
- Haematology Research Group, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Sean A. MacPherson
- Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Haematology Department, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Judith L. McKenzie
- Haematology Research Group, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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