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Mei Z, Zhang Y, Fan Q, Luo S, Luo S. The effects of mobile phone dependence on athletic performance and its mechanisms. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1391258. [PMID: 38817835 PMCID: PMC11138105 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1391258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mobile phone dependence (also known as internet dependence, MPD), defined as a problematic behavior characterized by excessive use or intermittent craving to use a mobile phone, results in various social, behavioral, and affective problems in daily life. In sports, MPD is directly related to the physical and mental health and sports performance of athletes. The individual and environmental factors, neurobiological mechanisms and theoretical models of MPD affecting athletic performance were analyzed by reviewing previous studies, aiming to construct effective training and development protocols to prevent and control the occurrence of MPD in athletes. At present, athletic performance can be affected by MPD through individual factors and environmental factors. The neurobiological mechanisms between the two are based on the brain reward system and microwave radiation from mobile phones, with athletic performance being restricted by alterations in the corresponding brain regions. Relevant theoretical models mainly include the social cognitive model of self-regulation and the integrative model of self-control, which explain the interrelationship between MPD and athletic performance from the perspectives of athletes' self-regulation and self-control, respectively. As an emerging phenomenon, the influence pathways and mechanisms by which MPD affects athletic performance need to be further investigated. A longitudinal perspective should be adopted to trace the dynamic impact relationship between the two, and developing relevant theoretical frameworks from an interdisciplinary research perspective should be valuable for providing theoretical support for coaches and sports administrators to formulate scientific training protocols and thus improve the mental health of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shi Luo
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Faria LO, Frois T, Fortes LDS, Bertola L, Albuquerque MR. Evaluating the Stroop Test With Older Adults: Construct Validity, Short Term Test-Retest Reliability, and Sensitivity to Mental Fatigue. Percept Mot Skills 2024:315125241253425. [PMID: 38739018 DOI: 10.1177/00315125241253425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
We conducted two studies to evaluate the construct validity, short term test-retest reliability, and sensitivity to mental fatigue of the Stroop task when used with older adults. In Study 1, 40 participants visited our lab on two separate days. On the first visit, they took five screening scales, and we measured their height and body mass. On the second visit, they completed the Stroop task twice with a 30-minute interval between assessments. In Study 2, 15 different participants took a 30-minute Flanker/Reverse Flanker task during the interval between the two administrations of the Stroop tasks and they gave subjective ratings of their mental fatigue on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) prior to taking either of the Stroop tasks. In Study 1, participants showed a ceiling effect on the Stroop accuracy measure, there was strong concurrent validity for the Stroop with significant score differences between the Stroop's congruent and incongruent conditions (p < .001), and there was excellent response time reliability (ICC = 0.926) on day two when participants took the Stroop twice within a 30-minute inter-test interval. However, there were significant test-retest performance differences with respect to cognitive inhibition (p < .001). In Study 2, mental fatigue from the Flanker/Reverse Flanker test resulted in a significantly worse second Stroop performance (p = .045). We concluded that the Stroop task demonstrated strong concurrent validity and response time reliability among older adults, but it showed sensitivity to mental fatigue, and repeated administrations within the short 30-minute test-retest interval revealed that the most important Stroop measure (cognitive inhibition) was unreliable. We discuss the implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Oliveira Faria
- Neurosciences of Physical Activity and Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thais Frois
- Neurosciences of Physical Activity and Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Laiss Bertola
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque
- Neurosciences of Physical Activity and Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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3
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Sun H, Geok Soh K, Mohammadi A, Toumi Z. The counteractive effects of interventions addressing mental fatigue on sport-specific performance among athletes: A systematic review with a meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38368626 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2317633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The deleterious consequences of mental fatigue (MF) on athletes in diverse sporting domains have been subject to extensive inquiry. However, the efficacy of interventions to counteract the effects of MF remains largely elusive. This review aims to evaluate the effects of counteractive interventions on the sport-specific performance of mentally fatigued athletes. Moreover, synthesizes the current evidence on which sports effectively counter the detrimental effects of MF with interventions, highlighting potential avenues for upcoming research. A systematic search was executed via Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and EBSCOhost, in addition to Google Scholar and references for grey literature. A meta-analysis was executed to compute effect sizes for different interventions with 13 qualified papers. Interventions include transcranial direct current stimulation, person-fit, mindfulness, glucose supplementation, caffeine mouth rinsing, and nature exposure showed potential to mitigate the detrimental effects on sport-specific performance, particularly in shooting accuracy (ES = 0.591; p = 0.001), decision-making accuracy (ES = 0.553; p = 0.006), and reaction time (ES = -0.871; p < 0.001), however, not in completion time (ES = -0.302; p = 0.182). This review underscores the unique roles of self-regulatory resources and directed attention. Nonetheless, a cautious interpretation of the findings is warranted given the paucity of investigations involving potential interventions in numerous other sports, such as volleyball, Australian football, cricket, and boxing.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alireza Mohammadi
- Faculty of Business Management, City University Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zakaria Toumi
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Sun H, Soh KG, Mohammadi A, Toumi Z, Zhang L, Ding C, Gao X, Tian J. Counteracting mental fatigue for athletes: a systematic review of the interventions. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:67. [PMID: 38336843 PMCID: PMC10854164 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01476-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The deleterious effects of mental fatigue (MF) on athletes have been carefully studied in various sports, such as soccer, badminton, and swimming. Even though many researchers have sought ways to ameliorate the negative impact of MF, there is still a lack of studies that review the interventions used to counteract MF among athletes. This review aims to report the current evidence exploring the effects of interventions on MF and sport-specific performance, including sport-specific motor performance and perceptual-cognitive skills. Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and SPORTDicus (EBSCOhost) were combed through to find relevant publications. Additionally, the references and Google Scholar were searched for any grey literature. For the current review, we included only randomized controlled trials that involved athletes, a primary task to induce MF, interventions to counter MF with comparable protocols, and the outcomes of sport-specific motor performance and perceptual-cognitive skill. The selection criteria resulted in the inclusion of 10 articles. The manipulations of autonomous self-control exertion, person-fit, nature exposure, mindfulness, and transactional direct current stimulation showed that positive interventions counteract MF and improve sport-specific performance in different domains, including strength, speed, skill, stamina, and perceptual-cognitive skills. The selected interventions could significantly counteract MF and improve subsequent sport-specific performance. Moreover, self-regulation and attention resources showed the importance of the potential mechanisms behind the relevant interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alireza Mohammadi
- Faculty of Business Management, City University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zakaria Toumi
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- The National Football Academy, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Cong Ding
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xiaojuan Gao
- School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jian Tian
- School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
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Russell S, Johnston RD, Stanimirovic R, Halson SL. Global practitioner assessment and management of mental fatigue and mental recovery in high-performance sport: A need for evidence-based best-practice guidelines. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14491. [PMID: 37728880 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental fatigue and mental recovery have gained scientific attention in relation to sporting performance, yet best practice assessment and management methods are lacking. A greater understanding of current knowledge and practices in high-performance sport are necessary. OBJECTIVE To understand the contemporary knowledge, beliefs, monitoring processes, management strategies, perceived responsibility, sources of evidence, and challenges, when assessing the mental fatigue and mental recovery of athletes in high-performance sport. METHODS A mixed-methods survey approach obtained information from 156 multi-disciplinary high-performance sport practitioners. Descriptive outputs were reported and potential differences between key concepts were detected using Wilcoxon-signed rank analysis. Thematic analysis interpreted open-text responses. RESULTS Only 11.5% and 5.1% of respondents indicated they were "very" knowledgeable about mental fatigue and mental recovery, respectively. Knowledge (p < 0.001) and confidence in application (p = 0.001) were significantly greater for mental fatigue than mental recovery. Nearly all respondents perceived mental fatigue and mental recovery impacted training and competition performance, with a greater negative impact during competition (p < 0.001). A limited number of respondents reported deliberate assessment (31.1%) or management (51.2%) of mental fatigue and mental recovery. A combination of sources of evidence were used to inform practice, with common challenges to implementation including staff knowledge, athlete-buy in, time-availability, and a lack of evidence. Practitioners reported that assessing and managing mental fatigue and mental recovery was multi-disciplinary in nature. CONCLUSION Practitioners reported that mental fatigue and mental recovery did impact performance, yet this was not reflected in the implementation of evidence-based assessment and management practices in high-performance sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Russell
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies Research Centre (SPRINT), Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Performance Services, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - R D Johnston
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies Research Centre (SPRINT), Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre (CARR), Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - R Stanimirovic
- Performance Services, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - S L Halson
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies Research Centre (SPRINT), Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Jacquet T, Lepers R, Pageaux B, Poulin-Charronnat B. Acute smartphone use impairs vigilance and inhibition capacities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23046. [PMID: 38155267 PMCID: PMC10754937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Smartphones are now in very widespread use, and concerns have arisen about potential detrimental effects, even with acute use. These adverse consequences are often linked to the emergence of mental fatigue. While the cognitive implications of fatigue are well-documented, knowledge about the specific influence of acute smartphone use on cognitive performance remains scarce. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the impact of acute smartphone use on cognitive performance. It included two experiments: one designed to assess the impact of smartphone use on vigilance, and the other focusing on evaluating inhibition capacities. In Experiment 1, two groups of 40 participants completed a Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) before and after using a smartphone for 45 min (experimental group), or before and after watching a documentary (control group). In Experiment 2, two groups of 40 participants were subjected to a similar experimental design but had to perform a Go/NoGo task instead of a PVT. Mental fatigue and drowsiness were evaluated with visual analog scales before and after smartphone use and watching a documentary. Results suggested that both watching a documentary and using a smartphone for 45 min increased subjective mental fatigue and drowsiness. Watching the documentary did not impair cognitive performance. Reaction times on the PVT and number of errors on NoGo trials in the Go/NoGo task were higher among the participants in the smartphone condition. These results indicate reduced vigilance and impaired inhibition capacities only after smartphone use. We conclude that acute smartphone use induces mental fatigue and decreases cognitive performance. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying this decline in cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jacquet
- CAPS, Inserm U1093, Université de Bourgogne, Faculté Des Sciences du Sport, BP 27877 UFR STAPS, I3M, 64 Rue de Sully, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Romuald Lepers
- CAPS, Inserm U1093, Université de Bourgogne, Faculté Des Sciences du Sport, BP 27877 UFR STAPS, I3M, 64 Rue de Sully, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- École de kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité physique (EKSAP), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de geriatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Montreal, QC, Canada
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Ajdžanović VZ, Šošić-Jurjević BT, Ranin JT, Filipović BR. Biologia Futura: does the aging process contribute to the relativity of time? Biol Futur 2023:10.1007/s42977-023-00167-2. [PMID: 37213056 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-023-00167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In his Theory of relativity, Einstein determined that the time is relative to the reference frame of the observer. Under specific conditions, there is a difference in the elapsed time between two clocks, known as time dilation. A similar relativistic effect could be attributed to the brain operating at different frequencies, e.g., while it is slow and during the thought process. Time flow and the aging process are causally linked. Herein, we introduce physical relativity into the mind/thought context and elaborate changed perception of the time flow (the impression of the time acceleration) with aging. The phenomenology of time is observed in the context of physical and biological clock, as well as by introducing the category of 'mind time.' Mental processing impairment is crucial for the "aging-caused relativity of time," while adjusting of its' perception seems to be a matter of body/mind rest, mental hygiene and physical activity of the aging subject. We also provide a brief overview of the perception of time flow in some disease states that coincide with aging. Our main idea has a perspective for future development in the interdisciplinary synergy of philosophy, physical-mathematical elaboration, experimental biology and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Z Ajdžanović
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Branka T Šošić-Jurjević
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovan T Ranin
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko R Filipović
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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Lopes TR, Fortes LDS, Smith MR, Roelands B, Marcora SM. Editorial: Mental fatigue and sport: from the lab to the field. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1213019. [PMID: 37229360 PMCID: PMC10203958 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1213019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Ribeiro Lopes
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology at Olympic Center of Training and Research, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mitchell Robert Smith
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
- ActiveLiving Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Sun H, Soh KG, Roslan S, Wazir MRWN, Mohammadi A, Ding C, Zhao Z. Nature exposure might be the intervention to improve the self-regulation and skilled performance in mentally fatigue athletes: A narrative review and conceptual framework. Front Psychol 2022; 13:941299. [PMID: 35983203 PMCID: PMC9378859 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.941299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to causing inability of self-regulation (ego depletion) and executive functions such as directed attention and visual searching for relevant information (e.g., the ball location and the position of teammates), mental fatigue impairs skilled performance in various sports. On the other hand, natural scenes could improve directed attention, which may considerably benefit visual searching ability and self-regulation. However, nature exposure as a potential intervention to improve skilled performance among mentally fatigued athletes has not been discussed thoroughly. Purpose To propose the potential intervention for the impairment of skilled performance among mentally fatigued athletes and generate a framework for future studies. Methods A narrative review was applied to search broadly across disciplines, retrieving literature from several databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCOhost). Results Thirty-three works of literature including 39 experiments (mental fatigue 15; ego depletion 5; and nature exposure 19) were obtained. Finally, a conceptual framework was built regarding the effect of nature exposure intervention on skilled performance in athletes for future studies. Conclusion Three theories (the psychobiological model of exercise performance, the strength model of self-regulation, and attention restoration theory) could be potentially integrated to be a conceptual framework and explain the mechanism of preventing prior mental exertion (e.g., mental fatigue and ego depletion). Future studies could examine more on the duration of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- School of Physical Education Institute (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kim G. Soh
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Samsilah Roslan
- Department of Foundation of Education, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Alireza Mohammadi
- Faculty of Business Management, City University Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Cong Ding
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zijian Zhao
- School of Physical Education Institute (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zijian Zhao,
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Fortes LS, Ferreira MEC, Faro H, Penna EM, Almeida SS. Brain Stimulation Over the Motion-Sensitive Midtemporal Area Reduces Deleterious Effects of Mental Fatigue on Perceptual-Cognitive Skills in Basketball Players. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 44:272-285. [PMID: 35613846 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2021-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) over the motion-sensitive midtemporal area on perceptual-cognitive skills (visuomotor and basketball decision-making skills) in mentally fatigued basketball players. A total of 20 male basketball players were recruited. This was a randomized, double-blinded, and counterbalanced crossover study with two experimental conditions: a-tDCS and Sham. The participants completed the basketball decision-making task and visuomotor skill after performing a 60-min sport-based videogame task with anodal (i.e., a-tDCS) or placebo (Sham) stimulation over the motion-sensitive middle temporal area. Worse response time was observed in visuomotor skill for Sham than a-tDCS postexperiment (p < .05). There was no main condition effect for accuracy of visuomotor skill (p > .05). There was more impairment in accuracy and response time in basketball decision-making skills for the Sham condition than a-tDCS (p < .05). Notably, a-tDCS over the motion-sensitive middle temporal area removed the negative effects of mental fatigue on perceptual-cognitive skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo S Fortes
- Associate Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa,Brazil
| | - Maria E C Ferreira
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora,Brazil
| | - Heloiana Faro
- Associate Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa,Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Penna
- Graduate Program of Human Movement Science, Federal University of Pará, Belem,Brazil
| | - Sebastião S Almeida
- Environment Determinants Research Group, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto,Brazil
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Sun H, Soh KG, Roslan S, Norjali Wazir MRW, Liu F, Zhao Z. The Counteractive Effect of Self-Regulation-Based Interventions on Prior Mental Exertion: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070896. [PMID: 35884703 PMCID: PMC9313235 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Many investigations have been performed on the effects of mental exertion that consumes self-regulatory resources and then affects physical and/or cognitive performance later on. However, the effect of manipulating self-regulation and interventions to attenuate this negative effect remains unclear. Moreover, there is continuous controversy regarding the resource model of self-regulation. Objective: We conducted a systematic review to assess the literature on manipulating self-regulation based on four ingredients (standard, monitoring, strength, and motivation) in order to counter mental exertion and improve physical and/or cognitive performance. The results provide more insight into the resource model. Method: A thorough search was conducted to extract the relevant literature from several databases, as well as Google Scholar, and the sources from the references were included as grey literature. A self-regulation intervention compared to a control condition, a physical and/or cognitive task, and a randomised controlled trial were selected. Result: A total of 39 publications were included. Regarding the four components of self-regulation, the interventions could mainly be divided into the following: (i) standard: implementation intervention; (ii) monitoring: biofeedback and time monitoring; (iii) strength: repeated exercise, mindfulness, nature exposure, and recovery strategies; (iv) motivation: autonomy-supportive and monetary incentives. The majority of the interventions led to significant improvement in subsequent self-regulatory performance. In addition, the resource model of self-regulation and attention-restoration theory were the most frequently used theories and supported relevant interventions. Conclusion: In line with the resource model, manipulating the four components of self-regulation can effectively attenuate the negative influence of mental exertion. The conservation proposed in the strength model of self-regulation was supported in the current findings to explain the role of motivation in the self-regulation process. Future studies can focus on attention as the centre of the metaphorical resource in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- School of Physical Education Institute (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.G.S.); (M.R.W.N.W.)
| | - Samsilah Roslan
- Department of Foundation of Education, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Rozilee Wazir Norjali Wazir
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.G.S.); (M.R.W.N.W.)
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Social Work, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 451191, China;
| | - Zijian Zhao
- School of Physical Education Institute (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Sun H, Soh KG, Norjali Wazir MRW, Ding C, Xu T, Zhang D. Can Self-Regulatory Strength Training Counter Prior Mental Exertion? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Public Health 2022; 10:904374. [PMID: 35757630 PMCID: PMC9226420 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.904374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prior mental exertion consumes self-regulation and influences any subsequent physical or cognitive performance according to the strength model of self-regulation. However, the counteractive effect of self-regulatory strength training remains unclear. Objective This study aims to report a comprehensive systematic review investigating self-regulatory strength training programmes on physical or cognitive performance. Methods To select relevant studies from the available literature, a thorough search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCOhost (CENTRAL, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, SPORTDicus), Scopus, and Google Scholar, as well as the sources of reference for gray literature. Only randomized controlled trials involving healthy humans, strength-based self-regulation training programmes with comparable protocols, and a physical or cognitive task associated with the study were selected for the current review. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used to develop the summary of findings. Results Twelve articles were included based on the selection criteria. Evidence certainty for outcomes was graded as either low or very low level. The majority of the studies reported that self-regulatory strength training programmes can significantly counter prior mental exertion and decrement of performance, while only one study did not find such improvement. According to the strength model, a period of training increased the ‘self-regulatory muscle.' Conclusion Strength is an important ingredient in the resource model of self-regulation and can be trained to counter prior mental exertion and improve subsequent physical and cognitive performance. The training effects are cross-domain (e.g., emotional and cognitive domains; higher and lower levels of executive functions). However, motivation plays a key role to mobilize this resource. Future studies should examine the mechanism that underlies the strength. Systematic Review Registration https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2022-1-0060/, identifier: INPLASY202210060.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Cong Ding
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tingting Xu
- School of Journalism and Communication, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sports, SooChow University, Suzhou, China
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