1
|
Dharani S, Mohamed EM, Rahman Z, Khan MA. Patient In-Use Stability Testing of FDA-Approved Metformin Combination Products for N-Nitrosamine Impurity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:19. [PMID: 38267707 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Between February 2020 and January 2022, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recalled 281 metformin extended-release products due to the presence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) above the acceptable daily intake (ADI, 96 ng/day). Our previous studies indicated presence of NDMA levels above ADI in both metformin immediate and extended-release products. When metformin products have NDMA impurities, it is indispensable to check for the same impurities in metformin combination products. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate in-use stability of commercial metformin combination products for NDMA. For this purpose, metformin products in combination with glyburide (GB1-GB12), glipizide (GP1-GP8), pioglitazone (P1-P3), alogliptin (A1, A2), and linagliptin (L1, L2) were repacked in pharmacy vials, stored at 30°C/75% RH for 3 months, and monitored for NDMA impurity. The NDMA level varied from 0 to 156.8 ± 32.8 ng/tablet initially and increased to 25.4 ± 5.1 to 455.0 ± 28.4 ng/tablet after 3 months of exposure to in-use condition. Initially, 18 products have NDMA level below ADI limit before exposure which decreased to 7 products (GB5, GP3, GP5, A1, A2, L1, and L2) meeting specification. In conclusion, in-use stability study provides quality and safety risk assessment of drug products where nitroso impurities are detected in the probable condition of use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Dharani
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, 159 Reynolds Medical Sciences Building, College Station, Texas, 77843-1114, USA
| | - Eman M Mohamed
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, 159 Reynolds Medical Sciences Building, College Station, Texas, 77843-1114, USA
| | - Ziyaur Rahman
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, 159 Reynolds Medical Sciences Building, College Station, Texas, 77843-1114, USA
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, 159 Reynolds Medical Sciences Building, College Station, Texas, 77843-1114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen TH, Nguyen TH, Le TTT, Vu Dang H, Nguyen HMT. Interactions between Paracetamol and Formaldehyde: Theoretical Investigation and Topological Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:11725-11735. [PMID: 37033805 PMCID: PMC10077466 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, noncovalent interactions including hydrogen bonds, C···C, N···O, and van der Waals forces between paracetamol and formaldehyde were investigated using the second-order perturbation theory MP2 in conjunction with the correlation consistent basis sets (aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ). Two molecular conformations of paracetamol were considered. Seven equilibrium geometries of dimers were found from the result of the interactions with formaldehyde for each conformation of paracetamol. Interaction energies of complexes with both ZPE and BSSE corrections range from -7.0 to -21.7 kJ mol-1. Topological parameters (such as electron density, its Laplacian, and local electron energy density at the bond critical points) of the bonds from atoms in molecules theory were analyzed in detail. The natural bond orbital analysis showed that the stability of complexes was controlled by noncovalent interactions including O-H···O, N-H···O, C-H···O, C-H···N, C-H···H-C, C···C, and N···O. The red- and blue-shifted hydrogen bonds could both be observed in these complexes. The properties of these interactions were also further examined in water using a polarized continuum model. In water, the stability of the complex was slightly reduced as compared to that in the gas phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tho Huu Nguyen
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences Pedagogy, Saigon University, 273 An Duong Vuong, Ward 3, District
5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Tri Huu Nguyen
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences Pedagogy, Saigon University, 273 An Duong Vuong, Ward 3, District
5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thanh Thuy Le
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences Pedagogy, Saigon University, 273 An Duong Vuong, Ward 3, District
5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Vu Dang
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hue Minh Thi Nguyen
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Center for Computational Science, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trace Aldehydes in Solid Oral Dosage Forms as Catalysts for Nitrosating Secondary Amines. J Pharm Sci 2022; 112:1216-1219. [PMID: 36336102 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamine impurities may form during drug substance manufacturing processes. Here, we focus on nitrosamine impurity level growth in oral drug products during long term stability studies. Nitrosamine growth mechanisms in oral dosage forms are typically framed as due to nitrosating agents that can be formed in solutions of nitrous acid with a required pH value of around pH 5 or below. We strive in this work to bring awareness to pharmaceutical scientists that formaldehyde, common in oral dosage form excipients, has previously been shown in solution to catalyze the reaction between secondary amines and nitrite ion to give nitrosamine products. This mechanism operates at pH ∼6 and higher. We attempt to re-frame the solution work as relevant to pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Recent examples of solid dosage form product recalls are used to demonstrate the formaldehyde catalyzed nitrosation pathway operating in the solid state.
Collapse
|
4
|
Musakhanian J, Rodier JD, Dave M. Oxidative Stability in Lipid Formulations: a Review of the Mechanisms, Drivers, and Inhibitors of Oxidation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:151. [PMID: 35596043 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of lipid-based formulations in addressing solubility and ultimately the bioavailability issues of the emerging drug entities is undeniable. Yet, there is scarcity of literature on lipid excipient chemistry and performance, notably in relation to oxidative stability. While not all lipid excipients are prone to oxidation, those with sensitive moieties offer drug delivery solutions that outweigh the manageable oxidative challenges they may present. For example, caprylocaproyl polyoxylglycerides help solubilize and deliver cancer drug to patients, lauroyl polyoxylglycerides enhance the delivery of cholesterol lowering drug, and sesame/soybean oils are critical part of parenteral nutrition. Ironically, excipients with far greater oxidative propensity are omnipresent in pharmaceutical products, a testament to the manageability of oxidative challenges in drug development. Successful formulation development requires awareness of what, where, and how formulation stability may be impacted, and accordingly taking appropriate steps to circumvent or meet the challenges ahead. Aiming to fill the information gap from a drug delivery scientist perspective, this review discusses oxidation pathways, prooxidants, antioxidants, and their complex interplay, which can paradoxically take opposite directions depending on the drug delivery system.
Collapse
|
5
|
Schmidt P, Kolb C, Reiser A, Philipp M, Müller HC, Karaghiosoff K. Isolation, Identification and Structural Verification of a Methylene-Bridged Naloxone "Dimer" Formed by Formaldehyde. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1682-1689. [PMID: 34813799 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation and characterization of a methylene bridged "dimer" of the opioid antagonist Naloxone, previously detected in experimental Buprenorphine-Naloxone oral films. This compound was found to form via an aldol addition followed by a condensation reaction under acidic conditions between two units of Naloxone and one unit of formaldehyde. HPLC-UV-HRMS analysis revealed the formation of three individual stereoisomers during this reaction, which were separately isolated using solid-phase extraction. These isomers were shown to freely react into one another in solvent, forming an equilibrium. The structure of the unknown compound was determined via HRMS spectrometry and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schmidt
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus D, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Kolb
- Analytical Development, Hexal AG, Industriestraße 25, 83607 Holzkirchen, Germany
| | - Andreas Reiser
- Analytical Development, Hexal AG, Industriestraße 25, 83607 Holzkirchen, Germany
| | - Markus Philipp
- Analytical Development, Hexal AG, Industriestraße 25, 83607 Holzkirchen, Germany
| | | | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus D, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mass spectrometric and kinetics characterization of modified species of Growth Hormone Releasing Hexapeptide generated under thermal stress in different pH and buffers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113776. [PMID: 33272786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6 (GHRP-6) is a promising molecule (H-His1-d-Trp- Ala-Trp-d-Phe-Lys6-NH2) for the treatment of several diseases. Studies on the degradation pathways of this molecule under stressed conditions are needed to develop appropriate formulations. Degradation products (DPs) of GHRP-6, generated by heating in the dark at 60 °C with pH ranging from 3.0 to 8.0 and in presence of common buffers, were isolated by RP-HPLC and characterized by ESI-MS/MS. C-terminal deamidation of GHRP-6 was generated preferentially at pH 3.0 and 8.0. Hydrolysis and head-to-tail cyclization were favored at pH ranging from 6.0 to 7.0 in phosphate containing buffers. A DP with +12 Da molecular mass was presumably originated by the reaction with formaldehyde derived from some of the additives and/or elastomeric closures. Certain DPs derived from the acylation reaction of the tri- and di-carboxylic buffering species were favored at pH 3.0-6.0 and indicate that buffer components, including those "Generally Recognized as Safe", may potentially introduce chemical modifications and product heterogeneity. Nano LC-MS/MS analysis revealed GHRP-6 was also detected as a low-abundance species with Trp oxidized to 5-hydroxy, kynurenine, and N-formylkynurenine. The kinetics for the formation of the major degradation products was also studied by RP-HPLC.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tian Y, Lin J, Chen F, Wang S, Li D, Kuang Z, Zhu W, Li Y, Zheng T, Cao W, Zhu B, Tsai E, Fu L, Li M. Structure elucidation and formation mechanistic study of a methylene-bridged pregabalin dimeric degradant in pregabalin extended-release tablets. Int J Pharm 2020; 575:118910. [PMID: 31805310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the pharmaceutical development of pregabalin extended-release tablets, an unknown degradant at a relative retention time (RRT) of 11.7 was observed and its nominal amount exceeded the ICH identification threshold in an accelerated stability study. The aim of this study is to identify the structure and investigate the formation mechanism of this impurity for the purpose of developing a chemically stable pharmaceutical product. By utilizing multi-stage LC-MS analysis in conjunction with mechanism-based stress study, the structure of the RRT 11.7 impurity was rapidly identified as a dimeric degradant that is caused by dimerization of two pregabalin molecules with a methylene bridging the two pregabalin moieties. The structure of the dimer was confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR measurement. The formation pathway of the dimeric degradant was also inferred from the mechanism-based stress study, which implicated that the bridging methylene could originate from formaldehyde which might be the culprit that triggers the dimerization in the first place. The subsequent API-excipients compatibility study indicated that the degradant was indeed formed in the compatibility experiments between pregabalin API and two polymeric excipients (PEO and PVPP) that are known to contain residual formaldehyde, but only in the co-presence of another excipient, colloidal silicon dioxide (SiO2). The kinetic behavior of the degradant formation was also investigated and two kinetic models were utilized based on the Arrhenius and Eyring equations, respectively, to calculate the activation energy (Ea) as well as the enthalpy of activation (△H‡), entropy of activation (△S‡), and Gibbs free energy (△G‡) of the degradation reaction. The results of this study would be useful for the understanding of similar dimeric degradant formation in finished products of drug substances containing primary or secondary amine moieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China; Prinbury Biopharm Co., Ltd.,538 Cailun Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jinsheng Lin
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang 317204, PR China
| | - Feifei Chen
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang 317204, PR China
| | - Shaolan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang 317204, PR China; School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangnin District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang 317204, PR China
| | - Zijian Kuang
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang 317204, PR China; School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangnin District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Wenquan Zhu
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang 317204, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- Prinbury Biopharm Co., Ltd.,538 Cailun Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Terry Zheng
- Prinbury Biopharm Co., Ltd.,538 Cailun Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Wei Cao
- Prinbury Biopharm Co., Ltd.,538 Cailun Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Bob Zhu
- Prinbury Biopharm Co., Ltd.,538 Cailun Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Eric Tsai
- Prinbury Biopharm Co., Ltd.,538 Cailun Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lei Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Min Li
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang 317204, PR China; Huahai US, Inc., 700 Atrium Drive, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Robnik B, Naumoska K, Časar Z. A Novel Testing Approach for Oxidative Degradation Dependent Incompatibility of Amine Moiety Containing Drugs with PEGs in Solid-State. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010037. [PMID: 31906507 PMCID: PMC7022946 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive impurities originating from excipients can cause drug stability issues, even at trace amounts. When produced during final dosage form storage, they are especially hard to control, and often, factors inducing their formation remain unidentified. Oxidative degradation dependent formation of formaldehyde and formic acid is responsible for N-methylation and N-formylation of amine-moiety-containing drug substances. A very popular combination of polyethylene glycols and iron oxides, used in more than two-thirds of FDA-approved tablet formulation drugs in 2018, was found to be responsible for increased concentrations of N-methyl impurity in the case of paroxetine hydrochloride. We propose a novel testing approach for early identification of potentially problematic combinations of excipients and drug substances. The polyethylene glycol 6000 degradation mechanism and kinetics in the presence of iron oxides is studied. The generality of the proposed stress test setup in view of the susceptibility of amine-moiety-containing drug substances to N-methylation and N-formylation is evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Robnik
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Verovškova ulica 57, SI-1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Medicinal Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katerina Naumoska
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Zdenko Časar
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Verovškova ulica 57, SI-1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Medicinal Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +386-1-5802079; Fax: +386-1-5683517
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin J, Huang T, Feng M, Li D, Zhao D, Wang J, Jin J, Zhu W, Li M. Solution degradant of mirabegron extended release tablets resulting from a Strecker-like reaction between mirabegron, minute amounts of hydrogen cyanide in acetonitrile, and formaldehyde in PEG during sample preparation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 168:181-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
10
|
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Isoxazole-Based CK1 Inhibitors Modified with Chiral Pyrrolidine Scaffolds. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050873. [PMID: 30832206 PMCID: PMC6429214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report on the modification of a 3,4-diaryl-isoxazole-based CK1 inhibitor with chiral pyrrolidine scaffolds to develop potent and selective CK1 inhibitors. The pharmacophore of the lead structure was extended towards the ribose pocket of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding site driven by structure-based drug design. For an upscale compatible multigram synthesis of the functionalized pyrrolidine scaffolds, we used a chiral pool synthetic route starting from methionine. Biological evaluation of key compounds in kinase and cellular assays revealed significant effects of the scaffolds towards activity and selectivity, however, the absolute configuration of the chiral moieties only exhibited a limited effect on inhibitory activity. X-ray crystallographic analysis of ligand-CK1δ complexes confirmed the expected binding mode of the 3,4-diaryl-isoxazole inhibitors. Surprisingly, the original compounds underwent spontaneous Pictet-Spengler cyclization with traces of formaldehyde during the co-crystallization process to form highly potent new ligands. Our data suggests chiral “ribose-like” pyrrolidine scaffolds have interesting potential for modifications of pharmacologically active compounds.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gibala P, Douša M, Kalužíková A, Tkadlecová M, Štefko M, Kalášek S, Břicháč J. Identification and structure elucidation of a new degradation impurity in the multi-component tablets of amlodipine besylate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 162:112-116. [PMID: 30236818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New unknown impurity at m/z 421.15 was observed during the accelerated stability analysis (40 °C/75% relative humidity) in the multi-component tablets of amlodipine besylate by reversed-phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). UHPLC-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were employed to identify and fully characterize the degradation compound. The degradation product was unambiguously identified as 3-ethyl 5-methyl 4-(2-chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-2-(morpholin-2-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate and mechanism of its formation was proposed. It was confirmed that the degradation product was formed by the reaction of amlodipine with formaldehyde originating from the excipients present in the dosage form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Gibala
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Praha 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Aneta Kalužíková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martin Štefko
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kalášek
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Břicháč
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Praha 10, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Compatibility of Medicinal and Excipient Substances in the Development of Medicinal Formulations. Pharm Chem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-018-1876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
13
|
Zhang K, Pellett JD, Narang AS, Wang YJ, Zhang YT. Reactive impurities in large and small molecule pharmaceutical excipients – A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
14
|
Krishna MV, Sowhardhra M, Kumar MS, Madhavi G, Jadhav T, Thakkar D. Effect of surfactants and hydrophilic polymers on the stability of an antihypertensive drug candesartan cilexetil: Evaluation by HPLC. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2017; 76:32-43. [PMID: 29174608 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of surfactants (polysorbate 80 and sodium lauryl sulphate) and hydrophilic polymers (polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol 6000) on the stability of candesartan cilexetil under isothermal stress conditions (100°C, 48h). METHODS HPLC method was employed to evaluate the drug content and formation of degradation products in stress samples. Drug and degradation products were separated on Hypersil BDS C18 (250×4.6mm, 5μ) column using acetonitrile-water (pH 2.8) in the ratio of 85:15% v/v as a mobile phase. RESULT Similar degradation behaviour of drug was observed with polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol 6000 and polysorbate 80; four common degradation peaks were observed at the retention time of 3.7, 4.5, 7.8 and 11minutes. One extra common degradation peak of very low intensity was also observed with polyethylene glycol 6000 and polysorbate 80 at the retention time of 4.2min. The drug was eluting at the retention time of 5.4min. In the case of sodium lauryl sulphate, two prominent degradation peaks were observed at the retention time of 3.7 and 13.25min along with few very low-intensity degradation peaks. CONCLUSION The drug showed 41%, 64%, 72% and 98% degradation in presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol 6000, polysorbate 80 and sodium lauryl sulphate, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Krishna
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India.
| | - M Sowhardhra
- Alliance Institute of Advanced Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Hyderabad 500038, Telangana, India
| | - M S Kumar
- Alliance Institute of Advanced Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Hyderabad 500038, Telangana, India
| | - G Madhavi
- University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522 510, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - T Jadhav
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - D Thakkar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dai L, Yeh GK, Ran Y, Yehl P, Zhang K. Compatibility study of a parenteral microdose polyethylene glycol formulation in medical devices and identification of degradation impurity by 2D-LC/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 137:182-188. [PMID: 28131057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) based formulation and polyvinylchloride (PVC) tubing are frequently used for drug delivery and administration. The compatibility of a parenteral drug microdose formulation in intravenous infusion (IV) devices was studied to support the clinical determination of absolute bioavailability by the microdosing method. The investigational microdose formulation containing PEG was found prone to significant loss of potency within hours of storage in the PVC IV tubing due to degradation. Degradation occurred only when both PEG and PVC tubing were present. The degradation product could not be detected by LC/MS due to the significant interference from the high concentration of PEG (4%) matrix and the extremely low level of drug (0.6ppm). To obtain structural information of the degradation impurity and understand the cause of the degradation, a simple heart-cutting 2D-LC/MS approach was utilized to effectively separate the impurity from the complex PEG oligomers and overcome the matrix interference, enabling mass spectrometric analysis of the impurity. An oxidation- dominated mechanism was proposed in which the combination of PEG auto-oxidation and dehydrochlorination of the PVC tubing yielded an oxidative environment that enhanced radical propagation and accelerated degradation of the investigational parent drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Dai
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Geoffrey K Yeh
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Yingqing Ran
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Peter Yehl
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tye CK, Wang Z, Dockens RC, Vakkalagadda B, Wang C, Zhang Y, Su CC, Hageman MJ. Pre-absorption physicochemical compatibility assessment of 8-drug metabolic cocktail. Int J Pharm 2016; 514:364-373. [PMID: 27291974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive 8-drug metabolic cocktail was designed to simultaneously target 6 Cytochrome P450 enzymes and 2 membrane transporters. This study aimed to assess the pre-absorption risk of this new metabolic cocktail which contained metoprolol, caffeine, midazolam, pravastatin, flurbiprofen, omeprazole, digoxin and montelukast. This paper describes a systematic approach to understand whether the co-administration of the 8 selected drug products, i.e., the physical mixing of these products in the human gastro-intestinal environment, will create any issue that may interfere with the individual drug dissolution which in turns modify the total amount or timing of their availability for absorption. The evaluation consisted of two steps. An initial evaluation was based on theoretical understanding of the physicochemical properties of the drugs and the gastro intestinal environment, followed by in vitro dissolution tests. The results indicated that the designer 8-drug cocktail has acceptable pre-absorption compatibility when dosed simultaneously, and recommended the progression of the cocktail into clinical validation study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching Kim Tye
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Zhanbin Wang
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Randy C Dockens
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Blisse Vakkalagadda
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yingru Zhang
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ching Chiang Su
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hotha KK, Roychowdhury S, Subramanian V. Drug-Excipient Interactions: Case Studies and Overview of Drug Degradation Pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2016.71011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
18
|
Gullapalli RP, Mazzitelli CL. Polyethylene glycols in oral and parenteral formulations—A critical review. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:219-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
19
|
Hildebrandt C, Joos L, Saedler R, Winter G. The "New Polyethylene Glycol Dilemma": Polyethylene Glycol Impurities and Their Paradox Role in mAb Crystallization. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1938-1945. [PMID: 25808186 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycols (PEG) represent the most successful and frequently applied class of excipients used for protein crystallization. PEG auto-oxidation and formation of impurities such as peroxides and formaldehydes that foster protein drug degradation is known. However, their effect on mAb crystallization has not been studied in detail before. During the present study, a model IgG1 antibody (mAb1) was crystallized in PEG solutions. Aggregate formation was observed during crystallization and storage that was ascribed to PEG degradation products. Reduction of peroxide and formaldehyde levels prior to crystallization by vacuum and freeze-drying was investigated for its effect on protein degradation. Vacuum drying was superior in removal of peroxides but inferior in reducing formaldehyde residues. Consequently, double purification allowed extensive removal of both impurities. Applying of purified PEG led to 50% lower aggregate fractions. Surprisingly, PEG double purification or addition of methionine prior to crystallization prevented crystal formation. With increased PEG concentration or spiking with peroxides and formaldehydes, crystal formation could be recovered again. With these results, we demonstrate that minimum amounts of oxidizing impurities and thus in consequence chemically altered proteins are vital to initiate mAb1 crystallization. The present study calls PEG as good precipitant for therapeutic biopharmaceuticals into question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hildebrandt
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, Munich D-81377, Germany.
| | - Lea Joos
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Rainer Saedler
- NBE Formulation and Process Sciences, Drug Product Development, AbbVie GmbH and Company KG, Ludwigshafen D-67061, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, Munich D-81377, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Impact of Residual Impurities and Contaminants on Protein Stability. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1315-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
21
|
Jannin V, Rodier JD, Musakhanian J. Polyoxylglycerides and glycerides: Effects of manufacturing parameters on API stability, excipient functionality and processing. Int J Pharm 2014; 466:109-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
22
|
Alkylsaccharides: circumventing oxidative damage to biotherapeutics caused by polyoxyethylene-based surfactants. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:567-72. [PMID: 23647275 DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysorbates and other polyoxyethylene-based surfactants are incorporated into most biotherapeutics to prevent protein aggregation in order to minimize loss of efficacy, induction of unwanted immunogenicity, altered pharmacokinetics and reduced shelf life. While they are effective in initially preventing protein aggregation, they contain ether linkages (within polyoxyethylene moieties) and in the case of polysorbate 80 unsaturated alkyl chains that spontaneously and rapidly auto-oxidize in aqueous solution to protein-damaging peroxides, epoxy acids and reactive aldehydes, including formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Oxidative damage induces unwanted immunogenicity and in some instances promotes re-aggregation. Immunogenicity of biotherapeutics is a serious and growing concern for the US FDA and European Medicines Agency and will have significant and growing impact on the development and regulatory approval of both biosimilar and new innovator biotherapeutics.
Collapse
|
23
|
Williams HD, Trevaskis NL, Charman SA, Shanker RM, Charman WN, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. Strategies to address low drug solubility in discovery and development. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:315-499. [PMID: 23383426 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.005660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 972] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs with low water solubility are predisposed to low and variable oral bioavailability and, therefore, to variability in clinical response. Despite significant efforts to "design in" acceptable developability properties (including aqueous solubility) during lead optimization, approximately 40% of currently marketed compounds and most current drug development candidates remain poorly water-soluble. The fact that so many drug candidates of this type are advanced into development and clinical assessment is testament to an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the approaches that can be taken to promote apparent solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and to support drug exposure after oral administration. Here we provide a detailed commentary on the major challenges to the progression of a poorly water-soluble lead or development candidate and review the approaches and strategies that can be taken to facilitate compound progression. In particular, we address the fundamental principles that underpin the use of strategies, including pH adjustment and salt-form selection, polymorphs, cocrystals, cosolvents, surfactants, cyclodextrins, particle size reduction, amorphous solid dispersions, and lipid-based formulations. In each case, the theoretical basis for utility is described along with a detailed review of recent advances in the field. The article provides an integrated and contemporary discussion of current approaches to solubility and dissolution enhancement but has been deliberately structured as a series of stand-alone sections to allow also directed access to a specific technology (e.g., solid dispersions, lipid-based formulations, or salt forms) where required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hywel D Williams
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stella VJ. Chemical Drug Stability in Lipids, Modified Lipids, and Polyethylene Oxide-Containing Formulations. Pharm Res 2013; 30:3018-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Hemenway JN, Carvalho TC, Rao VM, Wu Y, Levons JK, Narang AS, Paruchuri SR, Stamato HJ, Varia SA. Formation of Reactive Impurities in Aqueous and Neat Polyethylene Glycol 400 and Effects of Antioxidants and Oxidation Inducers. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3305-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Impact of Excipient Interactions on Solid Dosage Form Stability. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2660-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
27
|
Zhong Q, Stowers S, Segraves NL, Ngim KK, Zhang K, Bostick T, Deese A, Chetwyn NP. Degradation of a pharmaceutical in HPLC grade methanol containing trace level formaldehyde. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:877-82. [PMID: 22686350 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.696265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An anomalous peak was observed in the HPLC/UV analysis of a developmental drug product. High resolution LC/MS revealed that the mass of this degradant was 12 Da greater than the drug substance, corresponding to a net gain of a single carbon atom. The degradant was reproduced by incubating the drug substance with formaldehyde, followed by isolation using normal phase chromatography and structure elucidation by NMR. It was determined to be an analytical artifact caused by the nucleophilic reaction of the drug substance with trace levels of formaldehyde in the methanol diluent. Typical formaldehyde levels in various grades of methanol were determined, leading to the adoption of spectrophotometric purity solvent to mitigate the recurrence of this artifact. This work demonstrates that even ppm levels of impurities in solvents can cause significant degradation of drug product and the HPLC grade solvents are not always suitable for HPLC analysis in drug product development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiqing Zhong
- Department of Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wu Y, Levons J, Narang AS, Raghavan K, Rao VM. Reactive impurities in excipients: profiling, identification and mitigation of drug-excipient incompatibility. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:1248-63. [PMID: 21948318 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive impurities in pharmaceutical excipients could cause drug product instability, leading to decreased product performance, loss in potency, and/or formation of potentially toxic degradants. The levels of reactive impurities in excipients may vary between lots and vendors. Screening of excipients for these impurities and a thorough understanding of their potential interaction with drug candidates during early formulation development ensure robust drug product development. In this review paper, excipient impurities are categorized into six major classes, including reducing sugars, aldehydes, peroxides, metals, nitrate/nitrite, and organic acids. The sources of generation, the analytical method for detection, the stability of impurities upon storage and processing, and the potential reactions with drug candidates of these impurities are reviewed. Specific examples of drug-excipient impurity interaction from internal research and literature are provided. Mitigation strategies and corrective measures are also discussed.
Collapse
|
29
|
Pan C, Liu F, Motto M. Identification of pharmaceutical impurities in formulated dosage forms. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:1228-59. [PMID: 24081463 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Structure elucidation of pharmaceutical impurities is an important part of the drug product development process. Impurities can have unwanted pharmacological or toxicological effects that seriously impact product quality and patient safety. This review focuses on current analytical strategies for chemical and structural identification of pharmaceutical impurities. Potential sources and mechanisms of impurity formation are discussed for both drug substance and drug product applications. The utility of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for providing structure-rich information is highlighted throughout this review. Other hyphenated analytical techniques including LC/nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography/MS, and size-exclusion chromatography/chemiluminescent nitrogen detectors are also discussed, as LC/MS alone sometimes cannot reveal or confirm the final structures as required during dosage form development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changkang Pan
- Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
Fujita M, Ueda T, Handa T. Generation of formaldehyde by pharmaceutical excipients and its absorption by meglumine. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:1096-9. [PMID: 19801864 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a well-known air impurity. The possibility was investigated in this study that pharmaceutical excipients commonly used in oral solid dosage forms might also be sources of formaldehyde. The results showed that formaldehyde is generated by the excipients lactose, D-mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose, magnesium stearate and light anhydrous silicic acid. Since the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products can be significantly affected by the presence of formaldehyde, various amines were then investigated for their ability to decrease levels of formaldehyde using an aqueous solution system. Of the four amines investigated, only meglumine proved capable of reducing formaldehyde levels. The reaction product between formaldehyde and meglumine was obtained by fractionation using the preparative HPLC system and the structure was clarified by (1)H-, (13)C-NMR, various types of two-dimensional NMR and mass spectroscopy. The reaction product was determined to be a compound with a 1,3-oxazinane skeleton and containing one more carbon than meglumine. It was presumed that formaldehyde reacted with the secondary amino group in meglumine to form the reaction product via an iminium salt intermediate by cyclization. As meglumine is permitted to be used as a pharmaceutical excipient in both oral and parenteral dosage forms by regulations worldwide, the addition of meglumine to pharmaceutical products can be expected to contribute to the stabilization of many drug substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Fujita
- Formulation Research and Development Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka 553-0001, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Aranda E, Ullrich R, Hofrichter M. Conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, methyl naphthalenes and dibenzofuran by two fungal peroxygenases. Biodegradation 2009; 21:267-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-009-9299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
35
|
Wang G, Fiske JD, Jennings SP, Tomasella FP, Palaniswamy VA, Ray KL. Identification and control of a degradation product in Avapro film-coated tablet: low dose formulation. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 13:393-9. [PMID: 18720237 DOI: 10.1080/10837450802244918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A degradation product was formed during the long-term stability studies (LTSS) of the low dose formulation of Avapro film-coated tablet. The degradant was identified as the hydroxymethyl derivative (formaldehyde adduct) of the drug substance, irbesartan, based upon analysis with LC/MS, LC/MS/MS, and chromatographic comparison to the synthetic hydroxymethyl degradation product. Laboratory studies demonstrated that the interaction of individual excipients with the drug substance at elevated temperature and polyethylene glycol (PEG) used in the coating material, Opadry II White, leads to the generation of this formaldehyde adduct. Spiking of formaldehyde to the solution of drug substance gradually produced this impurity and the kinetics studies demonstrated that the reaction between formaldehyde and irbesartan is a second order reaction with a rate constant of 2.6 x 10(-4) M(-1)min(-1) at 25 degrees C in an aqueous media. The redevelopment of the formulation by eliminating PEG from the Opadry II White dry-blend system was enabled by understanding the formaldehyde adduct formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nassar MN, Nesarikar VV, Khaselev N, Lozano R. Impurities in a Lyophilized Formulation of BMS-204352: Identification and Role of Sanitizing Agents. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 11:207-11. [PMID: 16749531 DOI: 10.1080/10837450600561323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify two impurities in the parenteral lyophilized formulation of BMS-204352, investigate the role of sanitizing agents as their potential source, evaluate their effect on drug product stability, and develop a strategy to prevent their contamination of the drug product. The two impurities were identified as o-phenylphenol and 4-t-amylphenol based on liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS) and chromatographic comparison to authentic samples. The LC/MS spectra of commercially available o-phenylphenol and 4-t-amylphenol showed identical patterns of fragmentation and the same retention times as the impurities identified in the BMS-204352 lyophilized product. Levels of these impurities were low and ranged between 0.2-0.3 microg/vial as determined by HPLC and using an authentic external reference standard. To confirm the hypothesis that the commercial sanitizing agents used in the sterile area were the source of these phenolic impurities, several product samples were spiked with the sanitizing agents. Both o-phenylphenol and 4-t-amylphenol were detected in the spiked samples. Further investigation revealed that o-phenylphenol and 4-t-amylphenol are active ingredients of these commercial sanitizing agents. Drug product samples containing the phenolic impurities showed no potency loss following storage at 30, 50, and 70 degrees C indicating these impurities had no adverse effect on product stability. These studies suggest that sanitizing agents used in the sterile area, although may be present at trace levels below typical cleaning procedure detection methods, need to be properly controlled and closely monitored during the manufacturing of injectable products, particularly highly potent drugs. Sanitizing agents, even though not used on product contact surfaces, may potentially contaminate a product through vapor transfer in an open environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munir N Nassar
- Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nassar MN, Nesarikar VV, Lozano R, Huang Y, Palaniswamy V. Degradation of a Lyophilized Formulation of BMS-204352: Identification of Degradants and Role of Elastomeric Closures. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 10:227-32. [PMID: 15926671 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-54429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify two degradation products formed in the parenteral lyophilized formulation of BMS-204352, investigate the possible role of elastomeric closures in their formation, and develop a strategy to minimize/control their formation. The first degradant was identified as the hydroxymethyl derivative (formaldehyde adduct, BMS-215842) of the drug substance formed by the reaction of BMS-204352 with formaldehyde. Structure confirmation was based on liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and chromatographic comparison to an authentic sample of the hydroxymethyl degradation product, BMS-215842. To confirm the hypothesis that formaldehyde originated from the rubber closure, migrated into the product, and reacted with BMS-204352 drug substance to form the hydroxymethyl degradant, lyophilized drug product was manufactured, the vials were stoppered with two different rubber closure formulations, and its stability was monitored. The formaldehyde adduct degradant was observed only in the drug product vials stoppered with one of the rubber closures that was evaluated. Although formaldehyde has not been detected historically as leachable and is not an added ingredient in the rubber formulation, information obtained from the stopper manufacturer indicated that the reinforcing agent used in the stopper formulation may be a potential source of formaldehyde. The second degradant was identified as the desfluoro hydroxy analog (BMS-188929) based on LC/MS, NMR, and chromatographic comparison to an authentic sample of the desfluoro hydroxy degradation product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munir N Nassar
- Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kerwin BA. Polysorbates 20 and 80 Used in the Formulation of Protein Biotherapeutics: Structure and Degradation Pathways. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:2924-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
39
|
del Barrio MA, Hu J, Zhou P, Cauchon N. Simultaneous determination of formic acid and formaldehyde in pharmaceutical excipients using headspace GC/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:738-43. [PMID: 16464557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Formic acid and its esters, as well as formaldehyde, are trace impurities that are often present in pharmaceutical excipients. These trace impurities can potentially react with amino and/or hydroxyl groups in drugs to form significant levels of degradants. To select the appropriate excipients for a stable formulation, a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was developed and validated for the rapid screening of trace amounts of residual formic acid, its esters and formaldehyde in pharmaceutical excipients. Samples were dissolved or dispersed in acidified ethanol to convert formic acid and formaldehyde to ethyl formate and diethoxymethane, respectively. Identification was conducted using a GC/MS system under scan mode and quantified using a selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Evaluation of the mass spectra of ethyl formate and diethoxymethane in the samples indicated that the method is specific. The limits of quantitation of the method were 0.5 ppm for formic acid and 0.2 ppm for formaldehyde. The precision of the method was demonstrated by the acceptable R.S.D. (<or=10%) over a linear range of 0.5-10,000 ppm. The accuracy of the method was within 80-120% over the linearity range. The amounts of formic acid and formaldehyde in commonly used pharmaceutical excipients is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne del Barrio
- Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Waterman KC, Adami RC. Accelerated aging: Prediction of chemical stability of pharmaceuticals. Int J Pharm 2005; 293:101-25. [PMID: 15778049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methods of rapidly and accurately assessing the chemical stability of pharmaceutical dosage forms are reviewed with respect to the major degradation mechanisms generally observed in pharmaceutical development. Methods are discussed, with the appropriate caveats, for accelerated aging of liquid and solid dosage forms, including small and large molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients. In particular, this review covers general thermal methods, as well as accelerated aging methods appropriate to oxidation, hydrolysis, reaction with reactive excipient impurities, photolysis and protein denaturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Waterman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|