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Claus A, Simões K, De Mio LLM. SdhC-I86F Mutation in Phakopsora pachyrhizi Is Stable and Can Be Related to Fitness Penalties. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1413-1421. [PMID: 35080435 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-21-0419-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) fungicides are used to control Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), and the SdhC-I86F mutation is related to pathogen resistance. The objective of this study was to determine whether fitness penalties are associated with SDHI resistance (SdhC-I86F mutation) in P. pachyrhizi populations. Moreover, the study investigated whether the SdhC-I86F mutation remained stable after the fungus propagation both in the absence and presence of fungicide. The populations used in this study presented mutations for all genes analyzed (Cyp51, Cytb, and SdhC), except for a wild-type population (WTSdhC) found with no SdhC-I86F mutation. The frequencies of the SdhC-I86F mutant populations were stable after 36 generations in the absence of fungicide. However, in the case of the WTSdhC population, the SdhC-I86F mutation was further detected after one generation of the fungus in the presence of the SDHI fungicide, according to the results of a detached leaf assay. Three tests were performed to evaluate fitness components and sensitivity to fungicides (half maximal effective concentration). SdhC-I86F mutant populations were more sensitive to osmotic and oxidative stress than the WTSdhC population; however, the sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation was similar for both populations. All mutated populations were less sensitive than the WTSdhC when using SDHI (azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr), but more sensitive to mancozeb. The presence of fitness penalties, the mutation stability, and the sensitivity to mancozeb presented by the SdhC-I86F mutant populations can be relevant to the management of the disease in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Claus
- Instituto Federal Catarinense, 89703-720 Concórdia, SC, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Kelly Simões
- BASF S.A., Santo Antônio de Posse, 13833-612 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
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Mandal S, Poi R, Hazra DK, Bhattacharyya S, Banerjee H, Karmakar R. Assessment of variable agroclimatic impact on dissipation kinetics of ready-mix fungicide formulation in green chili for harmonization of food safety. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sergazina M, Vazquez L, Llompart M, Dagnac T. Occurrence of Fungicides in Vineyard and the Surrounding Environment. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206152. [PMID: 34684732 PMCID: PMC8537801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventeen fungicides were determined in different matrices from vineyard areas, including vine leaves, soils, grapes and water, using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). For leaf analysis, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was performed evaluating different solvents. UAE was compared with other extraction techniques such as vortex extraction (VE) and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). The performance of the UAE method was demonstrated on vine leaf samples and on other types of samples such as tea leaves, underlining its general suitability for leaf crops. As regards other matrices, soils were analyzed by UAE and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), grapes by UAE and waters by SPE using cork as the sorbent. The proposed method was applied to 17 grape leaf samples in which 14 of the target fungicides were detected at concentrations up to 1000 μg g−1. Furthermore, the diffusion and transport of fungicides was demonstrated not only in crops but also in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Sergazina
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.S.); (L.V.)
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Lua Vazquez
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Maria Llompart
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.S.); (L.V.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (T.D.)
| | - Thierry Dagnac
- Galician Agency for Food Quality—Agronomic Research Centre (AGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, Apartado 10, E-15080 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (T.D.)
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Yang L, Wang S, Wang R, Zheng Q, Ma Q, Huang S, Chen J, Zhang Z. Floating chitosan-alginate microspheres loaded with chlorantraniliprole effectively control Chilo suppressalis (Walker) and Sesamia inferens (Walker) in rice fields. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147088. [PMID: 34088145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Striped rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) and pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker) are two important pests, causing substantial yield loss in rice production. Application of conventional synthetic pesticides, such as suspension concentrates and water-dispersible granules, is a primary method for control of the two pests. Due to the flow of water in rice field, spray drift, and soil adsorption, applied such pesticides are often out of the target, resulting in low control efficacy, potential contamination of soil or surface water, and also threat to human health. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing environmentally friendly and highly targeted pesticide formulations to meet the challenges. The present study synthesized chlorantraniliprole loaded chitosan-alginate floating hydrogel microspheres (CCAM) through physical embedding, ionic crosslinking, and incorporation of citronellol as an oil phase. The morphology, particle size, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, in vitro slow-release kinetics, and floating ability of the CCAM were tested in laboratory conditions. The CCAM and two commercial formulations (suspended and granulated) of chlorantraniliprole were respectively evaluated in two rice fields located in two provinces of China. The CCAM was able to float on the surface of rice field, gather around rice stems, and slowly release chlorantraniliprole, which resulted in significantly higher concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in rice stems and leaves for a prolonged time than suspended and granulated controls. The application of CCAM provided an on-target control of both striped stem borer and pink stem borer. Furthermore, CCAM application had very low residue of chlorantraniliprole in soils. As far as is known, this is the first report of chlorantraniliprole loaded on chitosan-alginate floating hydrogel microspheres for rice stem borer control. Our results indicate that the synthesized CCAM could potentially be used as a controlled-release product for effective control of the two rice pests, while reducing the residual chlorantraniliprole in the soil and avoiding pesticide drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liupeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Suqing Huang
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703, USA.
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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An Analysis of Climate Impacts on Herbicide, Insecticide, and Fungicide Expenditures. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The climate alters pest populations and in turn, pesticide use and cost as well as use of other pest treatments. This paper analyzes the effect of the climate on pesticide expenditures by category, namely: fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides. This is done by econometrically estimating the effects of climate variables such as mean temperature and precipitation as well as the number of hot days, cold days, and wet days on the mean and variance of expenditures by category. The estimates are performed for corn, soybeans, spring and winter wheat, and potatoes. We find that climate factors influence fungicide, herbicide, and insecticide expenditures and that this influence is heterogeneous, varying in nature across crops and pesticide categories. Moreover, we find that climate extremes are more important in determining pesticide expenditures than climate averages in several cases.
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Carbó A, Teixidó N, Usall J, Torres R. Verifying the biocontrol activity of novel film-forming formulations of Candida sake CPA-1: resilience in relation to environmental factors, rainfall episodes, and control of Botrytis cinerea on different hosts. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4969-4976. [PMID: 30980409 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of Candida sake CPA-1 as a biocontrol agent against several diseases has been studied since it was isolated 20 years ago. However, it was only recently that two suitable and effective film-forming formulations based on potato starch and maltodextrins were developed using the fluidized-bed spray-drying system. The present work aimed to confirm the capability of both novel formulations by testing their resilience on grapes at different temperatures (0, 22, and 30 °C), relative humidities (40% and 85%), and simulated rainfall levels. Another objective was to examine the control of Botrytis cinerea in different hosts. RESULTS The CPA-1 cells from both dried formulations survived better than the liquid formulation on grapes stored at 0 and 22 °C regardless of the relative humidity. After simulated rainfall, potato starch formulation achieved significantly higher populations than maltodextrin formulation, although the highest reduction was -1.6 log N N0 -1 . A positive effect of cell establishment prior to the simulated rainfall was shown, and recovered cells from the potato starch formulation were significantly higher after 72 h of cell establishment. Finally, both formulations reduced the incidence and severity of B. cinerea on pears, apples, and tomatoes. CONCLUSION The potential of these novel film-forming formulations of C. sake CPA-1 was verified. The resilience of formulated C. sake was better than the commercialized liquid formulation, the adherence of the formulations to the grapes improved after an establishment period prior to rain exposure, and the control of B. cinerea was verified in a wider range of hosts. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carbó
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Neus Teixidó
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Usall
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rosario Torres
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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Ebeling M, Wang M. Dissipation of plant protection products from foliage. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1926-1932. [PMID: 29663485 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the environmental risk assessment for plant protection products in the European Union a default foliar dissipation half-life (DT50) of 10 d is used for the risk assessment of herbivorous birds and mammals feeding on sprayed foliage. This generic DT50 of 10 d is based on a compilation of residue trials conducted over 30 yr ago, in which many compounds and formulations were considered that are not used anymore. We therefore reassessed foliar dissipation based on a data set of 396 residue trials covering 30 compounds. Foliar DT50s were calculated, and potential factors determining dissipation were analyzed, such as crop group, residue zone, and rainfall. The strongest source of variability was found between individual trials. Other factors, including the residue zone and crop group, did not have a significant impact on dissipation. Only heavy rainfall (>6.5 mm/d, i.e., the 95th percentile of rainfall) had a statistically significant influence, although rainfall explained only approximately 5% of the overall variability. Moderate rainfall (≤6.5 mm/d) did not significantly correlate with dissipation and explained only 0.1% of the overall variability. Most importantly, the differences in DT50s between crops and residue zones were neither marked nor statistically significant; hence, trials from different residue zones and crops could be pooled to obtain more robust half-lives. Over all compounds, trials, zones, and crops the geometric mean DT50 was 3.2 d (90th percentile 7.9 d). Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1926-1932. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ebeling
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
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Maestroni B, Abu Alnaser A, Ghanem I, Islam M, Cesio V, Heinzen H, Kelly S, Cannavan A. Validation of an Analytical Method for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Vine Leaves by GC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6421-6430. [PMID: 29874915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A modified and miniaturized SweEt/QuEChERS method for pesticide residue analysis applied to vine leaves is presented. The deep-frozen plant material was cryogenically processed. A 2 g analytical portion was hydrated for 30 min and extracted with acidified ethyl acetate after buffering with NaHCO3 and adding Na2SO4. A dispersive solid-phase (d-SPE) cleanup step with primary-secondary amine (PSA) was performed. The pesticide residues were determined using GC-MS/MS. The whole procedure was validated for 54-59 pesticides at 0.01, 0.02, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg in fresh vine leaves ( Vitis vinifera). The key method performance parameters investigated were specificity, linearity, trueness, within laboratory repeatability and reproducibility, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and matrix effects. Recoveries for the 59 pesticides tested ranged from 60 to 110%, and the RSDs were lower than 20% for the majority of the pesticides studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Maestroni
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications , International Atomic Energy Agency , Wagramerstrasse 5 , A-1400 Vienna , Austria
| | - Amer Abu Alnaser
- Atomic Energy Commission of Syria , 17th Nissan Street , Damascus , Syria
| | - Iyad Ghanem
- Atomic Energy Commission of Syria , 17th Nissan Street , Damascus , Syria
| | - Marivil Islam
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications , International Atomic Energy Agency , Wagramerstrasse 5 , A-1400 Vienna , Austria
| | - Veronica Cesio
- Group for the Analysis of Trace Compounds (GACT), Facultad de Quimica , Universidad de la Republica , Avda. General Flores 2124 , 11800 Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Horacio Heinzen
- Group for the Analysis of Trace Compounds (GACT), Facultad de Quimica , Universidad de la Republica , Avda. General Flores 2124 , 11800 Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Simon Kelly
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications , International Atomic Energy Agency , Wagramerstrasse 5 , A-1400 Vienna , Austria
| | - Andrew Cannavan
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications , International Atomic Energy Agency , Wagramerstrasse 5 , A-1400 Vienna , Austria
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Vilanova L, Teixidó N, Usall J, Balsells-Llauradó M, Gotor-Vila A, Torres R. Environmental fate and behaviour of the biocontrol agent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CPA-8 after preharvest application to stone fruit. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:375-383. [PMID: 28846195 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain CPA-8 has been described as an effective biocontrol agent to control brown rot in stone fruit for both preharvest and postharvest applications. However, no information about the environmental fate and behaviour of this strain under field conditions is available. RESULTS The dispersion of the CPA-8 application was evaluated using water-sensitive papers, and complete coverage was observed on the leaves of treated trees, while <1% of non-treated tree leaves had CPA-8. CPA-8 persisted on the fruit of treated trees during preharvest and postharvest conditions, while a significant decrease on leaves and weeds was observed 21 days after treatment. On non-treated trees, CPA-8 was detected on leaves until 180 days after treatment, and on weeds, the CPA-8 population was dependent on the distance from the treated trees. A high persistence of CPA-8 was detected on inert materials, such as clothes and gloves worn by handlers and plastic harvesting boxes. More than 99% of the samples with a CPA-8 phenotype were confirmed as CPA-8 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CONCLUSION This work demonstrated a good distribution, persistence and adaptation of the CPA-8 strain to field and postharvest conditions. Monitoring of dispersion and persistence is an excellent tool to determine the time of application and provides valuable information for registering issues. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vilanova
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, Lleida, Spain
| | - Neus Teixidó
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, Lleida, Spain
| | - Josep Usall
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Balsells-Llauradó
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, Lleida, Spain
| | - Amparo Gotor-Vila
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rosario Torres
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, Lleida, Spain
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Pérez-Rodríguez P, Soto-Gómez D, Paradelo M, López-Periago JE. Concentration levels of new-generation fungicides in throughfall released by foliar wash-off from vineyards. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 203:467-475. [PMID: 28837913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of agricultural pesticides in the environment and their effects on ecosystems are major concerns addressed in a significant number of articles. However, limited information is available on the pesticide concentrations released from crops. This study reports losses of new-generation fungicides by foliar wash-off from vineyards and their potential impact on the concentrations of their main active substances (AS) in surface waters. Two experimental plots devoted to vineyards were treated with various combinations of commercial new-generation fungicide formulations. Then, up to sixteen throughfall collectors were installed under the canopy. Concentrations of sixteen different AS in throughfall were determined along nine rainfall episodes. Concentrations in throughfall far exceeded the maximum permissible levels for drinking water established by the European Union regulations. Dynamics of fungicide release indicated a first-flush effect in the wash-off founding the highest concentrations of AS in the first rain episodes after application of the fungicides. This article shows that foliar spray application of commercial formulations of new-generation fungicides does not prevent the release of their AS to soil or the runoff. Concentration data obtained in this research can be valuable in supporting the assessment of environmental effects of new-generation fungicides and modeling their environmental fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pérez-Rodríguez
- Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain.
| | - D Soto-Gómez
- Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - M Paradelo
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - J E López-Periago
- Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
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Farha W, Abd El-Aty AM, Rahman MM, Shin HC, Shim JH. An overview on common aspects influencing the dissipation pattern of pesticides: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:693. [PMID: 27888425 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The common aspects and processes influencing dissipation kinetics of pesticides are determinants of their fate in the environment. Nowadays, with increasing population, the demand for food and fodder crops has also increased. With the development in science and technology, the methods of controlling pests may improve, but the major role played by the environment cannot be altered, i.e. the environmental factors, climatic conditions, and geology of areas under cultivation. Plants play a crucial role in the dissipation kinetics, as they may vary in species and characteristics. Differences in physico-chemical properties, such as formulation, bioavailability, and efficacy of the pesticide, may result in variable dissipation patterns even under the same environmental conditions. While modelling the dissipation kinetics for any specific pesticide applied to any specific crop, each factor must be considered. This review focusses on the variability observed across common factors, i.e. environmental aspects, plant-associated facts, and observed characteristics of chemical substances, influencing pesticide dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waziha Farha
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Youngbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Md Musfiqur Rahman
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Youngbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Youngbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Delcour I, Spanoghe P, Uyttendaele M. Literature review: Impact of climate change on pesticide use. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Calvo-Garrido C, Viñas I, Usall J, Rodríguez-Romera M, Ramos MC, Teixidó N. Survival of the biological control agent Candida sake CPA-1 on grapes under the influence of abiotic factors. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:800-11. [PMID: 24917056 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As reliability of preharvest applications of biological control agents (BCAs) to control fruit pathogens is highly dependent on the survival of the selected organism, this study aimed to describe the population dynamics of the yeast-BCA Candida sake (Saito & Ota) CPA-1 on grape berries under the effect of abiotic factors such as temperature, relative humidity, sunlight and rainfall. METHODS AND RESULTS Candida sake (5 × 10(7) CFU ml(-1)), combined with different concentrations of the food additive Fungicover(®), was applied on grape berry clusters. Treated clusters were then exposed to abiotic factors in field or laboratory conditions, recovering populations to describe C. sake population dynamics. The addition of Fungicover significantly increased C. sake multiplication under optimal growth conditions and improved survival under fluctuating abiotic factors. After field applications, significant differences in populations on grape bunches exposed or covered by fine foliage were detected. Simulated rainfall washed off C. sake populations by 0·6-0·9 log units after 20 mm of rain volume. Allowing populations to establish for 24 h or more, prior to a rain event, persistence on grape berries significantly increased and the effect of rain intensity was not observable. CONCLUSIONS Candida sake demonstrated high survival ability under unfavourable environmental conditions and persistence under intense rain. The study evidenced the importance of the first period just after application for C. sake survival on grape tissues and also the protective effect of the additive Fungicover. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This research provides new information on the survival of C. sake under field conditions and its practical implications for recommending timing of spray with this antagonist. Our results could be useful for other yeast antagonists applied before harvest. This work, for the first time, defines population dynamics of a yeast BCA using simulated rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Calvo-Garrido
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-Postharvest, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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Martins MR, Pereira P, Lima N, Cruz-Morais J. Degradation of metalaxyl and folpet by filamentous fungi isolated from Portuguese (Alentejo) vineyard soils. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 65:67-77. [PMID: 23430293 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of xenobiotics by microbial populations is a potential method to enhance the effectiveness of ex situ or in situ bioremediation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of repeated metalaxyl and folpet treatments on soil microbial communities and to select soil fungal strains able to degrade these fungicides. Results showed enhanced degradation of metalaxyl and folpet in vineyards soils submitted to repeated treatments with these fungicides. Indeed, the greatest degradation ability was observed in vineyard soil samples submitted to greater numbers of treatments. Respiration activities, as determined in the presence of selective antibiotics in soil suspensions amended with metalaxyl and folpet, showed that the fungal population was the microbiota community most active in the degradation process. Batch cultures performed with a progressive increase of fungicide concentrations allowed the selection of five tolerant fungal strains: Penicillium sp. 1 and Penicillium sp. 2, mycelia sterila 1 and 3, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Among these strains, mycelium sterila 3 and R. stolonifer presented only in vineyard soils treated with repeated application of these fungicides and showed tolerance >1,000 mg l(-1) against commercial formulations of metalaxyl (10 %) plus folpet (40 %). Using specific methods for inducing sporulation, mycelium sterila 3 was identified as Gongronella sp. Because this fungus is rare, it was compared using csM13-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the two known species, Gongronella butleri and G. lacrispora. The high tolerance to metalaxyl and folpet shown by Gongronella sp. and R. stolonifer might be correlated with their degradation ability. Our results point out that selected strains have potential for the bioremediation of metalaxyl and folpet in polluted soil sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosário Martins
- Chemistry Department and ICAAM, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
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Fantke P, Juraske R. Variability of pesticide dissipation half-lives in plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3548-62. [PMID: 23521068 DOI: 10.1021/es303525x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Information on dissipation kinetics of pesticides in food crops and other plants is a key aspect in current risk and impact assessment practice. This is because human exposure to pesticides is predominantly caused by residues in agricultural crops grown for human and animal consumption. However, modeling dissipation of pesticides in plants is highly uncertain and therefore strongly relies on experimental data. Unfortunately, available information on pesticide dissipation in plants from experimental studies only covers a small fraction of possible combinations of substances authorized for use on food and fodder crops. Additionally, aspects and processes influencing dissipation kinetics are still not fully understood. Therefore, we systematically reviewed 811 scientific literature sources providing 4513 dissipation half-lives of 346 pesticides measured in 183 plant species. We focused on the variability across substances, plant species and harvested plant components and finally discuss different substance, plant and environmental aspects influencing pesticide dissipation. Measured half-lives in harvested plant materials range from around 1 hour for pyrethrins in leaves of tomato and pepper fruit to 918 days for pyriproxyfen in pepper fruits under cold storage conditions. Ninety-five percent of all half-lives fall within the range between 0.6 and 29 days. Our results emphasize that future experiments are required to analyze pesticide-plant species combinations that have so far not been covered and that are relevant for human exposure. In addition, prediction models would help to assess all possible pesticide-plant species combinations in the context of comparative studies. The combination of both would finally reduce uncertainty and improve assumptions in current risk and impact assessment practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fantke
- Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 426, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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López-Fernández O, Rial-Otero R, González-Barreiro C, Simal-Gándara J. Surveillance of fungicidal dithiocarbamate residues in fruits and vegetables. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pose-Juan E, Paradelo-Pérez M, Rial-Otero R, Simal-Gándara J, López-Periago JE. Detachment of sprayed colloidal copper oxychloride-metalaxyl fungicides by a shallow water flow. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2009; 65:615-623. [PMID: 19165728 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow shear stress induced by rainfall promotes the loss of the pesticides sprayed on crops. Some of the factors influencing the losses of colloidal-size particulate fungicides are quantified by using a rotating shear system model. With this device it was possible to analyse the flow shear influencing washoff of a commercial fungicide formulation based on a copper oxychloride-metalaxyl mixture that was sprayed on a polypropylene surface. A factor plan with four variables, i.e. water speed and volume (both variables determining flow boundary stress in the shear device), formulation dosage and drying temperature, was set up to monitor colloid detachment. RESULTS This experimental design, together with sorption experiments of metalaxyl on copper oxychloride, and the study of the dynamics of metalaxyl and copper oxychloride washoff, made it possible to prove that metalaxyl washoff from a polypropylene surface is controlled by transport in solution, whereas that of copper oxychloride occurs by particle detachment and transport of particles. Average losses for metalaxyl and copper oxychloride were, respectively, 29 and 50% of the quantity applied at the usual recommended dosage for crops. CONCLUSION The key factors affecting losses were flow shear and the applied dosage. Empirical models using these factors provided good estimates of the percentage of fungicide loss. From the factor analysis, the main mechanism for metalaxyl loss induced by a shallow water flow is solubilisation, whereas copper loss is controlled by erosion of copper oxychloride particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pose-Juan
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
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Canal-Raffin M, L'Azou B, Martinez B, Sellier E, Fawaz F, Robinson P, Ohayon-Courtès C, Baldi I, Cambar J, Molimard M, Moore N, Brochard P. Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WG(R) and Myco 500(R), two commercial forms of folpet. Part Fibre Toxicol 2007; 4:8. [PMID: 17883864 PMCID: PMC2211752 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-4-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides, in particular folpet, have been found in rural and urban air in France in the past few years. Folpet is a contact fungicide and has been widely used for the past 50 years in vineyards in France. Slightly water-soluble and mostly present as particles in the environment, it has been measured at average concentration of 40.1 mug/m3 during its spraying, 0.16-1.2 mug/m3 in rural air and around 0.01 mug/m3 in urban air, potentially exposing both the workers and the general population. However, no study on its penetration by inhalation and on its respiratory toxicity has been published. The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of folpet particles (morphology, granulometry, stability) in its commercial forms under their typical application conditions. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of these particles and the generation of reactive oxygen species were assessed in vitro on respiratory cells. RESULTS Granulometry of two commercial forms of folpet (Folpan 80WG(R) and Myco 500(R)) under their typical application conditions showed that the majority of the particles (>75%) had a size under 5 mum, and therefore could be inhaled by humans. These particles were relatively stable over time: more than 75% of folpet remained in the particle suspension after 30 days under the typical application conditions. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) on human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-) was found to be between 2.89 and 5.11 mug/cm2 for folpet commercial products after 24 h of exposure. Folpet degradation products and vehicles of Folpan 80 WG(R) did not show any cytotoxicity at tested concentrations. At non-cytotoxic and subtoxic concentrations, Folpan 80 WG(R) was found to increase DCFH-DA fluorescence. CONCLUSION These results show that the particles of commercial forms of folpet are relatively stable over time. Particles could be easily inhaled by humans, could reach the conducting airways and are cytotoxic to respiratory cells in vitro. Folpet particles may mediate its toxicity directly or indirectly through ROS-mediated alterations. These data constitute the first step towards the risk assessment of folpet particles by inhalation for human health. This work confirms the need for further studies on the effect of environmental pesticides on the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Canal-Raffin
- Laboratoire Santé-Travail-Environnement (EA 3672), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
- Département de Pharmacologie (INSERM U657), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Beatrice L'Azou
- Laboratoire Santé-Travail-Environnement (EA 3672), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Beatrice Martinez
- Département de Pharmacologie (INSERM U657), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elisabeth Sellier
- Centre de Ressource en Microscopie Electronique et Microanalyse, Université Bordeaux 1, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fawaz Fawaz
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et Biopharmacie (EA 3677), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philip Robinson
- Département de Pharmacologie (INSERM U657), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Celine Ohayon-Courtès
- Laboratoire Santé-Travail-Environnement (EA 3672), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- Laboratoire Santé-Travail-Environnement (EA 3672), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean Cambar
- Laboratoire Santé-Travail-Environnement (EA 3672), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Molimard
- Département de Pharmacologie (INSERM U657), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicholas Moore
- Département de Pharmacologie (INSERM U657), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Brochard
- Laboratoire Santé-Travail-Environnement (EA 3672), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
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Hunsche M, Bringe K, Schmitz-Eiberger M, Noga G. Leaf surface characteristics of apple seedlings, bean seedlings and kohlrabi plants and their impact on the retention and rainfastness of mancozeb. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2006; 62:839-47. [PMID: 16786495 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A study was made of the influence of the upper leaf surface characteristics on the retention and rainfastness of the contact fungicide mancozeb with and without tank-mix adjuvants (RSO 5 and RSO 60) on apple seedlings, bean seedlings and kohlrabi plants. Large differences in roughness, in the amount and composition of surface waxes and in the retention and rainfastness of mancozeb were found among species. Strong correlations between roughness and total amount of surface waxes and mass of C29 alkane in the wax mass were also found. Fungicide retention was strongly, negatively correlated with surface roughness, total epicuticular wax, amount of C29 alkane and the total mass of alkanes. Rainfastness correlated strongly or very strongly with the amount of C28 alcohol and C33 alkane. The addition of a more hydrophobic (RSO 5) or a more hydrophilic (RSO 60) adjuvant to the spray solution influenced retention and rainfastness, and also altered the correlation coefficients. The present results support earlier observations which show that the success of adjuvants in enhancing the retention and rainfastness of agrochemicals depends on the characteristics of the leaf surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Hunsche
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Auf dem Hügel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Hatfaludi T, Liska M, Zellinger D, Ousman JP, Szostak M, Ambrus A, Jalava K, Lubitz W. Bacterial ghost technology for pesticide delivery. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:5627-5634. [PMID: 15373403 DOI: 10.1021/jf049489w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial ghosts are nondenaturated empty cell envelopes of Gram-negative bacteria produced by E-mediated lysis. Such envelopes from the plant-adhering bacterium Pectobacterium cypripedii were tested for their ability to adhere to plant material and to be used as carriers for pesticide delivery. We show, using fluorescence-labeled P. cypripedii ghosts, that depending on the target plants 55 or 10% (rice or soya, respectively) of the applied bacterial ghosts was retained on the leaves after heavy simulated rain (84 mm). Furthermore, the bacterial ghosts could be loaded with the lipophilic triazole fungicide tebuconazole. In subsequent plant experiments in the glass house, the efficacy of the loaded bacterial ghost for resistance to rainfall and the protective and curative effects against the pathogens Erysiphe graminis, Leptosphaeria nodorum, and Pyrenophora teres on barley and wheat and against Sphaerotheca fuliginea on cucumber were tested. The bacterial ghosts were compared primarily with a commercial tebuconazole formulation, a wettable powder, as it has similar physical characteristics. The comparison revealed similar effects and showed consistently higher or comparable efficacy against the pathogens. The standard operational comparison with the most protective, cereal specific emulsion of oil in water displayed that the bacterial ghosts had equal to or lower efficacy than the emulsion. This study confirmed the potential of bacterial ghost platform technology as a new alternative carrier system for pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Hatfaludi
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Section Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Vienna, UZAII 2B522 Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Zainal H, Que Hee SS. Folpet permeation through nitrile gloves. APPLIED OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2003; 18:658-68. [PMID: 12909534 DOI: 10.1080/10473220301377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether two different brands of unsupported and unlined nitrile gloves protected against aqueous emulsions of a Folpet wettable powder (50% Folpet) using an ASTM type-I-PTC 600 permeation cell at 30.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C held in a shaking water bath. An analytical method to determine Folpet using the internal standard method was first developed based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD). A novel pyrolysis GC-ECD technique that quantified the thermal degradation product phthalimide had pg sensitivity suitable to detect the trace amounts of Folpet that permeated. The on-column conversion was (68.0 +/- 9.5) percent at 170 degrees C over the folpet injected mass range of 3 to 148 pg. The challenge solution in the permeation cell was 1.4 mg/mL aqueous emulsion of Folpet wettable powder, and 2-propanol was the collection solvent. After evaporation of the collection solvent, the time weighted average rate of permeation of Folpet through SafeSkin nitrile (an exams type of glove) after 8 hours was (42.1 +/- 2.9) ng/cm(2)/min compared with (2.04 +/- 0.69) ng/cm(2)/min for the Sol-Vex nitrile (industrial chemical resistant), the latter being about 21 times more protective and also near the limits of detection. The respective values after 4 hours of exposure were (28.4 +/- 1.2) and (0.65 +/- 0.36) ng/cm(2)/min. Diagnostic reflectance infrared minima of both challenge and collection sides of the gloves showed small changes in wave number and intensity values after 8 hours of exposure, with Folpet being detected in dried spots on the challenge side. GC-ECD-based permeation and IR reflectance data indicated high chemical resistance of the Sol-Vex gloves to an aqueous emulsion of Folpet.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zainal
- School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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