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Varkoly G, Hortobágyi TG, Gebri E, Bencze J, Hortobágyi T, Módis L. Expression Pattern of Tenascin-C, Matrilin-2, and Aggrecan in Diseases Affecting the Corneal Endothelium. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11205991. [PMID: 36294311 PMCID: PMC9604752 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11205991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the expression pattern of tenascin-C, matrilin-2, and aggrecan in irreversible corneal endothelial pathology such as pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) and Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), which most frequently require corneal transplantation. Materials and methods: Histological specimens of corneal buttons removed during keratoplasty were investigated in PBK (n = 20) and FECD (n = 9) and compared to healthy control corneas (n = 10). The sections were studied by chromogenic immunohistochemistry (CHR-IHC) and submitted for evaluation by two investigators. Semiquantitative scoring (0 to 3+) was applied according to standardized methods at high magnification (400x). Each layer of the cornea was investigated; in addition, the stroma was subdivided into anterior, middle, and posterior parts for more precise analysis. In case of non-parametric distribution Mann−Whitney test was applied to compare two groups. Kruskal−Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparisons tests have been applied for comparison of the chromogenic IHC signal intensity among corneal layers within the control and patient groups. Differences of p < 0.05 were considered as significant. Results: Significantly elevated tenascin-C immunopositivity was present in the epithelium and every layer of the stroma in both pathologic conditions as compared to normal controls. In addition, also significantly stronger matrilin-2 positivity was detected in the epithelium; however, weaker reaction was present in the endothelium in PBK cases. Minimal, but significantly elevated immunopositivity could be observed in the anterior and posterior stroma in the FECD group. Additionally, minimally, but significantly higher aggrecan immunoreaction was present in the anterior stroma in PBK and in the posterior stroma in both endothelial disorders. All three antibodies disclosed the strongest reaction in the posterior stroma either in PBK or in FECD cases. Conclusions: These extracellular matrix molecules disclosed up to moderate immunopositivity in the corneal layers in varying extents. Through their networking, bridging, and adhesive abilities these proteins are involved in corneal regeneration and tissue reorganization in endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gréta Varkoly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County Hospitals, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - Tibor G. Hortobágyi
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Enikő Gebri
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery and Dental Outpatient Care, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Bencze
- Division of Radiology and Imaging Science, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AB, UK
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - László Módis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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The Functional Role of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14010238. [PMID: 35008401 PMCID: PMC8750014 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is highly dynamic as it is constantly deposited, remodeled and degraded to maintain tissue homeostasis. ECM is a major structural component of the tumor microenvironment, and cancer development and progression require its extensive reorganization. Cancerized ECM is biochemically different in its composition and is stiffer compared to normal ECM. The abnormal ECM affects cancer progression by directly promoting cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation. The restructured extracellular matrix and its degradation fragments (matrikines) also modulate the signaling cascades mediated by the interaction with cell-surface receptors, deregulate the stromal cell behavior and lead to emergence of an oncogenic microenvironment. Here, we summarize the current state of understanding how the composition and structure of ECM changes during cancer progression. We also describe the functional role of key proteins, especially tenascin C and fibronectin, and signaling molecules involved in the formation of the tumor microenvironment, as well as the signaling pathways that they activate in cancer cells.
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Mainardi A, Carminati F, Ugolini GS, Occhetta P, Isu G, Robles Diaz D, Reid G, Visone R, Rasponi M, Marsano A. A dynamic microscale mid-throughput fibrosis model to investigate the effects of different ratios of cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4177-4195. [PMID: 34545378 PMCID: PMC8547330 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00092f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a maladaptive remodeling of the myocardium hallmarked by contraction impairment and excessive extracellular matrix deposition (ECM). The disease progression, nevertheless, remains poorly understood and present treatments are not capable of controlling the scarring process. This is partly due to the absence of physiologically relevant, easily operable, and low-cost in vitro models, which are of the utmost importance to uncover pathological mechanisms and highlight possible targets for anti-fibrotic therapies. In classic models, fibrotic features are usually obtained using substrates with scar mimicking stiffness and/or supplementation of morphogens such as transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). Qualities such as the interplay between activated fibroblasts (FBs) and cardiomyocytes (CMs), or the mechanically active, three-dimensional (3D) environment, are, however, neglected or obtained at the expense of the number of experimental replicates achievable. To overcome these shortcomings, we engineered a micro-physiological system (MPS) where multiple 3D cardiac micro-tissues can be subjected to cyclical stretching simultaneously. Up to six different biologically independent samples are incorporated in a single device, increasing the experimental throughput and paving the way for higher yielding drug screening campaigns. The newly developed MPS was used to co-culture different ratios of neonatal rat CMs and FBs, investigating the role of CMs in the modulation of fibrosis traits, without the addition of morphogens, and in soft substrates. The expression of contractile stress fibers and of degradative enzymes, as well as the deposition of fibronectin and type I collagen were superior in microtissues with a low amount of CMs. Moreover, high CM-based microconstructs simulating a ratio similar to that of healthy tissues, even if subjected to both cyclic stretch and TGF-β1, did not show any of the investigated fibrotic signs, indicating a CM fibrosis modulating effect. Overall, this in vitro fibrosis model could help to uncover new pathological aspects studying, with mid-throughput and in a mechanically active, physiologically relevant environment, the crosstalk between the most abundant cell types involved in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mainardi
- Departments of Biomedicine and Surgery, University Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Carminati
- Departments of Biomedicine and Surgery, University Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stefano Ugolini
- Departments of Biomedicine and Surgery, University Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Paola Occhetta
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- BiomimX S.r.l., Via Giovanni Durando 38/A, 20158 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Isu
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Diana Robles Diaz
- Departments of Biomedicine and Surgery, University Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Gregory Reid
- Departments of Biomedicine and Surgery, University Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Visone
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Marsano
- Departments of Biomedicine and Surgery, University Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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Módis LV, Varkoly G, Bencze J, Hortobágyi TG, Módis L, Hortobágyi T. Extracellular matrix changes in corneal opacification vary depending on etiology. Mol Vis 2021; 27:26-36. [PMID: 33633437 PMCID: PMC7883932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the expression of tenascin-C and matrilin-2 in three different disorders, which frequently require corneal transplantation. These pathological conditions include bullous keratopathy (BK), Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), and corneal scarring in herpetic keratitis. Methods Histological sections of corneal buttons removed during keratoplasty were analyzed in BK (n = 20), FECD (n = 9), herpetic keratitis (n = 12), and cadaveric control (n = 10) groups with light microscopy following chromogenic immunohistochemistry. The sections were evaluated by three investigators, and semiquantitative scoring (0 to 3+) was applied according to standardized methods at 400X magnification. Each layer of the cornea was investigated; moreover, the stroma was subdivided into subepithelial, middle, and pre-Descemet's membrane areas for more detailed analysis. Results Excessive epithelial and stromal expression of tenascin-C was identified in all investigated conditions; the results were most pronounced in the pre-Descemet's membrane. Regarding matrilin-2, when examined in BK, there was increased labeling intensity in the epithelium (p<0.001) and stromal layers (p<0.05), and a decrease in the endothelium (p<0.001). In the other investigated conditions, only a low degree of stromal localization (p<0.05) of matrilin-2 was detected. Conclusions The expression of tenascin-C and matrilin-2 differs when examined in various corneal pathologies resulting in opacification. Both molecules seem to be involved in regeneration and wound healing of the corneal matrix in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- László V. Módis
- ELKH-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,Department of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gréta Varkoly
- Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County Hospitals, Department of Ophthalmology, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - János Bencze
- ELKH-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,Deparment of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor G. Hortobágyi
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Módis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- ELKH-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,Centre for Age-Related Medicine, SESAM, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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Vainieri ML, Alini M, Yayon A, van Osch GJVM, Grad S. Mechanical Stress Inhibits Early Stages of Endogenous Cell Migration: A Pilot Study in an Ex Vivo Osteochondral Model. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081754. [PMID: 32781503 PMCID: PMC7466115 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration has a central role in osteochondral defect repair initiation and biomaterial-mediated regeneration. New advancements to reestablish tissue function include biomaterials and factors promoting cell recruitment, differentiation and tissue integration, but little is known about responses to mechanical stimuli. In the present pilot study, we tested the influence of extrinsic forces in combination with biomaterials releasing chemoattractant signals on cell migration. We used an ex vivo mechanically stimulated osteochondral defect explant filled with fibrin/hyaluronan hydrogel, in presence or absence of platelet-derived growth factor-BB or stromal cell-derived factor 1, to assess endogenous cell recruitment into the wound site. Periodic mechanical stress at early time point negatively influenced cell infiltration compared to unloaded samples, and the implementation of chemokines to increase cell migration was not efficient to overcome this negative effect. The gene expression at 15 days of culture indicated a marked downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)13 and MMP3, a decrease of β1 integrin and increased mRNA levels of actin in osteochondral samples exposed to complex load. This work using an ex vivo osteochondral mechanically stimulated advanced platform demonstrated that recurrent mechanical stress at early time points impeded cell migration into the hydrogel, providing a unique opportunity to improve our understanding on management of joint injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Vainieri
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (M.L.V.); (M.A.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (M.L.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Avner Yayon
- ProCore Ltd., Weizmann Science Park, 7 Golda Meir St., Ness Ziona 70400, Israel;
| | - Gerjo J. V. M. van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Delft, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sibylle Grad
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (M.L.V.); (M.A.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-81-4142480
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Spurlin JW, Siedlik MJ, Nerger BA, Pang MF, Jayaraman S, Zhang R, Nelson CM. Mesenchymal proteases and tissue fluidity remodel the extracellular matrix during airway epithelial branching in the embryonic avian lung. Development 2019; 146:dev.175257. [PMID: 31371376 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal signaling is essential for morphogenesis, including branching of the lung. In the mouse, mesenchymal cells differentiate into airway smooth muscle that wraps around epithelial branches, but this contractile tissue is absent from the early avian lung. Here, we have found that branching morphogenesis in the embryonic chicken lung requires extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling driven by reciprocal interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme. Before branching, the basement membrane wraps the airway epithelium as a spatially uniform sheath. After branch initiation, however, the basement membrane thins at branch tips; this remodeling requires mesenchymal expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2, which is necessary for branch extension but for not branch initiation. As branches extend, tenascin C (TNC) accumulates in the mesenchyme several cell diameters away from the epithelium. Despite its pattern of accumulation, TNC is expressed exclusively by epithelial cells. Branch extension coincides with deformation of adjacent mesenchymal cells, which correlates with an increase in mesenchymal fluidity at branch tips that may transport TNC away from the epithelium. These data reveal novel epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that direct ECM remodeling during airway branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Spurlin
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Michael J Siedlik
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Bryan A Nerger
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mei-Fong Pang
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sahana Jayaraman
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rawlison Zhang
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA .,Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Pratsinis H, Mavrogonatou E, Kletsas D. Scarless wound healing: From development to senescence. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:325-343. [PMID: 29654790 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An essential element of tissue homeostasis is the response to injuries, cutaneous wound healing being the most studied example. In the adults, wound healing aims at quickly restoring the barrier function of the skin, leading however to scar, a dysfunctional fibrotic tissue. On the other hand, in fetuses a scarless tissue regeneration takes place. During ageing, the wound healing capacity declines; however, in the absence of comorbidities a higher quality in tissue repair is observed. Senescent cells have been found to accumulate in chronic unhealed wounds, but more recent reports indicate that their transient presence may be beneficial for tissue repair. In this review data on skin wound healing and scarring are presented, covering the whole spectrum from early embryonic development to adulthood, and furthermore until ageing of the organism.
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Frahs SM, Oxford JT, Neumann EE, Brown RJ, Keller-Peck CR, Pu X, Lujan TJ. Extracellular Matrix Expression and Production in Fibroblast-Collagen Gels: Towards an In Vitro Model for Ligament Wound Healing. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 46:1882-1895. [PMID: 29873012 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-2064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ligament wound healing involves the proliferation of a dense and disorganized fibrous matrix that slowly remodels into scar tissue at the injury site. This remodeling process does not fully restore the highly aligned collagen network that exists in native tissue, and consequently repaired ligament has decreased strength and durability. In order to identify treatments that stimulate collagen alignment and strengthen ligament repair, there is a need to develop in vitro models to study fibroblast activation during ligament wound healing. The objective of this study was to measure gene expression and matrix protein accumulation in fibroblast-collagen gels that were subjected to different static stress conditions (stress-free, biaxial stress, and uniaxial stress) for three time points (1, 2 or 3 weeks). By comparing our in vitro results to prior in vivo studies, we found that stress-free gels had time-dependent changes in gene expression (col3a1, TnC) corresponding to early scar formation, and biaxial stress gels had protein levels (collagen type III, decorin) corresponding to early scar formation. This is the first study to conduct a targeted evaluation of ligament healing biomarkers in fibroblast-collagen gels, and the results suggest that biomimetic in-vitro models of early scar formation should be initially cultured under biaxial stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Frahs
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Julia Thom Oxford
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Erica E Neumann
- Department of Mechanical & Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725-2085, USA
| | - Raquel J Brown
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | | | - Xinzhu Pu
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Trevor J Lujan
- Department of Mechanical & Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725-2085, USA.
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Interstitial fluid flow-induced growth potential and hyaluronan synthesis of fibroblasts in a fibroblast-populated stretched collagen gel culture. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2261-2273. [PMID: 28668298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tensioned collagen gels with dermal fibroblasts (DFs) as a dermis model are usually utilized in a static culture (SC) that lacks medium flowing. To make the model closer to its in vivo state, we created a device to perfuse the model with media flowing at a physiological velocity and examined the effects of medium flow (MF) on the cultures. METHODS We constructed a medium perfusion device for human DF-embedded stretched collagen gels (human dermis model), exposed the model to media that flows upwardly at ~1mL/day, and examined water retention of the gels, cells' growth ability, metabolic activity, expression profiles of nine extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes. The obtained data were compared with those from the model in SC. RESULTS MF increases the gels' water retention and cells' growth potential but had little effect on their metabolic activities. MF robustly enhanced hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) and matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP1) gene expressions but not of the other genes (MMP2, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, COL1A1, COL3A1, and CD44). MF significantly increased the amounts of cellular hyaluronan and adenosine triphosphate. CONCLUSIONS The MF at a physiological speed significantly influences the nature of ECMs and their resident fibroblasts and remodels ECMs by regulating hyaluronan metabolism. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Fibroblasts in tensioned collagen gels altered their phenotypes in a MF rate-dependent manner. Collagen gel culture with tension and MF could be utilized as an appropriate in vitro model of interstitial connective tissues to evaluate the pathophysiological significance of mechanosignals generated by fluid flow and cellular/extracellular tension.
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Zhou L, Yang K, Randall Wickett R, Zhang Y. Dermal fibroblasts induce cell cycle arrest and block epithelial-mesenchymal transition to inhibit the early stage melanoma development. Cancer Med 2016; 5:1566-79. [PMID: 27061029 PMCID: PMC4944884 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal fibroblasts are an integral part of the tumor stroma and constantly interact with cancer cells to promote their initiation and progression. However, the role and function of dermal fibroblasts during the early stage of melanoma development remain poorly understood. We, therefore, designed a novel genetic approach to deactivate stromal fibroblasts at the onset of melanoma formation by targeted ablation of β-catenin. To our surprise, melanoma tumors formed from β-catenin-deficient group (B16F10 mixed with β-catenin-deficient fibroblasts) appeared earlier than tumors formed from control group (B16F10 mixed with normal dermal fibroblasts). At the end point when tumors were collected, mutant tumors were bigger and heavier than control tumors. Further analysis showed that there were fewer amounts of stromal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts inside mutant tumor stroma. Melanoma tumors from control group showed reduced proliferation, down-regulated expression of cyclin D1 and increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16, suggesting dermal fibroblasts blocked the onset of melanoma tumor formation by inducing a cell cycle arrest in B16F10 melanoma cells. Furthermore, we discovered that dermal fibroblasts prevented epithelial-mesenchymal transition in melanoma cells. Overall, our findings demonstrated that dermal fibroblasts crosstalk with melanoma cells to regulate in vivo tumor development via multiple mechanisms, and the outcomes of their reciprocal interactions depend on activation states of stromal fibroblasts and stages of melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Zhou
- Division of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhio45267
| | - Kun Yang
- Division of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhio45267
| | - R. Randall Wickett
- Division of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhio45267
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhio45267
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Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins of the tenascin family resemble each other in their domain structure, and also share functions in modulating cell adhesion and cellular responses to growth factors. Despite these common features, the 4 vertebrate tenascins exhibit vastly different expression patterns. Tenascin-R is specific to the central nervous system. Tenascin-C is an “oncofetal” protein controlled by many stimuli (growth factors, cytokines, mechanical stress), but with restricted occurrence in space and time. In contrast, tenascin-X is a constituitive component of connective tissues, and its level is barely affected by external factors. Finally, the expression of tenascin-W is similar to that of tenascin-C but even more limited. In accordance with their highly regulated expression, the promoters of the tenascin-C and -W genes contain TATA boxes, whereas those of the other 2 tenascins do not. This article summarizes what is currently known about the complex transcriptional regulation of the 4 tenascin genes in development and disease.
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Key Words
- AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- AP-1, activator protein-1
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CBP, CREB binding protein
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- CREB-RP, CREB-related protein
- CYP21A2, cytochrome P450 family 21 subfamily A polypeptide 2
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- EBS, Ets binding site
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- ETS, E26 transformation-specific
- EWS-ETS, Ewing sarcoma-Ets fusion protein
- Evx1, even skipped homeobox 1
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- HBS, homeodomain binding sequence
- IL, interleukin
- ILK, integrin-linked kinase
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MHCIII, major histocompatibility complex class III
- MKL1, megakaryoblastic leukemia-1
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NGF, nerve growth factor; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- OTX2, orthodenticle homolog 2
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- POU3F2, POU domain class 3 transcription factor 2
- PRRX1, paired-related homeobox 1
- RBPJk, recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless
- ROCK, Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase
- RhoA, ras homolog gene family member A
- SAP, SAF-A/B, Acinus, and PIAS
- SCX, scleraxix
- SEAP, secreted alkaline phosphatase
- SMAD, small body size - mothers against decapentaplegic
- SOX4, sex determining region Y-box 4
- SRE, serum response element
- SRF, serum response factor
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TNC, tenascin-C
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TNR, tenascin-R
- TNW, tenascin-W
- TNX, tenascin-X
- TSS, transcription start site
- UTR, untranslated region
- WNT, wingless-related integration site
- cancer
- cytokine
- development
- extracellular matrix
- gene promoter
- gene regulation
- glucocorticoid
- growth factor
- homeobox gene
- matricellular
- mechanical stress
- miR, micro RNA
- p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase
- tenascin
- transcription factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiovaro
- a Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research ; Basel , Switzerland
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Abstract
Tenascin-C is a large, multimodular, extracellular matrix glycoprotein that exhibits a very restricted pattern of expression but an enormously diverse range of functions. Here, we discuss the importance of deciphering the expression pattern of, and effects mediated by, different forms of this molecule in order to fully understand tenascin-C biology. We focus on both post transcriptional and post translational events such as splicing, glycosylation, assembly into a 3D matrix and proteolytic cleavage, highlighting how these modifications are key to defining tenascin-C function.
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Key Words
- AD1/AD2, additional domain 1/ additional domain 2
- ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs
- ASMCs, aortic smooth muscle cells
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- BHKs, baby hamster kidney cells
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CA19–9, carbohydrate antigen 19–9
- CALEB, chicken acidic leucine-rich EGF-like domain containing brain protein
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRC, colorectal carcinomas
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- DCIS, ductal carcinoma in-situ
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDA-FN, extra domain A containing fibronectin
- EDB-FN, extra domain B containing fibronectin
- EGF-L, epidermal growth factor-like
- EGF-R, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ELISPOT, enzyme-linked immunospot assay
- FBG, fibrinogen-like globe
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2
- FGF4, fibroblast growth factor 4
- FN, fibronectin
- FNIII, fibronectin type III-like repeat
- GMEM, glioma-mesenchymal extracellular matrix antigen
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- HB-EGF, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
- HCEs, immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HNK-1, human natural killer-1
- HSPGs, heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- ICC, immunocytochemistry
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IGF-BP, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MPNSTs, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors
- Mr, molecular mass
- NB, northern blot
- NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK, natural killer cells
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung carcinoma
- NSCs, neural stem cells
- NT, neurotrophin
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PDGF, platelet derived growth factor
- PDGF-Rβ, platelet derived growth factor receptor β
- PIGF, phosphatidylinositol-glycan biosynthesis class F protein
- PLCγ, phospholipase-C gamma
- PNS, peripheral nervous system
- PTPRζ1, receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase zeta
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RCC, renal cell carcinoma
- RD, rhabdomyosarcoma
- RGD, arginylglycylaspartic acid
- RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction
- SB, Southern blot
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma
- SMCs, smooth muscle cells
- SVZ, sub-ventricular zone
- TA, tenascin assembly domain
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- TSS, transcription start site
- UBC, urothelial bladder cancer
- UCC, urothelial cell carcinoma
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells
- VZ, ventricular zone
- WB, immunoblot/ western blot
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- biosynthesis
- c, charged
- cancer
- ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma
- chRCC, chromophobe-primary renal cell carcinoma
- development
- glycosylation
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- matrix assembly
- mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK
- pHo, extracellular pH
- pRCC, papillary renal cell carcinoma
- proteolytic cleavage
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- splicing
- tenascin-C
- therapeutics
- transcription
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Giblin
- a Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics; Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences ; Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology; University of Oxford ; Oxford , UK
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Murphy-Ullrich JE, Downs JC. The Thrombospondin1-TGF-β Pathway and Glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31:371-5. [PMID: 26352161 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by abnormal remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the trabecular meshwork and in the connective tissue beams of the lamina cribrosa (LC) at the optic nerve head (ONH), which is associated with axonal damage. Mechanical strain can stimulate ECM remodeling and increased expression of matricellular proteins. Thrombospondins 1 and 2 are induced by cyclic mechanical strain in the eye in both the trabecular meshwork and in the LC region of the ONH. TGF-betas 1 and 2 are increased in glaucoma and play a role in the pathologic remodeling of the ECM in the eye in glaucoma. In this study, we address the role of thrombospondin1 as a regulator of latent TGF-beta activation and discuss the potential therapeutic use of antagonists of the thrombospondin1-TGF-beta pathway for treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,3 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - J Crawford Downs
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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Zuliani-Alvarez L, Midwood KS. Fibrinogen-Related Proteins in Tissue Repair: How a Unique Domain with a Common Structure Controls Diverse Aspects of Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:273-285. [PMID: 26005593 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Fibrinogen-related proteins (FRePs) comprise an intriguing collection of extracellular molecules, each containing a conserved fibrinogen-like globe (FBG). This group includes the eponymous fibrinogen as well as the tenascin, angiopoietin, and ficolin families. Many of these proteins are upregulated during tissue repair and exhibit diverse roles during wound healing. Recent Advances: An increasing body of evidence highlights the specific expression of a number of FRePs following tissue injury and infection. Upon induction, each FReP uses its FBG domain to mediate quite distinct effects that contribute to different stages of tissue repair, such as driving coagulation, pathogen detection, inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Critical Issues: Despite a high degree of homology among FRePs, each contains unique sequences that enable their diversification of function. Comparative analysis of the structure and function of FRePs and precise mapping of regions that interact with a variety of ligands has started to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms by which these proteins play very different roles using their common domain. Future Directions: Fibrinogen has long been used in the clinic as a synthetic matrix serving as a scaffold or a delivery system to aid tissue repair. Novel therapeutic strategies are now emerging that harness the use of other FRePs to improve wound healing outcomes. As we learn more about the underlying mechanisms by which each FReP contributes to the repair response, specific blockade, or indeed potentiation, of their function offers real potential to enable regulation of distinct processes during pathological wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Zuliani-Alvarez
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kim S. Midwood
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Imanaka-Yoshida K, Yoshida T, Miyagawa-Tomita S. Tenascin-C in development and disease of blood vessels. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1747-57. [PMID: 25125186 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is an extracellular glycoprotein categorized as a matricellular protein. It is highly expressed during embryonic development, wound healing, inflammation, and cancer invasion, and has a wide range of effects on cell response in tissue morphogenesis and remodeling including the cardiovascular system. In the heart, TNC is sparsely detected in normal adults but transiently expressed at restricted sites during embryonic development and in response to injury, playing an important role in myocardial remodeling. Although TNC in the vascular system appears more complex than in the heart, the expression of TNC in normal adult blood vessels is generally low. During embryonic development, vascular smooth muscle cells highly express TNC on maturation of the vascular wall, which is controlled in a way that depends on the embryonic site of cell origin. Strong expression of TNC is also linked with several pathological conditions such as cerebral vasospasm, intimal hyperplasia, pulmonary artery hypertension, and aortic aneurysm/ dissection. TNC synthesized by smooth muscle cells in response to developmental and environmental cues regulates cell responses such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival in an autocrine/paracrine fashion and in a context-dependent manner. Thus, TNC can be a key molecule in controlling cellular activity in adaptation during normal vascular development as well as tissue remodeling in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan; Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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Sejersen MHJ, Frost P, Hansen TB, Deutch SR, Svendsen SW. Proteomics perspectives in rotator cuff research: a systematic review of gene expression and protein composition in human tendinopathy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119974. [PMID: 25879758 PMCID: PMC4400011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotator cuff tendinopathy including tears is a cause of significant morbidity. The molecular pathogenesis of the disorder is largely unknown. This review aimed to present an overview of the literature on gene expression and protein composition in human rotator cuff tendinopathy and other tendinopathies, and to evaluate perspectives of proteomics--the comprehensive study of protein composition--in tendon research. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a systematic search of the literature published between 1 January 1990 and 18 December 2012 in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. We included studies on objectively quantified differential gene expression and/or protein composition in human rotator cuff tendinopathy and other tendinopathies as compared to control tissue. RESULTS We identified 2199 studies, of which 54 were included; 25 studies focussed on rotator cuff or biceps tendinopathy. Most of the included studies quantified prespecified mRNA molecules and proteins using polymerase chain reactions and immunoassays, respectively. There was a tendency towards an increase of collagen I (11 of 15 studies) and III (13 of 14), metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 (6 of 12), -9 (7 of 7), -13 (4 of 7), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 (4 of 7), and vascular endothelial growth factor (4 of 7), and a decrease in MMP-3 (10 of 12). Fourteen proteomics studies of tendon tissues/cells failed inclusion, mostly because they were conducted in animals or in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Based on methods, which only allowed simultaneous quantification of a limited number of prespecified mRNA molecules or proteins, several proteins appeared to be differentially expressed/represented in rotator cuff tendinopathy and other tendinopathies. No proteomics studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria, although proteomics technologies may be a way to identify protein profiles (including non-prespecified proteins) that characterise specific tendon disorders or stages of tendinopathy. Thus, our results suggested an untapped potential for proteomics in tendon research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hee Jung Sejersen
- Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, Regional Hospital West Jutland—University Research Clinic, Herning, Denmark
| | - Poul Frost
- Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Bæk Hansen
- Research Unit for Orthopaedics, Holstebro Regional Hospital, Holstebro, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Susanne Wulff Svendsen
- Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, Regional Hospital West Jutland—University Research Clinic, Herning, Denmark
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Abstract
The formation and structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that makes up the cardiac interstitum is well known yet the underlying mechanisms that regulate the interstitum are poorly known. This review focuses on the role of the cardiac fibroblast in the formation and regulation of the ECM components during cardiac development and in response to physiological and pathological stimulation. The role of ECM receptors (integrins), cellular phenotype, and chemical and mechanical signaling by cardiac fibroblasts are discussed.
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Humphrey JD, Dufresne ER, Schwartz MA. Mechanotransduction and extracellular matrix homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:802-12. [PMID: 25355505 PMCID: PMC4513363 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1256] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Soft connective tissues at steady state are dynamic; resident cells continually read environmental cues and respond to them to promote homeostasis, including maintenance of the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that are fundamental to cellular and tissue health. The mechanosensing process involves assessment of the mechanics of the ECM by the cells through integrins and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, and is followed by a mechanoregulation process, which includes the deposition, rearrangement or removal of the ECM to maintain overall form and function. Progress towards understanding the molecular, cellular and tissue-level effects that promote mechanical homeostasis has helped to identify key questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric R Dufresne
- 1] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yale University. [2] Department of Cell Biology, Yale University
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- 1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University. [2] Department of Cell Biology, Yale University. [3] Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520 USA
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Bagavandoss P. Temporal expression of tenascin-C and type I collagen in response to gonadotropins in the immature rat ovary. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1125-33. [PMID: 24998028 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian morphogenesis and physiology in mammals take place in the context of hormones, paracrine factors and extracellular matrix molecules. Both fibrillar type I collagen and the multidomain tenascin-C are matrix molecules capable of modulating the behavior of both normal and neoplastic cells in many organs. Therefore, the objective of this qualitative study was to simultaneously examine the distribution of both tenascin-C and type I collagen in ovarian follicles and corpora lutea induced to develop in response to gonadotropin treatments. In preantral follicles both matrix proteins were present in the focimatrix, theca externa and the interstitium. Equine gonadotropin induced the appearance of both proteins in the theca interna. Subsequent to administration with human chorionic gonadotropin, tenascin-C appearance in the thecal capillaries preceded type I collagen expression. Tenascin-C was also observed in the capillaries of functional and regressing corpora lutea, while type I collagen was predominantly present in the interstitium and tunica albuginea. Western blots showed both an increase in and degradation of tenascin-C in the regressing corpora lutea. The ovarian surface epithelium also showed immunoreactivity for both tenascin-C and type I collagen. The study reveals that tenascin-C and type I collagen may participate in the morphogenesis of ovarian follicles, and in the formation and regression of corpora lutea.
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Salanova M, Gelfi C, Moriggi M, Vasso M, Viganò A, Minafra L, Bonifacio G, Schiffl G, Gutsmann M, Felsenberg D, Cerretelli P, Blottner D. Disuse deterioration of human skeletal muscle challenged by resistive exercise superimposed with vibration: evidence from structural and proteomic analysis. FASEB J 2014; 28:4748-63. [PMID: 25122557 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-252825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present bed rest (BR) study, 23 volunteers were randomized into 3 subgroups: 60 d BR control (Ctr); BR with resistive exercise (RE; lower-limb load); and resistive vibration exercise (RVE; RE with superimposed vibration). The aim was to analyze by confocal and electron microscopy the effects of vibration on myofibril and filament integrity in soleus (Sol) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle; differential proteomics of contractile, cytoskeletal, and costameric proteins (TN-C, ROCK1, and FAK); and expression of PGC1α and atrophy-related master genes MuRF1 and MuRF2. RVE (but not RE) preserved myofiber size and phenotype in Sol and VL by overexpressing MYBPC1 (42%, P ≤ 0.01), WDR1 (39%, P ≤ 0.01), sarcosin (84%, P ≤ 0.01), and CKM (20%, P ≤ 0.01) and prevented myofibrillar ultrastructural damage as detectable by MuRF1 expression. In Sol, cytoskeletal and contractile proteins were normalized by RVE, and TN-C increased (59%, P ≤ 0.01); the latter also with RE (108%, P ≤ 0.01). In VL, the outcomes of both RVE (acting on sarcosin and desmin) and RE (by way of troponinT-slow and MYL2) were similar. RVE appears to be a highly efficient countermeasure protocol against muscle atrophy and ultrastructural and molecular dysregulation induced by chronic disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Salanova
- Center of Space Medicine Berlin, Neuromuscular Group, Institute of Anatomy, and
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, Segrate, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy;
| | - Manuela Moriggi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Vasso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, Segrate, Italy; Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, CNR-Laboratorio di Tecnologie Oncologiche (LATO), Cefalù, Italy; and
| | - Agnese Viganò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Minafra
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, CNR-Laboratorio di Tecnologie Oncologiche (LATO), Cefalù, Italy; and
| | - Gaetano Bonifacio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gudrun Schiffl
- Center of Space Medicine Berlin, Neuromuscular Group, Institute of Anatomy, and
| | - Martina Gutsmann
- Center of Space Medicine Berlin, Neuromuscular Group, Institute of Anatomy, and
| | - Dieter Felsenberg
- Center for Muscle and Bone Research (ZMK), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paolo Cerretelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, Segrate, Italy
| | - Dieter Blottner
- Center of Space Medicine Berlin, Neuromuscular Group, Institute of Anatomy, and
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Rienks M, Papageorgiou AP, Frangogiannis NG, Heymans S. Myocardial extracellular matrix: an ever-changing and diverse entity. Circ Res 2014; 114:872-88. [PMID: 24577967 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex architectural network consisting of structural and nonstructural proteins, creating strength and plasticity. The nonstructural compartment of the ECM houses a variety of proteins, which are vital for ECM plasticity, and can be divided into 3 major groups: glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans. The common denominator for these groups is glycosylation, which refers to the decoration of proteins or lipids with sugars. This review will discuss the fundamental role of the matrix in cardiac development, homeostasis, and remodeling, from a glycobiology point of view. Glycoproteins (eg, thrombospondins, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, tenascins), proteoglycans (eg, versican, syndecans, biglycan), and glycosaminoglycans (eg, hyaluronan, heparan sulfate) are upregulated on cardiac injury and regulate key processes in the remodeling myocardium such as inflammation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. Albeit some parallels can be made regarding the processes these proteins are involved in, their specific functions are extremely diverse. In fact, under varying conditions, individual proteins can even have opposing functions, making spatiotemporal contribution of these proteins in the rearrangement of multifaceted ECM very hard to grasp. Alterations of protein characteristics by the addition of sugars may explain the immense, yet tightly regulated, variability of the remodeling cardiac matrix. Understanding the role of glycosylation in altering the ultimate function of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans in the myocardium may lead to the development of new biochemical structures or compounds with great therapeutic potential for patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Rienks
- From Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Arai KY, Sugimoto M, Ito K, Ogura Y, Akutsu N, Amano S, Adachi E, Nishiyama T. Repeated folding stress-induced morphological changes in the dermal equivalent. Skin Res Technol 2014; 20:399-408. [PMID: 24506301 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Repeated mechanical stresses applied to the same region of the skin are thought to induce morphological changes known as wrinkle. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. To study the mechanisms, we examined effects of repeated mechanical stress on the dermal equivalent. METHODS We developed a novel device to apply repeated folding stress to the dermal equivalent. After applying the mechanical stress, morphological changes of the dermal equivalent and expression of several genes related to extracellular matrix turn over and cell contraction were examined. RESULTS The repeated folding stress induced a noticeable decrease in the width of the dermal equivalent. The mechanical stress altered orientations of collagen fibrils. Hydroxyproline contents, dry weights and cell viability of the dermal equivalents were not affected by the mechanical stress. On the other hand, Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing kinase (ROCK) specific inhibitor Y27632 completely suppressed the decrease in the width of the dermal equivalent. CONCLUSION The present results revealed that either degradation of collagen or changes in the number of cells were not responsible for the decrease in the width of the dermal equivalent and indicate that the repeated mechanical stress induces unidirectional contraction in the dermal equivalent through the RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Y Arai
- Scleroprotein Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Legant WR, Chen CS, Vogel V. Force-induced fibronectin assembly and matrix remodeling in a 3D microtissue model of tissue morphogenesis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 4:1164-74. [PMID: 22961409 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20059g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulations of cells in type-I collagen matrices are widely used three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models of wound healing and tissue morphogenesis and are common constructs for drug delivery and for in vivo implantation. As cells remodel the exogenous collagen scaffold, they also assemble a dense fibronectin (Fn) matrix that aids in tissue compaction; however, the spatio-temporal (re)organization of Fn and collagen in this setting has yet to be quantitatively investigated. Here, we utilized microfabricated tissue gauges (μTUGs) to guide the contraction of microscale encapsulations of fibroblasts within collagen gels. We combined this system with a Foerster Radius Energy Transfer (FRET) labeled biosensor of Fn conformation to probe the organization, conformation and remodeling of both the exogenous collagen and the cell-assembled Fn matrices. We show that within hours, compact Fn from culture media adsorbed to the collagen scaffold. Over the course of tissue remodeling, this Fn-coated collagen scaffold was compacted into a thin, sparsely populated core around which cells assembled a dense fibrillar Fn shell that was rich in both cell and plasma derived Fn. This resulted in two separate Fn populations with different conformations (compact/adsorbed and extended/fibrillar) in microtissues. Cell contractility and microtissue geometry cooperated to remodel these two populations, resulting in spatial gradients in Fn conformation. Together, these results highlight an important spatio-temporal interplay between two prominent extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules (Fn and collagen) and cellular traction forces, and will have implications for future studies of the force-mediated remodeling events that occur within collagen scaffolds either in 3D in vitro models or within surgical implants in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Legant
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S, 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Cartilage and Ligament Tissue Engineering. Biomater Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-087780-8.00114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kang MN, Yoon HH, Seo YK, Park JK. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into ligament-like cells with mechanical stimulation in various media. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-012-0333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
The term matricellular proteins describes a family of structurally unrelated extracellular macromolecules that, unlike structural matrix proteins, do not play a primary role in tissue architecture, but are induced following injury and modulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. When released to the matrix, matricellular proteins associate with growth factors, cytokines, and other bioactive effectors and bind to cell surface receptors transducing signaling cascades. Matricellular proteins are upregulated in the injured and remodeling heart and play an important role in regulation of inflammatory, reparative, fibrotic and angiogenic pathways. Thrombospondin (TSP)-1, -2, and -4 as well as tenascin-C and -X secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), osteopontin, periostin, and members of the CCN family (including CCN1 and CCN2/connective tissue growth factor) are involved in a variety of cardiac pathophysiological conditions, including myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, aging-associated myocardial remodeling, myocarditis, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and valvular disease. This review discusses the properties and characteristics of the matricellular proteins and presents our current knowledge on their role in cardiac adaptation and disease. Understanding the role of matricellular proteins in myocardial pathophysiology and identification of the functional domains responsible for their actions may lead to design of peptides with therapeutic potential for patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Abstract
Tenascins are large glycoproteins found in embryonic and adult extracellular matrices. Of the four family members, two have been shown to be overexpressed in the microenvironment of solid tumours: tenascin-C and tenascin-W. The regular presence of these proteins in tumours suggests a role in tumourigenesis, which has been investigated intensively for tenascin-C and recently for tenascin-W as well. In this review, we follow a malignant cell starting from its birth through its potential metastatic journey and describe how tenascin-C and tenascin-W contribute to these successive steps of tumourigenesis. We consider the importance of the mechanical aspect in tenascin signalling. Furthermore, we discuss studies describing tenascin-C as an important component of stem cell niches and present examples reporting its role in cancer therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Brellier
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
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Heinemeier KM, Bjerrum SS, Schjerling P, Kjaer M. Expression of extracellular matrix components and related growth factors in human tendon and muscle after acute exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 23:e150-61. [PMID: 22107086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute kicking exercise induces collagen synthesis in both tendon and muscle in humans, but it is not known if this relates to increased collagen transcription and if other matrix genes are regulated. Young men performed 1 h of one-leg kicking at 67% of max workload. Biopsies were taken from the patellar tendon and vastus lateralis muscle of each leg at 2 (n = 10), 6 (n = 11), or 26 h (n = 10) after exercise. Levels of messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA for collagens, noncollagenous matrix proteins, and growth factors were measured with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In tendon, gene expression was unchanged except for a decrease in insulin-like growth factor-IEa (IGF-IEa; P < 0.05). In muscle, collagen expression was not significantly altered, while levels of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), IGF-IEa, transforming growth factor-β1, -2 (TGF-β), and the TGF-β receptor II mRNA were increased (P < 0.05). Matrix components tenascin-C, fibronectin, and decorin were also induced in loaded muscle (P < 0.05), while fibromodulin was unaffected. In conclusion, the relatively robust changes in matrix components and related growth factors in muscle indicate a stimulation of extracellular matrix even with moderate exercise. However, in tendon tissue, this exercise model does not appear to induce any anabolic response on the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Heinemeier
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ramachandran A, Gong EM, Pelton K, Ranpura SA, Mulone M, Seth A, Gomez P, Adam RM. FosB regulates stretch-induced expression of extracellular matrix proteins in smooth muscle. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2977-89. [PMID: 21996678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroproliferative remodeling in smooth muscle-rich hollow organs is associated with aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Although mechanical stimuli regulate ECM protein expression, the transcriptional mediators of this process remain poorly defined. Previously, we implicated AP-1 as a mediator of smooth muscle cell (SMC) mechanotransduction; however, its role in stretch-induced ECM regulation has not been explored. Herein, we identify a novel role for the AP-1 subunit FosB in stretch-induced ECM expression in SMCs. The DNA-binding activity of AP-1 increased after stretch stimulation of SMCs in vitro. In contrast to c-Jun and c-fos, which are also activated by the SMC mitogen platelet-derived growth factor, FosB was only activated by stretch. FosB silencing attenuated the expression of the profibrotic factors tenascin C (TNC) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), whereas forced expression of Jun~FosB stimulated TNC and CTGF promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed enrichment of AP-1 at the TNC and CTGF promoters. Bladder distension in vivo enhanced nuclear localization of c-jun and FosB. Finally, the distension-induced expression of TNC and CTGF in the detrusor smooth muscle of bladders from wild-type mice was significantly attenuated in FosB-null mice. Together, these findings identify FosB as a mechanosensitive regulator of ECM production in smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Ramachandran
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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30
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Abstract
Cells integrate physicochemical signals on the nanoscale from the local microenvironment, resulting in altered functional nuclear landscape and gene expression. These alterations regulate diverse biological processes including stem cell differentiation, establishing robust developmental genetic programs and cellular homeostatic control systems. The mechanisms by which these signals are integrated into the 3D spatiotemporal organization of the cell nucleus to elicit differential gene expression programs are poorly understood. In this review I analyze our current understanding of mechanosignal transduction mechanisms to the cell nucleus to induce differential gene regulation. A description of both physical and chemical coupling, resulting in a prestressed nuclear organization, is emphasized. I also highlight the importance of spatial dimension in chromosome assembly, as well as the temporal filtering and stochastic processes at gene promoters that may be important in understanding the biophysical design principles underlying mechanoregulation of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Shivashankar
- Mechanobiology Institute & Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes a spectacular series of changes as it develops, and maintains a remarkable capacity to remodel and regenerate for several decades. Mammary morphogenesis has been investigated for over 100 years, motivated by the dairy industry and cancer biologists. Over the past decade, the gland has emerged as a major model system in its own right for understanding the cell biology of tissue morphogenesis. Multiple signalling pathways from several cell types are orchestrated together with mechanical cues and cell rearrangements to establish the pattern of the mammary gland. The integrated mechanical and molecular pathways that control mammary morphogenesis have implications for the developmental regulation of other epithelial organs.
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Kimura T, Yoshimura K, Aoki H, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Yoshida T, Ikeda Y, Morikage N, Endo H, Hamano K, Imaizumi T, Hiroe M, Aonuma K, Matsuzaki M. Tenascin-C is expressed in abdominal aortic aneurysm tissue with an active degradation process. Pathol Int 2011; 61:559-64. [PMID: 21951663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2011.02699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common disease caused by segmental weakening of the aortic walls and progressive aortic dilation leading to the eventual rupture of the aorta. Currently no biomarkers have been established to indicate the disease status of AAA. Tenascin-C (TN-C) is a matricellular protein that is synthesized under pathological conditions. In the current study, we related TN-C expression to the clinical course and the histopathology of AAA to investigate whether the pattern of TN-C expression could indicate the status of AAA. We found that TN-C and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were highly expressed in human AAA. In individual human AAA TN-C deposition associated with the tissue destruction, overlapped mainly with the smooth muscle actin-positive cells, and showed a pattern distinct from macrophages and MMP-9. In the mouse model of AAA high TN-C expression was associated with rapid expansion of the AAA diameter. Histological analysis revealed that TN-C was produced mainly by vascular smooth muscle cells and was deposited in the medial layer of the aorta during tissue inflammation and excessive destructive activities. Our findings suggest that TN-C may be a useful biomarker for indicating the pathological status of smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells in AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizo Kimura
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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OSTEOBLAST AND GINGIVAL FIBROBLAST MARKERS IN DENTAL IMPLANT STUDIES. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2011; 155:109-16. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2011.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Nakoshi Y, Hasegawa M, Akeda K, Iino T, Sudo A, Yoshida T, Uchida A. Distribution and role of tenascin-C in human osteoarthritic cartilage. J Orthop Sci 2010; 15:666-73. [PMID: 20953929 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-010-1513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenascin-C (TN-C) is expressed in the cartilage of osteoarthritis (OA). We examined whether TN-C was involved in cartilage repair of the diseased joints. Human articular cartilage samples were obtained from patients with OA and those with normal joints. METHODS Immunohistochemistry testing of TN-C, chondroitin sulfate (CS), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was performed. Chondrocytes were isolated from human cartilage and cultured. After treatment with TN-C, chondrocyte proliferation s was analyzed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Glycosaminoglycan content was determined by dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay. The mRNA expression of aggrecan was also analyzed, by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS In osteoarthritic cartilage, increased TN-C staining was observed with the degeneration of articular cartilage in comparison with normal cartilage. TN-C staining was shown in the cartilage surface overlying CS-positive areas. In addition, the expression of PCNA in the positive areas for TN-C was significantly higher than that in the negative areas. Treatment of human articular chondrocytes with 10 μg/ml TN-C accelerated chondrocyte proliferation, increased the proteoglycan amount in culture, and increased the expression of aggrecan mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the distribution of TN-C is related to CS production and chondrocyte proliferation in osteoarthritic cartilage and that TN-C has effects on DNA synthesis, proteoglycan content, and aggrecan mRNA expression in vitro. TN-C may be responsible for repair in human osteoarthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Kuo CK, Marturano JE, Tuan RS. Novel strategies in tendon and ligament tissue engineering: Advanced biomaterials and regeneration motifs. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2010; 2:20. [PMID: 20727171 PMCID: PMC2939640 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2555-2-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tendon and ligaments have poor healing capacity and when injured often require surgical intervention. Tissue replacement via autografts and allografts are non-ideal strategies that can lead to future problems. As an alternative, scaffold-based tissue engineering strategies are being pursued. In this review, we describe design considerations and major recent advancements of scaffolds for tendon/ligament engineering. Specifically, we outline native tendon/ligament characteristics critical for design parameters and outcome measures, and introduce synthetic and naturally-derived biomaterials used in tendon/ligament scaffolds. We will describe applications of these biomaterials in advanced tendon/ligament engineering strategies including the utility of scaffold functionalization, cyclic strain, growth factors, and interface considerations. The goal of this review is to compile and interpret the important findings of recent tendon/ligament engineering research in an effort towards the advancement of regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine K Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Joseph E Marturano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Eckes B, Nischt R, Krieg T. Cell-matrix interactions in dermal repair and scarring. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2010; 3:4. [PMID: 20222960 PMCID: PMC2855519 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular functions during dermal repair following injury is complex and critically dependent on the interaction of cells with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM comprises various families of macromolecules that form the structural scaffold of the tissue, but also carry distinct biological activities. After injury to the skin, the defect is filled by a provisional matrix that is invaded by inflammatory cells, sprouting blood vessels and fibroblasts. In a later phase, the wound contracts, the tissue is replaced by mature connective tissue produced by activated fibroblasts, and a scar is formed. All cells involved communicate directly with the ECM by integrins and other matrix receptors. These transmit signals and induce adaptive responses to the environment by the embedded cells. The ECM or proteolytic fragments of individual ECM constituents exert defined biological activities influencing cell survival, differentiation of myofibroblasts, ECM synthesis and turnover, wound angiogenesis and scar remodeling. Extensive crosstalk exists between ECM and growth factors, and between growth factors and integrins. ECM-cell contact also enables direct transmission of mechanical tension, which then modulates many activities of all cellular players. Understanding this complex interplay is important to provide a basis for designing effective wound therapy and for strategic interference with mechanisms that have gone out of control in fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Eckes
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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37
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Carracedo S, Lu N, Popova SN, Jonsson R, Eckes B, Gullberg D. The fibroblast integrin alpha11beta1 is induced in a mechanosensitive manner involving activin A and regulates myofibroblast differentiation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10434-45. [PMID: 20129924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.078766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic tissue is characterized by an overabundance of myofibroblasts. Thus, understanding the factors that induce myofibroblast differentiation is paramount to preventing fibrotic healing. Previous studies have shown that mechanical stress derived from the integrin-mediated interaction between extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton promotes myofibroblast differentiation. Integrin alpha11beta1 is a collagen receptor on fibroblasts. To determine whether alpha11beta1 can act as a mechanosensor to promote the myofibroblast phenotype, mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human corneal fibroblasts were utilized. We found that alpha11 mRNA and protein levels were up-regulated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts grown in attached three-dimensional collagen gels and conversely down-regulated in cells grown in floating gels. alpha11 up-regulation could be prevented by manually detaching the collagen gels or by cytochalasin D treatment. Furthermore, SB-431542, an inhibitor of signaling via ALK4, ALK5, and ALK7, prevented the up-regulation of alpha11 and the concomitant phosphorylation of Smad3 under attached conditions. In attached gels, TGF-beta1 was secreted in its inactive form but surprisingly not further activated, thus not influencing alpha11 regulation. However, inhibition of activin A attenuated the up-regulation of alpha11. To determine the role of alpha11 in myofibroblast differentiation, human corneal fibroblasts were transfected with small interfering RNA to alpha11, which decreased alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and myofibroblast differentiation. Our data suggest that alpha11beta1 is regulated by cell/matrix stress involving activin A and Smad3 and that alpha11beta1 regulates myofibroblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Carracedo
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
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38
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STILLMAN JONATHONH, TAGMOUNT ABDERRAHMANE. Seasonal and latitudinal acclimatization of cardiac transcriptome responses to thermal stress in porcelain crabs, Petrolisthes cinctipes. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:4206-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Brellier F, Tucker RP, Chiquet-Ehrismann R. Tenascins and their implications in diseases and tissue mechanics. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00916.x doi:dx.doi.org] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Microfabricated tissue gauges to measure and manipulate forces from 3D microtissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:10097-102. [PMID: 19541627 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900174106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical forces generated by cells drive morphologic changes during development and can feedback to regulate cellular phenotypes. Because these phenomena typically occur within a 3-dimensional (3D) matrix in vivo, we used microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology to generate arrays of microtissues consisting of cells encapsulated within 3D micropatterned matrices. Microcantilevers were used to simultaneously constrain the remodeling of a collagen gel and to report forces generated during this process. By concurrently measuring forces and observing matrix remodeling at cellular length scales, we report an initial correlation and later decoupling between cellular contractile forces and changes in tissue morphology. Independently varying the mechanical stiffness of the cantilevers and collagen matrix revealed that cellular forces increased with boundary or matrix rigidity whereas levels of cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins correlated with levels of mechanical stress. By mapping these relationships between cellular and matrix mechanics, cellular forces, and protein expression onto a bio-chemo-mechanical model of microtissue contractility, we demonstrate how intratissue gradients of mechanical stress can emerge from collective cellular contractility and finally, how such gradients can be used to engineer protein composition and organization within a 3D tissue. Together, these findings highlight a complex and dynamic relationship between cellular forces, ECM remodeling, and cellular phenotype and describe a system to study and apply this relationship within engineered 3D microtissues.
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41
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Asparuhova MB, Gelman L, Chiquet M. Role of the actin cytoskeleton in tuning cellular responses to external mechanical stress. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 19:490-9. [PMID: 19422655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are essential for tissue homeostasis. In adherent cells, cell-matrix adhesions connect the extracellular matrix (ECM) with the cytoskeleton and transmit forces in both directions. Integrin receptors and signaling molecules in cell-matrix adhesions transduce mechanical into chemical signals, thereby regulating many cellular processes. This review focuses on how cellular mechanotransduction is tuned by actin-generated cytoskeletal tension that balances external with internal mechanical forces. We point out that the cytoskeleton rapidly responds to external forces by RhoA-dependent actin assembly and contraction. This in turn induces remodeling of cell-matrix adhesions and changes in cell shape and orientation. As a consequence, a cell constantly modulates its response to new bouts of external mechanical stimulation. Changes in actin dynamics are monitored by MAL/MKL-1/MRTF-A, a co-activator of serum response factor. Recent evidence suggests that MAL is also involved in coupling mechanically induced changes in the actin cytoskeleton to gene expression. Compared with other, more rapid and transient signals evoked at the cell surface, this parallel mechanotransduction pathway is more sustained and provides spatial and temporal specificity to the response. We describe examples of genes that are regulated by mechanical stress in a manner depending on actin dynamics, among them the ECM protein, tenascin-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Asparuhova
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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42
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Brellier F, Tucker RP, Chiquet-Ehrismann R. Tenascins and their implications in diseases and tissue mechanics. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 19:511-9. [PMID: 19422658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tenascins are glycoproteins found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of many tissues. Their role is not only to support the tissue structurally but also to regulate the fate of the different cell types populating the ECM. For instance, tenascins are required when active tissue modeling during embryogenesis or re-modeling after injury occurs. Interestingly, the four members of the tenascin family, tenascin-C, -X, -R and -W, show different and often mutually exclusive expression patterns. As a consequence, these structurally related proteins display distinct functions and are associated with distinct pathologies. The present review aims at presenting the four members of the tenascin family with respect to their structure, expression patterns and implications in diseases and tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Brellier
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
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43
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Abousleiman RI, Reyes Y, McFetridge P, Sikavitsas V. Tendon Tissue Engineering Using Cell-Seeded Umbilical Veins Cultured in a Mechanical Stimulator. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:787-95. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuliana Reyes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Peter McFetridge
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- The School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Vassilios Sikavitsas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- The School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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Chiquet M, Gelman L, Lutz R, Maier S. From mechanotransduction to extracellular matrix gene expression in fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:911-20. [PMID: 19339214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue mechanics provide an important context for tissue growth, maintenance and function. On the level of organs, external mechanical forces largely influence the control of tissue homeostasis by endo- and paracrine factors. On the cellular level, it is well known that most normal cell types depend on physical interactions with their extracellular matrix in order to respond efficiently to growth factors. Fibroblasts and other adherent cells sense changes in physical parameters in their extracellular matrix environment, transduce mechanical into chemical information, and integrate these signals with growth factor derived stimuli to achieve specific changes in gene expression. For connective tissue cells, production of the extracellular matrix is a prominent response to changes in mechanical load. We will review the evidence that integrin-containing cell-matrix adhesion contacts are essential for force transmission from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton, and describe novel experiments indicating that mechanotransduction in fibroblasts depends on focal adhesion adaptor proteins that might function as molecular springs. We will stress the importance of the contractile actin cytoskeleton in balancing external with internal forces, and describe new results linking force-controlled actin dynamics directly to the expression of specific genes, among them the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C. As assembly lines for diverse signaling pathways, matrix adhesion contacts are now recognized as the major sites of crosstalk between mechanical and chemical stimuli, with important consequences for cell growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Chiquet
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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45
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Tucker RP, Chiquet-Ehrismann R. The regulation of tenascin expression by tissue microenvironments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1793:888-92. [PMID: 19162090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tenascins are a family of four extracellular matrix proteins: tenascin-C, X, R and W. The four members of the family have strikingly diverse patterns of expression during development and in the adult organism indicating independent mechanisms of regulation. In this review we illustrate that there are two types of tenascins, those that are significantly regulated by the tissue microenvironment (tenascin-C and tenascin-W), and those that have stabile, restricted expression patterns (tenascin-R and tenascin-X). We summarize what is known about the regulation of tenascin expression by transforming growth factor betas, fibroblast growth factors, platelet derived growth factors, as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines or hormones that either induce or inhibit expression of tenascins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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46
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Plant AL, Bhadriraju K, Spurlin TA, Elliott JT. Cell response to matrix mechanics: focus on collagen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1793:893-902. [PMID: 19027042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Many model systems and measurement tools have been engineered for observing and quantifying the effect of mechanics on cellular response. These have contributed greatly to our current knowledge of the molecular events by which mechanical cues affect cell biology. Cell responses to the mechanical properties of type 1 collagen gels are discussed, followed by a description of a model system of very thin, mechanically tunable collagen films that evoke similar responses from cells as do gel systems, but have additional advantages. Cell responses to thin films of collagen suggest that at least some of the mechanical cues that cells can respond to in their environment occur at the sub-micron scale. Mechanical properties of thin films of collagen can be tuned without altering integrin engagement, and in some cases without altering topology, making them useful in addressing questions regarding the roles of specific integrins in transducing or mitigating responses to mechanical cues. The temporal response of cells to differences in ECM may provide insight into mechanisms of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Plant
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biochemical Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Expression of procollagen α1 type I and tenascin proteins induced by HEMA in human pulp fibroblasts. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1153-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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Tojyo I, Yamaguchi A, Nitta T, Yoshida H, Fujita S, Yoshida T. Effect of hypoxia and interleukin-1beta on expression of tenascin-C in temporomandibular joint. Oral Dis 2008; 14:45-50. [PMID: 18173448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The expression of tenascin-C in the synovial membrane of the internal derangement (ID) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has been reported. Hypoxia of the synovial membrane in TMJ is considered to be a cause for the pathophysiology of ID. In this study, we clarify the contribution of hypoxia and interleukin-1beta in the expression of tenascin-C in ID of TMJ. MATERIALS AND METHODS Synovial fibroblasts and disk cells obtained from ID of TMJs were cultured and treated with interleukin-1beta under normoxia and hypoxia. A Western blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to identify tenascin-C in cultured synovial fibroblasts and disk cells. In addition, the immunohistochemical staining of tenascin-C was carried out for the specimens of ID of TMJs and normal. RESULTS The combination of hypoxia and interleukin-1beta caused a significant increase in tenascin-C protein and mRNA of synovial fibroblasts. In contrast, the combination caused no increase in tenascin-C in disk cells. However, the immunohistochemical staining demonstrated tenascin-C to be significantly detected in both the synovial tissue and disks in ID of TMJ. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that hypoxic conditions with inflammation modulate the tenascin-C expression in synovial fibroblasts, but not in disk cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tojyo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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Harrison CA, MacNeil S. The mechanism of skin graft contraction: An update on current research and potential future therapies. Burns 2008; 34:153-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Maier S, Lutz R, Gelman L, Sarasa-Renedo A, Schenk S, Grashoff C, Chiquet M. Tenascin-C induction by cyclic strain requires integrin-linked kinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1150-62. [PMID: 18269918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Induction of tenascin-C mRNA by cyclic strain in fibroblasts depends on RhoA and Rho dependent kinase (ROCK). Here we show that integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is required upstream of this pathway. In ILK-deficient fibroblasts, RhoA was not activated and tenascin-C mRNA remained low after cyclic strain; tenascin-C expression was unaffected by ROCK inhibition. In ILK wild-type but not ILK-/- fibroblasts, cyclic strain-induced reorganization of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions, as well as nuclear translocation of MAL, a transcriptional co-activator that links actin assembly to gene expression. These findings support a role for RhoA in ILK-mediated mechanotransduction. Rescue of ILK -/- fibroblasts by expression of wild-type ILK restored these responses to cyclic strain. Mechanosensation is not entirely abolished in ILK -/- fibroblasts, since cyclic strain activated Erk-1/2 and PKB/Akt, and induced c-fos mRNA in these cells. Conversely, lysophosphatidic acid stimulated RhoA and induced both c-fos and tenascin-C mRNA in ILK -/- cells. Thus, the signaling pathways controlling tenascin-C expression are functional in the absence of ILK, but are not triggered by cyclic strain. Our results indicate that ILK is selectively required for the induction of specific genes by mechanical stimulation via RhoA-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Maier
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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