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Meng Q, Zhu R, Mao Y, Zhu S, Wu Y, Huang L, Ciechanover A, An J, Xu Y, Huang Z. Biological and mutational analyses of CXCR4-antagonist interactions and design of new antagonistic analogs. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20230981. [PMID: 38131305 PMCID: PMC10987480 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 has become an attractive therapeutic target for HIV-1 infection, hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, and cancer metastasis. A wide variety of synthetic antagonists of CXCR4 have been developed and studied for a growing list of clinical applications. To compare the biological effects of different antagonists on CXCR4 functions and their common and/or distinctive molecular interactions with the receptor, we conducted head-to-head comparative cell-based biological and mutational analyses of the interactions with CXCR4 of eleven reported antagonists, including HC4319, DV3, DV1, DV1 dimer, V1, vMIP-II, CVX15, LY2510924, IT1t, AMD3100, and AMD11070 that were representative of different structural classes of D-peptides, L-peptide, natural chemokine, cyclic peptides, and small molecules. The results were rationalized by molecular modeling of CXCR4-antagonist interactions from which the common as well as different receptor binding sites of these antagonists were derived, revealing a number of important residues such as W94, D97, H113, D171, D262, and E288, mostly of negative charge. To further examine this finding, we designed and synthesized new antagonistic analogs by adding positively charged residues Arg to a D-peptide template to enhance the postulated charge-charge interactions. The newly designed analogs displayed significantly increased binding to CXCR4, which supports the notion that negatively charged residues of CXCR4 can engage in interactions with moieties of positive charge of the antagonistic ligands. The results from these mutational, modeling and new analog design studies shed new insight into the molecular mechanisms of different types of antagonists in recognizing CXCR4 and guide the development of new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruohan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujia Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lina S.M. Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Heath, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- The Rapport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Jing An
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Heath, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Yan Xu
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Heath, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
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2
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The chronological evolution of fluorescent GPCR probes for bioimaging. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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3
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Cancer Stem Cell Markers for Urinary Carcinoma. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:3611677. [PMID: 35342431 PMCID: PMC8941535 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3611677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cell (CSC) refers to cancer cells with stem cell properties, that is, they have the ability of “self-renewal” and “differentiation.” Cancer stem cells exist in cancer cells and are the “culprit” of cancer recurrence and metastasis. It is difficult to be found because of its small amount, and it is difficult for anticancer drugs to produce effects on it. At present, the isolation and identification of cancer stem cells from many solid tumors are still quite difficult, mainly due to the lack of specific molecular markers of cancer stem cells. In this review, cancer stem cell surface markers and functional markers in urinary system were summarized. These markers can provide molecular targets for cancer therapy.
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4
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Microtiter plate-based antibody-competition assay to determine binding affinities and plasma/blood stability of CXCR4 ligands. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16036. [PMID: 32994431 PMCID: PMC7525492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is involved in several intractable disease processes, including HIV infection, cancer cell metastasis, leukemia cell progression, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, CXCR4 represents a promising drug target and several CXCR4 antagonizing agents are in preclinical or clinical development. Important parameters in drug lead evaluation are determination of binding affinities to the receptor and assessment of their stability and activity in plasma or blood of animals and humans. Here, we designed a microtiter plate-based CXCR4 antibody competition assay that enables to measure inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) and affinity constants (Ki values) of CXCR4 targeting drugs. The assay is based on the observation that most if not all CXCR4 antagonists compete with binding of the fluorescence-tagged CXCR4 antibody 12G5 to the receptor. We demonstrate that this antibody-competition assay allows a convenient and cheap determination of binding affinities of various CXCR4 antagonists in living cells within just 3 h. Moreover, the assay can be performed in the presence of high concentrations of physiologically relevant body fluids, and thus is a useful readout to evaluate stability (i.e. half-life) of CXCR4 ligands in serum/plasma, and even whole human and mouse blood ex vivo. Thus, this optimized 12G5 antibody-competition assay allows a robust and convenient determination and calculation of various important pharmacological parameters of CXCR4 receptor-drug interaction and may not only foster future drug development but also animal welfare by reducing the number of experimental animals.
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5
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Joshi N, Kumar D, Poluri KM. Elucidating the Molecular Interactions of Chemokine CCL2 Orthologs with Flavonoid Baicalin. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:22637-22651. [PMID: 32923824 PMCID: PMC7482410 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An integrated and controlled migration of leukocytes is necessary for the legitimate functioning and maintenance of the immune system. Chemokines and their receptors play a decisive role in regulating the leukocyte migration to the site of inflammation, a phenomena often referred to as chemotaxis. Chemokines and their receptors have become significant targets for therapeutic intervention considering their potential to regulate the immune system. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) is a preeminent member of CC chemokine family that facilitates crucial roles by orchestrating the recruitment of monocytes into inflamed tissues. Baicalin (BA), a major bioactive flavonoid, has been reported to attenuate chemokine-regulated leukocyte trafficking. However, no molecular details pertaining to its direct binding to chemokine(s)/receptor(s) are available till date. In the current study, using an array of monomers/dimers of human and murine CCL2 orthologs (hCCL2/mCCL2), we have shown that BA binds to the CCL2 protein specifically with nanomolar affinity (K d = 270 ± 20 nM). NMR-based studies established that BA binds CCL2 in a specific pocket involving the N-terminal, β1- and β3-sheets. Docking studies suggested that the residues T16, N17, R18, I20, R24, K49, E50, I51, and C52 are majorly involved in complex formation through a combination of H-bonds and hydrophobic interactions. As the residues R18, R24, and K49 of hCCL2 are crucial determinants of monocyte trafficking through receptor/glycosaminoglycans (GAG) binding in CCL2 human/murine orthologs, we propose that baicalin engaging these residues in complex formation will result in attenuation of CCL2 binding to the receptor/GAGs, thus inhibiting the chemokine-regulated leukocyte trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre
of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
- , . Tel: +91-1332-284779
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6
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Murphy JW, Rajasekaran D, Merkel J, Skeens E, Keeler C, Hodsdon ME, Lisi GP, Lolis E. High-Throughput Screening of a Functional Human CXCL12-CXCR4 Signaling Axis in a Genetically Modified S. cerevisiae: Discovery of a Novel Up-Regulator of CXCR4 Activity. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:164. [PMID: 32766282 PMCID: PMC7378375 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL12 activates CXCR4 and is involved in embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, and angiogenesis. It has pathological roles in HIV-1, WHIM disease, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. An antagonist, AMD3100, is used for the release of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow for autologous transplantation for lymphoma or multiple myeloma patients. Adverse effects are tolerated due to its short-term treatment, but AMD3100 is cardiotoxic in clinical studies for HIV-1. In an effort to determine whether Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing a functional human CXCR4 could be used as a platform for identifying a ligand from a library of less ∼1,000 compounds, a high-throughput screening was developed. We report that 2-carboxyphenyl phosphate (fosfosal) up-regulates CXCR4 activation only in the presence of CXCL12. This is the first identification of a compound that increases CXCR4 activity by any mechanism. We mapped the fosfosal binding site on CXCL12, described its mechanism of action, and studied its chemical components, salicylate and phosphate, to conclude that they synergize to achieve the functional effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Deepa Rajasekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Janie Merkel
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Erin Skeens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Camille Keeler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Michael E Hodsdon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - George P Lisi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Elias Lolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, United States
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7
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Neuroprotective Cationic Arginine-Rich Peptides (CARPs): An Assessment of Their Clinical Safety. Drug Saf 2020; 43:957-969. [DOI: 10.1007/s40264-020-00962-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Nahand JS, Bokharaei-Salim F, Karimzadeh M, Moghoofei M, Karampoor S, Mirzaei HR, Tbibzadeh A, Jafari A, Ghaderi A, Asemi Z, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR. MicroRNAs and exosomes: key players in HIV pathogenesis. HIV Med 2020; 21:246-278. [PMID: 31756034 PMCID: PMC7069804 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV infection is well known to cause impairment of the human immune system, and until recently was a leading cause of death. It has been shown that T lymphocytes are the main targets of HIV. The virus inactivates T lymphocytes by interfering with a wide range of cellular and molecular targets, leading to suppression of the immune system. The objective of this review is to investigate to what extent microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in HIV pathogenesis. METHODS The scientific literature (Pubmed and Google scholar) for the period 1988-2019 was searched. RESULTS Mounting evidence has revealed that miRNAs are involved in viral replication and immune response, whether by direct targeting of viral transcripts or through indirect modulation of virus-related host pathways. In addition, exosomes have been found to act as nanoscale carriers involved in HIV pathogenesis. These nanovehicles target their cargos (i.e. DNA, RNA, viral proteins and miRNAs) leading to alteration of the behaviour of recipient cells. CONCLUSIONS miRNAs and exosomes are important players in HIV pathogenesis. Additionally, there are potential diagnostic applications of miRNAs as biomarkers in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimzadeh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tbibzadeh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Jafari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaderi
- Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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9
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Zhang C, Zhu R, Cao Q, Yang X, Huang Z, An J. Discoveries and developments of CXCR4-targeted HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:477-485. [PMID: 32019336 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220901498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is required for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into target cells and its expression correlates with more profound pathogenicity, rapid progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and greater AIDS-related mortality. There is still no cure for AIDS and no method for preventing or eradicating HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 entry begins with the interaction of the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the primary receptor CD4, and subsequently with the coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4, on the host cells. Blocking the interaction of HIV-1 and its coreceptors is therefore a promising strategy for developing new HIV-1 entry inhibitors. This approach has a dual benefit, as it prevents HIV-1 infection and progression while also targeting the reservoirs of HIV-1 infected, coreceptor positive macrophages and memory T cells. To date, multiple classes of CXCR4-targeted anti-HIV-1 inhibitors have been discovered and are now at different preclinical and clinical stages. In this review, we highlight the studies of CXCR4-targeted small-molecule and peptide HIV-1 entry inhibitors discovered during the last two decades and provide a reference for further potential HIV-1 exploration in the future. Impact statement This minireview summarized the current progress in the identification of CXCR4-targeted HIV-1-entry inhibitors based on discovery/developmental approaches. It also provided a discussion of the inhibitor structural features, antiviral activities, and pharmacological properties. Unlike other reviews on anti-HIV-1 drug development, which have generally emphasized inhibitors that target intracellular viral replication and host genomic integration, this review focused on the drug discovery approaches taken to develop viral-entry inhibitors aimed at disturbing the initial step of viral interaction with uninfected host cells and preventing the subsequent viral replication/genomic integration. This review amalgamated recently published and important work on bivalent CXCR4-targeted anti-HIV-1-entry candidates/conjugates, discussed the research challenges faced in developing drugs to prevent and eradicate HIV-1 infection, and provided a perspective on strategies that can lead to future drug discoveries. The findings and strategies summarized in this review will be of interest to investigators throughout the microbiological, pharmaceutical, and translational research communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozai Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ruohan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qizhi Cao
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing An
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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10
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Adlere I, Caspar B, Arimont M, Dekkers S, Visser K, Stuijt J, de Graaf C, Stocks M, Kellam B, Briddon S, Wijtmans M, de Esch I, Hill S, Leurs R. Modulators of CXCR4 and CXCR7/ACKR3 Function. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:737-752. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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11
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Sakyiamah MM, Nomura W, Kobayakawa T, Tamamura H. Development of a NanoBRET-Based Sensitive Screening Method for CXCR4 Ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1442-1450. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell M. Sakyiamah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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12
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Unzueta U, Cespedes MV, Sala R, Alamo P, Sánchez-Chardi A, Pesarrodona M, Sánchez-García L, Cano-Garrido O, Villaverde A, Vázquez E, Mangues R, Seras-Franzoso J. Release of targeted protein nanoparticles from functional bacterial amyloids: A death star-like approach. J Control Release 2018; 279:29-39. [PMID: 29641987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustained release of drug delivery systems (DDS) has the capacity to increase cancer treatment efficiency in terms of drug dosage reduction and subsequent decrease of deleterious side effects. In this regard, many biomaterials are being investigated but none offers morphometric and functional plasticity and versatility comparable to protein-based nanoparticles (pNPs). Here we describe a new DDS by which pNPs are fabricated as bacterial inclusion bodies (IB), that can be easily isolated, subcutaneously injected and used as reservoirs for the sustained release of targeted pNPs. Our approach combines the high performance of pNP, regarding specific cell targeting and biodistribution with the IB supramolecular organization, stability and cost effectiveness. This renders a platform able to provide a sustained source of CXCR4-targeted pNPs that selectively accumulate in tumor cells in a CXCR4+ colorectal cancer xenograft model. In addition, the proposed system could be potentially adapted to any other protein construct offering a plethora of possible new therapeutic applications in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugutz Unzueta
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Virtudes Cespedes
- CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SantPau), Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rita Sala
- CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SantPau), Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Alamo
- CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SantPau), Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mireia Pesarrodona
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivia Cano-Garrido
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ramón Mangues
- CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SantPau), Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquin Seras-Franzoso
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Shah HR, Savjani JK. Recent updates for designing CCR5 antagonists as anti-retroviral agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:115-129. [PMID: 29425816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The healthcare system faces various challenges in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy due to resistance to Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) as a consequence of the evolutionary process. Despite the success of antiretroviral drugs like Zidovudine, Zalcitabine, Raltegravir WHO ranks HIV as one of the deadliest diseases with a mortality of one million lives in 2016. Thus, there emerges an urgency of developing a novel anti-retroviral agent that combat resistant HIV strains. The clinical development of ART from a single drug regimen to current triple drug combination is very slow. The progression in the structural biology of the viral envelope prompted the discovery of novel targets, which can be demonstrated a proficient approach for drug design of anti-retroviral agents. The current review enlightens the recent updates in the structural biology of the viral envelope and focuses on CCR5 as a validated target as well as ways to overcome CCR5 resistance. The article also throws light on the SAR studies and most prevalent mutations in the receptor for designing CCR5 antagonists that can combat HIV-1 infection. To conclude, the paper lists diversified scaffolds that are in pipeline by various pharmaceutical companies that could provide an aid for developing novel CCR5 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshil R Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S.G. Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, India
| | - Jignasa Ketan Savjani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S.G. Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
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14
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Tsou LK, Huang YH, Song JS, Ke YY, Huang JK, Shia KS. Harnessing CXCR4 antagonists in stem cell mobilization, HIV infection, ischemic diseases, and oncology. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1188-1234. [PMID: 28768055 DOI: 10.1002/med.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 antagonists (e.g., PlerixaforTM ) have been successfully validated as stem cell mobilizers for peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Applications of the CXCR4 antagonists have heralded the era of cell-based therapy and opened a potential therapeutic horizon for many unmet medical needs such as kidney injury, ischemic stroke, cancer, and myocardial infarction. In this review, we first introduce the central role of CXCR4 in diverse cellular signaling pathways and discuss its involvement in several disease progressions. We then highlight the molecular design and optimization strategies for targeting CXCR4 from a large number of case studies, concluding that polyamines are the preferred CXCR4-binding ligands compared to other structural options, presumably by mimicking the highly positively charged natural ligand CXCL12. These results could be further justified with computer-aided docking into the CXCR4 crystal structure wherein both major and minor subpockets of the binding cavity are considered functionally important. Finally, from the clinical point of view, CXCR4 antagonists could mobilize hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with long-term repopulating capacity to the peripheral blood, promising to replace surgically obtained bone marrow cells as a preferred source for stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Kelvin Tsou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jing-Kai Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
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15
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Unzueta U, Seras-Franzoso J, Céspedes MV, Saccardo P, Cortés F, Rueda F, Garcia-Fruitós E, Ferrer-Miralles N, Mangues R, Vázquez E, Villaverde A. Engineering tumor cell targeting in nanoscale amyloidal materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:015102. [PMID: 27893441 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/28/1/015102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial inclusion bodies are non-toxic, mechanically stable and functional protein amyloids within the nanoscale size range that are able to naturally penetrate into mammalian cells, where they deliver the embedded protein in a functional form. The potential use of inclusion bodies in protein delivery or protein replacement therapies is strongly impaired by the absence of specificity in cell binding and penetration, thus preventing targeting. To address this issue, we have here explored whether the genetic fusion of two tumor-homing peptides, the CXCR4 ligands R9 and T22, to an inclusion body-forming green fluorescent protein (GFP), would keep the interaction potential and the functionality of the fused peptides and then confer CXCR4 specificity in cell binding and further uptake of the materials. The fusion proteins have been well produced in Escherichia coli in their full-length form, keeping the potential for fluorescence emission of the partner GFP. By using specific inhibitors of CXCR4 binding, we have demonstrated that the engineered protein particles are able to penetrate CXCR4+ cells, in a receptor-mediated way, without toxicity or visible cytopathic effects, proving the availability of the peptide ligands on the surface of inclusion bodies. Since no further modification is required upon their purification, the biological production of genetically targeted inclusion bodies opens a plethora of cost-effective possibilities in the tissue-specific intracellular transfer of functional proteins through the use of structurally and functionally tailored soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugutz Unzueta
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain. Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain. CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Choi WT, Yang Y, Xu Y, An J. Targeting chemokine receptor CXCR4 for treatment of HIV-1 infection, tumor progression, and metastasis. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 14:1574-89. [PMID: 25159167 DOI: 10.2174/1568026614666140827143541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is required for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into target cells and for the development and dissemination of various types of cancers, including gastrointestinal, cutaneous, head and neck, pulmonary, gynecological, genitourinary, neurological, and hematological malignancies. The T-cell (T)-tropic HIV-1 strains use CXCR4 as the entry coreceptor; consequently, multiple CXCR4 antagonistic inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, other potential applications of CXCR4 antagonists have become apparent since its discovery in 1996. In fact, increasing evidence demonstrates that epithelial and hematopoietic tumor cells exploit the interaction between CXCR4 and its natural ligand, stromal cellderived factor (SDF)-1α, which normally regulates leukocyte migration. The CXCR4 and/or SDF-1α expression patterns in tumor cells also determine the sites of metastatic spread. In addition, the activation of CXCR4 by SDF-1α promotes invasion and proliferation of tumor cells, enhances tumor-associated neoangiogenesis, and assists in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. As such, the evaluation of CXCR4 and/or SDF-1α expression levels has a significant prognostic value in various types of malignancies. Several therapeutic challenges remain to be overcome before the use of CXCR4 inhibitors can be translated into clinical practice, but promising preclinical data demonstrate that CXCR4 antagonists can mobilize tumor cells from their protective microenvironments, interfere with their metastatic and tumorigenic potentials, and/or make tumor cells more susceptible to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jing An
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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17
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Zhang H, Kang D, Huang B, Liu N, Zhao F, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery of non-peptide small molecular CXCR4 antagonists as anti-HIV agents: Recent advances and future opportunities. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:65-78. [PMID: 26974376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CXCR4 plays vital roles in HIV-1 life cycle for it's essential in mediating the interaction of host and virus and completing the entry process in the lifecycle of HIV-1 infection. Compared with some traditional targets, CXCR4 provides a novel and less mutated drug target in the battle against AIDS. Its antagonists have no cross resistance with other antagonists. Great achievements have been made recent years and a number of small molecular CXCR4 antagonists with diversity scaffolds have been discovered. In this review, recent advances in the discovery of CXCR4 antagonists with special attentions on their evolution and structure-activity relationships of representative CXCR4 antagonists are described. Moreover, some classical medicinal chemistry strategies and novel methodologies are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fabao Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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18
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Anderson CA, Solari R, Pease JE. Biased agonism at chemokine receptors: obstacles or opportunities for drug discovery? J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:901-9. [PMID: 26701135 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr0815-392r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are typically promiscuous, binding more than one ligand, with the ligands themselves often expressed in different spatial localizations by multiple cell types. This is normally a tightly regulated process; however, in a variety of inflammatory disorders, dysregulation results in the excessive or inappropriate expression of chemokines that drives disease progression. Biased agonism, the phenomenon whereby different ligands of the same receptor are able to preferentially activate one signaling pathway over another, adds another level of complexity to an already complex system. In this minireview, we discuss the concept of biased agonism within the chemokine family and report that targeting single signaling axes downstream of chemokine receptors is not only achievable, but may well present novel opportunities to target chemokine receptors, allowing the fine tuning of receptor responses in the context of allergic inflammation and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Anderson
- Receptor Biology Group, Inflammation, Resolution and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Roberto Solari
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - James E Pease
- Receptor Biology Group, Inflammation, Resolution and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom; and
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19
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Progress toward rationally designed small-molecule peptide and peptidomimetic CXCR4 antagonists. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1261-83. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 5 years, X-ray structures of CXCR4 in complex with three different ligands (the small-molecule antagonist IT1t, the polypeptide antagonist CVX15 and the viral chemokine antagonist vMIP-II) have been released. In addition to the inherent scientific value of these specific X-ray structures, they provide a reliable structural foundation for studies of the molecular interactions between CXCR4 and its key peptide ligands (CXCL12 and HIV-1 gp120), and serve as valuable templates for further development of small-molecule CXCR4 antagonists with therapeutic potential. We here review recent computational studies of the molecular interactions between CXCR4 and its peptide ligands – based on the X-ray structures of CXCR4 – and the current status of small-molecule peptide and peptidomimetic CXCR4 antagonists.
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20
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London GM, Mayosi BM, Khati M. Isolation and characterization of 2'-F-RNA aptamers against whole HIV-1 subtype C envelope pseudovirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:428-33. [PMID: 25482445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers, which are artificial nucleic acid ligands akin to antibodies in function, represent a new class of molecules that can prevent HIV infection. In this study, we isolated RNA aptamers against whole HV-1CAP45 enveloped pseudotyped virus, with a view to target surface molecules that facilitate infection, such as the envelope protein, in their native form. HIV-1CAP45 belongs to subtype C viruses endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa and responsible for the majority of the global HIV-1 infections. After nine rounds of the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) method, we isolated twenty-three aptamer clones that inhibited infection of target cells by HIV-1CAP45 with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.1-50 nM. Four of these aptamers called CSIR1.1, CSIR1.4, CSIR1.5 and CSIR1.6 bound to gp120 with affinity constant (KD) values between 16.9 and 195 nM and one aptamer called CSIR1.2 bound gp41. Interestingly, one aptamer called CSIR1.3 that did not bind gp120 or gp41 also inhibited infection of the target cells by HIV-1CAP45 with IC50 of less than 5 nM. Taken together, these data show that the aptamers inhibit infection of HIV-1CAP45 by binding to gp120 or gp41, or other viral surface molecules necessary for infection. The results argue in favour of using these aptamers as analytical tools to further probe HIV-1 entry, and their future development as HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M London
- Emerging Health Technologies Department, Biosciences Unit, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bongani M Mayosi
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Makobetsa Khati
- Emerging Health Technologies Department, Biosciences Unit, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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21
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Méndez-Samperio P. Peptidomimetics as a new generation of antimicrobial agents: current progress. Infect Drug Resist 2014; 7:229-37. [PMID: 25210467 PMCID: PMC4155802 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s49229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is an increasing public health concern around the world. Rapid increase in the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has been the target of extensive research efforts to develop a novel class of antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small cationic amphiphilic peptides, which play an important role in the defense against bacterial infections through disruption of their membranes. They have been regarded as a potential source of future antibiotics, owing to a remarkable set of advantageous properties such as broad-spectrum activity, and they do not readily induce drug-resistance. However, AMPs have some intrinsic drawbacks, such as susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, toxicity, and high production cost. Currently, a new class of AMPs termed “peptidomimetics” have been developed, which can mimic the bactericidal mechanism of AMPs, while being stable to enzymatic degradation and displaying potent activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria. This review will focus on current findings of antimicrobial peptidomimetics. The potential future directions in the development of more potent analogs of peptidomimetics as a new generation of antimicrobial agents are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Méndez-Samperio
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
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22
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Würth R, Bajetto A, Harrison JK, Barbieri F, Florio T. CXCL12 modulation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 activity in human glioblastoma stem-like cells and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:144. [PMID: 24904289 PMCID: PMC4036438 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are crucial autocrine and paracrine players in tumor development. In particular, CXCL12, through its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7, affects tumor progression by controlling cancer cell survival, proliferation and migration, and, indirectly, via angiogenesis or recruiting immune cells. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent primary malignant brain tumor in adults and despite current multimodal therapies it remains almost incurable. The aggressive and recurrent phenotype of GBM is ascribed to high growth rate, invasiveness to normal brain, marked angiogenesis, ability to escape the immune system and resistance to standard of care therapies. Tumor molecular and cellular heterogeneity severely hinders GBM therapeutic improvement. In particular, a subpopulation of chemo- and radio-therapy resistant tumorigenic cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) is believed to be the main responsible for tumor cell dissemination to the brain. GBM cells display heterogeneous expression levels of CXCR4 and CXCR7 that are overexpressed in CSCs, representing a molecular correlate for the invasive potential of GBM. The microenvironment contribution in GBM development is increasingly emphasized. An interplay exists between CSCs, differentiated GBM cells, and the microenvironment, mainly through secreted chemokines (e.g., CXCL12) causing recruitment of fibroblasts, endothelial, mesenchymal and inflammatory cells to the tumor, via specific receptors such as CXCR4. This review covers recent developments on the role of CXCL12/CXCR4-CXCR7 networks in GBM progression and the potential translational impact of their targeting. The biological and molecular understanding of the heterogeneous GBM cell behavior, phenotype and signaling is still limited. Progress in the identification of chemokine-dependent mechanisms that affect GBM cell survival, trafficking and chemo-attractive functions, opens new perspectives for development of more specific therapeutic approaches that include chemokine-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Würth
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Adriana Bajetto
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Jeffrey K Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, University of Genova Genova, Italy
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23
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Entry Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Gu WG, Zhang X, Yuan JF. Anti-HIV drug development through computational methods. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:674-80. [PMID: 24760437 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is effective in controlling the progression of AIDS, the emergence of drug-resistant strains increases the difficulty of successful treatment of patients with HIV infection. Increasing numbers of patients are facing the dilemma that comes with the running out of drug combinations for HAART. Computational methods play a key role in anti-HIV drug development. A substantial number of studies have been performed in anti-HIV drug development using various computational methods, such as virtual screening, QSAR, molecular docking, and homology modeling, etc. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the application of computational methods to anti-HIV drug development for five key targets as follows: reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase, CCR5, and CXCR4. We hope that this review will stimulate researchers from multiple disciplines to consider computational methods in the anti-HIV drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Gang Gu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China,
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25
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Turpin JA. The next generation of HIV/AIDS drugs: novel and developmental antiHIV drugs and targets. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 1:97-128. [PMID: 15482105 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.1.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There are presently 42 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, the majority of which have limited access to antiretrovirals. Even if worldwide penetration was possible, our current chemotherapeutic strategies still suffer from issues of cost, patient compliance, deleterious acute and chronic side effects, emerging single and multidrug resistance, and generalized treatment and economic issues. Even our best antiretroviral therapeutic strategy, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), falls short of completely suppressing HIV replication. Therefore, expansion of current therapeutic options by discovering new antiretrovirals and targets will be critical in the coming years. This review addresses the current status of reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitor development, and summarizes the progress in emerging classes of HIV inhibitors, including entry (T-20, T-1249), coreceptor (SCH-C, SCH-D), integrase (beta-Diketos) and p7 nucleocapsid Zn finger inhibitors (thioesters and PATEs). In addition, the processes of virus entry, PIC transport to the nucleus, HIV interaction with nuclear pores, Tat function, Rev function and virus budding (Tsg101 and ubiquitination) are examined, and proof of concept inhibitors and potential antiviral targets discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim A Turpin
- HowPin Consulting International, PO Box B Frederick, MD 21705, USA.
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26
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Yeudall WA, Miyazaki H. Chemokines and squamous cancer of the head and neck: targets for therapeutic intervention? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:351-60. [PMID: 17338654 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.3.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The biological properties of squamous carcinoma cells are intimately regulated by a multitude of cytokines and growth factors; the most well studied of these include epidermal growth factor receptor agonists and members of the transforming growth factor-beta family. The recent explosion of research in the field of chemokine function as a mediator of tumor progression has led to the possibility that these small, immunomodulatory proteins also play key roles in squamous carcinogenesis and may, therefore, be potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/physiopathology
- Cell Survival
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Chemokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines/physiology
- Chemokines, CXC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Drug Design
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/physiology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/blood supply
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Receptors, Chemokine/drug effects
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- W Andrew Yeudall
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Philips Institute for Oral & Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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27
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Prajapati SK, Joshi H, Carlton JM, Rizvi MA. Neutral polymorphisms in putative housekeeping genes and tandem repeats unravels the population genetics and evolutionary history of Plasmodium vivax in India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2425. [PMID: 24069480 PMCID: PMC3777877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary history and age of Plasmodium vivax has been inferred as both recent and ancient by several studies, mainly using mitochondrial genome diversity. Here we address the age of P. vivax on the Indian subcontinent using selectively neutral housekeeping genes and tandem repeat loci. Analysis of ten housekeeping genes revealed a substantial number of SNPs (n = 75) from 100 P. vivax isolates collected from five geographical regions of India. Neutrality tests showed a majority of the housekeeping genes were selectively neutral, confirming the suitability of housekeeping genes for inferring the evolutionary history of P. vivax. In addition, a genetic differentiation test using housekeeping gene polymorphism data showed a lack of geographical structuring between the five regions of India. The coalescence analysis of the time to the most recent common ancestor estimate yielded an ancient TMRCA (232,228 to 303,030 years) and long-term population history (79,235 to 104,008) of extant P. vivax on the Indian subcontinent. Analysis of 18 tandem repeat loci polymorphisms showed substantial allelic diversity and heterozygosity per locus, and analysis of potential bottlenecks revealed the signature of a stable P. vivax population, further corroborating our ancient age estimates. For the first time we report a comparable evolutionary history of P. vivax inferred by nuclear genetic markers (putative housekeeping genes) to that inferred from mitochondrial genome diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra K Prajapati
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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28
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Ziarek JJ, Liu Y, Smith E, Zhang G, Peterson FC, Chen J, Yu Y, Chen Y, Volkman BF, Li R. Fragment-based optimization of small molecule CXCL12 inhibitors for antagonizing the CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction. Curr Top Med Chem 2013; 12:2727-40. [PMID: 23368099 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611212240003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 and its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR4 are high-priority clinical targets because of their involvement in metastatic cancers (also implicated in autoimmune disease and cardiovascular disease). Because chemokines interact with two distinct sites to bind and activate their receptors, both the GPCRs and chemokines are potential targets for small molecule inhibition. A number of chemokines have been validated as targets for drug development, but virtually all drug discovery efforts focus on the GPCRs. However, all CXCR4 receptor antagonists with the exception of MSX-122 have failed in clinical trials due to unmanageable toxicities, emphasizing the need for alternative strategies to interfere with CXCL12/CXCR4-guided metastatic homing. Although targeting the relatively featureless surface of CXCL12 was presumed to be challenging, focusing efforts at the sulfotyrosine (sY) binding pockets proved successful for procuring initial hits. Using a hybrid structure-based in silico/NMR screening strategy, we recently identified a ligand that occludes the receptor recognition site. From this initial hit, we designed a small fragment library containing only nine tetrazole derivatives using a fragment-based and bioisostere approach to target the sY binding sites of CXCL12. Compound binding modes and affinities were studied by 2D NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, molecular docking and cell-based functional assays. Our results demonstrate that the sY binding sites are conducive to the development of high affinity inhibitors with better ligand efficiency (LE) than typical protein-protein interaction inhibitors (LE ≤ 0.24). Our novel tetrazole-based fragment 18 was identified to bind the sY21 site with a K(d) of 24 μM (LE = 0.30). Optimization of 18 yielded compound 25 which specifically inhibits CXCL12-induced migration with an improvement in potency over the initial hit 9. The fragment from this library that exhibited the highest affinity and ligand efficiency (11: K(d) = 13 μM, LE = 0.33) may serve as a starting point for development of inhibitors targeting the sY12 site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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29
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De Clercq E. Antiviral drug development--success and failure: a personal perspective with a Japanese connection. Antivir Chem Chemother 2013; 23:45-55. [PMID: 22992351 DOI: 10.3851/imp2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
At the 25th International Conference on Antiviral Research, I received a special recognition for my contribution to the International Society of Antiviral Research over a period of 25 years (from 1987 until 2012). This review follows the theme of my presentation at that event, which comprised 10 reminiscences, all with a Japanese connection concerning the success, or otherwise, in the clinical development of: double- and single-stranded polynucleotides; suramin, a polysulfonate; dextran sulfate, a polysulfate; brivudin; BVaraU; 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues; HEPT; adefovir and tenofovir; CXCR4 antagonists; and elvitegravir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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CXCR4 Stimulates Macropinocytosis: Implications for Cellular Uptake of Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides and HIV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Dong CZ, Tian S, Choi WT, Kumar S, Liu D, Xu Y, Han X, Huang Z, An J. Critical role in CXCR4 signaling and internalization of the polypeptide main chain in the amino terminus of SDF-1α probed by novel N-methylated synthetically and modularly modified chemokine analogues. Biochemistry 2012; 51:5951-7. [PMID: 22779681 DOI: 10.1021/bi3003742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can be profoundly inhibited by the natural ligands of two major HIV-1 coreceptors, CXCR4 and CCR5. Stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) is a natural ligand of CXCR4. We have recently developed a synthetic biology approach of using synthetically and modularly modified (SMM)-chemokines to dissect various aspects of the structure-function relationship of chemokines and their receptors. Here, we used this approach to design novel SMM-SDF-1α analogues containing unnatural N-methylated residues in the amino terminus to investigate whether the polypeptide main chain amide bonds in the N-terminus of SDF-1α play a role in SDF-1α signaling via CXCR4 and/or receptor internalization. The results show that SDF-1α analogues with a modified N-methylated main chain at position 2, 3, or 5 retain significant CXCR4 binding and yet completely lose signaling activities. Furthermore, a representative N-methylated analogue has been shown to be incapable of causing CXCR4 internalization. These results suggest that the ability of SDF-1α to activate CXCR4 signaling and internalization is dependent upon the main chain amide bonds in the N-terminus of SDF-1α. This study demonstrates the feasibility and value of applying a synthetic biology approach to chemically engineer natural proteins and peptide ligands as probes of important biological functions that are not addressed by other biological techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zhi Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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32
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Kuil J, Buckle T, van Leeuwen FWB. Imaging agents for the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5239-61. [PMID: 22743644 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12) is a natural regulatory process in the human body. However, CXCR4 over-expression is also found in diseases such as cancer, where it plays a role in, among others, the metastatic spread. For this reason it is an interesting biomarker for the field of diagnostic oncology, and therefore, it is gaining increasing interest for applications in molecular imaging. Especially "small-molecule" imaging agents based on T140, FC131 and AMD3100 have been extensively studied. SDF-1, antibodies, pepducins and bioluminescence have also been used to visualize CXCR4. In this critical review reported CXCR4 targeting imaging agents are described based on their affinity, specificity and biodistribution. The level wherein CXCR4 is up-regulated in cancer patients and its relation to the different cell lines and animal models used to evaluate the efficacy of the imaging agents is also discussed (221 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Kuil
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Masuda R, Oishi S, Tanahara N, Ohno H, Hirasawa A, Tsujimoto G, Yano Y, Matsuzaki K, Navenot JM, Peiper SC, Fujii N. Paradoxical Downregulation of CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Induced by Polyphemusin II-Derived Antagonists. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1259-65. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300084h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Masuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Noriko Tanahara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Gozoh Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Katsumi Matsuzaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Jean-Marc Navenot
- Department
of Pathology, Anatomy
and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Stephen C. Peiper
- Department
of Pathology, Anatomy
and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
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Costantino CM, Gupta A, Yewdall AW, Dale BM, Devi LA, Chen BK. Cannabinoid receptor 2-mediated attenuation of CXCR4-tropic HIV infection in primary CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33961. [PMID: 22448282 PMCID: PMC3309010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents that activate cannabinoid receptor pathways have been tested as treatments for cachexia, nausea or neuropathic pain in HIV-1/AIDS patients. The cannabinoid receptors (CB(1)R and CB(2)R) and the HIV-1 co-receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, all signal via Gαi-coupled pathways. We hypothesized that drugs targeting cannabinoid receptors modulate chemokine co-receptor function and regulate HIV-1 infectivity. We found that agonism of CB(2)R, but not CB(1)R, reduced infection in primary CD4+ T cells following cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission of CXCR4-tropic virus. As this change in viral permissiveness was most pronounced in unstimulated T cells, we investigated the effect of CB(2)R agonism on to CXCR4-induced signaling following binding of chemokine or virus to the co-receptor. We found that CB(2)R agonism decreased CXCR4-activation mediated G-protein activity and MAPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, CB(2)R agonism altered the cytoskeletal architecture of resting CD4+ T cells by decreasing F-actin levels. Our findings suggest that CB(2)R activation in CD4+ T cells can inhibit actin reorganization and impair productive infection following cell-free or cell-associated viral acquisition of CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 in resting cells. Therefore, the clinical use of CB(2)R agonists in the treatment of AIDS symptoms may also exert beneficial adjunctive antiviral effects against CXCR4-tropic viruses in late stages of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Maria Costantino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Achla Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alice W. Yewdall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Dale
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi A. Devi
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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Infection by CXCR4-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Is Inhibited by the Cationic Cell-Penetrating Peptide Derived from HIV-1 Tat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2012; 2012:349427. [PMID: 22319541 PMCID: PMC3272803 DOI: 10.1155/2012/349427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP), which are short peptides that are capable of crossing the plasma membrane of a living cell, are under development as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents that cannot themselves enter the cell. One well-studied CPP is the 10-amino acid peptide derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein. In experiments to test the hypothesis that multiple cationic amino acids within Tat peptide confer antiviral activity against HIV-1, introduction of Tat peptide resulted in concentration-dependent inhibition of HIV-1 IIIB infection. Using Tat peptide variants containing arginine substitutions for two nonionic residues and two lysine residues, HIV-1 inhibition experiments demonstrated a direct relationship between cationic charge and antiviral potency. These studies of Tat peptide as an antiviral agent raise new questions about the role of Tat in HIV-1 replication and provide a starting point for the development of CPPs as novel HIV-1 inhibitors.
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36
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Oishi S, Fujii N. Peptide and peptidomimetic ligands for CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5720-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25107h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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37
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Choi WT, Duggineni S, Xu Y, Huang Z, An J. Drug discovery research targeting the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). J Med Chem 2011; 55:977-94. [PMID: 22085380 DOI: 10.1021/jm200568c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tak Choi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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38
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Burger JA, Stewart DJ, Wald O, Peled A. Potential of CXCR4 antagonists for the treatment of metastatic lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:621-30. [PMID: 21504328 DOI: 10.1586/era.11.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy over the last decades, the death rate from lung cancer has remained largely unchanged, which is mainly due to metastatic disease. Because of the overall poor prognosis, new treatment strategies for lung cancer patients are urgently needed, and targeting CXCR4 constitutes such a novel, attractive strategy. Tumor cell migration and metastasis share many similarities with leukocyte trafficking, which is critically regulated by chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules. Lung cancer cells express CXCR4 (CD184), a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor. Stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment constitutively secrete stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), the ligand for CXCR4. Activation of CXCR4 induces lung cancer cell migration and adhesion to stromal cells, which in turn provides growth- and drug-resistance signals to the tumor cells. CXCR4 antagonists, such as Plerixafor (AMD3100) and T140 analogues (TN14003/BKT140), can disrupt CXCR4-mediated tumor cell adhesion to stromal cells and sensitize lung cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs. Therefore, targeting the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis is a novel, attractive therapeutic approach in small-cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. In this article, we summarize data about the cellular and molecular microenvironment in small-cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, as well as the role of CXCR4 in tumor-stroma crosstalk. In addition, we review the current status of the preclinical and clinical development of CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, Unit 428, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, PO Box 301402, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
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39
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Inokuchi E, Oishi S, Kubo T, Ohno H, Shimura K, Matsuoka M, Fujii N. Potent CXCR4 antagonists containing amidine type Peptide bond isosteres. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:477-80. [PMID: 24900333 DOI: 10.1021/ml200047e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of FC131 [cyclo(-d-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Nal-Gly-)] analogues containing amidine type peptide bond isosteres were synthesized as selective CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) antagonists. An isosteric amidine substructure was constructed by a macrocyclization process using nitrile oxide-mediated C-N bond formation. All of the amidine-containing FC131 analogues exhibited potent SDF-1 binding inhibition to CXCR4. The Nal-Gly-substituted analogue was characterized as one of the most potent cyclic pentapeptide-based CXCR4 antagonists reported to date. The improved activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type-1 X4 strains suggested that addition of another basic amidine group to the peptide backbone effectively increases the selective binding of the peptides to CXCR4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Inokuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kubo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimura
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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40
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Lalonde MS, Lobritz MA, Ratcliff A, Chamanian M, Athanassiou Z, Tyagi M, Wong J, Robinson JA, Karn J, Varani G, Arts EJ. Inhibition of both HIV-1 reverse transcription and gene expression by a cyclic peptide that binds the Tat-transactivating response element (TAR) RNA. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002038. [PMID: 21625572 PMCID: PMC3098202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA response element TAR plays a critical role in HIV replication by
providing a binding site for the recruitment of the viral transactivator protein
Tat. Using a structure-guided approach, we have developed a series of
conformationally-constrained cyclic peptides that act as structural mimics of
the Tat RNA binding region and block Tat-TAR interactions at nanomolar
concentrations in vitro. Here we show that these compounds
block Tat-dependent transcription in cell-free systems and in cell-based
reporter assays. The compounds are also cell permeable, have low toxicity, and
inhibit replication of diverse HIV-1 strains, including both CXCR4-tropic and
CCR5-tropic primary HIV-1 isolates of the divergent subtypes A, B, C, D and
CRF01_AE. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the cyclic peptidomimetic
L50 exhibited an IC50 ∼250 nM. Surprisingly, inhibition of
LTR-driven HIV-1 transcription could not account for the full antiviral
activity. Timed drug-addition experiments revealed that L-50 has a bi-phasic
inhibition curve with the first phase occurring after HIV-1 entry into the host
cell and during the initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription. The second phase
coincides with inhibition of HIV-1 transcription. Reconstituted reverse
transcription assays confirm that HIV-1 (−) strand strong stop DNA
synthesis is blocked by L50-TAR RNA interactions in-vitro.
These findings are consistent with genetic evidence that TAR plays critical
roles both during reverse transcription and during HIV gene expression. Our
results suggest that antiviral drugs targeting TAR RNA might be highly effective
due to a dual inhibitory mechanism. The HIV-1 transactivator protein (Tat), together with the elongation factor
P-TEFb binds to an HIV-1 RNA secondary structure in the 5′-UTRs of nascent
viral mRNAs (TAR) and promotes transcription elongation. This process has been
an attractive target for drug development but previous inhibitors that bind
either Tat or TAR have been plagued by poor inhibition of virus replication,
limited cell penetration, and off-target effects. In this article, we describe a
series of rationally designed cyclic peptides that block Tat-TAR interactions.
L50, the most potent of these compounds, inhibits a wide range of HIV-1 strains
from around the world. Remarkably, L50 inhibits two distinct steps in the HIV-1
lifecycle. As expected, L50 inhibits Tat-dependent HIV-1 transcription, but the
majority of its anti-HIV activity is due to a block in reverse transcription,
i.e. synthesis of the proviral DNA from the RNA genome. L50 inhibition of
reverse transcription reveals an important role for TAR RNA during reverse
transcription as well as providing one of first examples of a drug with a dual
mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Lalonde
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Lobritz
- Department of Molecular Biology and
Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of
America
| | - Annette Ratcliff
- Department of Molecular Biology and
Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of
America
| | - Mastooreh Chamanian
- Department of Molecular Biology and
Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of
America
| | - Zafiria Athanassiou
- Department of Chemistry and Department of
Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of
America
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- Department of Molecular Biology and
Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of
America
| | - Julian Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology and
Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of
America
| | - John A. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich,
Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and
Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of
America
| | - Gabriele Varani
- Department of Chemistry and Department of
Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of
America
| | - Eric J. Arts
- Department of Molecular Biology and
Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of
America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of
Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of
America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Choi WT, An J. Biology and clinical relevance of chemokines and chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 in human diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:637-47. [PMID: 21565895 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are implicated in a wide range of human diseases, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into a cell is initiated by the interaction of the virus's surface envelope proteins with two cell surface components of the target cell, namely CD4 and a chemokine co-receptor, usually CXCR4 or CCR5. Typical anti-HIV-1 agents include protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors, but the targets of these agents tend to show rapid mutation rates. As such, strategies based on HIV-1 co-receptors have appeal because they target invariant host determinants. Chemokines and their receptors are also of general interest since they play important roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes in addition to AIDS. Therefore, intensive basic and translational research is ongoing for the dissection of their structure - function relationships in an effort to understand the molecular mechanism of chemokine - receptor interactions and signal transductions across cellular membranes. This paper reviews and discusses recent advances and the translation of new knowledge and discoveries into novel interventional strategies for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tak Choi
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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42
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Taborda-Vanegas N, Zapata W, Rugeles MT. Genetic and Immunological Factors Involved in Natural Resistance to HIV-1 Infection. Open Virol J 2011; 5:35-43. [PMID: 21660188 PMCID: PMC3109745 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901105010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) induces severe alterations of the immune system leading to an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignancies. However, exposure to the virus does not always results in infection. Indeed, there exist individuals who have been repeatedly exposed to HIV-1 but do not exhibit clinical or serological evidence of infection, known as exposed seronegative individuals. Many studies have focused on the different mechanisms involved in natural resistance to HIV-1 infection, and have reported several factors associated with this phenomenon, including the presence of genetic polymorphisms in the viral coreceptors, innate and adaptive immune cells with particular phenotypic and functional features, and molecules such as antibodies and soluble factors that play an important role in defense against infection by HIV-1. The study of these factors could be the key for controlling this viral infection. This review summarizes the main mechanisms involved in resistance to HIV-1 infection.
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43
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Tanaka T, Narumi T, Ozaki T, Sohma A, Ohashi N, Hashimoto C, Itotani K, Nomura W, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. Azamacrocyclic Metal Complexes as CXCR4 Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:834-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Novel compounds containing multiple guanide groups that bind the HIV coreceptor CXCR4. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:255-63. [PMID: 20937786 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00709-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 acts as a coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, as well as being involved in signaling cell migration and proliferation. Compounds that block CXCR4 interactions have potential uses as HIV entry inhibitors to complement drugs such as maraviroc that block the alternate coreceptor CCR5 or in cancer therapy. The peptide T140, which contains five arginine residues, is the most potent antagonist of CXCR4 developed to date. In a search for nonpeptide CXCR4 ligands that could inhibit HIV entry, three series of compounds were synthesized from 12 linear and branched polyamines with 2, 3, 4, 6, or 8 amino groups, which were substituted to produce the corresponding guanidines, biguanides, or phenylguanides. The resulting compounds were tested for their ability to compete with T140 for binding to the human CXCR4 receptor expressed on mammalian cells. The most effective compounds bound CXCR4 with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 200 nM, and all of the compounds had very low cytotoxicity. Two series of compounds were then tested for their ability to inhibit the infection of TZM-bl cells with X4 and R5 strains of HIV-1. Spermine phenylguanide and spermidine phenylguanide inhibited infection by X4 strains, but not by R5 strains, at low micromolar concentrations. These results support further investigation and development of these compounds as HIV entry inhibitors.
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45
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Kaufman L, Ross MJ. Biomarkers of HIV. Biomarkers 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470918562.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rev-derived peptides inhibit HIV-1 replication by antagonism of Rev and a co-receptor, CXCR4. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1482-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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Murakami T, Yamamoto N. Role of CXCR4 in HIV infection and its potential as a therapeutic target. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1025-39. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are the two major coreceptors for HIV entry. Numerous efforts have been made to develop a new class of anti-HIV agents that target these coreceptors as an additional or alternative therapy to standard HAART. Among the CCR5 inhibitors developed so far, maraviroc is the first drug that has been approved by the US FDA for treating patients with R5 HIV-1. Although many CXCR4 inhibitors, some of which are highly active and orally bioavailable, have also been studied, they are still at preclinical stages or have been suspended during development. Importantly, the interaction between CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1 is involved in various disease conditions, such as cancer cell metastasis, leukemia cell proliferation, rheumatoid arthritis and pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, CXCR4 inhibitors have potential as novel therapeutics for the treatment of these diseases as well as HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Murakami
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1–23–1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8640 Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4A, Level 5, 117597 Singapore
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Joubert BR, Lange EM, Franceschini N, Mwapasa V, North KE, Meshnick SR. A whole genome association study of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Malawi. Genome Med 2010; 2:17. [PMID: 20487506 PMCID: PMC2873795 DOI: 10.1186/gm138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 300,000 children are newly infected with HIV each year, predominantly through mother-to-child transmission (HIV MTCT). Identification of host genetic traits associated with transmission may more clearly explain the mechanisms of HIV MTCT and further the development of a vaccine to protect infants from infection. Associations between transmission and a selection of genes or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)s may give an incomplete picture of HIV MTCT etiology. Thus, this study employed a genome-wide association approach to identify novel variants associated with HIV MTCT. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study of HIV MTCT using infants of HIV(+) mothers, drawn from a cohort study of malaria and HIV in pregnancy in Blantyre, Malawi. Whole genome scans (650,000 SNPs genotyped using Illumina genotyping assays) were obtained for each infant. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between each SNP and HIV MTCT. RESULTS Genotype results were available for 100 HIV(+) infants (at birth, 6, or 12 weeks) and 126 HIV(-) infants (at birth, 6, and 12 weeks). We identified 9 SNPs within 6 genes with a P-value < 5 × 10(-5) associated with the risk of transmission, in either unadjusted or adjusted by maternal HIV viral load analyses. Carriers of the rs8069770 variant allele were associated with a lower risk of HIV MTCT (odds ratio = 0.27, 95% confidence interval = 0.14, 0.51), where rs8069770 is located within HS3ST3A1, a gene involved in heparan sulfate biosynthesis. Interesting associations for SNPs located within or near genes involved in pregnancy and development, innate immunological response, or HIV protein interactions were also observed. CONCLUSIONS This study used a genome-wide approach to identify novel variants associated with the risk of HIV MTCT in order to gain new insights into HIV MTCT etiology. Replication of this work using a larger sample size will help us to differentiate true positive findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie R Joubert
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ethan M Lange
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Victor Mwapasa
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Steven R Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increases in HIV resistance towards approved antiviral drugs have made it necessary to develop new and potent antiviral drugs with preferably a novel mode of action. RECENT FINDINGS Entry inhibitors constitute a new class of drugs to treat infection by HIV-1. The first member of this class, enfuvirtide, previously known as T-20 and targeting gp41, has now been licensed for therapeutic use. Several other classes of entry inhibitors are in various stages of preclinical or clinical development. SUMMARY In this review we focus on the chemokine receptor inhibitors targeting CXCR4, which is one of the main HIV coreceptors, besides CCR5, for viral entry.
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Narumi T, Hayashi R, Tomita K, Kobayashi K, Tanahara N, Ohno H, Naito T, Kodama E, Matsuoka M, Oishi S, Fujii N. Synthesis and biological evaluation of selective CXCR4 antagonists containing alkene dipeptide isosteres. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 8:616-21. [PMID: 20090978 DOI: 10.1039/b917236j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A set of cyclic peptide analogues of a selective CXCR4 antagonist FC131 [cyclo(-d-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Nal-Gly-)] were synthesized and bioevaluated. Using (E)-alkene and (Z)-fluoroalkene dipeptide isosteres for Arg-Arg and Arg-Nal substructures, indispensable or the partial contribution of the two peptide bonds to the CXCR4 antagonism and anti-HIV activity was demonstrated. FC131 and the analogues were shown to selectively inhibit SDF-1 binding to CXCR4, whereas no inhibition of binding of SDF-1 to CXCR7 was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Narumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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