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Zhang Y, Morris R, Brown GJ, Lorenzo AMD, Meng X, Kershaw NJ, Kiridena P, Burgio G, Gross S, Cappello JY, Shen Q, Wang H, Turnbull C, Lea-Henry T, Stanley M, Yu Z, Ballard FD, Chuah A, Lee JC, Hatch AM, Enders A, Masters SL, Headley AP, Trnka P, Mallon D, Fletcher JT, Walters GD, Šestan M, Jelušić M, Cook MC, Athanasopoulos V, Fulcher DA, Babon JJ, Vinuesa CG, Ellyard JI. Rare SH2B3 coding variants in lupus patients impair B cell tolerance and predispose to autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20221080. [PMID: 38417019 PMCID: PMC10901239 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease with a clear genetic component. While most SLE patients carry rare gene variants in lupus risk genes, little is known about their contribution to disease pathogenesis. Amongst them, SH2B3-a negative regulator of cytokine and growth factor receptor signaling-harbors rare coding variants in over 5% of SLE patients. Here, we show that unlike the variant found exclusively in healthy controls, SH2B3 rare variants found in lupus patients are predominantly hypomorphic alleles, failing to suppress IFNGR signaling via JAK2-STAT1. The generation of two mouse lines carrying patients' variants revealed that SH2B3 is important in limiting the number of immature and transitional B cells. Furthermore, hypomorphic SH2B3 was shown to impair the negative selection of immature/transitional self-reactive B cells and accelerate autoimmunity in sensitized mice, at least in part due to increased IL-4R signaling and BAFF-R expression. This work identifies a previously unappreciated role for SH2B3 in human B cell tolerance and lupus risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyuan Zhang
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Rhiannon Morris
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Grant J. Brown
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Ayla May D. Lorenzo
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Xiangpeng Meng
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Nadia J. Kershaw
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pamudika Kiridena
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Gaétan Burgio
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Simon Gross
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Jean Y. Cappello
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Qian Shen
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Hao Wang
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Cynthia Turnbull
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Tom Lea-Henry
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- The Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australia
| | - Maurice Stanley
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Zhijia Yu
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Fiona D. Ballard
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - James C. Lee
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ann-Maree Hatch
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- The Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australia
| | - Anselm Enders
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Seth L. Masters
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Peter Trnka
- Queensland Children’s Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Mario Šestan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Jelušić
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matthew C. Cook
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- The Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australia
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vicki Athanasopoulos
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - David A. Fulcher
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J. Babon
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Carola G. Vinuesa
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Julia I. Ellyard
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
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Dysregulated balance in Th17/Treg axis of Pristane-induced lupus mouse model, are mesenchymal stem cells therapeutic? Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109699. [PMID: 36867923 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in general and targeted immunosuppressive therapies, limiting all mainstay treatment options in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cases has necessitated the development of new therapeutic strategies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently emerged with unique properties, including a solid propensity to reduce inflammation, exert immunomodulatory effects, and repair injured tissues. METHODS An animal model of acquired SLE mice was induced via intraperitoneal immunization with Pristane and affirmed by measuring specific biomarkers. Bone marrow (BM) MSCs were isolated from healthy BALB/c mice and cultured in vitro, then were identified and confirmed by flow cytometry and cytodifferentiation. Systemic MSCs transplantation was performed and then several parameters were analyzed and compared, including specific cytokines (IL-17, IL-4, IFN-ɣ, TGF-β) at the serum level, the percentage of Th cell subsets (Treg/Th17, Th1/Th2) in splenocytes, and also the relief of lupus nephritis, respectively by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry analysis and by hematoxylin & eosin staining and also immunofluorescence assessment. Experiments were carried out with different initiation treatment time points (early and late stages of disease). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Tukey's test was used for multiple comparisons. RESULTS The rate of proteinuria, anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-dsDNA) antibodies, and serum creatinine levels decreased with BM-MSCs transplantation. These results were associated with attenuated lupus renal pathology in terms of reducing IgG and C3 deposition and lymphocyte infiltration. Our findings suggested that TGF-β (associated with lupus microenvironment) can contribute to MSC-based immunotherapy by modulating the population of TCD4+ cell subsets. Obtained results indicated that MSCs-based cytotherapy could negatively affect the progression of induced SLE by recovering the function of Treg cells, suppressing Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocyte function, and downregulating their pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION MSC-based immunotherapy showed a delayed effect on the progression of acquired SLE in a lupus microenvironment-dependent manner. Allogenic MSCs transplantation revealed the ability to re-establish the balance of Th17/Treg, Th1/Th2 and restore the plasma cytokines network in a pattern dependent on disease conditions. The conflicting results of early versus advanced therapy suggest that MSCs may produce different effects depending on when they are administered and their activation status.
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Xu L, Li Y, Ji J, Lai Y, Chen J, Ding T, Li H, Ding B, Ge W. The anti-inflammatory effects of Hedyotis diffusa Willd on SLE with STAT3 as a key target. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115597. [PMID: 35940466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hedyotis diffusa Willd, also named Scleromitrion diffusum (Willd.) R.J. Wang, is one medical herb, which has been traditionally used by the She nationality in China. And H. diffusa represents a beneficial effect on Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treatment in clinic. AIM OF THE STUDY The underlying mechanisms of the protective effects of H. diffusa on SLE remain unclear. In this study, we treated MRL/lpr mice with H. diffusa water extract (HDW) to assess its therapeutic effects and verified its regulating signalling pathway through cytological experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, the constituents of HDW were analysed through ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and SCIEX OS software. The protective activity and underlying mechanisms were studied in a MRL/lpr lupus mouse model. The blood cells, autoantibodies, metabolites and the cytokines in serum were identified with a hematology analyzer, specific ELISA kit, GC/MS system and cytometric assays. The histological and immunohistochemical analysis were engaged in the morphologic, and the expression and translocation of the crucial protein observation. The dual luciferase reporter assay was applied to identifying the regulative activity of HDW. The transcription and translation expression of the protein was studied by real-time PCR and Western blot assays. The network pharmacology analysis was employed to predict the IL-6/STAT3 pathway regulators and the screen the STAT3 inhibitors in HDW. RESULTS The results revealed the capability of HDW to attenuate the production of autoantibodies, secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ), and suppressed the IgG and C3 deposition, the development of glomerular lesions in MRL/lpr mice. Serum metabolomics study showed the improvement in serum metabolites, especially aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, by HDW. IL-6 was clarified to be highly associated with the significantly changed metabolites in network analysis. We further demonstrated the effects of HDW on the IL-6/STAT3 pathway in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that HDW exerts a therapeutic effect in SLE model mice by suppressing the IL-6/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Ying Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Jinjun Ji
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Yahui Lai
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Tao Ding
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Haichang Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Bin Ding
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Weihong Ge
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Chiu LW, Yang TT, Chiou SS, Fang WC, Lan CCE. Refractory oral ulcers. Pediatr Dermatol 2022; 39:625-627. [PMID: 36000940 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Chiu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Shin Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Che E Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Risso V, Lafont E, Le Gallo M. Therapeutic approaches targeting CD95L/CD95 signaling in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:248. [PMID: 35301281 PMCID: PMC8931059 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell death plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Key players in the controlled induction of cell death are the Death Receptors (DR). CD95 is a prototypic DR activated by its cognate ligand CD95L triggering programmed cell death. As a consequence, alterations in the CD95/CD95L pathway have been involved in several disease conditions ranging from autoimmune diseases to inflammation and cancer. CD95L-induced cell death has multiple roles in the immune response since it constitutes one of the mechanisms by which cytotoxic lymphocytes kill their targets, but it is also involved in the process of turning off the immune response. Furthermore, beyond the canonical pro-death signals, CD95L, which can be membrane-bound or soluble, also induces non-apoptotic signaling that contributes to its tumor-promoting and pro-inflammatory roles. The intent of this review is to describe the role of CD95/CD95L in the pathophysiology of cancers, autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation and to discuss recently patented and emerging therapeutic strategies that exploit/block the CD95/CD95L system in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Risso
- INSERM U1242, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Elodie Lafont
- INSERM U1242, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Matthieu Le Gallo
- INSERM U1242, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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Sangaletti S, Botti L, Gulino A, Lecis D, Bassani B, Portararo P, Milani M, Cancila V, De Cecco L, Dugo M, Tripodo C, Colombo MP. SPARC regulation of PMN clearance protects from pristane-induced lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. iScience 2021; 24:102510. [PMID: 34142027 PMCID: PMC8188360 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular protein with unexpected immunosuppressive function in myeloid cells. We investigated the role of SPARC in autoimmunity using the pristane-induced model of lupus that, in mice, mimics human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Sparc -/- mice developed earlier and more severe renal disease, multi-organ parenchymal damage, and arthritis than the wild-type counterpart. Sparc +/- heterozygous mice showed an intermediate phenotype suggesting Sparc gene dosage in autoimmune-related events. Mechanistically, reduced Sparc expression in neutrophils blocks their clearance by macrophages, through defective delivery of don't-eat-me signals. Dying Sparc -/- neutrophils that escape macrophage scavenging become source of autoantigens for dendritic cell presentation and are a direct stimulation for γδT cells. Gene profile analysis of knee synovial biopsies from SLE-associated arthritis showed an inverse correlation between SPARC and key autoimmune genes. These results point to SPARC down-regulation as a leading event characterizing SLE and rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sangaletti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Botti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Lecis
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Bassani
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Portararo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Milani
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cancila
- Tumor Immunology Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Platform of Integrated Biology, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Dugo
- Platform of Integrated Biology, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario P. Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Sumantri S, Hatta M, Natzir R, Rasyid H, Rengganis I, Massi MN, Islam AA, Lawrence G, Patellongi I, Benyamin AF. Metformin improves FOXP3 mRNA expression through suppression of interferon gamma levels in pristane-induced murine models of lupus. F1000Res 2021; 9:342. [PMID: 34386197 PMCID: PMC8327221 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23471.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A recent study has indicated the potential of metformin therapy for lupus in animal models, but there has been no study evaluating the effect on pristane-induced lupus. This study aims to evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal versus oral metformin on interferon (IFN)-γ levels and FOXP3 mRNA expression on pristane-induced female BALB/c mice. Methods: In total, 31 female BALB/c mice, aged 6 weeks, were intraperitoneally induced with 0.5 ml of pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane). After 120 days, the mice were grouped and treated with various treatments: normal saline 100 MCL, oral metformin 100mg/kg-BW, or intraperitoneal metformin 100mg/kg-BW. After 60 days of treatment, all treatment groups were sacrificed, and kidney specimens prepared and stained using hematoxylin and eosin. Results: IFNγ levels of saline controls vs. oral metformin group was 309.39 vs. 292.83 pg/mL (mean difference 16.56 pg/mL; 95% CI 0.74-32.37; p=0.042), and saline control vs. intraperitoneal metformin group was 309.39 vs. 266.90 pg/mL (mean difference 42.49 pg/mL; 95% CI 29.24-55.73 pg/mL; p<0.001). FOXP3 mRNA expression changes in saline controls vs. oral metformin group was 6.90 vs. 7.79-fold change (mean difference -0.89-fold change; 95% CI -1.68-(-0.11); p=0.03) and in saline controls vs. intraperitoneal metformin group was 6.90 vs. 9.02-fold change (mean difference -2.12-fold change; 95% CI -2.99-(-1.25); p=<0.001). Correlation analysis of FOXP3 mRNA expression and IFNγ level changes revealed a Pearson correlation of -0.785 (p=0.001) and R2 value of 0.616 (p=0.001). Conclusion: Metformin is a potential new therapy to reduce the levels of IFNγ and increase FOXP3 mRNA expression in mice models of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevent Sumantri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Banten, 15811, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Hatta
- Department of Microbiology, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Rosdiana Natzir
- Department of Biochemistry, Universitas Hasnuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Haerani Rasyid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Iris Rengganis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Nasrum Massi
- Department of Microbiology, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Andi Asadul Islam
- Department of Surgery, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Gatot Lawrence
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Ilhamjaya Patellongi
- Department of Physiology, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
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Zarfeshani A, Carroll KR, Volpe BT, Diamond B. Cognitive Impairment in SLE: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:25. [PMID: 33782842 PMCID: PMC11207197 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-00992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) suffer from cognitive dysfunction (CD) which severely impacts their quality of life. However, CD remains underdiagnosed and poorly understood. Here, we discuss current findings in patients and in animal models. Strong evidence suggests that CD pathogenesis involves known mechanisms of tissue injury in SLE. These mechanisms recruit brain resident cells, in particular microglia, into the pathological process. While systemic immune activation is critical to central nervous system injury, the current focus of therapy is the microglial cell and not the systemic immune perturbation. Further studies are critical to examine additional potential therapeutic targets and more specific treatments based on the cause and progress of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Zarfeshani
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Carroll
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Bruce T Volpe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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9
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Karnopp TE, Chapacais GF, Freitas EC, Monticielo OA. Lupus animal models and neuropsychiatric implications. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 40:2535-2545. [PMID: 33155159 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that involves neurological complications is known as neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). Research in humans is difficult due to the disease's great heterogeneity. Animal models are a resource for new discoveries. In this review, we examine experimental models of lupus that present neuropsychiatric manifestations. Spontaneous animal models such as NZB/W F1 and MRL/lpr are commonly used in NPSLE research; these models present few SLE symptoms compared to induced animal models, such as pristane-induced lupus (PIL). The PIL model is known to present eight of the main clinical and laboratory manifestations of SLE described by the American College of Rheumatology. Many cytokines associated with NPSLE are expressed in the PIL model, such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN. However, to date, NPSLE manifestations have been poorly studied in the PIL model. In this review article, we discuss whether the PIL model can mimic neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE. Key Points • PIL model have a strong interferon signature. • Animals with PIL express learning and memory deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Evelyn Karnopp
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Divisão de Reumatologia, Centro de Pesquisas Experimentais, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, sala 12109, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Flores Chapacais
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Divisão de Reumatologia, Centro de Pesquisas Experimentais, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, sala 12109, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil.,Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Curso de Graduação em Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Correa Freitas
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Divisão de Reumatologia, Centro de Pesquisas Experimentais, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, sala 12109, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil.,Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Odirlei André Monticielo
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Divisão de Reumatologia, Centro de Pesquisas Experimentais, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, sala 12109, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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10
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Mori H, Ishibashi T, Inagaki T, Okazawa M, Masaki T, Asano R, Manabe Y, Ohta-Ogo K, Narazaki M, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Kumanogoh A, Nakaoka Y. Pristane/Hypoxia (PriHx) Mouse as a Novel Model of Pulmonary Hypertension Reflecting Inflammation and Fibrosis. Circ J 2020; 84:1163-1172. [PMID: 32522898 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-19-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), particularly connective tissue disease-associated PAH (CTD-PAH), is a progressive disease and novel therapeutic agents based on the specific molecular pathogenesis are desired. In the pathogenesis of CTD-PAH, inflammation, immune cell abnormality, and fibrosis play important roles. However, the existing mouse pulmonary hypertension (PH) models do not reflect these features enough. The relationship between inflammation and hypoxia is still unclear.Methods and Results:Intraperitoneal administration of pristane, a kind of mineral oil, and exposure to chronic hypoxia were combined, and this model is referred to as pristane/hypoxia (PriHx) mice. Hemodynamic and histological analyses showed that the PriHx mice showed a more severe phenotype of PH than pristane or hypoxia alone. Immunohistological and flow cytometric analyses revealed infiltration of immune cells, including hemosiderin-laden macrophages and activated CD4+helper T lymphocytes in the lungs of PriHx mice. Pristane administration exacerbated lung fibrosis and elevated the expression of fibrosis-related genes. Inflammation-related genes such asIl6andCxcl2were also upregulated in the lungs of PriHx mice, and interleukin (IL)-6 blockade by monoclonal anti-IL-6 receptor antibody MR16-1 ameliorated PH of PriHx mice. CONCLUSIONS A PriHx model, a novel mouse model of PH reflecting the pathological features of CTD-PAH, was developed through a combination of pristane administration and exposure to chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Mori
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tomohiko Ishibashi
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Tadakatsu Inagaki
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Makoto Okazawa
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Takeshi Masaki
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ryotaro Asano
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute.,Department of Advanced Medical Research for Pulmonary Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Yusuke Manabe
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Keiko Ohta-Ogo
- Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Masashi Narazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshikazu Nakaoka
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
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11
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Sumantri S, Hatta M, Natzir R, Rasyid H, Rengganis I, Massi MN, Islam AA, Lawrence G, Patellongi I, Benyamin AF. Metformin improves FOXP3 mRNA expression through suppression of interferon gamma levels in pristane-induced murine models of lupus. F1000Res 2020; 9:342. [PMID: 34386197 PMCID: PMC8327221 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23471.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A recent study has indicated the potential of metformin therapy for lupus in animal models, but there has been no study evaluating the effect on pristane-induced lupus. This study aims to evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal versus oral metformin on interferon (IFN)-γ levels and FOXP3 mRNA expression on pristane-induced female BALB/c mice. Methods: In total, 31 female BALB/c mice, aged 6 weeks, were intraperitoneally induced with 0.5 ml of pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane). After 120 days, the mice were grouped and treated with various treatments: normal saline 100 MCL, oral metformin 100mg/kg-BW, or intraperitoneal metformin 100mg/kg-BW. After 60 days of treatment, all treatment groups were sacrificed, and kidney specimens prepared and stained using hematoxylin and eosin. Results: IFNγ levels of saline controls vs. oral metformin group was 309.39 vs. 292.83 pg/mL (mean difference 16.56 pg/mL; 95% CI 0.74-32.37; p=0.042), and saline control vs. intraperitoneal metformin group was 309.39 vs. 266.90 pg/mL (mean difference 42.49 pg/mL; 95% CI 29.24-55.73 pg/mL; p<0.001). FOXP3 mRNA expression changes in saline controls vs. oral metformin group was 6.90 vs. 7.79-fold change (mean difference -0.89-fold change; 95% CI -1.68-(-0.11); p=0.03) and in saline controls vs. intraperitoneal metformin group was 6.90 vs. 9.02-fold change (mean difference -2.12-fold change; 95% CI -2.99-(-1.25); p=<0.001). Correlation analysis of FOXP3 mRNA expression and IFNγ level changes revealed a Pearson correlation of -0.785 (p=0.001) and R2 value of 0.616 (p=0.001). Conclusion: Metformin is a potential new therapy to reduce the levels of IFNγ and increase FOXP3 mRNA expression in mice models of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevent Sumantri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Banten, 15811, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Hatta
- Department of Microbiology, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Rosdiana Natzir
- Department of Biochemistry, Universitas Hasnuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Haerani Rasyid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Iris Rengganis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Nasrum Massi
- Department of Microbiology, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Andi Asadul Islam
- Department of Surgery, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Gatot Lawrence
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Ilhamjaya Patellongi
- Department of Physiology, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
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12
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Bona N, Pezzarini E, Balbi B, Daniele SM, Rossi MF, Monje AL, Basiglio CL, Pelusa HF, Arriaga SMM. Oxidative stress, inflammation and disease activity biomarkers in lupus nephropathy. Lupus 2020; 29:311-323. [PMID: 32063098 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320904784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephropathy is a severe and frequent complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. Here, we assessed the biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and disease activity in patients with lupus nephritis. Thirty-four patients with active lupus nephritis, 31 patients with inactive lupus nephritis and 20 lupus patients without renal damage (non-lupus nephritis) were studied. Oxidative stress biomarkers malonyldialdehyde, oxidized-to-total glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant status were assessed, as well as inflammation biomarkers CRP, interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. Renal tubular disease biomarkers neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and β2-microglobulin were assessed, together with the classic disease activity biomarkers urinary protein/creatinine ratio, anti-dsDNA, anti-C1q antibody and complement proteins C3 and C4. Significant differences were found between active lupus nephritis and inactive lupus nephritis patients and between active lupus nephritis and non-lupus nephritis patients for all the assessed biomarkers (P < 0.05), except for catalase, superoxide dismutase and interleukin 6. There is an imbalance in the redox status in active lupus nephritis patients that would be involved in lipid peroxidation of the glomerular basal membrane that would alter its integrity and could also affect renal tubular function in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bona
- Area Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - E Pezzarini
- Area Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - B Balbi
- Area Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - S M Daniele
- Area Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - M F Rossi
- Area Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - A L Monje
- Área Clínica Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Rosario, Argentina.,Carrera Universitaria de Nefrología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - C L Basiglio
- Area Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - H F Pelusa
- Area Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - S M M Arriaga
- Area Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario, Argentina.,Consejo de Investigaciones de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CIUNR). Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Rosario, Argentina
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13
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Aragón CC, Tafúr RA, Suárez-Avellaneda A, Martínez MDT, Salas ADL, Tobón GJ. Urinary biomarkers in lupus nephritis. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 3:100042. [PMID: 32743523 PMCID: PMC7388339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypical autoimmune disease that can affect any organ of the body. Multiple mechanisms may contribute to the pathophysiology of systemic lupus, including failure to remove apoptotic bodies, hyperactivity of self-reactive B and T lymphocytes, abnormal exposure to autoantigens, and increased levels of B-cell stimulatory cytokines. The involvement of the kidney, called lupus nephritis (LN), during the course of the disease affects between 30% and 60% of adult SLE patients, and up to 70% of children. LN is an immune-mediated glomerulonephritis that is a common and serious finding in patients with SLE. Nowadays, renal biopsy is considered the gold standard for classifying LN, besides its degree of activity or chronicity. Nevertheless, renal biopsy lacks the ability to predict which patients will respond to immunosuppressive therapy and is a costly and risky procedure that is not practical in the monitoring of LN because serial repetitions would be necessary. Consequently, many serum and urinary biomarkers have been studied in SLE patients for the complementary study of LN, existing conventional biomarkers like proteinuria, protein/creatinine ratio in spot urine, 24 h urine proteinuria, creatinine clearance, among others and non-conventional biomarkers, like Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), have been correlated with the histological findings of the different types of LN. In this article, we review the advances in lupus nephritis urinary biomarkers. Such markers ideally should be capable of predicting early sub-clinical flares and could be used to follow response to therapy. In addition, some of these markers have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian C. Aragón
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Raúl-Alejandro Tafúr
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Medical School, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ana Suárez-Avellaneda
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - MD. Tatiana Martínez
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Medical School, Cali, Colombia
| | - Alejandra de las Salas
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Medical School, Cali, Colombia
| | - Gabriel J. Tobón
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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14
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Khan MF, Wang H. Environmental Exposures and Autoimmune Diseases: Contribution of Gut Microbiome. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3094. [PMID: 31998327 PMCID: PMC6970196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental agents have been gaining more attention in recent years for their role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (ADs). Increasing evidence has linked environmental exposures, including trichloroethene (TCE), silica, mercury, pristane, pesticides, and smoking to higher risk for ADs. However, potential mechanisms by which these environmental agents contribute to the disease pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is another important environmental factor that has been linked to the onset of different ADs. Altered microbiota composition is associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and dysregulation of mucosal immune system, but it is unclear if gut dysbiosis is a causal factor or an outcome of ADs. In this review article, we first describe the recent epidemiological and mechanistic evidences linking environmental/occupational exposures with various ADs (especially SLE). Secondly, we discuss how changes in the gut microbiome composition (dysbiosis) could contribute to the disease pathogenesis, especially in response to exposure to environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Firoze Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
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15
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Hobeika L, Ng L, Lee IJ. Moving Forward With Biologics in Lupus Nephritis. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019; 26:338-350. [PMID: 31733718 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus develop lupus nephritis (LN) which significantly contributes to increased risks of hospitalizations, ESRD, and death. Unfortunately, treatments for LN have not changed over the past 15 years. Despite continued efforts to elucidate the pathogenesis of LN, no new drugs have yet replaced the standard-of-care regimens of cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil plus high-dose corticosteroids. The significant limitations of standard-of-care are low complete response rates, risk of flares, and ongoing inflammation in the kidney leading to progressive renal dysfunction. Repeat and prolonged treatments are often needed to control disease, leading to a high level of severe side effects. The development of targeted drugs with better efficacy and safety are desperately needed. The rationale for targeting key immunologic pathways in LN continues to be strongly supported by basic and translational research and has generated the hope and excitement of testing these therapies in human LN. This review provides an overview of biologics studied to date in clinical trials of LN, discusses the potential reasons for their failure, and addresses the challenges moving forward.
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16
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Lee PY, Nelson-Maney N, Huang Y, Levescot A, Wang Q, Wei K, Cunin P, Li Y, Lederer JA, Zhuang H, Han S, Kim EY, Reeves WH, Nigrovic PA. High-dimensional analysis reveals a pathogenic role of inflammatory monocytes in experimental diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129703. [PMID: 31391335 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a life-threatening pulmonary complication associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis, and stem cell transplant. Little is known about the pathophysiology of DAH, and no targeted therapy is currently available. Pristane treatment in mice induces systemic autoimmunity and lung hemorrhage that recapitulates hallmark pathologic features of human DAH. Using this experimental model, we performed high-dimensional analysis of lung immune cells in DAH by mass cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. We found a large influx of myeloid cells to the lungs in DAH and defined the gene expression profile of infiltrating monocytes. Bone marrow-derived inflammatory monocytes actively migrated to the lungs and homed adjacent to blood vessels. Using 3 models of monocyte deficiency and complementary transfer studies, we established a central role of inflammatory monocytes in the development of DAH. We further found that the myeloid transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 8 is essential to the development of both DAH and type I interferon-dependent autoimmunity. These findings collectively reveal monocytes as a potential treatment target in DAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Y Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan Nelson-Maney
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuelong Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anaïs Levescot
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Wei
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pierre Cunin
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James A Lederer
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haoyang Zhuang
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shuhong Han
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Edy Y Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Westley H Reeves
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Noguchi A, Yasuda S, Hisada R, Kato M, Oku K, Bohgaki T, Suzuki M, Matsumoto Y, Atsumi T. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody titers decrease in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tocilizumab: A pilot study. Mod Rheumatol 2019; 30:276-281. [PMID: 30789096 DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2019.1583784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To analyze the effects of tocilizumab on peripheral B-cell subpopulation and its ability to produce anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods: Thirteen consecutive RA patients initiated with tocilizumab were enrolled in our prospective study. Anti-CCP antibody titers and clinical parameters were evaluated during treatment. Peripheral blood B-cell subsets were analyzed using flow cytometry according to the Human Immunology Project.Results: Disease activity was significantly improved and anti-CCP antibody titers significantly decreased at week 24 compared to baseline. The percentages of post-switch memory B cells in CD19+ cells transiently increased at week 12, but there was no significant difference in any of the investigated B-cell subpopulations at week 24 compared to baseline. The ratios of post-switch memory to naïve B cells (post-switch/naïve) correlated negatively with anti-CCP antibody titers regardless of the time-points.Conclusion: Our study indicated that tocilizumab has a potential to reduce anti-CCP antibody production presumably by affecting post-switch/naïve ratio, and that anti-CCP antibody titers reflect B-cell distribution/subpopulation. As anti-CCP antibodies are produced in lymph nodes or ectopic lymphoid structures in synovial tissues, not in circulation, transient increment of post-switch memory B cells after tocilizumab treatment may reflect the altered balance of B-cell distribution between circulation and arthritic joints, resulting in suppressed production of anti-CCP antibody in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Noguchi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yasuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Hisada
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaru Kato
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Oku
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Bohgaki
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miho Suzuki
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsumoto
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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18
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Obesity-Induced TNFα and IL-6 Signaling: The Missing Link between Obesity and Inflammation-Driven Liver and Colorectal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11:cancers11010024. [PMID: 30591653 PMCID: PMC6356226 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity promotes the development of numerous cancers, such as liver and colorectal cancers, which is at least partly due to obesity-induced, chronic, low-grade inflammation. In particular, the recruitment and activation of immune cell subsets in the white adipose tissue systemically increase proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These proinflammatory cytokines not only impair insulin action in metabolic tissues, but also favor cancer development. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on how obesity affects inflammatory TNFα and IL-6 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancers.
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19
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Abstract
The emergence of autoimmunity after vaccination has been described in many case reports and series. Everyday there is more evidence that this relationship is more than casual. In humans, adjuvants can induce non-specific constitutional, musculoskeletal or neurological clinical manifestations and in certain cases can lead to the appearance or acceleration of an autoimmune disease in a subject with genetic susceptibility. The fact that vaccines and adjuvants can trigger a pathogenic autoimmune response is corroborated by animal models. The use of animal models has enabled the study of the effects of application of adjuvants in a homogeneous population with certain genetic backgrounds. In some cases, adjuvants may trigger generalized autoimmune response, resulting in multiple auto-antibodies, but sometimes they can reproduce human autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, autoimmune thyroiditis and antiphospholipid syndrome and may provide insights about the potential adverse effects of adjuvants. Likewise, they give information about the clinical, immunological and histologic characteristics of autoimmune diseases in many organs, especially secondary lymphoid tissue. Through the description of the physiopathological characteristics of autoimmune diseases reproduced in animal models, new treatment targets can be described and maybe in the future, we will be able to recognize some high-risk population in whom the avoidance of certain adjuvants can reduce the incidence of autoimmune diseases, which typically results in high morbidity and mortality in young people. Herein, we describe the main animal models that can reproduce human autoimmune diseases with emphasis in how they are similar to human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiram Torres Ruiz
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Luis Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, Zaragoza University, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Miri Blank
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
- Incumbent of the Laura Schwartz Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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T Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 341:125-168. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pollard KM, Escalante GM, Huang H, Haraldsson KM, Hultman P, Christy JM, Pawar RD, Mayeux JM, Gonzalez-Quintial R, Baccala R, Beutler B, Theofilopoulos AN, Kono DH. Induction of Systemic Autoimmunity by a Xenobiotic Requires Endosomal TLR Trafficking and Signaling from the Late Endosome and Endolysosome but Not Type I IFN. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3739-3747. [PMID: 29055005 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFN and nucleic acid-sensing TLRs are both strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus, with most patients expressing IFN-induced genes in peripheral blood cells and with TLRs promoting type I IFNs and autoreactive B cells. About a third of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, however, lack the IFN signature, suggesting the possibility of type I IFN-independent mechanisms. In this study, we examined the role of type I IFN and TLR trafficking and signaling in xenobiotic systemic mercury-induced autoimmunity (HgIA). Strikingly, autoantibody production in HgIA was not dependent on the type I IFN receptor even in NZB mice that require type I IFN signaling for spontaneous disease, but was dependent on the endosomal TLR transporter UNC93B1 and the endosomal proton transporter, solute carrier family 15, member 4. HgIA also required the adaptor protein-3 complex, which transports TLRs from the early endosome to the late endolysosomal compartments. Examination of TLR signaling pathways implicated the canonical NF-κB pathway and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in autoantibody production, but not IFN regulatory factor 7. These findings identify HgIA as a novel type I IFN-independent model of systemic autoimmunity and implicate TLR-mediated NF-κB proinflammatory signaling from the late endocytic pathway compartments in autoantibody generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Michael Pollard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
| | - Gabriela M Escalante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Katarina M Haraldsson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Per Hultman
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden; and
| | - Joseph M Christy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Rahul D Pawar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jessica M Mayeux
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Roberto Baccala
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - Dwight H Kono
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Freitas EC, de Oliveira MS, Monticielo OA. Pristane-induced lupus: considerations on this experimental model. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 36:2403-2414. [PMID: 28879482 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial, autoimmune inflammatory disease with pleomorphic clinical manifestations involving different organs and tissues. The etiology of this disease has been associated with a dysfunctional response of B and T lymphocytes against environmental stimuli in individuals genetically susceptible to SLE, which determines an immune response against different autoantigens and, consequently, tissue damage. The study of different murine models has provided a better understanding of these autoimmune phenomena. This review primarily focuses on that has been learned from the pristane-induced lupus (PIL) model and how this model can be used to supplement recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of SLE. We also consider both current and future therapies for this disease. The PubMed, SciELO, and Embase databases were searched for relevant articles published from 1950 to 2016. PIL has been shown to be a useful tool for understanding the multiple mechanisms involved in systemic autoimmunity. In addition, it can be considered an efficient model to evaluate the environmental contributions and interferon signatures present in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Correa Freitas
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, room 645, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Mayara Souza de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, room 645, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Odirlei André Monticielo
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, room 645, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disabling and deadly disease. Development of novel therapies for SLE has historically been limited by incomplete understanding of immune dysregulation. Recent advances in lupus pathogenesis, however, have led to the adoption or development of new therapeutics, including the first Food and Drug Administration-approved drug in 50 years. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple cytokines (interferon, B lymphocyte stimulator, IL-6, and IL-17), signaling pathways (Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription), and immune cells are dysregulated in SLE. In this review, we cover seminal discoveries that demonstrate how this dysregulation is integral to SLE pathogenesis and the novel therapeutics currently under development or in clinical trials. In addition, early work suggests metabolic derangements are another target for disease modification. Finally, molecular profiling has led to improved patient stratification in the heterogeneous SLE population, which may improve clinical trial outcomes and therapeutic selection. SUMMARY Recent advances in the treatment of SLE have directly resulted from improved understanding of this complicated disease. Rheumatologists may have a variety of novel agents and more precise targeting of select lupus populations in the coming years.
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Yung S, Yap DYH, Chan TM. Recent advances in the understanding of renal inflammation and fibrosis in lupus nephritis. F1000Res 2017; 6:874. [PMID: 28663794 PMCID: PMC5473406 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10445.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis is a potentially reversible cause of severe acute kidney injury and is an important cause of end-stage renal failure in Asians and patients of African or Hispanic descent. It is characterized by aberrant exaggerated innate and adaptive immune responses, autoantibody production and their deposition in the kidney parenchyma, triggering complement activation, activation and proliferation of resident renal cells, and expression of pro-inflammatory and chemotactic molecules leading to the influx of inflammatory cells, all of which culminate in destruction of normal nephrons and their replacement by fibrous tissue. Anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibody level correlates with disease activity in most patients. There is evidence that apart from mediating pathogenic processes through the formation of immune complexes, pathogenic anti-dsDNA antibodies can bind to resident renal cells and induce downstream pro-apoptotic, pro-inflammatory, or pro-fibrotic processes or a combination of these. Recent data also highlight the critical role of macrophages in acute and chronic kidney injury. Though clinically effective, current treatments for lupus nephritis encompass non-specific immunosuppression and the anti-inflammatory action of high-dose corticosteroids. The clinical and histological impact of novel biologics targeting pro-inflammatory molecules remains to be investigated. Insight into the underlying mechanisms that induce inflammatory and fibrotic processes in the kidney of lupus nephritis could present opportunities for more specific novel treatment options to improve clinical outcomes while minimizing off-target untoward effects. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms leading to inflammation and fibrosis of the kidney in lupus nephritis in the context of established standard-of-care and emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Desmond YH Yap
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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25
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Gutiérrez Nava ZJ, Jiménez-Aparicio AR, Herrera-Ruiz ML, Jiménez-Ferrer E. Immunomodulatory Effect of Agave tequilana Evaluated on an Autoimmunity Like-SLE Model Induced in Balb/c Mice with Pristane. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060848. [PMID: 28587079 PMCID: PMC6152617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the immunomodulatory activity of the acetone extract and the fructans obtained from Agave tequilana were evaluated, on the systemic autoimmunity type-SLE model generated by the administration of 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (TMPD, also known as pristane) on Balb/c female mice. The systemic autoimmunity type-SLE was observed seven months after the application of TMPD, in which the animals from the negative control group (animals with damage and without any other treatment) developed articular inflammation, proteinuria, an increment of the antinuclear antibody titters and tissue pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α e IFN-γ) as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The administration of the different treatments and the extracts of A. tequilana, provoked the decrease of: articular inflammation, the development of proteinuria, ssDNA/dsDNA antinuclear antibody titters and cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-10. The phytochemical analysis of the acetone extract identified the presence of the following compounds: β-sitosterol glycoside; 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (phytol); octadecadienoic acid-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one; cycloartenone and cycloartenol. Therefore, A. tequilana contains active compounds with the capacity to modify the evolution of the systemic autoimmunity type-SLE on a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zúlima Jannette Gutiérrez Nava
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos (CEPROBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Yautepec, Morelos C.P. 62731, Mexico.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur (CIBIS), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec, Morelos C.P. 62790, Mexico.
| | - Antonio Ruperto Jiménez-Aparicio
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur (CIBIS), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec, Morelos C.P. 62790, Mexico.
| | - Maribel Lucila Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur (CIBIS), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec, Morelos C.P. 62790, Mexico.
| | - Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur (CIBIS), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec, Morelos C.P. 62790, Mexico.
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Katkam SK, Rajasekhar L, Kumaraswami K, Kutala VK. Association of IL -6 -174 G>C polymorphism with the risk of SLE among south Indians: evidence from case-control study and meta-analysis. Lupus 2017; 26:1491-1501. [PMID: 28530463 DOI: 10.1177/0961203317711010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play a direct role in disease pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Elevated levels of serum IL-6 are well documented with the disease activity and anti-dsDNA antibodies in SLE. The 5' promoter region of the IL-6 gene has been shown to play a significant role in the regulation of gene expression. In view of this, the current study aimed to investigate the possible association of 5' promoter polymorphisms G-597A (rs1800797), G-572C (rs1800796) and G-174C (rs1800795) with the risk of SLE. Analysis of 468 subjects (202 SLE patients and 266 controls) showed a significant association of the -174 G/C variant with the SLE risk in both dominant and recessive model (odds ratio (OR) 3.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-8.69, P = 0.020 and OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.35-3.02, P = 0.0005), respectively. The 'G allele of the -174 loci (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.39-2.78, P = 0.00012) has shown significant distribution between the cases and controls. The haplotype analysis revealed that AGG haplotype carriers are more frequent in cases than controls and found a significant positive association (OR 1.394, 95% CI 1.07-7.12, P = 0.028) with SLE. In addition, we also undertook a meta-analysis on 13 study groups for -174 G/C, comprising a total of 1585 cases and 1690 controls. The pooled OR also suggested a significant association of -174 G/C with SLE (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.22-1.53, P < 0.05). In conclusion, the presence of the G allele at the IL-6 polymorphic promoter loci -174 is a risk factor and might influence SLE disease and pathogenesis. Meta-analysis has also suggested the overall correlation between -174 G/C polymorphism and SLE risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Katkam
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
| | - L Rajasekhar
- 2 Department of Rheumatology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
| | - K Kumaraswami
- 2 Department of Rheumatology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
| | - V K Kutala
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
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Matta B, Song S, Li D, Barnes BJ. Interferon regulatory factor signaling in autoimmune disease. Cytokine 2017; 98:15-26. [PMID: 28283223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play critical roles in pathogen-induced innate immune responses and the subsequent induction of adaptive immune response. Dysregulation of IRF signaling is therefore thought to contribute to autoimmune disease pathogenesis. Indeed, numerous murine in vivo studies have documented protection from or enhanced susceptibility to particular autoimmune diseases in Irf-deficient mice. What has been lacking, however, is replication of these in vivo observations in primary immune cells from patients with autoimmune disease. These types of studies are essential as the majority of in vivo data support a protective role for IRFs in Irf-deficient mice, yet IRFs are often found to be overexpressed in patient immune cells. A significant body of work is beginning to emerge from both of these areas of study - mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Matta
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, United States
| | - Su Song
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, United States
| | - Dan Li
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, United States
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, United States.
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28
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Li X, Gu L, Yang L, Zhang D, Shen J. Aconitine: A potential novel treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 133:115-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Leptin promotes systemic lupus erythematosus by increasing autoantibody production and inhibiting immune regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10637-42. [PMID: 27588900 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocytokine that plays a key role in the modulation of immune responses and the development and maintenance of inflammation. Circulating levels of leptin are elevated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, but it is not clear whether this association can reflect a direct influence of leptin on the propathogenic events that lead to SLE. To investigate this possibility, we compared the extent of susceptibility to SLE and lupus manifestations between leptin-deficient (ob/ob) and H2-matched leptin-sufficient (wild-type, WT) mice that had been treated with the lupus-inducing agent pristane. Leptin deficiency protected ob/ob mice from the development of autoantibodies and renal disease and increased the frequency of immunoregulatory T cells (Tregs) compared with leptin-sufficient WT mice. The role of leptin in the development of SLE was confirmed in the New Zealand Black (NZB) × New Zealand White (NZW)F1 (NZB/W) mouse model of spontaneous SLE, where elevated leptin levels correlated with disease manifestations and the administration of leptin accelerated development of autoantibodies and renal disease. Conversely, leptin antagonism delayed disease progression and increased survival of severely nephritic NZB/W mice. At the cellular level, leptin promoted effector T-cell responses and facilitated the presentation of self-antigens to T cells, whereas it inhibited the activity of regulatory CD4 T cells. The understanding of the role of leptin in modulating autoimmune responses in SLE can open possibilities of leptin-targeted therapeutic intervention in the disease.
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Miyagawa F, Tagaya Y, Ozato K, Asada H. Essential Requirement for IFN Regulatory Factor 7 in Autoantibody Production but Not Development of Nephritis in Murine Lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2167-76. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Soliman S, Mohan C. Lupus nephritis biomarkers. Clin Immunol 2016; 185:10-20. [PMID: 27498110 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN), a potentially destructive outcome of SLE, is a real challenge in the management of SLE because of the difficulty in diagnosing its subclinical onset and identifying relapses before serious complications set in. Conventional clinical parameters such as proteinuria, GFR, urine sediments, anti-dsDNA and complement levels are not sensitive or specific enough for detecting ongoing disease activity in lupus kidneys and early relapse of nephritis. There has long been a need for biomarkers of disease activity in LN. Such markers ideally should be capable of predicting early sub-clinical flares and could be used to gauge response to therapy, thus obviating the need for serial renal biopsies with their possible hazardous complications. Since urine can be readily obtained, it lends itself as an obvious biological substrate. In this review, the use of urine and serum as sources of lupus nephritis biomarkers is described, and the results of biomarker discovery studies using candidate and proteomic approaches are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Soliman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Rheumatology & Rehabilitation Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Minya University, Egypt
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States.
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32
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Bossaller L, Christ A, Pelka K, Nündel K, Chiang PI, Pang C, Mishra N, Busto P, Bonegio RG, Schmidt RE, Latz E, Marshak-Rothstein A. TLR9 Deficiency Leads to Accelerated Renal Disease and Myeloid Lineage Abnormalities in Pristane-Induced Murine Lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1044-53. [PMID: 27354219 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, life-threatening autoimmune disorder, leading to multiple organ pathologies and kidney destruction. Analyses of numerous murine models of spontaneous SLE have revealed a critical role for endosomal TLRs in the production of autoantibodies and development of other clinical disease manifestations. Nevertheless, the corresponding TLR9-deficient autoimmune-prone strains consistently develop more severe disease pathology. Injection of BALB/c mice with 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (TMPD), commonly known as pristane, also results in the development of SLE-like disease. We now show that Tlr9(-/-) BALB/c mice injected i.p. with TMPD develop more severe autoimmunity than do their TLR-sufficient cohorts. Early indications include an increased accumulation of TLR7-expressing Ly6C(hi) inflammatory monocytes at the site of injection, upregulation of IFN-regulated gene expression in the peritoneal cavity, and an increased production of myeloid lineage precursors (common myeloid progenitors and granulocyte myeloid precursors) in the bone marrow. TMPD-injected Tlr9(-/-) BALB/c mice develop higher autoantibody titers against RNA, neutrophil cytoplasmic Ags, and myeloperoxidase than do TMPD-injected wild-type BALB/c mice. The TMP-injected Tlr9(-/-) mice, and not the wild-type mice, also develop a marked increase in glomerular IgG deposition and infiltrating granulocytes, much more severe glomerulonephritis, and a reduced lifespan. Collectively, the data point to a major role for TLR7 in the response to self-antigens in this model of experimental autoimmunity. Therefore, the BALB/c pristane model recapitulates other TLR7-driven spontaneous models of SLE and is negatively regulated by TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bossaller
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605;
| | - Anette Christ
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53217 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karin Pelka
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53217 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin Nündel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Ping-I Chiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Catherine Pang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Patricia Busto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Ramon G Bonegio
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 021184
| | - Reinhold Ernst Schmidt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Eicke Latz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53217 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
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33
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Shaltout AS, Sayed D, Badary MS, Nafee AM, El Zohri MH, Bakry R, Ahmed SH. Effect of IL6 and IL23 on double negative T cells and anti ds-DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:937-943. [PMID: 27343994 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several evidences suggest that DN T cells, IL23 and IL6 play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of DN T cells in SLE patients and the relation to their activity also to assess the possible role of IL6 and IL23 on DN T cells. Thirty patients with SLE and sixteen healthy blood donor females were enrolled. There was a significant increase in DN T cells in patients than controls (P=0.001). These cells had a significant positive correlation with SLEDAI (r=0.486, P=0.006). DN T cells from SLE patient samples were expanded when stimulated in vitro with RhIL6 or RhIL23 in patients than controls. Furthermore, anti ds-DNA level was found to be increased in supernatant of PBMCs when stimulated by these cytokines in different concentrations. Our findings suggest that IL6 and IL23 may play role in SLE pathogenesis through their effect on DN T cells and anti ds-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Shaltout
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Douaa Sayed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S Badary
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amany M Nafee
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mona H El Zohri
- Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rania Bakry
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Shabaan H Ahmed
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Jain S, Park G, Sproule TJ, Christianson GJ, Leeth CM, Wang H, Roopenian DC, Morse HC. Interleukin 6 Accelerates Mortality by Promoting the Progression of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Like Disease of BXSB.Yaa Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153059. [PMID: 27050763 PMCID: PMC4822786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IL6 is a multifunctional cytokine that drives terminal B cell differentiation and secretion of immunoglobulins. IL6 also cooperates with IL21 to promote differentiation of CD4+ T follicular helper cells (TFH). Elevated serum levels of IL6 correlate with disease flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We previously reported that IL21 produced by TFH plays a critical role in the development of the SLE-like disease of BXSB.Yaa mice. To examine the possible contributions of IL6 to disease, we compared disease parameters in IL6-deficient and IL6-competent BXSB.Yaa mice. We report that survival of IL6-deficient BXSB.Yaa mice was significantly prolonged in association with significant reductions in a variety of autoimmune manifestations. Moreover, B cells stimulated by co-engagement of TLR7 and B cell receptor (BCR) produced high levels of IL6 that was further augmented by stimulation with Type I interferon (IFN1). Importantly, the frequencies of TFH and serum levels of IL21 were significantly reduced in IL6-deficient mice. These findings suggest that high-level production of IL6 by B cells induced by integrated signaling from the IFN1 receptor, TLR7 and BCR promotes the differentiation of IL21-secreting TFH in a signaling sequence that drives the lethal autoimmune disease of BXSB.Yaa mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Jain
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Giljun Park
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Hematology Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital Cancer Center, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Caroline M. Leeth
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Derry C. Roopenian
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HCM); (DCR)
| | - Herbert C. Morse
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HCM); (DCR)
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Wu H, Chen Y, Liu H, Xu LL, Teuscher P, Wang S, Lu S, Dent AL. Follicular regulatory T cells repress cytokine production by follicular helper T cells and optimize IgG responses in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1152-61. [PMID: 26887860 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells provide crucial help to germinal center B (GCB) cells for proper antibody production, and a specialized subset of regulatory T cells, follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells, modulate this process. However, Tfr-cell function in the GC is not well understood. Here, we define Tfr cells as a CD4(+) Foxp3(+) CXCR5(hi) PD-1(hi) CD25(low) TIGIT(high) T-cell population. Furthermore, we have used a novel mouse model ("Bcl6FC") to delete the Bcl6 gene in Foxp3(+) T cells and thus specifically deplete Tfr cells. Following immunization, Bcl6FC mice develop normal Tfh- and GCB-cell populations. However, Bcl6FC mice produce altered antigen-specific antibody responses, with reduced titers of IgG and significantly increased IgA. Bcl6FC mice also developed IgG antibodies with significantly decreased avidity to antigen in an HIV-1 gp120 "prime-boost" vaccine model. In an autoimmune lupus model, we observed strongly elevated anti-DNA IgA titers in Bcl6FC mice. Additionally, Tfh cells from Bcl6FC mice consistently produce higher levels of Interferon-γ, IL-10 and IL-21. Loss of Tfr cells therefore leads to highly abnormal Tfh-cell and GCB-cell responses. Overall, our study has uncovered unique regulatory roles for Tfr cells in the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lin-Lin Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paula Teuscher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Kimber I, Carrillo JC. Oral exposure to mineral oils: Is there an association with immune perturbation and autoimmunity? Toxicology 2016; 344-346:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Methods for Testing Immunological Factors. DRUG DISCOVERY AND EVALUATION: PHARMACOLOGICAL ASSAYS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122208 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05392-9_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity reactions can be elicited by various factors: either immunologically induced, i.e., allergic reactions to natural or synthetic compounds mediated by IgE, or non-immunologically induced, i.e., activation of mediator release from cells through direct contact, without the induction of, or the mediation through immune responses. Mediators responsible for hypersensitivity reactions are released from mast cells. An important preformed mediator of allergic reactions found in these cells is histamine. Specific allergens or the calcium ionophore 48/80 induce release of histamine from mast cells. The histamine concentration can be determined with the o-phthalaldehyde reaction.
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Shao WH, Gamero AM, Zhen Y, Lobue MJ, Priest SO, Albandar HJ, Cohen PL. Stat1 Regulates Lupus-like Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Severity via Interactions with Stat3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4136-43. [PMID: 26392462 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multisystem autoimmune disease, characterized by a spectrum of autoantibodies that target multiple cellular components. Glomerulonephritis is a major cause of morbidity in patients with SLE. Little is known about the pathogenesis of SLE renal damage and compromised renal function. Activation of both Stat1 and Stat3 has been reported in lupus and lupus nephritis. The reciprocal activation of these two transcription factors may have a major impact on renal inflammation. To study the role of Stat1 in a lupus model, we induced lupus-like chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) in Stat1-knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice by i.p. injection of class II-disparate bm12 splenocytes. WT recipients of these alloreactive cells developed anti-dsDNA autoantibodies starting at week 2 as expected, with a decline after week 4. In contrast, Stat1-KO hosts exhibited a prolonged and significant increase of anti-dsDNA autoantibody responses compared with WT mice (week 4 to week 8). Increased autoantibody titers were accompanied by increased proteinuria and mortality in the cGVHD host mice lacking Stat1. Further analysis revealed expression and activation of Stat3 in the glomeruli of Stat1-KO host mice but not WT mice with cGVHD. Glomerular Stat3 activity in the Stat1-KO mice was associated with increased IL-6 and IFN-γ secretion and macrophage infiltration. Interactions between Stat1 and Stat3 thus appear to be crucial in determining the severity of lupus-like disease in the cGVHD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hai Shao
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Yuxuan Zhen
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Monica J Lobue
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Stephen O Priest
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Hazem J Albandar
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Philip L Cohen
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
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Liu C, Kanamaru Y, Watanabe T, Tada N, Horikoshi S, Suzuki Y, Liu Z, Tomino Y. Targeted IgA Fc receptor I (FcαRI) therapy in the early intervention and treatment of pristane-induced lupus nephritis in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:407-16. [PMID: 25907714 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fc receptor I for IgA (FcαRI) down-regulates humoral immune responses and modulates the risk of autoimmunity. This study aimed to investigate whether FcαRI targeting can affect progression of pristine-induced lupus nephritis. In the first experiment (early intervention), four groups of animals were evaluated: untreated FcαRI/FcRγ transgenic (Tg) mice and Tg mice administered control antibody (Ctr Fab), saline and anti-FcαRI Fab [macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-8a], respectively, three times a week for 29 weeks, after being injected once intraperitoneally with 0·5 ml pristane. In the second experiment, antibody injection started after the onset of nephritis and was carried out for 2 months, with similar groups as described above. MIP-8a improved proteinuria, decreased the amounts of glomerular injury markers, serum interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and F4/80 macrophages in the interstitium and glomeruli, in both experiments. When MIP-8a was used as early intervention, a decrease in mouse serum anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) titres and reduced deposition of immunoglobulins in glomeruli were observed. This effect was associated with reduced serum titres of immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a but not IgG1, IgG2b and IgG3. Furthermore, pathological analysis showed lower glomerular activity index and less fibronectin in MIP-8a treated mice. This study suggests that FcαRI targeting could halt disease progression and lupus activation by selective inhibition of cytokine production, leucocyte recruitment and renal inflammation. Our findings provide a basis for the use of FcαRI as a molecular target for the treatment of lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Kanamaru
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Watanabe
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Tada
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Horikoshi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Z Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Tomino
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has a broad effect on cells of the immune system and those not of the immune system and often displays hormone-like characteristics that affect homeostatic processes. IL-6 has context-dependent pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and is now regarded as a prominent target for clinical intervention. However, the signaling cassette that controls the activity of IL-6 is complicated, and distinct intervention strategies can inhibit this pathway. Clinical experience with antagonists of IL-6 has raised new questions about how and when to block this cytokine to improve disease outcome and patient wellbeing. Here we discuss the effect of IL-6 on innate and adaptive immunity and the possible advantages of various antagonists of IL-6 and consider how the immunobiology of IL-6 may inform clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon A Jones
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Campus, Cardiff, UK
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IL-6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:448-57. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1392] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Xu Y, Zhuang H, Han S, Liu C, Wang H, Mathews CE, Massini J, Yang L, Reeves WH. Mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor α antagonist-induced lupus in a murine model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:225-37. [PMID: 25252121 DOI: 10.1002/art.38882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) antagonists are effective for treating rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases, but their use can be complicated by the development of lupus-like phenomena. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of TNFα in a murine model of lupus. METHODS Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) ligand-driven lupus was induced by injection of pristane into C57BL/6 (B6) mice deficient in TNFα (TNFα(-/-) ) or TNFα-intact B6 mice as wild-type controls. Autoantibody and type I interferon (IFN) production was measured in each group of mice, and the effects of the presence or absence of TNFα on type I IFN-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs), Ly-6C(high) monocytes, and TNFα-producing neutrophils were determined. RESULTS TNFα(-/-) mice did not spontaneously develop autoantibodies or clinical manifestations of lupus, suggesting that TNFα deficiency alone is insufficient to cause lupus. Although the levels of type I IFN were comparable between untreated TNFα(-/-) and wild-type control mice, untreated TNFα(-/-) mice had increased circulating levels of PDCs and PDC-like cells, which enhanced the potential for production of type I IFN. When treated with pristane, TNFα(-/-) mice developed more severe lupus compared to pristane-treated controls, characterized by increased levels of anti-Sm/RNP autoantibodies, type I IFN, PDCs, and peritoneal inflammatory (Ly-6C(high) ) monocytes. In pristane-treated TNFα(-/-) mice, the numbers of neutrophils, a cell type that promotes resolution of inflammation, were decreased considerably, whereas the responses of inflammatory monocytes and PDCs and the production of type I IFN were increased and prolonged. CONCLUSION Low levels of TNFα will increase the number of circulating PDCs in mice, thereby enhancing the potential to produce type I IFN. However, this does not necessarily lead to type I IFN production or autoimmunity unless there is concomitant exposure to endogenous TLR-7 ligands, which are released from dead cells following pristane treatment. In humans, the rate of clearance of dead cells, along with the levels of TNFα, may influence who will develop lupus following treatment with TNFα inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- University of Florida, Gainesville
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Barbi J, Pardoll D, Pan F. Treg functional stability and its responsiveness to the microenvironment. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:115-39. [PMID: 24712463 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent autoimmunity and tissue damage resulting from excessive or unnecessary immune activation through their suppressive function. While their importance for proper immune control is undeniable, the stability of the Treg lineage has recently become a controversial topic. Many reports have shown dramatic loss of the signature Treg transcription factor Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) and Treg function under various inflammatory conditions. Other recent studies demonstrate that most Tregs are extremely resilient in their expression of Foxp3 and the retention of suppressive function. While this debate is unlikely to be settled in the immediate future, improved understanding of the considerable heterogeneity within the Foxp3(+) Treg population and how Treg subsets respond to ranging environmental cues may be keys to reconciliation. In this review, we discuss the diverse mechanisms responsible for the observed stability or instability of Foxp3(+) Treg identity and function. These include transcriptional and epigenetic programs, transcript targeting, and posttranslational modifications that appear responsive to numerous elements of the microenvironment. These mechanisms for Treg functional modulation add to the discussion of Treg stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Barbi
- Department of Oncology, Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Botte DAC, Noronha IL, Malheiros DMAC, Peixoto TV, de Mello SBV. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone ameliorates disease activity in an induced murine lupus-like model. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:381-90. [PMID: 24666423 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a neuropeptide exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity in experimental models of autoimmune diseases. However, no studies thus far have examined the effects of α-MSH on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to determine the effects of an α-MSH agonist in induced murine lupus. Here we employed female Balb/cAn mice in which lupus was induced by pristane. Groups of lupus animals were treated daily with the α-MSH analogue [Nle4, DPhe7]-α-MSH (NDP-MSH) (1·25 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally or saline for 180 days. Normal animals comprised the control group. Arthritis incidence, plasma immunoglobulin (Ig)G isotypes, anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and plasma cytokines were evaluated. Renal function was assessed by proteinuria and histopathological lesion. Glomerular levels of IgG, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), C3, CD3, melanocortin receptors (MCR)1, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and α-MSH was estimated by immunohistochemistry. When compared with normal controls, lupus animals exhibited increased arthritis, IgG levels, ANA, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, proteinuria and mesangial cell proliferation together with glomerular expression of α-SMA and iNOS. Glomerular expression of MCR1 was reduced in lupus animals. NDP-MSH treatment reduced arthritis scores by 70% and also diminished IgG1 and IgG2a levels and ANA incidence. In the glomerulus, NDP-MSH treatment reduced cellularity by 50% together with reducing IgG deposits, and expression levels of α-SMA, iNOS and CRF were also all decreased. Taken together, our results suggest for the first time that α-MSH treatment improves several parameters of SLE disease activity in mice, and indicate that this hormone is an interesting potential future treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A C Botte
- Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Amarilyo G, Lourenço EV, Shi FD, La Cava A. IL-17 promotes murine lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:540-3. [PMID: 24920843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory activity of IL-17-producing Th17 cells has been associated with the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. In this article, we provide direct evidence for a role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The induction of SLE by pristane in IL-17-sufficient wild-type mice did not occur in IL-17-deficient mice, which were protected from development of lupus autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis. The protection from SLE in IL-17-deficient mice was associated with a reduced frequency of CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative T cells and an expansion of CD4(+) regulatory T cells, and did not depend on Stat-1 signaling. These data affirm the key role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of SLE and strengthen the support for IL-17 blockade in the therapy of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Amarilyo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - Elaine V Lourenço
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013
| | - Antonio La Cava
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
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Summers SA, Odobasic D, Khouri MB, Steinmetz OM, Yang Y, Holdsworth SR, Kitching AR. Endogenous interleukin (IL)-17A promotes pristane-induced systemic autoimmunity and lupus nephritis induced by pristane. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:341-50. [PMID: 24528105 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17A is increased both in serum and in kidney biopsies from patients with lupus nephritis, but direct evidence of pathogenicity is less well established. Administration of pristane to genetically intact mice results in the production of autoantibodies and proliferative glomerulonephritis, resembling human lupus nephritis. These studies sought to define the role of IL-17A in experimental lupus induced by pristane administration. Pristane was administered to wild-type (WT) and IL-17A(-/-) mice. Local and systemic immune responses were assessed after 6 days and 8 weeks, and autoimmunity, glomerular inflammation and renal injury were measured at 7 months. IL-17A production increased significantly 6 days after pristane injection, with innate immune cells, neutrophils (Ly6G(+)) and macrophages (F4/80(+)) being the predominant source of IL-17A. After 8 weeks, while systemic IL-17A was still readily detected in WT mice, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) were diminished in the absence of endogenous IL-17A. Seven months after pristane treatment humoral autoimmunity was diminished in the absence of IL-17A, with decreased levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and anti-dsDNA antibodies. Renal inflammation and injury was less in the absence of IL-17A. Compared to WT mice, glomerular IgG, complement deposition, glomerular CD4(+) T cells and intrarenal expression of T helper type 1 (Th1)-associated proinflammatory mediators were decreased in IL-17A(-/-) mice. WT mice developed progressive proteinuria, but functional and histological renal injury was attenuated in the absence of IL-17A. Therefore, IL-17A is required for the full development of autoimmunity and lupus nephritis in experimental SLE, and early in the development of autoimmunity, innate immune cells produce IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Summers
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Leiss H, Niederreiter B, Bandur T, Schwarzecker B, Blüml S, Steiner G, Ulrich W, Smolen JS, Stummvoll GH. Pristane-induced lupus as a model of human lupus arthritis: evolvement of autoantibodies, internal organ and joint inflammation. Lupus 2014; 22:778-92. [PMID: 23817510 DOI: 10.1177/0961203313492869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arthritis is frequently seen in human lupus, but rarely in lupus models. Pristane-induced lupus (PIL) can be induced in various mouse strains such as BALB/c and C57BL/6. We herein characterize clinical and histological features of arthritis in the context of systemic lupus and provide a prudent comparison with models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS A total of 57 BALB/c mice received pristane (PIL group) and were analyzed for serum autoantibodies (anti-chromatin-, -histone, -Sm, -dsDNA), as well as for clinical features and histopathology of joints, lungs and kidneys. Joint pathology was quantified by image analysis and tissue cytometry. Ten C57BL/6 mice (Bl/6-PIL) and historical groups of two different RA models were analyzed accordingly. RESULTS In BALB/c PIL, clinical arthritis started at three months, occurred finally in 79% of PIL (but not in controls, p<0.001) and correlated with areas of inflammation, erosion, cartilage damage, osteoclast numbers and total severity score (for all: r>0.7, p<0.001). After eight months, 58% of PIL (but no controls, p<0.001) had mild-erosive arthritis. In contrast to RA, the most frequent inflammatory cell type of the pannus was granulocytes (17.7%), PIL had lower numbers of osteoclasts, erosions rarely affected both layers of the cortical bone and there was no progression to complete joint destruction (even after one year of observation). Serum autoantibodies (auto-abs) preceded arthritis and became significantly elevated in all PIL; affected joints showed increased deposits of IgG (and IgM) within the inflammatory tissue, indicative of an ab-mediated process. PIL mice with arthritis also showed signs of pulmonary (100%) and renal (46%) lupus. In contrast to BALB/c, Bl/6-PIL mice did not develop any signs of arthritis. CONCLUSION PIL in BALB/c mice is characterized by severe organ involvement, typical autoabs and by a mild-erosive arthritis with similarities to, but also with distinct differences from, RA. PIL may help to study arthritis along with other key features of systemic lupus erythematosus after therapeutic interventions or in knock-out models based on a BALB/c but not on a C57BL/6 background.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Leiss
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Cunningham MA, Wirth JR, Naga O, Eudaly J, Gilkeson GS. Estrogen Receptor Alpha Binding to ERE is Required for Full Tlr7- and Tlr9-Induced Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2. [PMID: 25061615 DOI: 10.15226/soji.2014.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that a maximum innate inflammatory response induced by stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 7 and 9 requires ERα, but does not require estrogen in multiple cell types from both control and lupus-prone mice. Given the estrogen-independence, we hypothesized that ERα mediates TLR signaling by tethering to, and enhancing, the activity of downstream transcription factors such as NFκB, rather than acting classically by binding EREs on target genes. To investigate the mechanism of ERα impact on TLR signaling, we utilized mice with a knock-in ERα mutant that is unable to bind ERE. After stimulation with TLR ligands, both ex vivo spleen cells and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) isolated from mutant ERα ("KIKO") mice produced significantly less IL-6 compared with cells from wild-type (WT) littermates. These results suggest that ERα modulation of TLR signaling does indeed require ERE binding for its effect on the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Cunningham
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Jena R Wirth
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Bossaller L, Rathinam VAK, Bonegio R, Chiang PI, Busto P, Wespiser AR, Caffrey DR, Li QZ, Mohan C, Fitzgerald KA, Latz E, Marshak-Rothstein A. Overexpression of membrane-bound fas ligand (CD95L) exacerbates autoimmune disease and renal pathology in pristane-induced lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2104-14. [PMID: 23918976 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the Fas death receptor or its ligand result in a lymphoproliferative syndrome and exacerbate clinical disease in most lupus-prone strains of mice. One exception is mice injected with 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (TMPD), a hydrocarbon oil commonly known as pristane, which induces systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease. Although Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) interactions have been strongly implicated in the activation-induced cell death of both lymphocytes and other APCs, FasL can also trigger the production of proinflammatory cytokines. FasL is a transmembrane protein with a matrix metalloproteinase cleavage site in the ectodomain. Matrix metalloproteinase cleavage inactivates membrane-bound FasL and releases a soluble form reported to have both antagonist and agonist activity. To better understand the impact of FasL cleavage on both the proapoptotic and proinflammatory activity of FasL, its cleavage site was deleted through targeted mutation to produce the deleted cleavage site (ΔCS) mouse line. ΔCS mice express higher levels of membrane-bound FasL than do wild-type mice and fail to release soluble FasL. To determine to what extent FasL promotes inflammation in lupus mice, TMPD-injected FasL-deficient and ΔCS BALB/c mice were compared with control TMPD-injected BALB/c mice. We found that FasL deficiency significantly reduced the early inflammatory exudate induced by TMPD injection. In contrast, ΔCS mice developed a markedly exacerbated disease profile associated with a higher frequency of splenic neutrophils and macrophages, a profound change in anti-nuclear Ab specificity, and markedly increased proteinuria and kidney pathology compared with controls. These results demonstrate that FasL promotes inflammation in TMPD-induced autoimmunity, and its cleavage limits FasL proinflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bossaller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe multi-system autoimmune disease, whereas interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 5 belongs to the family of transcription factors that modulate immune system activities. Recently, many lines of investigations suggested that IRF5 gene polymorphisms are closely associated with the disease onset of SLE. Indeed, expressed in B cells, dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes and macrophages, IRF5 could significantly affect these immune cells participating in the pathogenesis of SLE, and numerous studies implied that this transcription factor is mechanistically linked to the disease progression. Here, we comprehensively review the updated evidence indicating the roles of IRF5 in autoimmune lupus. Hopefully, the information obtained will lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and development of novel therapeutic strategies for the systemic autoimmune disease.
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