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Bugajev V, Draberova L, Utekal P, Blazikova M, Tumova M, Draber P. Enhanced Membrane Fluidization and Cholesterol Displacement by 1-Heptanol Inhibit Mast Cell Effector Functions. Cells 2023; 12:2069. [PMID: 37626879 PMCID: PMC10453462 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction by the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) depends on membrane lipid and protein compartmentalization. Recently published data show that cells treated with 1-heptanol, a cell membrane fluidizer, exhibit changes in membrane properties. However, the functional consequences of 1-heptanol-induced changes on mast cell signaling are unknown. This study shows that short-term exposure to 1-heptanol reduces membrane thermal stability and dysregulates mast cell signaling at multiple levels. Cells treated with 1-heptanol exhibited increased lateral mobility and decreased internalization of the FcεRI. However, this did not affect the initial phosphorylation of the FcεRI-β chain and components of the SYK/LAT1/PLCγ1 signaling pathway after antigen activation. In contrast, 1-heptanol inhibited SAPK/JNK phosphorylation and effector functions such as calcium response, degranulation, and cytokine production. Membrane hyperfluidization induced a heat shock-like response via increased expression of the heat shock protein 70, increased lateral diffusion of ORAI1-mCherry, and unsatisfactory performance of STIM1-ORAI1 coupling, as determined by flow-FRET. Furthermore, 1-heptanol inhibited the antigen-induced production of reactive oxygen species and potentiated stress-induced plasma membrane permeability by interfering with heat shock protein 70 activity. The combined data suggest that 1-heptanol-mediated membrane fluidization does not interfere with the earliest biochemical steps of FcεRI signaling, such as phosphorylation of the FcεRI-β chain and components of the SYK/LAT/PLCγ1 signaling pathway, instead inhibiting the FcεRI internalization and mast cell effector functions, including degranulation and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Bugajev
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (P.U.); (M.T.)
| | - Lubica Draberova
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (P.U.); (M.T.)
| | - Pavol Utekal
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (P.U.); (M.T.)
| | - Michaela Blazikova
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Magda Tumova
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (P.U.); (M.T.)
| | - Petr Draber
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (P.U.); (M.T.)
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Expression of Non-T Cell Activation Linker (NTAL) in Jurkat Cells Negatively Regulates TCR Signaling: Potential Role in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054574. [PMID: 36902005 PMCID: PMC10003381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are key players in adaptive immune responses through the recognition of peptide antigens through the T Cell Receptor (TCR). After TCR engagement, a signaling cascade is activated, leading to T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation into effector cells. Delicate control of activation signals coupled to the TCR is needed to avoid uncontrolled immune responses involving T cells. It has been previously shown that mice deficient in the expression of the adaptor NTAL (Non-T cell activation linker), a molecule structurally and evolutionarily related to the transmembrane adaptor LAT (Linker for the Activation of T cells), develop an autoimmune syndrome characterized by the presence of autoantibodies and enlarged spleens. In the present work we intended to deepen investigation into the negative regulatory functions of the NTAL adaptor in T cells and its potential relationship with autoimmune disorders. For this purpose, in this work we used Jurkat cells as a T cell model, and we lentivirally transfected them to express the NTAL adaptor in order to analyze the effect on intracellular signals associated with the TCR. In addition, we analyzed the expression of NTAL in primary CD4+ T cells from healthy donors and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients. Our results showed that NTAL expression in Jurkat cells decreased calcium fluxes and PLC-γ1 activation upon stimulation through the TCR complex. Moreover, we showed that NTAL was also expressed in activated human CD4+ T cells, and that the increase of its expression was reduced in CD4+ T cells from RA patients. Our results, together with previous reports, suggest a relevant role for the NTAL adaptor as a negative regulator of early intracellular TCR signaling, with a potential implication in RA.
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Shaik GM, Draberova L, Cernohouzova S, Tumova M, Bugajev V, Draber P. Pentacyclic triterpenoid ursolic acid interferes with mast cell activation via a lipid-centric mechanism affecting FcεRI signalosome functions. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102497. [PMID: 36115460 PMCID: PMC9587013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids, including ursolic acid (UA), are bioactive compounds with multiple biological activities involving anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mode of their action on mast cells, key players in the early stages of allergic inflammation, and underlying molecular mechanisms remain enigmatic. To better understand the effect of UA on mast cell signaling, here we examined the consequences of short-term treatment of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells with UA. Using IgE-sensitized and antigen- or thapsigargin-activated cells, we found that 15 min exposure to UA inhibited high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI)–mediated degranulation, calcium response, and extracellular calcium uptake. We also found that UA inhibited migration of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells toward antigen but not toward prostaglandin E2 and stem cell factor. Compared to control antigen-activated cells, UA enhanced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α at the mRNA and protein levels. However, secretion of this cytokine was inhibited. Further analysis showed that UA enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the SYK kinase and several other proteins involved in the early stages of FcεRI signaling, even in the absence of antigen activation, but inhibited or reduced their further phosphorylation at later stages. In addition, we show that UA induced changes in the properties of detergent-resistant plasma membrane microdomains and reduced antibody-mediated clustering of the FcεRI and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein Thy-1. Finally, UA inhibited mobility of the FcεRI and cholesterol. These combined data suggest that UA exerts its effects, at least in part, via lipid-centric plasma membrane perturbations, hence affecting the functions of the FcεRI signalosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouse M Shaik
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubica Draberova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Cernohouzova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Tumova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Bugajev
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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4
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Bugajev V, Halova I, Demkova L, Cernohouzova S, Vavrova P, Mrkacek M, Utekal P, Draberova L, Kuchar L, Schuster B, Draber P. ORMDL2 Deficiency Potentiates the ORMDL3-Dependent Changes in Mast Cell Signaling. Front Immunol 2021; 11:591975. [PMID: 33643282 PMCID: PMC7905224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The systemic anaphylactic reaction is a life-threatening allergic response initiated by activated mast cells. Sphingolipids are an essential player in the development and attenuation of this response. De novo synthesis of sphingolipids in mammalian cells is inhibited by the family of three ORMDL proteins (ORMDL1, 2, and 3). However, the cell and tissue-specific functions of ORMDL proteins in mast cell signaling are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine cross-talk of ORMDL2 and ORMDL3 proteins in IgE-mediated responses. To this end, we prepared mice with whole-body knockout (KO) of Ormdl2 and/or Ormdl3 genes and studied their role in mast cell-dependent activation events in vitro and in vivo. We found that the absence of ORMDL3 in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) increased the levels of cellular sphingolipids. Such an increase was further raised by simultaneous ORMDL2 deficiency, which alone had no effect on sphingolipid levels. Cells with double ORMDL2 and ORMDL3 KO exhibited increased intracellular levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Furthermore, we found that concurrent ORMDL2 and ORMDL3 deficiency increased IκB-α phosphorylation, degranulation, and production of IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α cytokines in antigen-activated mast cells. Interestingly, the chemotaxis towards antigen was increased in all mutant cell types analyzed. Experiments in vivo showed that passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), which is initiated by mast cell activation, was increased only in ORMDL2,3 double KO mice, supporting our in vitro observations with mast cells. On the other hand, ORMDL3 KO and ORMDL2,3 double KO mice showed faster recovery from passive systemic anaphylaxis, which could be mediated by increased levels of blood S1P presented in such mice. Our findings demonstrate that Ormdl2 deficiency potentiates the ORMDL3-dependent changes in mast cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Bugajev
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Livia Demkova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sara Cernohouzova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Vavrova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michal Mrkacek
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavol Utekal
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lubica Draberova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ladislav Kuchar
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Björn Schuster
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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NTAL is associated with treatment outcome, cell proliferation and differentiation in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10315. [PMID: 32587277 PMCID: PMC7316767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-T cell activation linker (NTAL) is a lipid raft-membrane protein expressed by normal and leukemic cells and involved in cell signaling. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), NTAL depletion from lipid rafts decreases cell viability through regulation of the Akt/PI3K pathway. The role of NTAL in APL cell processes, and its association with clinical outcome, has not, however, been established. Here, we show that reduced levels of NTAL were associated with increased all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation, generation of reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, NTAL-knockdown (NTAL-KD) in APL cell lines led to activation of Ras, inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathways, and increased expression of autophagy markers, leading to an increased apoptosis rate following arsenic trioxide treatment. Furthermore, NTAL-KD in NB4 cells decreased the tumor burden in (NOD scid gamma) NSG mice, suggesting its implication in tumor growth. A retrospective analysis of NTAL expression in a cohort of patients treated with ATRA and anthracyclines, revealed that NTAL overexpression was associated with a high leukocyte count (P = 0.007) and was independently associated with shorter overall survival (Hazard Ratio: 3.6; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.17-11.28; P = 0.026). Taken together, our data highlights the importance of NTAL in APL cell survival and response to treatment.
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Kashiwakura JI, Yamashita S, Yoshihara M, Inui K, Saitoh K, Sekine Y, Muromoto R, Kitai Y, Oritani K, Matsuda T. STAP-2 positively regulates FcεRI-mediated basophil activation and basophil-dependent allergic inflammatory reactions. Int Immunol 2020; 31:349-356. [PMID: 30726917 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils are an important cell type in the regulation of Th2 immune responses. Recently, we revealed that signal-transducing adaptor protein-2 (STAP-2) negatively regulates mast cell activation via FcεRI. However, the role of STAP-2 in basophil maturation and activation remained unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the normal development of basophils in STAP-2-deficient (STAP-2-/-) mice. We also demonstrated in vitro normal basophil differentiation and FcεRI expression in STAP-2-/- mice, suggesting that STAP-2 is dispensable for basophil maturation. Using bone marrow-derived cultured basophils (BMBs), we showed that degranulation and cytokine production of STAP-2-/- BMBs were lower than those of wild-type (WT) BMBs upon stimulation with IgE/Ag. In accordance with the reduction of degranulation and cytokine production, phosphorylation of several signal molecules such as Lyn, PLC-γ2 and Erk was reduced in STAP-2-/- BMBs after stimulation via FcεRI. Finally, it was observed that IgE-dependent chronic allergic inflammation of STAP-2-/- mice was significantly inhibited compared with WT mice. Taken together, we conclude that STAP-2 is an adaptor molecule that positively regulates FcεRI-mediated basophil activation and basophil-dependent allergic inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Kashiwakura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yamashita
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshihara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Inui
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kodai Saitoh
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sekine
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Ryuta Muromoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kitai
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kenji Oritani
- Department of Hematology, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kouzunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Draberova L, Draberova H, Potuckova L, Halova I, Bambouskova M, Mohandas N, Draber P. Cytoskeletal Protein 4.1R Is a Positive Regulator of the FcεRI Signaling and Chemotaxis in Mast Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3068. [PMID: 31993060 PMCID: PMC6970983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein 4.1R, a member of the 4.1 family, functions as a bridge between cytoskeletal and plasma membrane proteins. It is expressed in T cells, where it binds to a linker for activation of T cell (LAT) family member 1 and inhibits its phosphorylation and downstream signaling events after T cell receptor triggering. The role of the 4.1R protein in cell activation through other immunoreceptors is not known. In this study, we used 4.1R-deficient (4.1R-KO) and 4.1R wild-type (WT) mice and explored the role of the 4.1R protein in the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) signaling in mast cells. We found that bone marrow mast cells (BMMCs) derived from 4.1R-KO mice showed normal growth in vitro and expressed FcεRI and c-KIT at levels comparable to WT cells. However, 4.1R-KO cells exhibited reduced antigen-induced degranulation, calcium response, and secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α. Chemotaxis toward antigen and stem cell factor (SCF) and spreading on fibronectin were also reduced in 4.1R-KO BMMCs, whereas prostaglandin E2-mediated chemotaxis was not affected. Antibody-induced aggregation of tetraspanin CD9 inhibited chemotaxis toward antigen in WT but not 4.1R-KO BMMCs, implying a CD9-4.1R protein cross-talk. Further studies documented that in the absence of 4.1R, antigen-mediated phosphorylation of FcεRI β and γ subunits was not affected, but phosphorylation of SYK and subsequent signaling events such as phosphorylation of LAT1, phospholipase Cγ1, phosphatases (SHP1 and SHIP), MAP family kinases (p38, ERK, JNK), STAT5, CBL, and mTOR were reduced. Immunoprecipitation studies showed the presence of both LAT1 and LAT2 (LAT, family member 2) in 4.1R immunocomplexes. The positive regulatory role of 4.1R protein in FcεRI-triggered activation was supported by in vivo experiments in which 4.1R-KO mice showed the normal presence of mast cells in the ears and peritoneum, but exhibited impaired passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The combined data indicate that the 4.1R protein functions as a positive regulator in the early activation events after FcεRI triggering in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Draberova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Draberova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lucie Potuckova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Monika Bambouskova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Narla Mohandas
- Red Cell Physiology Laboratory, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Halova I, Rönnberg E, Draberova L, Vliagoftis H, Nilsson GP, Draber P. Changing the threshold-Signals and mechanisms of mast cell priming. Immunol Rev 2019; 282:73-86. [PMID: 29431203 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play a key role in allergy and other inflammatory diseases involving engagement of multivalent antigen with IgE bound to high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRIs). Aggregation of FcεRIs on mast cells initiates a cascade of signaling events that eventually lead to degranulation, secretion of leukotrienes and prostaglandins, and cytokine and chemokine production contributing to the inflammatory response. Exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, bacterial and viral products, as well as some other biological products and drugs, induces mast cell transition from the basal state into a primed one, which leads to enhanced response to IgE-antigen complexes. Mast cell priming changes the threshold for antigen-mediated activation by various mechanisms, depending on the priming agent used, which alone usually do not induce mast cell degranulation. In this review, we describe the priming processes induced in mast cells by various cytokines (stem cell factor, interleukins-4, -6 and -33), chemokines, other agents acting through G protein-coupled receptors (adenosine, prostaglandin E2 , sphingosine-1-phosphate, and β-2-adrenergic receptor agonists), toll-like receptors, and various drugs affecting the cytoskeleton. We will review the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms behind priming of mast cells leading to degranulation and cytokine production and discuss the biological effects of mast cell priming induced by several cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elin Rönnberg
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lubica Draberova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Alberta Respiratory Center and Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gunnar P Nilsson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Halova I, Bambouskova M, Draberova L, Bugajev V, Draber P. The transmembrane adaptor protein NTAL limits mast cell chemotaxis toward prostaglandin E2. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/556/eaao4354. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao4354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemotaxis of mast cells is one of the crucial steps in their development and function. Non–T cell activation linker (NTAL) is a transmembrane adaptor protein that inhibits the activation of mast cells and B cells in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Here, we studied the role of NTAL in the migration of mouse mast cells stimulated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Although PGE2 does not induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of NTAL, unlike IgE immune complex antigens, we found that loss of NTAL increased the chemotaxis of mast cells toward PGE2. Stimulation of mast cells that lacked NTAL with PGE2 enhanced the phosphorylation of AKT and the production of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. In resting NTAL-deficient mast cells, phosphorylation of an inhibitory threonine in ERM family proteins accompanied increased activation of β1-containing integrins, which are features often associated with increased invasiveness in tumors. Rescue experiments indicated that only full-length, wild-type NTAL restored the chemotaxis of NTAL-deficient cells toward PGE2. Together, these data suggest that NTAL is a key inhibitor of mast cell chemotaxis toward PGE2, which may act through the RHOA/ERM/β1-integrin and PI3K/AKT axes.
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Gast M, Preisinger C, Nimmerjahn F, Huber M. IgG-Independent Co-aggregation of FcεRI and FcγRIIB Results in LYN- and SHIP1-Dependent Tyrosine Phosphorylation of FcγRIIB in Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1937. [PMID: 30210494 PMCID: PMC6119721 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) follows a bell-shaped dose-response curve. Upon supra-optimal stimulation, mast cell effector responses are down-regulated by inhibitory molecules like the SH2-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase SHIP1 and the SRC-family-kinase LYN. To identify further molecules involved in a negative regulatory signalosome, we screened for proteins showing the same pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation as SHIP1, which is tyrosine-phosphorylated strongest upon supra-optimal antigen (Ag) stimulation. The low-affinity IgG receptor, FcγRIIB, was found to be most strongly phosphorylated under supra-optimal conditions. This phosphorylation is the consequence of passive, Ag/IgE-dependent and progressive co-localization of FcεRI and FcγRIIB, which is not dependent on IgG. Upon supra-optimal FcεRI cross-linking, FcγRIIB phosphorylation is executed by LYN and protected from dephosphorylation by SHIP1. Analysis of FcγRIIB-deficient bone marrow-derived mast cells revealed an ambiguous phenotype upon FcεRI cross-linking. Absence of FcγRIIB significantly diminished the level of SHIP1 phosphorylation and resulted in augmented Ca2+ mobilization. Though, degranulation and IL-6 production were only weakly altered. Altogether our data establish the LYN/FcγRIIB/SHIP1 signalosome in the context of FcεRI activation, particularly at supra-optimal Ag concentrations. The fact that SHIP1 tyrosine phosphorylation/activation not only depends on FcγRIIB, highlights the necessity for its tight backup control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Gast
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Institute of Genetics at the Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Huber
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Potuckova L, Draberova L, Halova I, Paulenda T, Draber P. Positive and Negative Regulatory Roles of C-Terminal Src Kinase (CSK) in FcεRI-Mediated Mast Cell Activation, Independent of the Transmembrane Adaptor PAG/CSK-Binding Protein. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1771. [PMID: 30116247 PMCID: PMC6082945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) is a major negative regulator of Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) that play critical roles in immunoreceptor signaling. CSK is brought in contiguity to the plasma membrane-bound SFKs via binding to transmembrane adaptor PAG, also known as CSK-binding protein. The recent finding that PAG can function as a positive regulator of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI)-mediated mast cell signaling suggested that PAG and CSK have some non-overlapping regulatory functions in mast cell activation. To determine the regulatory roles of CSK in FcεRI signaling, we derived bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) with reduced or enhanced expression of CSK from wild-type (WT) or PAG knockout (KO) mice and analyzed their FcεRI-mediated activation events. We found that in contrast to PAG-KO cells, antigen-activated BMMCs with CSK knockdown (KD) exhibited significantly higher degranulation, calcium response, and tyrosine phosphorylation of FcεRI, SYK, and phospholipase C. Interestingly, FcεRI-mediated events in BMMCs with PAG-KO were restored upon CSK silencing. BMMCs with CSK-KD/PAG-KO resembled BMMCs with CSK-KD alone. Unexpectedly, cells with CSK-KD showed reduced kinase activity of LYN and decreased phosphorylation of transcription factor STAT5. This was accompanied by impaired production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in antigen-activated cells. In line with this, BMMCs with CSK-KD exhibited enhanced phosphorylation of protein phosphatase SHP-1, which provides a negative feedback loop for regulating phosphorylation of STAT5 and LYN kinase activity. Furthermore, we found that in WT BMMCs SHP-1 forms complexes containing LYN, CSK, and STAT5. Altogether, our data demonstrate that in FcεRI-activated mast cells CSK is a negative regulator of degranulation and chemotaxis, but a positive regulator of adhesion to fibronectin and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Some of these pathways are not dependent on the presence of PAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Potuckova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lubica Draberova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Paulenda
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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12
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Rubíková Z, Sulimenko V, Paulenda T, Dráber P. Mast Cell Activation and Microtubule Organization Are Modulated by Miltefosine Through Protein Kinase C Inhibition. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1563. [PMID: 30038620 PMCID: PMC6046399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells play an effector role in innate immunity, allergy, and inflammation. Antigen-mediated activation of mast cells initiates signaling events leading to Ca2+ response and the release of inflammatory and allergic mediators from granules. Diseases associated with deregulated mast cell functions are hard to treat and there is an increasing demand for new therapeutic strategies. Miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine) is a new candidate for treatment of mast cell-driven diseases as it inhibits activation of mast cells. It has been proposed that miltefosine acts as a lipid raft modulator through its interference with the structural organization of surface receptors in the cell membrane. However, molecular mechanisms of its action are not fully understood. Here, we report that in antigen-activated bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), miltefosine inhibits degranulation, reorganization of microtubules, as well as antigen-induced chemotaxis. While aggregation and tyrosine phosphorylation of IgE receptors were suppressed in activated cells pre-treated with miltefosine, overall tyrosine phosphorylation levels of Lyn and Syk kinases, and Ca2+ influx were not inhibited. In contrast, lipid raft disruptor methyl-β-cyclodextrin attenuated the Ca2+ influx. Tagged-miltefosine rapidly localized into the cell interior, and live-cell imaging of BMMCs with labeled intracellular granules disclosed that miltefosine inhibited movement of some granules. Immunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase assays revealed that miltefosine inhibited Ca2+- and diacylglycerol-regulated conventional protein kinase C (cPKC) isoforms that are important for mast cell degranulation. Inhibition of cPKCs by specific inhibitor Ly333531 affected activation of BMMCs in the same way as miltefosine. Collectively, our data suggest that miltefosine modulates mast cells both at the plasma membrane and in the cytosol by inhibition of cPKCs. This alters intracellular signaling pathway(s) directed to microtubules, degranulation, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Rubíková
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vadym Sulimenko
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Paulenda
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Dráber
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Curson JEB, Luo L, Sweet MJ, Stow JL. pTRAPs: Transmembrane adaptors in innate immune signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1011-1019. [PMID: 29601097 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ri1117-474r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAPs) are protein scaffolds and signaling regulators with established roles in signal-induced activation of lymphocytes. A subset of the TRAP family, the palmitoylated TRAPs (pTRAPs), are increasingly emerging with additional roles in innate immune cells. Targeted to lipid rafts, tetraspannin-enriched microdomains, and protein microclusters in membranes, pTRAP scaffolds exert spatiotemporal regulation by recruiting signaling kinases, particularly Src and Syk family members, as well as Csk, and other effectors. In this way, pTRAPs modulate signaling and influence resulting cell responses, including the selective output of inflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Here, we review studies revealing that different pTRAPs work together, often with overlapping or redundant roles, for positive and negative regulation of key innate immune pathways, including Fc receptor and pattern recognition receptor signaling. Recent findings show that pTRAPs can bind directly to innate immune receptors, in addition to other transmembrane binding partners. Thus, pTRAPs are important, multifunctional scaffolds in pathways that are fundamental to diverse innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E B Curson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lin Luo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Yun Y, Wuchao W, Yafei W, Lei Z. [Research progress on the relationship between triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 and 2 and malignant tumors]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 35:648-653. [PMID: 29333781 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing scientific evidence supports the positive relationship between inflammation and cancer development. The immune response initiated by pattern recognition receptors is critical to triggering of tumor-associated inflammation. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) is an immunoglobulin of the super transmembrane glycoprotein family, which is mainly expressed on select groups of myeloid cells. The most important members of TREM comprise TREM-1 and TREM-2. Activation of TREM-1 and TREM-2 signaling is initiated upon binding of their ligands. Subsequently, cross-linking reactions of downstream effectors occur, resulting in inflammation regulation. Recently, the connection between TREM and malignant tumors has been widely noticed and studied. This review summarizes studies of association between TREM-1, TREM-2, and malignant tumors in the medical field to provide new ideas for study on the correlation between periodontitis and oral cavity cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wu Wuchao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wu Yafei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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15
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Tan JW, Israf DA, Md Hashim NF, Cheah YK, Harith HH, Shaari K, Tham CL. LAT is essential for the mast cell stabilising effect of tHGA in IgE-mediated mast cell activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 144:132-148. [PMID: 28813645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of allergic reaction. Activation of mast cells by antigens is strictly dependent on the influx of extracellular calcium that involves a complex interaction between signalling molecules located within the cells. We have previously reported that tHGA, an active compound originally isolated from a local shrub known as Melicope ptelefolia, prevented IgE-mediated mast cell activation and passive systemic anaphylaxis by suppressing the release of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α from activated rat basophilic leukaemia (RBL)-2H3 cells. However, the mechanism of action (MOA) as well as the molecular target underlying the mast cell stabilising effect of tHGA has not been previously investigated. In this study, DNP-IgE-sensitised RBL-2H3 cells were pre-treated with tHGA before challenged with DNP-BSA. To dissect the MOA of tHGA in IgE-mediated mast cell activation, the effect of tHGA on the transcription of IL-4 and TNF-α mRNA was determined using Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) followed by Calcium Influx Assay to confirm the involvement of calcium in the activation of mast cells. The protein lysates were analysed by using Western Blot to determine the effect of tHGA on various important signalling molecules in the LAT-PLCγ-MAPK and PI3K-NFκB pathways. In order to identify the molecular target of tHGA in IgE-mediated mast cell activation, the LAT and LAT2 genes in RBL-2H3 cells were knocked-down by using RNA interference to establish a LAT/LAT2 competition model. The results showed that tHGA inhibited the transcription of IL-4 and TNF-α as a result of the suppression of calcium influx in activated RBL-2H3 cells. The results from Western Blot revealed that tHGA primarily inhibited the LAT-PLCγ-MAPK pathway with partial inhibition on the PI3K-p65 pathway without affecting Syk. The results from RNAi further demonstrated that tHGA failed to inhibit the release of mediators associated with mast cell degranulation under the LAT/LAT2 competition model in the absence of LAT. Collectively, this study concluded that the molecular target of tHGA could be LAT and may provide a basis for the development of a mast cell stabiliser which targets LAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wei Tan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia
| | - Daud Ahmad Israf
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia
| | - Nur Fariesha Md Hashim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Kqueen Cheah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia
| | - Hanis Hazeera Harith
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia.
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Chailangkarn T, Muotri AR. Modeling Williams syndrome with induced pluripotent stem cells. NEUROGENESIS (AUSTIN, TEX.) 2017; 4:e1283187. [PMID: 28229087 PMCID: PMC5305168 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2017.1283187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) like never before has opened novel opportunity to study diseases in relevant cell types. In our recent study, Williams syndrome (WS), a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder, that is caused by hemizygous deletion of 25-28 genes on chromosome 7, is of interest because of its unique cognitive and social profiles. Little is known about haploinsufficiency effect of those deleted genes on molecular and cellular phenotypes at the neural level due to the lack of relevant human cellular model. Using the cellular reprogramming approach, we reported that WS iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) has increased apoptosis and therefore increased doubling time, which could be rescued by complementation of frizzled 9, one of the genes typically deleted in WS. Moreover, WS iPSC-derived CTIP2-positive pyramidal neurons exhibit morphologic alterations including longer total dendrites and increasing dendritic spine number. In addition, WS iPSC-derived neurons show an increase in calcium transient frequency and synchronized activity likely due to increased number of dendritic spines and synapses. Our work integrated cross-level data from genetics to behavior of WS individuals and revealed altered cellular phenotypes in WS human NPCs and neurons that could be validated in other model systems such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in live subjects and postmortem brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanathom Chailangkarn
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), La Jolla, CA, USA
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Alysson R. Muotri
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), La Jolla, CA, USA
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17
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Thankam FG, Dilisio MF, Dougherty KA, Dietz NE, Agrawal DK. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in the inflammatory response: a potential therapeutic target. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1239-1249. [PMID: 27266327 PMCID: PMC5158012 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1196138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The events in the cellular and molecular signaling triggered during inflammation mitigate tissue healing. The metabolic check-point control mediated by 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is crucial for switching the cells into an activated state capable of mediating inflammatory events. The cell metabolism involved in the inflammatory response represents a potential therapeutic target for the pharmacologic management of inflammation. Areas covered: In this article, a critical review is presented on triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell (TREM) receptors and their role in the inflammatory responses, as well as homeostasis between different TREM molecules and their regulation. Additionally, we discussed the relationship between TREM and AMPK to identify novel targets to limit the inflammatory response. Literature search was carried out from the National Library of Medicine's Medline database (using PubMed as the search engine) and Google Scholar and identified relevant studies up to 30 March 2016 using inflammation, TREM, AMPK, as the key words. Expert commentary: The prevention of phenotype switching of immune cells during inflammation by targeting AMPK and TREM-1 could be beneficial for developing novel management strategies for inflammation and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finosh G Thankam
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew F. Dilisio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Nicholas E. Dietz
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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18
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Freund J, May RM, Yang E, Li H, McCullen M, Zhang B, Lenvik T, Cichocki F, Anderson SK, Kambayashi T. Activating Receptor Signals Drive Receptor Diversity in Developing Natural Killer Cells. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002526. [PMID: 27500644 PMCID: PMC4976927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been appreciated that NK cells exhibit many features reminiscent of adaptive immune cells. Considerable heterogeneity exists with respect to the ligand specificity of individual NK cells and as such, a subset of NK cells can respond, expand, and differentiate into memory-like cells in a ligand-specific manner. MHC I-binding inhibitory receptors, including those belonging to the Ly49 and KIR families, are expressed in a variegated manner, which creates ligand-specific diversity within the NK cell pool. However, how NK cells determine which inhibitory receptors to express on their cell surface during a narrow window of development is largely unknown. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that signals from activating receptors are critical for induction of Ly49 and KIR receptors during NK cell development; activating receptor-derived signals increased the probability of the Ly49 bidirectional Pro1 promoter to transcribe in the forward versus the reverse direction, leading to stable expression of Ly49 receptors in mature NK cells. Our data support a model where the balance of activating and inhibitory receptor signaling in NK cells selects for the induction of appropriate inhibitory receptors during development, which NK cells use to create a diverse pool of ligand-specific NK cells. Natural killer (NK) cells are important cells of the immune system, because they kill abnormal cells such as those infected with viruses or have become cancerous. These abnormal cells can lose proteins known as MHC molecules, which are recognized by inhibitory receptors on NK cells. Thus, when an NK cell interacts with a cell with decreased MHC, the NK cell is disinhibited and can kill the target cell. Each NK cell carries a unique assortment of these inhibitory receptors. However, how developing NK cells determine which inhibitory receptors to put on the NK cell’s surface during development is unknown. In this study, we show that signals generated through NK cell activating receptors are important for inducing a subset of inhibitory receptors on NK cells during development. We propose that the NK cell has an increased chance of acquiring an inhibitory receptor until a balance between activating and inhibitory receptor signals is achieved. This process ensures that NK cells can properly detect abnormal cells that have lost MHC. During the development of natural killer (NK) cells, activating receptor signaling drives the acquisition of inhibitory receptors during development, leading to the creation of a diverse pool of ligand-specific NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Flow Cytometry
- Genetic Variation/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Ligands
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A/genetics
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/immunology
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, KIR/immunology
- Receptors, KIR/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Freund
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. May
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Enjun Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hongchuan Li
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew McCullen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Todd Lenvik
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Frank Cichocki
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen K. Anderson
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Halova I, Draber P. Tetraspanins and Transmembrane Adaptor Proteins As Plasma Membrane Organizers-Mast Cell Case. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:43. [PMID: 27243007 PMCID: PMC4861716 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane contains diverse and specialized membrane domains, which include tetraspanin-enriched domains (TEMs) and transmembrane adaptor protein (TRAP)-enriched domains. Recent biophysical, microscopic, and functional studies indicated that TEMs and TRAP-enriched domains are involved in compartmentalization of physicochemical events of such important processes as immunoreceptor signal transduction and chemotaxis. Moreover, there is evidence of a cross-talk between TEMs and TRAP-enriched domains. In this review we discuss the presence and function of such domains and their crosstalk using mast cells as a model. The combined data based on analysis of selected mast cell-expressed tetraspanins [cluster of differentiation (CD)9, CD53, CD63, CD81, CD151)] or TRAPs [linker for activation of T cells (LAT), non-T cell activation linker (NTAL), and phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane microdomains (PAG)] using knockout mice or specific antibodies point to a diversity within these two families and bring evidence of the important roles of these molecules in signaling events. An example of this diversity is physical separation of two TRAPs, LAT and NTAL, which are in many aspects similar but show plasma membrane location in different microdomains in both non-activated and activated cells. Although our understanding of TEMs and TRAP-enriched domains is far from complete, pharmaceutical applications of the knowledge about these domains are under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Arbulo-Echevarria MM, Muñoz-Miranda JP, Caballero-García A, Poveda-Díaz JL, Fernández-Ponce C, Durán-Ruiz MC, Miazek A, García-Cózar F, Aguado E. Non-T cell activation linker (NTAL) proteolytic cleavage as a terminator of activatory intracellular signals. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:351-60. [PMID: 26830332 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0715-318r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-T cell activation linker is an adaptor protein that is tyrosine phosphorylated upon cross-linking of immune receptors expressed on B lymphocytes, NK cells, macrophages, basophils, or mast cells, allowing the recruitment of cytosolic mediators for downstream signaling pathways. Fas receptor acts mainly as a death receptor, and when cross-linked with Fas ligand, many proteins are proteolytically cleaved, including several signaling molecules in T and B cells. Fas receptor triggering also interferes with TCR intracellular signals, probably by means of proteolytic cleavage of several adaptor proteins. We have previously found that the adaptor linker for activation of T cells, evolutionarily related to non-T cell activation linker, is cleaved upon proapoptotic stimuli in T lymphocytes and thymocytes, in a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent fashion. Here, we describe non-T cell activation linker proteolytic cleavage triggered in human B cells and monocytes by Fas cross-linking and staurosporine treatment. Non-T cell activation linker is cleaved, producing an N-terminal fragment of ∼22 kDa, and such cleavage is abrogated in the presence of caspase 8/granzyme B and caspase 3 inhibitors. Moreover, we have identified an aspartic acid residue at which non-T cell activation linker is cleaved, which similar to linker for activation of T cells, this aspartic acid residue is located close to tyrosine and serine residues, suggesting an interdependence of phosphorylation and proteolytic cleavage. Consistently, induction of non-T cell activation linker phosphorylation by pervanadate inhibits its cleavage. Interestingly, the truncated isoform of non-T cell activation linker, generated after cleavage, has a decreased signaling ability when compared with the full-length molecule. Altogether, our results suggest that cleavage of transmembrane adaptors constitutes a general mechanism for signal termination of immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel M Arbulo-Echevarria
- Core Research Facility for Health Sciences, University of Cádiz and Puerto Real University Hospital Research Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Muñoz-Miranda
- Core Research Facility for Health Sciences, University of Cádiz and Puerto Real University Hospital Research Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Andrés Caballero-García
- Core Research Facility for Health Sciences, University of Cádiz and Puerto Real University Hospital Research Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), Cádiz, Spain
| | - José L Poveda-Díaz
- Core Research Facility for Health Sciences, University of Cádiz and Puerto Real University Hospital Research Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cecilia Fernández-Ponce
- Core Research Facility for Health Sciences, University of Cádiz and Puerto Real University Hospital Research Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), Cádiz, Spain
| | - M Carmen Durán-Ruiz
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Biochemistry), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Arkadiusz Miazek
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Francisco García-Cózar
- Core Research Facility for Health Sciences, University of Cádiz and Puerto Real University Hospital Research Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Aguado
- Core Research Facility for Health Sciences, University of Cádiz and Puerto Real University Hospital Research Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), Cádiz, Spain,
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Draberova L, Paulenda T, Halova I, Potuckova L, Bugajev V, Bambouskova M, Tumova M, Draber P. Ethanol Inhibits High-Affinity Immunoglobulin E Receptor (FcεRI) Signaling in Mast Cells by Suppressing the Function of FcεRI-Cholesterol Signalosome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144596. [PMID: 26658290 PMCID: PMC4686000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol has multiple effects on biochemical events in a variety of cell types, including the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (FcεRI) signaling in antigen-activated mast cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. To get better understanding of the effect of ethanol on FcεRI-mediated signaling we examined the effect of short-term treatment with non-toxic concentrations of ethanol on FcεRI signaling events in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. We found that 15 min exposure to ethanol inhibited antigen-induced degranulation, calcium mobilization, expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-13), and formation of reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner. Removal of cellular cholesterol with methyl-β-cyclodextrin had a similar effect and potentiated some of the inhibitory effects of ethanol. In contrast, exposure of the cells to cholesterol-saturated methyl-β-cyclodextrin abolished in part the inhibitory effect of ethanol on calcium response and production of reactive oxygen species, supporting lipid-centric theories of ethanol action on the earliest stages of mast cell signaling. Further studies showed that exposure to ethanol and/or removal of cholesterol inhibited early FcεRI activation events, including tyrosine phosphorylation of the FcεRI β and γ subunits, SYK kinases, LAT adaptor protein, phospholipase Cγ, STAT5, and AKT and internalization of aggregated FcεRI. Interestingly, ethanol alone, and particularly in combination with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, enhanced phosphorylation of negative regulatory tyrosine 507 of LYN kinase. Finally, we found that ethanol reduced passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction in mice, suggesting that ethanol also inhibits FcεRI signaling under in vivo conditions. The combined data indicate that ethanol interferes with early antigen-induced signaling events in mast cells by suppressing the function of FcεRI-cholesterol signalosomes at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Draberova
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (LD); (PD)
| | - Tomas Paulenda
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Halova
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Potuckova
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Bugajev
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Bambouskova
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Tumova
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Draber
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (LD); (PD)
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22
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Abstract
Aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on the plasma membrane of mast cells and basophils initiates signaling events leading to a rapid release of preformed inflammatory mediators from secretory granules, and overall changes in cell morphology. Mast cell activation also causes reorganization of cytoskeletal components associated with membrane ruffling, spreading, and migration. Here we describe methods used for visualization of mast cell cytoskeleton, focusing on its two major components, microfilaments and microtubules, and their changes after cell triggering.
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23
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Draber P, Halova I, Polakovicova I, Kawakami T. Signal transduction and chemotaxis in mast cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:11-23. [PMID: 25941081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells play crucial roles in both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Along with basophils, mast cells are essential effector cells for allergic inflammation that causes asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy and atopic dermatitis. Mast cells are usually increased in inflammatory sites of allergy and, upon activation, release various chemical, lipid, peptide and protein mediators of allergic reactions. Since antigen/immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated activation of these cells is a central event to trigger allergic reactions, innumerable studies have been conducted on how these cells are activated through cross-linking of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI). Development of mature mast cells from their progenitor cells is under the influence of several growth factors, of which the stem cell factor (SCF) seems to be the most important. Therefore, how SCF induces mast cell development and activation via its receptor, KIT, has been studied extensively, including a cross-talk between KIT and FcεRI signaling pathways. Although our understanding of the signaling mechanisms of the FcεRI and KIT pathways is far from complete, pharmaceutical applications of the knowledge about these pathways are underway. This review will focus on recent progresses in FcεRI and KIT signaling and chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Polakovicova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Laboratory for Allergic Disease, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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24
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Wang D, Zheng M, Qiu Y, Guo C, Ji J, Lei L, Zhang X, Liang J, Lou J, Huang W, Dong B, Wu S, Wang J, Ke Y, Cao X, Zhou YT, Lu L. Tespa1 negatively regulates FcεRI-mediated signaling and the mast cell-mediated allergic response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2635-49. [PMID: 25422497 PMCID: PMC4267239 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-mediated cross-linking of IgE on mast cells triggers a signaling cascade that results in their degranulation and proinflammatory cytokine production, which are key effectors in allergic reactions. We show that the activation of mast cells is negatively regulated by the newly identified adaptor protein Tespa1. Loss of Tespa1 in mouse mast cells led to hyper-responsiveness to stimulation via FcεRI. Mice lacking Tespa1 also displayed increased sensitivity to IgE-mediated allergic responses. The dysregulated signaling in KO mast cells was associated with increased activation of Grb2-PLC-γ1-SLP-76 signaling within the LAT1 (linker for activation of T cells family, member 1) signalosome versus the LAT2 signalosome. Collectively, these findings show that Tespa1 orchestrates mast cell activation by tuning the balance of LAT1 and LAT2 signalosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanjun Qiu
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chuansheng Guo
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Ji
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Lou
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bowen Dong
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Songquan Wu
- Medical College of Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Institute of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Ting Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linrong Lu
- Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Institute of Immunology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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25
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Utekal P, Kocanda L, Matousek P, Wagner P, Bugajev V, Draber P. Real-time PCR-based genotyping from whole blood using Taq DNA polymerase and a buffer supplemented with 1,2-propanediol and trehalose. J Immunol Methods 2014; 416:178-82. [PMID: 25305365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of DNA templates from whole blood with Taq DNA polymerase remains a difficult task worldwide. Using a real-time PCR setup and a buffer supplemented with 1M 1,2-propanediol, 0.2M trehalose, and SYBR green I we show a reliable technique for genotyping in mice and detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms/mutations in humans. Elimination of DNA extraction and use of the common Taq DNA polymerase and DNA dye bring about substantial savings in labor and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Utekal
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Kocanda
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Matousek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Regional Hospital Liberec, CZ-46063 Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Wagner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Regional Hospital Liberec, CZ-46063 Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Bugajev
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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26
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Transmembrane adaptor protein PAG/CBP is involved in both positive and negative regulation of mast cell signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:4285-300. [PMID: 25246632 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00983-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane adaptor protein PAG/CBP (here, PAG) is expressed in multiple cell types. Tyrosine-phosphorylated PAG serves as an anchor for C-terminal SRC kinase, an inhibitor of SRC-family kinases. The role of PAG as a negative regulator of immunoreceptor signaling has been examined in several model systems, but no functions in vivo have been determined. Here, we examined the activation of bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) with PAG knockout and PAG knockdown and the corresponding controls. Our data show that PAG-deficient BMMCs exhibit impaired antigen-induced degranulation, extracellular calcium uptake, tyrosine phosphorylation of several key signaling proteins (including the high-affinity IgE receptor subunits, spleen tyrosine kinase, and phospholipase C), production of several cytokines and chemokines, and chemotaxis. The enzymatic activities of the LYN and FYN kinases were increased in nonactivated cells, suggesting the involvement of a LYN- and/or a FYN-dependent negative regulatory loop. When BMMCs from PAG-knockout mice were activated via the KIT receptor, enhanced degranulation and tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor were observed. In vivo experiments showed that PAG is a positive regulator of passive systemic anaphylaxis. The combined data indicate that PAG can function as both a positive and a negative regulator of mast cell signaling, depending upon the signaling pathway involved.
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27
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Multiple regulatory roles of the mouse transmembrane adaptor protein NTAL in gene transcription and mast cell physiology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105539. [PMID: 25153696 PMCID: PMC4143283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-T cell activation linker (NTAL; also called LAB or LAT2) is a transmembrane adaptor protein that is expressed in a subset of hematopoietic cells, including mast cells. There are conflicting reports on the role of NTAL in the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (FcεRI) signaling. Studies carried out on mast cells derived from mice with NTAL knock out (KO) and wild type mice suggested that NTAL is a negative regulator of FcεRI signaling, while experiments with RNAi-mediated NTAL knockdown (KD) in human mast cells and rat basophilic leukemia cells suggested its positive regulatory role. To determine whether different methodologies of NTAL ablation (KO vs KD) have different physiological consequences, we compared under well defined conditions FcεRI-mediated signaling events in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) with NTAL KO or KD. BMMCs with both NTAL KO and KD exhibited enhanced degranulation, calcium mobilization, chemotaxis, tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT and ERK, and depolymerization of filamentous actin. These data provide clear evidence that NTAL is a negative regulator of FcεRI activation events in murine BMMCs, independently of possible compensatory developmental alterations. To gain further insight into the role of NTAL in mast cells, we examined the transcriptome profiles of resting and antigen-activated NTAL KO, NTAL KD, and corresponding control BMMCs. Through this analysis we identified several genes that were differentially regulated in nonactivated and antigen-activated NTAL-deficient cells, when compared to the corresponding control cells. Some of the genes seem to be involved in regulation of cholesterol-dependent events in antigen-mediated chemotaxis. The combined data indicate multiple regulatory roles of NTAL in gene expression and mast cell physiology.
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28
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Palmitoylated transmembrane adaptor proteins in leukocyte signaling. Cell Signal 2014; 26:895-902. [PMID: 24440308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAPs) are structurally related proteins that have no enzymatic function, but enable inducible recruitment of effector molecules to the plasma membrane, usually in a phosphorylation dependent manner. Numerous surface receptors employ TRAPs for either propagation or negative regulation of the signal transduction. Several TRAPs (LAT, NTAL, PAG, LIME, PRR7, SCIMP, LST1/A, and putatively GAPT) are known to be palmitoylated that could facilitate their localization in lipid rafts or tetraspanin enriched microdomains. This review summarizes expression patterns, binding partners, signaling pathways, and biological functions of particular palmitoylated TRAPs with an emphasis on the three most recently discovered members, PRR7, SCIMP, and LST1/A. Moreover, we discuss in silico methodology used for discovery of new family members, nature of their binding partners, and microdomain localization.
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29
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Bounab Y, Hesse AM, Iannascoli B, Grieco L, Couté Y, Niarakis A, Roncagalli R, Lie E, Lam KP, Demangel C, Thieffry D, Garin J, Malissen B, Daëron M. Proteomic analysis of the SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP76) interactome in resting and activated primary mast cells [corrected]. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2874-89. [PMID: 23820730 PMCID: PMC3790297 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.025908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first proteomic analysis of the SLP76 interactome in resting and activated primary mouse mast cells. This was made possible by a novel genetic approach used for the first time here. It consists in generating knock-in mice that express signaling molecules bearing a C-terminal tag that has a high affinity for a streptavidin analog. Tagged molecules can be used as molecular baits to affinity-purify the molecular complex in which they are engaged, which can then be studied by mass spectrometry. We examined first SLP76 because, although this cytosolic adapter is critical for both T cell and mast cell activation, its role is well known in T cells but not in mast cells. Tagged SLP76 was expressed in physiological amounts and fully functional in mast cells. We unexpectedly found that SLP76 is exquisitely sensitive to mast cell granular proteases, that Zn(2+)-dependent metalloproteases are especially abundant in mast cells and that they were responsible for SLP76 degradation. Adding a Zn(2+) chelator fully protected SLP76 in mast cell lysates, thereby enabling an efficient affinity-purification of this adapter with its partners. Label-free quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of affinity-purified SLP76 interactomes uncovered both partners already described in T cells and novel partners seen in mast cells only. Noticeably, molecules inducibly recruited in both cell types primarily concur to activation signals, whereas molecules recruited in activated mast cells only are mostly associated with inhibition signals. The transmembrane adapter LAT2, and the serine/threonine kinase with an exchange factor activity Bcr were the most recruited molecules. Biochemical and functional validations established the unexpected finding that Bcr is recruited by SLP76 and positively regulates antigen-induced mast cell activation. Knock-in mice expressing tagged molecules with a normal tissue distribution and expression therefore provide potent novel tools to investigate signalosomes and to uncover novel signaling molecules in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Bounab
- From the ‡Institut Pasteur, Département d'Immunologie, Unité d'Allergologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, and Centre d'Immunologie Humaine Paris, France
- §Inserm, U760 and UMS20, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie- Hesse
- ¶CEA, IRTSV, Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
- ‖Inserm, U1038, Grenoble, France
- **Univ. Grenoble Alpes, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Iannascoli
- From the ‡Institut Pasteur, Département d'Immunologie, Unité d'Allergologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, and Centre d'Immunologie Humaine Paris, France
- §Inserm, U760 and UMS20, Paris, France
| | - Luca Grieco
- ‡‡Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), UMR ENS-CNRS 8197-Inserm 1024, Paris, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- ¶CEA, IRTSV, Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
- ‖Inserm, U1038, Grenoble, France
- **Univ. Grenoble Alpes, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Niarakis
- ‡‡Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), UMR ENS-CNRS 8197-Inserm 1024, Paris, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- §§Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Université Aix Marseille, UM2, Marseille, France
- ¶¶Inserm, U1104, Marseille, France
- ‖‖CNRS, UMR7280, Marseille, France
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Université Aix Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Eunkyung Lie
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-601, Korea
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Caroline Demangel
- Institut Pasteur, Département d'Immunologie, Unité d'Immunobiologie de l'infection, Paris, France
| | - Denis Thieffry
- ‡‡Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), UMR ENS-CNRS 8197-Inserm 1024, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Garin
- ¶CEA, IRTSV, Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
- ‖Inserm, U1038, Grenoble, France
- **Univ. Grenoble Alpes, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- §§Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Université Aix Marseille, UM2, Marseille, France
- ¶¶Inserm, U1104, Marseille, France
- ‖‖CNRS, UMR7280, Marseille, France
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Université Aix Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Daëron
- From the ‡Institut Pasteur, Département d'Immunologie, Unité d'Allergologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, and Centre d'Immunologie Humaine Paris, France
- §Inserm, U760 and UMS20, Paris, France
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30
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Paradowska-Gorycka A, Jurkowska M. Structure, expression pattern and biological activity of molecular complex TREM-2/DAP12. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:730-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Hálová I, Dráberová L, Bambousková M, Machyna M, Stegurová L, Smrž D, Dráber P. Cross-talk between tetraspanin CD9 and transmembrane adaptor protein non-T cell activation linker (NTAL) in mast cell activation and chemotaxis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9801-9814. [PMID: 23443658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.449231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis, a process leading to movement of cells toward increasing concentrations of chemoattractants, is essential, among others, for recruitment of mast cells within target tissues where they play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity. Chemotaxis is driven by chemoattractants, produced by various cell types, as well as by intrinsic cellular regulators, which are poorly understood. In this study we prepared a new mAb specific for the tetraspanin CD9. Binding of the antibody to bone marrow-derived mast cells triggered activation events that included cell degranulation, Ca(2+) response, dephosphorylation of ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family proteins, and potent tyrosine phosphorylation of the non-T cell activation linker (NTAL) but only weak phosphorylation of the linker for activation of T cells (LAT). Phosphorylation of the NTAL was observed with whole antibody but not with its F(ab)(2) or Fab fragments. This indicated involvement of the Fcγ receptors. As documented by electron microscopy of isolated plasma membrane sheets, CD9 colocalized with the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) and NTAL but not with LAT. Further tests showed that both anti-CD9 antibody and its F(ab)(2) fragment inhibited mast cell chemotaxis toward antigen. Experiments with bone marrow-derived mast cells deficient in NTAL and/or LAT revealed different roles of these two adaptors in antigen-driven chemotaxis. The combined data indicate that chemotaxis toward antigen is controlled in mast cells by a cross-talk among FcεRI, tetraspanin CD9, transmembrane adaptor proteins NTAL and LAT, and cytoskeleton-regulatory proteins of the ERM family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Hálová
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Dráberová
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Bambousková
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Machyna
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Stegurová
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Smrž
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dráber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Murine natural killer immunoreceptors use distinct proximal signaling complexes to direct cell function. Blood 2013; 121:3135-46. [PMID: 23407547 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-474361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways leading to natural killer (NK)-cell effector function are complex and incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the proximal signaling pathways downstream of the immunotyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) bearing activating receptors. We found that the adaptor molecule SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kD (SLP-76) is recruited to microclusters at the plasma membrane in activated NK cells and that this is required for initiation of downstream signaling and multiple NK-cell effector functions in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, we found that 2 types of proximal signaling complexes involving SLP-76 were formed. In addition to the canonical membrane complex formed between SLP-76 and linker for activation of T cells (LAT) family members, a novel LAT family-independent SLP-76-dependent signaling pathway was identified. The LAT family-independent pathway involved the SH2 domain of SLP-76 and adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein (ADAP). Both the LAT family-dependent and ADAP-dependent pathway contributed to interferon-gamma production and cytotoxicity; however, they were not essential for other SLP-76-dependent events, including phosphorylation of AKT and extracellular signal-related kinase and cellular proliferation. These results demonstrate that NK cells possess an unexpected bifurcation of proximal ITAM-mediated signaling, each involving SLP-76 and contributing to optimal NK-cell function.
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Thomé CH, dos Santos GA, Ferreira GA, Scheucher PS, Izumi C, Leopoldino AM, Simão AM, Ciancaglini P, de Oliveira KT, Chin A, Hanash SM, Falcão RP, Rego EM, Greene LJ, Faça VM. Linker for activation of T-cell family member2 (LAT2) a lipid raft adaptor protein for AKT signaling, is an early mediator of alkylphospholipid anti-leukemic activity. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1898-912. [PMID: 23001822 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.019661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are highly ordered membrane domains rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids that provide a scaffold for signal transduction proteins; altered raft structure has also been implicated in cancer progression. We have shown that 25 μm 10-(octyloxy) decyl-2-(trimethylammonium) ethyl phosphate (ODPC), an alkylphospholipid, targets high cholesterol domains in model membranes and induces apoptosis in leukemia cells but spares normal hematopoietic and epithelial cells under the same conditions. We performed a quantitative (SILAC) proteomic screening of ODPC targets in a lipid-raft-enriched fraction of leukemic cells to identify early events prior to the initiation of apoptosis. Six proteins, three with demonstrated palmitoylation sites, were reduced in abundance. One, the linker for activation of T-cell family member 2 (LAT2), is an adaptor protein associated with lipid rafts in its palmitoylated form and is specifically expressed in B lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Interestingly, LAT2 is not expressed in K562, a cell line more resistant to ODPC-induced apoptosis. There was an early loss of LAT2 in the lipid-raft-enriched fraction of NB4 cells within 3 h following treatment with 25 μm ODPC. Subsequent degradation of LAT2 by proteasomes was observed. Twenty-five μm ODPC inhibited AKT activation via myeloid growth factors, and LAT2 knockdown in NB4 cells by shRNA reproduced this effect. LAT2 knockdown in NB4 cells also decreased cell proliferation and increased cell sensitivity to ODPC (7.5×), perifosine (3×), and arsenic trioxide (8.5×). Taken together, these data indicate that LAT2 is an early mediator of the anti-leukemic activity of alkylphospholipids and arsenic trioxide. Thus, LAT2 may be used as a target for the design of drugs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina H Thomé
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular, Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, 14051-140, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Lesourne R, Zvezdova E, Song KD, El-Khoury D, Uehara S, Barr VA, Samelson LE, Love PE. Interchangeability of Themis1 and Themis2 in thymocyte development reveals two related proteins with conserved molecular function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1154-61. [PMID: 22732588 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Themis1, a recently identified T cell protein, has a critical function in the generation of mature CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(+) (CD4 and CD8 single-positive [SP]) thymocytes and T cells. Although Themis1 has been shown to bind to the adaptor proteins LAT and Grb2, previous studies have yielded conflicting results regarding whether thymocytes from Themis1(-/-) mice exhibit TCR-mediated signaling defects. In this study, we demonstrate that, in the absence of Themis1, TCR-mediated signaling is selectively impaired in CD4 SP and CD8 SP thymocytes but is not affected in CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive thymocytes despite high expression of Themis1 in double-positive thymocytes. Like Themis1, Themis2, a related member of the Themis family, which is expressed in B cells and macrophages, contains two conserved cysteine-based domains, a proline-rich region, and a nuclear localization signal. To determine whether Themis1 and Themis2 can perform similar functions in vivo, we analyzed T cell development and TCR-mediated signaling in Themis1(-/-) mice reconstituted with either Themis1 or Themis2 transgenes. Notably, Themis1 and Themis2 exhibited the same potential to restore T cell development and TCR-mediated signaling in Themis1(-/-) mice. Both proteins were tyrosine phosphorylated and were recruited within Grb2 signaling complexes to LAT following TCR engagement. These results suggest that conserved molecular features of the Themis1 and Themis2 proteins are important for their biological activity and predict that Themis1 and Themis2 may perform similar functions in T and B cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Lesourne
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Halova I, Draberova L, Draber P. Mast cell chemotaxis - chemoattractants and signaling pathways. Front Immunol 2012; 3:119. [PMID: 22654878 PMCID: PMC3360162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of mast cells is essential for their recruitment within target tissues where they play an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses. These processes rely on the ability of mast cells to recognize appropriate chemotactic stimuli and react to them by a chemotactic response. Another level of intercellular communication is attained by production of chemoattractants by activated mast cells, which results in accumulation of mast cells and other hematopoietic cells at the sites of inflammation. Mast cells express numerous surface receptors for various ligands with properties of potent chemoattractants. They include the stem cell factor (SCF) recognized by c-Kit, antigen, which binds to immunoglobulin E (IgE) anchored to the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), highly cytokinergic (HC) IgE recognized by FcεRI, lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which binds to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Other large groups of chemoattractants are eicosanoids [prostaglandin E2 and D2, leukotriene (LT) B4, LTD4, and LTC4, and others] and chemokines (CC, CXC, C, and CX3C), which also bind to various GPCRs. Further noteworthy chemoattractants are isoforms of transforming growth factor (TGF) β1–3, which are sensitively recognized by TGF-β serine/threonine type I and II β receptors, adenosine, C1q, C3a, and C5a components of the complement, 5-hydroxytryptamine, neuroendocrine peptide catestatin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and others. Here we discuss the major types of chemoattractants recognized by mast cells, their target receptors, as well as signaling pathways they utilize. We also briefly deal with methods used for studies of mast cell chemotaxis and with ways of how these studies profited from the results obtained in other cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
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Kim K, Kim JH, Moon JB, Lee J, Kwak HB, Park YW, Kim N. The transmembrane adaptor protein, linker for activation of T cells (LAT), regulates RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Mol Cells 2012; 33:401-6. [PMID: 22382685 PMCID: PMC3887798 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RANKL induces the formation of osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone resorption. Herein we investigate the role of the transmembrane adaptor proteins in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. LAT positively regulates osteoclast differentiation and is up-regulated by RANKL via c-Fos and NFATc1, whereas LAB and LIME act as negative modulators of osteoclastogenesis. In addition, silencing of LAT by RNA interference or overexpression of a LAT dominant negative in bone marrow-derived macrophage cells attenuates RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. Furthermore, LAT is involved in RANKL-induced PLC(γ) activation and NFATc1 induction. Thus, our data suggest that LAT acts as a positive regulator of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabsun Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746,
Korea
| | - Jung Ha Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746,
Korea
| | - Jang Bae Moon
- National Research Laboratory for Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746,
Korea
| | - Jongwon Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746,
Korea
| | - Han bok Kwak
- National Research Laboratory for Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746,
Korea
| | | | - Nacksung Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746,
Korea
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Zhu M, Fuller DM, Ou-Yang CW, Sullivan SA, Zhang W. Tyrosine phosphorylation-independent regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated response by the transmembrane adaptor protein LAB. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2733-41. [PMID: 22308309 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Linker for activation of B cells (LAB)/non-T cell activation linker is a transmembrane adaptor protein that functions in immunoreceptor-mediated signaling. Published studies have shown that LAB has both positive and negative roles in regulating TCR and high-affinity Fc receptor-mediated signaling and cellular function. In this study, we showed that LAB was also expressed in dendritic cells and that LAB deficiency affected LPS-mediated signaling and cytokine production. LPS-mediated MAPK activation was enhanced in LAB(-/-) bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. These bone marrow-derived dendritic cells also produced more TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 than wild-type cells. Moreover, LAB(-/-) mice were hyperresponsive to LPS-induced septic shock. These data indicated that LAB has a negative role in LPS-mediated responses. By using LAB knockin mice, which harbor mutations at five membrane-distal tyrosines, we further showed that, in contrast to its role in immunoreceptor-mediated signaling, LAB function in LPS-mediated signaling pathway did not depend on its tyrosine phosphorylation. Our study suggested a novel mechanism by which LAB functions in the regulation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Draber P, Halova I, Levi-Schaffer F, Draberova L. Transmembrane adaptor proteins in the high-affinity IgE receptor signaling. Front Immunol 2012; 2:95. [PMID: 22566884 PMCID: PMC3342071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) initiates a cascade of signaling events leading to release of preformed inflammatory and allergy mediators and de novo synthesis and secretion of cytokines and other compounds. The first biochemically well defined step of this signaling cascade is tyrosine phosphorylation of the FcεRI subunits by Src family kinase Lyn, followed by recruitment and activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Activity of Syk is decisive for the formation of multicomponent signaling assemblies, the signalosomes, in the vicinity of the receptors. Formation of the signalosomes is dependent on the presence of transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAPs). These proteins are characterized by a short extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail with various motifs serving as anchors for cytoplasmic signaling molecules. In mast cells five TRAPs have been identified [linker for activation of T cells (LAT), non-T cell activation linker (NTAL), linker for activation of X cells (LAX), phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane microdomains (PAG), and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2)-binding adaptor protein, transmembrane (GAPT)]; engagement of four of them (LAT, NTAL, LAX, and PAG) in FcεRI signaling has been documented. Here we discuss recent progress in the understanding of how TRAPs affect FcεRI-mediated mast cell signaling. The combined data indicate that individual TRAPs have irreplaceable roles in important signaling events such as calcium response, degranulation, cytokines production, and chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Elevated IgE levels and increased IgE sensitization to allergens are central features of allergic asthma. IgE binds to the high-affinity Fcε receptor I (FcεRI) on mast cells, basophils, and dendritic cells and mediates the activation of these cells upon antigen-induced cross-linking of IgE-bound FcεRI. FcεRI activation proceeds through a network of signaling molecules and adaptor proteins and is negatively regulated by a number of cell surface and intracellular proteins. Therapeutic neutralization of serum IgE in moderate-to-severe allergic asthmatics reduces the frequency of asthma exacerbations through a reduction in cell surface FcεRI expression that results in decreased FcεRI activation, leading to improved asthma control. Our increasing understanding of IgE receptor signaling may lead to the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawren C Wu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Incorporated, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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Potůčková L, Franko F, Bambousková M, Dráber P. Rapid and sensitive detection of cytokines using functionalized gold nanoparticle-based immuno-PCR, comparison with immuno-PCR and ELISA. J Immunol Methods 2011; 371:38-47. [PMID: 21704628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Reliable and simple methods are required for detection of low concentrations of cytokines and some other proteins in complex biological fluids. This is especially important when monitoring the immune responses under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions in vivo or following production of these compounds in in vitro systems. Cytokines and other immunologically active molecules are being predominantly detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and newly also by immuno-polymerase chain reactions (iPCR). New simplified variants of iPCR have recently been described where antibodies are connected with multiple DNA templates through gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) to form a new class of detection reagents. In this study we compared functionalized Au-NP-based iPCR (Nano-iPCR) with standard ELISA and iPCR for the detection of interleukin (IL)-3 and stem cell factor (SCF). The same immunoreagents (IL-3- and SCF-specific polyclonal antibodies and their biotinylated forms) were used throughout the assays. The obtained data indicate that both Nano-iPCR and iPCR are superior in sensitivity and detection range than ELISA. Furthermore, Nano-iPCR is easier to perform than the other two methods. Nano-iPCR was used for monitoring changes in concentration of free SCF during growth of mast cells in SCF-conditioned media. The results show that growing cultures gradually reduce the amount of SCF in supernatant to 25% after 5 days. The combined data indicate that Nano-iPCR assays may be preferable for rapid detection of low concentrations of cytokines in complex biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Potůčková
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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The HDAC class I-specific inhibitor entinostat (MS-275) effectively relieves epigenetic silencing of the LAT2 gene mediated by AML1/ETO. Oncogene 2011; 30:3062-72. [PMID: 21577204 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The chromosomal translocation (8;21) fuses the hematopoietic transcription factor AML1 (RUNX1) with ETO (RUNX1T1, MTG8), resulting in the leukemia-specific chimeric protein AML1/ETO. This fusion protein has been implicated in epigenetic silencing, recruiting histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA methyltransferases to target promoters. Previously, we have identified a novel in vivo AML1/ETO target gene, LAT2 (NTAL/LAB/WBSCR5), which is involved in FcɛR I, c-Kit, B-cell and T-cell receptor signalling. We have now addressed the molecular mechanisms of AML1/ETO-mediated LAT2 repression. In Kasumi-1 cells, where AML1/ETO bound to the LAT2 gene, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated AML1/ETO depletion caused upregulation of LAT2, suggesting a possible direct mechanism of repression. Expression of AML1/ETO was associated with a decrease in acetylation of histones H3, H3K9 and H4, and an increase in H3K9 and H3K27 trimethylation. The class I-specific HDAC inhibitors entinostat (MS-275) and mocetinostat (MGCD0103) induced LAT2 expression specifically in AML1/ETO-expressing cells, resulting in induction of several activating histone marks on the LAT2 gene, including trimethylation of histone H3K4. The combination of entinostat and decitabine increased acetylation of histones H3 and H4, as well as LAT2 mRNA expression, in an at least additive fashion. In conclusion, several repressive histone modifications mark the LAT2 gene in the presence of AML1/ETO, and LAT2 gene derepression is achieved by pharmacological inhibition of HDACs.
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Horáková H, Polakovičová I, Shaik GM, Eitler J, Bugajev V, Dráberová L, Dráber P. 1,2-propanediol-trehalose mixture as a potent quantitative real-time PCR enhancer. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:41. [PMID: 21501492 PMCID: PMC3102612 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is becoming increasingly important for DNA genotyping and gene expression analysis. For continuous monitoring of the production of PCR amplicons DNA-intercalating dyes are widely used. Recently, we have introduced a new qPCR mix which showed improved amplification of medium-size genomic DNA fragments in the presence of DNA dye SYBR green I (SGI). In this study we tested whether the new PCR mix is also suitable for other DNA dyes used for qPCR and whether it can be applied for amplification of DNA fragments which are difficult to amplify. Results We found that several DNA dyes (SGI, SYTO-9, SYTO-13, SYTO-82, EvaGreen, LCGreen or ResoLight) exhibited optimum qPCR performance in buffers of different salt composition. Fidelity assays demonstrated that the observed differences were not caused by changes in Taq DNA polymerase induced mutation frequencies in PCR mixes of different salt composition or containing different DNA dyes. In search for a PCR mix compatible with all the DNA dyes, and suitable for efficient amplification of difficult-to-amplify DNA templates, such as those in whole blood, of medium size and/or GC-rich, we found excellent performance of a PCR mix supplemented with 1 M 1,2-propanediol and 0.2 M trehalose (PT enhancer). These two additives together decreased DNA melting temperature and efficiently neutralized PCR inhibitors present in blood samples. They also made possible more efficient amplification of GC-rich templates than betaine and other previously described additives. Furthermore, amplification in the presence of PT enhancer increased the robustness and performance of routinely used qPCRs with short amplicons. Conclusions The combined data indicate that PCR mixes supplemented with PT enhancer are suitable for DNA amplification in the presence of various DNA dyes and for a variety of templates which otherwise can be amplified with difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Horáková
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Duque-Afonso J, Solari L, Essig A, Berg T, Pahl HL, Lübbert M. Regulation of the adaptor molecule LAT2, an in vivo target gene of AML1/ETO (RUNX1/RUNX1T1), during myeloid differentiation. Br J Haematol 2011; 153:612-22. [PMID: 21488857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The leukaemia-specific fusion oncoprotein RUNX1/RUNX1T1 (AML1/ETO), resulting from the chromosomal translocation (8;21) in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), imposes a striking genotype-phenotype relationship upon this distinct subtype of AML, which is mediated by multiple, co-ordinate downstream effects induced by this chimeric transcription factor. We previously identified the LAT2 gene, encoding the adaptor molecule LAT2 (NTAL, LAB), which is phosphorylated by KIT and has a role in mast cell and B-cell activation, as a target of the repressor activity of RUNX1/RUNX1T1. These results were confirmed and extended by demonstrating downregulation of the LAT2 protein in response to conditional RUNX1/RUNX1T1 expression, and its absence in primary AML with the t(8;21). In contrast, in a cohort of 43 AML patients, higher levels of LAT2 were associated with myelomonocytic features. Differentiation of HL-60 and NB4 cells towards granulocytes by all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) resulted in downregulation of LAT2; conversely, it was upregulated during phorbol ester-induced monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells. Forced expression of LAT2 in Kasumi-1 cells resulted in a striking block of ATRA- and phorbol ester-induced differentiation, implicating disturbances of the graded expression of this adaptor molecule in the maturation block of myeloid leukaemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Duque-Afonso
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, Freiburg, Germany
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van der Poel CE, Spaapen RM, van de Winkel JGJ, Leusen JHW. Functional Characteristics of the High Affinity IgG Receptor, FcγRI. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2699-704. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Mast cells are multifunctional cells that initiate not only IgE-dependent allergic diseases but also play a fundamental role in innate and adaptive immune responses to microbial infection. They are also thought to play a role in angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, wound healing, and tumor repression or growth. The broad scope of these physiologic and pathologic roles illustrates the flexible nature of mast cells, which is enabled in part by their phenotypic adaptability to different tissue microenvironments and their ability to generate and release a diverse array of bioactive mediators in response to multiple types of cell-surface and cytosolic receptors. There is increasing evidence from studies in cell cultures that release of these mediators can be selectively modulated depending on the types or groups of receptors activated. The intent of this review is to foster interest in the interplay among mast cell receptors to help understand the underlying mechanisms for each of the immunological and non-immunological functions attributed to mast cells. The second intent of this review is to assess the pathophysiologic roles of mast cells and their products in health and disease. Although mast cells have a sufficient repertoire of bioactive mediators to mount effective innate and adaptive defense mechanisms against invading microorganisms, these same mediators can adversely affect surrounding tissues in the host, resulting in autoimmune disease as well as allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair M Gilfillan
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1881, USA.
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Tůmová M, Koffer A, Simíček M, Dráberová L, Dráber P. The transmembrane adaptor protein NTAL signals to mast cell cytoskeleton via the small GTPase Rho. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3235-45. [PMID: 21061444 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane adaptor protein NTAL (non-T-cell activation linker) participates in signalosome assembly in hematopoietic cells, but its exact role in cell physiology remains enigmatic. We report here that BM-derived mast cells from NTAL-deficient mice, responding to Ag alone or in combination with SCF, exhibit reduced spreading on fibronectin, enhanced filamentous actin depolymerization and enhanced migration towards Ag relative to WT cells. No such differences between WT and NTAL(-/-) BM-derived mast cells were observed when SCF alone was used as activator. We have examined the activities of two small GTPases, Rac and Rho, which are important regulators of actin polymerization. Stimulation with Ag and/or SCF enhanced activity of Rac(1,2,3) in both NTAL(-/-) and WT cells. In contrast, RhoA activity decreased and this trend was much faster and more extensive in NTAL(-/-) cells, indicating a positive regulatory role of NTAL in the recovery of RhoA activity. After restoring NTAL into NTAL(-/-) cells, both spreading and actin responses were rescued. This is the first report of a crucial role of NTAL in signaling, via RhoA, to mast cell cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Tůmová
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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47
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Osborne LR. Animal models of Williams syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:209-19. [PMID: 20425782 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have generated a variety of mouse models in an attempt to dissect the contribution of individual genes to the complex phenotype associated with Williams syndrome (WS). The mouse genome is easily manipulated to produce animals that are copies of humans with genetic conditions, be it with null mutations, hypomorphic mutations, point mutations, or even large deletions encompassing many genes. The existing mouse models certainly seem to implicate hemizygosity for ELN, BAZ1B, CLIP2, and GTF2IRD1 in WS, and new mice with large deletions of the WS region are helping us to understand both the additive and potential combinatorial effects of hemizygosity for specific genes. However, not all genes that are haploinsufficient in humans prove to be so in mice and the effect of genetic background can also have a significant effect on the penetrance of many phenotypes. Thus although mouse models are powerful tools, the information garnered from their study must be carefully interpreted. Nevertheless, mouse models look set to provide a wealth of information about the neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and molecular pathways that underlie WS and in the future will act as essential tools for the development and testing of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy R Osborne
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 7360 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Bugajev V, Bambousková M, Dráberová L, Dráber P. What precedes the initial tyrosine phosphorylation of the high affinity IgE receptor in antigen-activated mast cell? FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4949-55. [PMID: 20828563 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An interaction of multivalent antigen with its IgE bound to the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on the surface of mast cells or basophils initiates a series of signaling events leading to degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators. Earlier studies showed that the first biochemically defined step in this signaling cascade is tyrosine phosphorylation of the FcεRI β subunit by Src family kinase Lyn. However, the processes affecting this step remained elusive. In this review we critically evaluate three current models (transphosphorylation, lipid raft, and our preferential protein tyrosine kinase-protein tyrosine phosphatase interplay model) substantiating three different mechanisms of FcεRI phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Bugajev
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Orr SJ, McVicar DW. LAB/NTAL/Lat2: a force to be reckoned with in all leukocytes? J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:11-9. [PMID: 20643813 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0410221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
LAB/NTAL/Lat2 is a transmembrane adaptor protein closely related to LAT. It is expressed in various myeloid and lymphoid cells, many of which also express LAT. Phosphorylation of LAB occurs following engagement of various ITAM- and non-ITAM-linked receptors and can play positive and negative roles following receptor engagement. LAT binds PLCγ directly, resulting in efficient Ca²+ flux and degranulation. However, LAB does not contain a PLCγ-binding motif and only binds PLCγ indirectly, possibly via Grb2, thereby resulting in suboptimal signaling. As LAT can signal more efficiently than LAB, competition between the 2 for space/substrates in the lipid rafts can attenuate signaling. This competition model requires coexpression of LAT; however, LAB is repressive, even in cells lacking substantial LAT expression such as macrophages and mature B cells. The reported interaction between LAB and the ubiquitin E3-ligase c-Cbl suggests 1 possible mechanism for LAT-independent inhibition by LAB, but such a model requires further investigation. Given the wide-reaching expression pattern of LAB, LAB has the ability to modulate signaling in virtually every type of leukocyte. Regardless of its ultimate mode of action, the potent regulatory capability of LAB proves this protein to be a complex adaptor that warrants continued, substantial scrutiny by biochemists and immunologists alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selinda J Orr
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Independent and cooperative roles of adaptor molecules in proximal signaling during FcepsilonRI-mediated mast cell activation. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:4188-96. [PMID: 20606011 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00305-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation through FcepsilonRI, a high-affinity IgE-binding receptor, is critical for mast cell function during allergy. The formation of a multimolecular proximal signaling complex nucleated by the adaptor molecules SLP-76 and LAT1 is required for activation through this receptor. Based on previous T-cell studies, current dogma dictates that LAT1 is required for plasma membrane recruitment and function of SLP-76. Unexpectedly, we found that the recruitment and phosphorylation of SLP-76 were preserved in LAT1(-/-) mast cells and that SLP-76(-/-) and LAT1(-/-) mast cells harbored distinct functional and biochemical defects. The LAT1-like molecule LAT2 was responsible for the preserved membrane localization and phosphorylation of SLP-76 in LAT1(-/-) mast cells. Although LAT2 supported SLP-76 phosphorylation and recruitment to the plasma membrane, LAT2 only partially compensated for LAT1-mediated cell signaling due to its decreased ability to stabilize interactions with phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma). Comparison of SLP-76(-/-) LAT1(-/-) and SLP-76(-/-) mast cells revealed that some functions of LAT1 could occur independently of SLP-76. We propose that while SLP-76 and LAT1 depend on each other for many of their functions, LAT2/SLP-76 interactions and SLP-76-independent LAT1 functions also mediate a positive signaling pathway downstream of FcepsilonRI in mast cells.
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