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Association Lp-PLA2 Gene Polymorphisms with Coronary Heart Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:9775699. [PMID: 35818585 PMCID: PMC9271005 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9775699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The study evaluated the association between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) gene polymorphisms and coronary heart disease (CHD), in order to explore the molecular genetics of CHD. Methods Groups of CHD patients (n = 283) and healthy controls (n = 261) were involved in this study. R92H, V279F, and A379V polymorphisms of LP-PLA2 gene were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct DNA sequencing. These polymorphisms and their interaction were also analyzed as potential risk factors of CHD. Results In this study population, the genotypes of R92H (GG, GA, and AA), V279F (CC, AC, and AA) and A379V (GG, GA, and AA) were studied. There was a significantly difference in frequencies of R92H between CHD patients and controls (P < 0.05). In contrast, no significant difference in frequencies of V279F and A379V existed between CHD patients and controls. Furthermore, R92H and A379V were in strong linkage disequilibrium. Conclusions These results suggested that R92H polymorphism might contribute to increased risk of CHD.
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Ramasubramanian R, Kalhan R, Jacobs DR, Washko GR, Hou L, Gross MD, Guan W, Thyagarajan B. Gene expression of oxidative stress markers and lung function: A CARDIA lung study. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1832. [PMID: 34800009 PMCID: PMC8683624 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating markers of oxidative stress have been associated with lower lung function. Our objective was to study the association of gene expression levels of oxidative stress pathway genes (ALOX12, ALOX15, ARG2, GSTT1, LPO, MPO, NDUFB3, PLA2G7, and SOD3) and lung function forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1 ), forced vital capacity (FVC) in Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. METHODS Lung function was measured using spirometry and the Nanostring platform was used to estimate gene expression levels. Linear regression models were used to study association of lung function measured at year 30, 10-year decline in lung function and gene expression after adjustment for center, smoking, and BMI, measured at year 25. RESULTS The 10-year decline of FEV1 was faster in highest NDUFB3 quartile compared to the lowest (difference = -2.09%; p = 0.001) after adjustment for multiple comparisons. The 10-year decline in FEV1 and FVC was nominally slower in highest versus lowest quartile of PLA2G7 (difference = 1.14%; p = 0.02, and difference = 1.06%; p = 0.005, respectively). The other genes in the study were not associated with FEV1 or FVC. CONCLUSION Higher gene expression levels in oxidative stress pathway genes are associated with faster 10-year FEV1 decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ramasubramanian
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ravi Kalhan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - George R Washko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Applied Chest Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Myron D Gross
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Sim S, Choi Y, Park HS. Potential Metabolic Biomarkers in Adult Asthmatics. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070430. [PMID: 34209139 PMCID: PMC8306564 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic airway inflammation, with multiple phenotypes caused by complicated interactions of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. To date, various determinants have been suggested for asthma pathogenesis by a new technology termed omics, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. In particular, the systematic analysis of all metabolites in a biological system, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids, has helped identify a novel pathway related to complex diseases. These metabolites are involved in the regulation of hypermethylation, response to hypoxia, and immune reactions in the pathogenesis of asthma. Among them, lipid metabolism has been suggested to be related to lung dysfunction in mild-to-moderate asthma. Sphingolipid metabolites are an important mediator contributing to airway inflammation in obese asthma and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Although how these molecular variants impact the disease has not been completely determined, identification of new causative factors may possibly lead to more-personalized and precise pathway-specific approaches for better diagnosis and treatment of asthma. In this review, perspectives of metabolites related to asthma and clinical implications have been highlighted according to various phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hae-Sim Park
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-5196; Fax: +82-31-219-5154
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Khan MI, Hariprasad G. Structural Modeling of Wild and Mutant Forms of Human Plasma Platelet Activating Factor-Acetyl Hydrolase Enzyme. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:1125-1139. [PMID: 33364808 PMCID: PMC7751442 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s274940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the structural features of wild and mutant forms of the pPAF-AH enzyme that are responsible for coronary artery disease. Methods Mutant variants of human pPAF-AH having either V279F, Q281R, or both were modelled and evaluated for stereo chemical and structural correctness. The 3D coordinates of substrate PAF were retrieved from the PubChem database was solvated and minimized on Discovery Studio, and docked to the wild and mutant enzyme models. The top docked pose complex was refined by MD simulation. Results pPAF-AH model comprises of 420 amino acids in a α/β-hydrolase fold that contains a substrate-binding hydrophobic channel with an active site pocket having a catalytic triad of Ser273, Asp296 and His351. Mutations at positions 279 and 281 are opposite one another on the middle of 12 residues long H5 helix that forms the hydrophobic core of the enzyme. V279F causes a tilt on the axis of the mutation bearing helix to avoid steric clashes with the hydrophobic residues on the β-sheets adjacent to it, inducing subtle conformational changes on the H5-β8 loop, β8 sheet, and the loop bearing Asp296. A cascade of conformational changes induces a change in the orientation of His351 resulting in loss of hydrogen bonded interaction with catalytic Ser273. Q281R causes a shortening of H5 and β8, which induces conformational changes of the loops bearing Ser273 and Asp296, respectively. Simultaneous conformational changes of secondary structural elements result in the flipping of His351 causing a break in the catalytic triad. Also, there is a compromise in the substrate-binding area and volume in the mutants resulting in loss of binding to its substrate. Conclusion Mutant enzymes show changes at the site of the mutation, secondary motif conformations and global structural conformations that adversely affect the active site, decrease substrate channel volume and decrease stability, thereby affecting enzymatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imran Khan
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Gururao Hariprasad
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Khan MI, Hariprasad G. Human Secretary Phospholipase A2 Mutations and Their Clinical Implications. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:551-561. [PMID: 32982370 PMCID: PMC7502393 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s269557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) belong to a superfamily of enzymes responsible for hydrolysis of the sn-2 fatty acids of membrane phospholipids to release arachidonic acid. PLA2s are the rate limiting enzyme for the downstream synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes that are the main mediators of inflammation. The extracellular forms of this enzyme are also called the secretary phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and are distributed extensively in most of the tissues in the human body. Their integral role in inflammatory pathways has been the primary reason for the extensive research on this molecule. The catalytic mechanism of sPLA2 is initiated by a histidine/aspartic acid/calcium complex within the active site. Though they are known to have certain housekeeping functions, certain mutations of sPLA2 are known to be implicated in causation of certain pathologies leading to diseases such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, benign fleck retina, neurodegeneration, and asthma. We present an overview of human sPLA2 and a comprehensive compilation of the mutations that result in various disease phenotypes. The study not only helps to have a holistic understanding of human sPLA2 mutations and their clinical implications, but is also a useful platform to initiate research pertaining to structure–function relationship of the mutations to develop effective therapies for management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imran Khan
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Gururao Hariprasad
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Wu C, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Han W. Association of Serum Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 and A379V Gene Polymorphisms with Carotid Plaques. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2020; 24:131-137. [PMID: 32109154 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2019.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LP-PLA2) is closely related to the development of atherosclerosis. The A379V gene polymorphism, located in exon 11 of the PLA2G7 gene, can affect LP-PLA2 levels and the inflammatory response. However, the association between the A379V polymorphism and formation of carotid plaques is unclear. Materials and Methods: A total of 516 ischemic stroke patients were classified according to carotid intima-media thickness as measured by ultrasound into the plaque group (n = 375, including 258 and 117 cases having vulnerable and stable plaques, respectively) and the nonplaque group (n = 141). The LP-PLA2 gene A379V polymorphism was determined by DNA sequencing, and Lp-PLA2 serum protein levels were determined simultaneously. Results: The serum Lp-PLA2 levels (p < 0.0005), CT+TT genotype frequency (odds ratio [OR]: 1.730, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.114-2.686, p = 0.014), and T allele frequency (OR: 1.592, 95% CI: 1.082-2.342, p = 0.018) in the plaque group were significantly higher than those in the nonplaque group. Lp-PLA2 serum levels in the vulnerable plaque subgroup were significantly higher than those in the stable plaque subgroup (p = 0.003). However, there were no significant differences in the frequency of the A379V polymorphism between the vulnerable and stable plaque subgroups. For all subjects, Lp-PLA2 serum levels for patients having a CC genotype were significantly lower than those for patients having a CT (p = 0.003), TT (p = 0.014), or CC+TT genotype (p = 0.001). Logistic regression showed that the Lp-PLA2 level was a risk factor for carotid plaque formation (OR: 1.024, 95% CI: 1.011-1.030, p = 0.001), but the A379V gene polymorphism was not (OR: 1.037, 95% CI: 0.357-3.012, p = 0.947). Conclusion: The A379V gene polymorphism might be associated with serum Lp-PLA2 levels and carotid plaque formation, but not with plaque vulnerability in a Chinese Han population. Serum Lp-PLA2 level was shown to be a risk factor for carotid plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhu Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanlin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Han
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Gu X, Lin W, Xu Y, Che D, Tan Y, Lu Z, Pi L, Fu L, Zhou H, Jiang Z, Gu X. The rs1051931 G>A Polymorphism in the PLA2G7 Gene Confers Resistance to Immunoglobulin Therapy in Kawasaki Disease in a Southern Chinese Population. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:338. [PMID: 32656171 PMCID: PMC7324548 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a common cardiovascular disease in infants and young children, with fever, rash, and conjunctivitis as the main clinical manifestations, which can lead to the occurrence of coronary aneurysms. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is the preferred treatment for KD patients, but 10-20% of patients are resistant to IVIG. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 (Lp-PLA2) is a potential therapeutic target for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, and the polymorphism of Phospholipase A2 Group VII (PLA2G7) is closely related to the activity of Lp-PLA2, of which rs1051931 is the strongest. Therefore, the rs1051931 polymorphism may be a predictor of IVIG resistance in KD patients. Methods: A total of 760 KD cases, including 148 IVIG-resistant patients and 612 IVIG-responsive patients, were genotyped for rs1051931 in PLA2G7, we compared the effects of rs1051931 on IVIG treatment in KD patients by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The homozygous mutation AA may be a protective factor for IVIG resistance in KD patients (adjusted OR = 3.47, 95% CI = 1.14-10.57, P = 0.0284) and is more evident in patients with KD aged <60 months (adjusted OR = 3.68, 95% CI = 1.10-12.28, P = 0.0399). Conclusions: The PLA2G7 rs1051931 G>A polymorphism may be suitable as a biomarker for the diagnosis or prognosis of IVIG resistance in KD in a southern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Gu
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Clinical Lab, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchun Lin
- Department of Pneumology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufen Xu
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Che
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqian Tan
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoliang Lu
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Pi
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanyan Fu
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huazhong Zhou
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Clinical Lab, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Gu
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Clinical Lab, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Huang F, Wang K, Shen J. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2: The story continues. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:79-134. [PMID: 31140638 PMCID: PMC6973114 DOI: 10.1002/med.21597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) mediates vascular inflammation through the regulation of lipid metabolism in blood, thus, it has been extensively investigated to identify its role in vascular inflammation-related diseases, mainly atherosclerosis. Although darapladib, the most advanced Lp-PLA2 inhibitor, failed to meet the primary endpoints of two large phase III trials in atherosclerosis patients cotreated with standard medical care, the research on Lp-PLA2 has not been terminated. Novel pathogenic, epidemiologic, genetic, and crystallographic studies regarding Lp-PLA2 have been reported recently, while novel inhibitors were identified through a fragment-based lead discovery strategy. More strikingly, recent clinical and preclinical studies revealed that Lp-PLA2 inhibition showed promising therapeutic effects in diabetic macular edema and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we not only summarized the knowledge of Lp-PLA2 established in the past decades but also emphasized new findings in recent years. We hope this review could be valuable for helping researchers acquire a much deeper insight into the nature of Lp-PLA2, identify more potent and selective Lp-PLA2 inhibitors, and discover the potential indications of Lp-PLA2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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9
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G994T polymorphism in exon 9 of plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene and lung ultrasound score as prognostic markers in evaluating the outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3174-3180. [PMID: 30906481 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to discover potential biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in conjunction with lung ultrasound (LUS). Blood samples from 112 ARDS patients were collected to compare their partial oxygen pressure (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lactic acid, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) and APACHE II score. Kaplan-Meier plots and the log-rank test were performed to analyse the association between the platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) G994T polymorphism and the outcome of ARDS regarding mortality. A negative correlation between the LUS score and PaO2/FiO2, PEEP and lactic acid, as well as with the SOFA, CPIS and APACHE II score was confirmed with correlation coefficients of -0.493, -0.548, -0.642, -0.598, -0.566 and -0.567, respectively (all P<0.05). The activity of PAFAH and high-density lipoprotein-PAFAH in the serum collected from subjects of the GG genotype was similar to that in subjects of the GT genotype, but the low-density lipoprotein-PAFAH activity in the serum collected from GG subjects was significantly higher than that in GT subjects. An evident reduction in the PEEP, level of lactic acid, as well as the SOFA, CPIS and APACHE II score was observed in GG subjects, accompanied by a significantly increased PaO2/FiO2. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that subjects with a high LUS score had a significantly higher survival rate than those with a low LUS score, and the mortality risk for GG subjects was significantly lower than that for GT subjects. Finally, among all groups (genotype and LUS groups), GG subjects with a high LUS score had the lowest mortality risk, whereas GT subjects with a low LUS score had the highest mortality risk. In addition, the survival rate of GT subjects with a high LUS score was higher than that of GG subjects with a low LUS score. In conclusion, the combination of the LUS score and the G994T polymorphism in exon 9 of the PAFAH gene may be used as a potential prognostic marker for ARDS.
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Ehlers AM, Blankestijn MA, Knulst AC, Klinge M, Otten HG. Can alternative epitope mapping approaches increase the impact of B-cell epitopes in food allergy diagnostics? Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 49:17-26. [PMID: 30294841 PMCID: PMC7380004 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro allergy diagnostics are currently based on the detection of specific IgE binding on intact allergens or a mixture thereof. This approach has drawbacks as it may yield false‐negative and/or false‐positive results. Thus, we reviewed the impact of known B‐cell epitopes of food allergens to predict transience or persistence, tolerance or allergy and the severity of an allergic reaction and to examine new epitope mapping strategies meant to improve serum‐based allergy diagnostics. Recent epitope mapping approaches have been worthwhile in epitope identification and may increase the specificity of allergy diagnostics by using epitopes predominately recognized by allergic patients in some cases. However, these approaches did not lead to discrimination between clinically relevant and irrelevant epitopes so far, since the polyclonal serum IgE‐binding epitope spectrum seems to be too individual, independent of the disease status of the patients. New epitope mapping strategies are necessary to overcome these obstacles. The use of patient‐derived monoclonal antibodies instead of patient sera for functional characterization of clinically relevant and irrelevant epitope combinations, distinguished by their ability to induce degranulation, might be a promising approach to gain more insight into the allergic reaction and to improve serum‐based allergy diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Ehlers
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Blankestijn
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andre C Knulst
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henny G Otten
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Kono N, Arai H. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases: An overview and update. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:922-931. [PMID: 30055287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs) are unique members of the phospholipase A2 family that can hydrolyze the acetyl group of PAF, a signaling phospholipid that has roles in diverse (patho)physiological processes. Three types of PAF-AH have been identified in mammals, one plasma type and two intracellular types [PAF-AH (I) and PAF-AH (II)]. Plasma PAF-AH and PAF-AH (II) are monomeric enzymes that are structurally similar, while PAF-AH (I) is a multimeric enzyme with no homology to other PAF-AHs. PAF-AH (I) shows a strong preference for an acetyl group, whereas plasma PAF-AH and PAF-AH (II) also hydrolyze phospholipids with oxidatively modified fatty acids. Plasma PAF-AH has been implicated in several diseases including cardiovascular disease. PAF-AH (I) is required for spermatogenesis and is increasingly recognized as an oncogenic factor. PAF-AH (II) was recently shown to act as a bioactive lipid-producing enzyme in mast cells and thus could be a drug target for allergic diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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12
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Yamaura S, Sakasegawa SI, Koguma E, Ueda S, Kayamori Y, Sugimori D, Karasawa K. Novel enzymatic method for assaying Lp-PLA 2 in serum. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 481:184-188. [PMID: 29550277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) can be used as an adjunct to traditional cardiovascular risk factors for identifying individuals at higher risk of cardiovascular events. This can be performed by quantification of the protein concentration using an ELISA platform or by measuring Lp-PLA2 activity using platelet-activating factor (PAF) analog as substrate. Here, an enzymatic Lp-PLA2 activity assay method using 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-acetyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (rac C16 PAF) was developed. METHODS The newly revealed substrate specificity of lysoplasmalogen-specific phospholipase D (lysophospholipase D (LysoPLD)) was exploited. Lp-PLA2 hydrolyzes 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C16 PAF) to 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (LysoPAF). LysoPLD acted on LysoPAF, and the hydrolytically released choline was detected by choline oxidase. RESULTS Regression analysis of Lp-PLA2 activity measured by the enzymatic Lp-PLA2 activity assay vs. two chemical Lp-PLA2 activity assays, i.e. LpPLA2 FS and PLAC® test, and ELISA, gave the following correlation coefficients: 0.990, 0.893 and 0.785, respectively (n = 30). CONCLUSION Advantages of this enzymatic Lp-PLA2 activity assay compared with chemical Lp-PLA2 methods include the following; (i) only requires two reagents enabling a simple two-point linear calibration method with one calibrator (ii) no need for inhibitors of esterase-like activity in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Yamaura
- Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | | | - Emisa Koguma
- Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ueda
- Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kayamori
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugimori
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Ken Karasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
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Wang BX, Mei H, Peng HM, Gao Y, Ding Y. [Association between platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene polymorphisms and gastrointestinal bleeding in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2017; 19:385-388. [PMID: 28407821 PMCID: PMC7389661 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ninth exon Val279Phe of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) gene and gastrointestinal bleeding in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). METHODS A total 516 children with HSP were enrolled, among whom 182 had gastrointestinal bleeding and 334 had no gastrointestinal bleeding. PCR was used to investigate the distribution of genotypes and alleles in the SNPs of Val97Phe. The plasma PAF-AH activity was measured, as well as the levels of platelet-activating factor (PAF), granular membrane protein-140 (GMP-140), β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), and platelet factor 4 (PF4). RESULTS The Val279Phe genotype and allele frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the homozygous genotype TT and heterozygotes accounted for 0.97% and 6.05% respectively. The gastrointestinal bleeding group had a significantly higher allele frequency than the control group (5.22% vs 3.33%; P<0.01). The HSP patients with GG genotype in the gastrointestinal bleeding group had significantly higher levels of plasma PAF and GMP-140 than those in the non-gastrointestinal bleeding group (P<0.05), while the non-gastrointestinal bleeding group had a significantly higher PAF-AH activity than the gastrointestinal bleeding group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in β-TG and PF4 between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Val279Phe gene polymorphisms in PAF-AH are associated with PAF-AH activity and PAF and GMP-140 levels and may be a risk factor for HSP with gastrointestinal bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Xiang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Wuhan 430016, China
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Ek WE, Ahsan M, Rask-Andersen M, Liang L, Moffatt MF, Gyllensten U, Johansson Å. Epigenome-wide DNA methylation study of IgE concentration in relation to self-reported allergies. Epigenomics 2017; 9:407-418. [PMID: 28322575 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Epigenetic mechanisms are critical for normal immune development and epigenetic alterations might therefore be possible contributors to immune diseases. To investigate if DNA methylation in whole blood is associated with total and allergen-specific IgE levels. METHODS We performed an epigenome-wide association study to investigate the association between DNA methylation and IgE level, allergen-specific IgE and self-reported immune diseases and allergies in 728 individuals. RESULTS We identified and replicated 15 CpG sites associated with IgE, mapping to biologically relevant genes, including ACOT7, ILR5A, KCNH2, PRG2 and EPX. A total of 331 loci were associated with allergen-specific IgE, but none of these CpG sites were associated with self-reported allergies and immune diseases. CONCLUSION This study shows that IgE levels are associated with DNA methylation levels at numerous CpG sites, which might provide new leads for investigating the links between IgE and allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronica E Ek
- Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815 75108 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Ahsan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815 75108 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Rask-Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815 75108 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815 75108 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815 75108 Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhang R, Song Q, Liu H, Bai H, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Guan L, Fan P. Effect of the R92H and A379V genotypes of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase on its enzyme activity, oxidative stress and metabolic profile in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:57. [PMID: 28320416 PMCID: PMC5359970 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The G994T polymorphism in platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) gene is associated with the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between R92H and A379V variants of the PAF-AH gene and the risk of PCOS and to evaluate the effects of the genotypes on PAF-AH activities and clinical, metabolic and oxidative stress indexes in Chinese women. Methods A total of 862 patients with PCOS based on the Rotterdam consensus criteria and 750 control women from a population of Chinese Han nationality in the Chengdu area were studied from 2006–2015. PAF-AH genotypes were determined by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Plasma PAF-AH, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated PAF-AH (H-PAF-AH) and apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing lipoprotein-associated PAF-AH (apoB-PAF-AH) activities were measured using the trichloroacetic acid precipitation procedure with PAF C-16 as a substrate. Circulating markers of oxidative stress, including serum total oxidant status, total antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress index and malondialdehyde levels, and clinical and metabolic parameters were also analyzed. Results No significant differences were observed in the frequencies of R92H and A379V genotypes and alleles of the PAF-AH gene between PCOS and control groups (P > 0.05). Compared with patients with the 92RR genotype, patients with H allele of R92H (RH + HH genotype) had significantly higher plasma PAF-AH and apoB-PAF-AH activities (P < 0.05) and tended to exhibit increased H-PAF-AH activity (P = 0.063) after adjusted for age and BMI. However, when serum LDL-C, HDL-C, TG and HOMA index were added as covariates, the comparisons no longer remained statistical significance (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in clinical, hormonal, metabolic and circulating oxidative stress parameters and the frequencies of PAF-AH G449T genotype according to PAF-AH R92H or A379V genotyping in patients with PCOS and control women. Conclusions There were no significant associations between R92H and A379V variants of PAF-AH gene and risk of PCOS in Chinese women. The increased plasma PAF-AH and apoB-PAF-AH activities in patients with H allele of R92H are related to the R92 → H variation, changes in plasma lipoprotein levels, insulin resistance, aging, and gaining weight and thus may be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS and the increased risks of future cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjiao Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Huai Bai
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujin Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Linbo Guan
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Fan
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Gregson JM, Freitag DF, Surendran P, Stitziel NO, Chowdhury R, Burgess S, Kaptoge S, Gao P, Staley JR, Willeit P, Nielsen SF, Caslake M, Trompet S, Polfus LM, Kuulasmaa K, Kontto J, Perola M, Blankenberg S, Veronesi G, Gianfagna F, Männistö S, Kimura A, Lin H, Reilly DF, Gorski M, Mijatovic V, Munroe PB, Ehret GB, Thompson A, Uria-Nickelsen M, Malarstig A, Dehghan A, Vogt TF, Sasaoka T, Takeuchi F, Kato N, Yamada Y, Kee F, Müller-Nurasyid M, Ferrières J, Arveiler D, Amouyel P, Salomaa V, Boerwinkle E, Thompson SG, Ford I, Wouter Jukema J, Sattar N, Packard CJ, Shafi Majumder AA, Alam DS, Deloukas P, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Kathiresan S, Nordestgaard BG, Saleheen D, Howson JMM, Di Angelantonio E, Butterworth AS, Danesh J. Genetic invalidation of Lp-PLA 2 as a therapeutic target: Large-scale study of five functional Lp-PLA 2-lowering alleles. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017; 24:492-504. [PMID: 27940953 PMCID: PMC5460752 DOI: 10.1177/2047487316682186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aims Darapladib, a potent inhibitor of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), has not reduced risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes in recent randomized trials. We aimed to test whether Lp-PLA2 enzyme activity is causally relevant to coronary heart disease. Methods In 72,657 patients with coronary heart disease and 110,218 controls in 23 epidemiological studies, we genotyped five functional variants: four rare loss-of-function mutations (c.109+2T > C (rs142974898), Arg82His (rs144983904), Val279Phe (rs76863441), Gln287Ter (rs140020965)) and one common modest-impact variant (Val379Ala (rs1051931)) in PLA2G7, the gene encoding Lp-PLA2. We supplemented de-novo genotyping with information on a further 45,823 coronary heart disease patients and 88,680 controls in publicly available databases and other previous studies. We conducted a systematic review of randomized trials to compare effects of darapladib treatment on soluble Lp-PLA2 activity, conventional cardiovascular risk factors, and coronary heart disease risk with corresponding effects of Lp-PLA2-lowering alleles. Results Lp-PLA2 activity was decreased by 64% ( p = 2.4 × 10-25) with carriage of any of the four loss-of-function variants, by 45% ( p < 10-300) for every allele inherited at Val279Phe, and by 2.7% ( p = 1.9 × 10-12) for every allele inherited at Val379Ala. Darapladib 160 mg once-daily reduced Lp-PLA2 activity by 65% ( p < 10-300). Causal risk ratios for coronary heart disease per 65% lower Lp-PLA2 activity were: 0.95 (0.88-1.03) with Val279Phe; 0.92 (0.74-1.16) with carriage of any loss-of-function variant; 1.01 (0.68-1.51) with Val379Ala; and 0.95 (0.89-1.02) with darapladib treatment. Conclusions In a large-scale human genetic study, none of a series of Lp-PLA2-lowering alleles was related to coronary heart disease risk, suggesting that Lp-PLA2 is unlikely to be a causal risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Gregson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel F Freitag
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Praveen Surendran
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Kaptoge
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Pei Gao
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - James R Staley
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Willeit
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Kontto
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute of Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Centre Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Veronesi
- Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Gianfagna
- Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Satu Männistö
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akinori Kimura
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
- The NHLBI’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, USA
| | - Dermot F Reilly
- Merck Research Laboratories, Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Boston, USA
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vladan Mijatovic
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | | | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Georg B Ehret
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas F Vogt
- Merck Research Laboratories, Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, USA
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Princeton, USA
| | - Taishi Sasaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Yamada
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Life Science Research Centre, Mie University, Japan
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queens University, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Epidemiology, UMR 1027-INSERM, Toulouse University-CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, EA 3430, University of Strasbourg and Strasbourg University Hospital, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Simon G Thompson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dewan S Alam
- Centre for Global Health Research, St Michael Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, UK
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Broad Institute, Cambridge and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joanna MM Howson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - John Danesh
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Cambridge Centre of Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Associations of MDR1, TBXA2R, PLA2G7, and PEAR1 genetic polymorphisms with the platelet activity in Chinese ischemic stroke patients receiving aspirin therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1442-1448. [PMID: 27641736 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Aspirin resistance has an incidence of 5%-65% in patients with ischemic stroke, who receive the standard dose of aspirin, but the platelet function is inadequately inhibited, thereby leading to thrombotic events. Numerous evidence shows that thromboxane A2 receptor (TXA2 receptor, encoded by TBXA2R), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2, encoded by PLA2G7) and platelet endothelial aggregation receptor-1 (PEAR1, encoded by PEAR1) are crucial in regulating platelet activation, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp, encoded by MDR1) influences the absorption of aspirin in the intestine. In this study we examined the correlation between MDR1, TBXA2R, PLA2G7, PEAR1 genetic polymorphisms and platelet activity in Chinese ischemic stroke patients receiving aspirin therapy. METHODS A total of 283 ischemic stroke patients receiving 100 mg aspirin for 7 d were genotyped for polymorphisms in MDR1 C3435T, TBXA2R (rs1131882), PLA2G7 (rs1051931, rs7756935), and PEAR1 (rs12566888, rs12041331). The platelet aggregation response was measured using an automatic platelet aggregation analyzer and a commercially available TXB2 ELISA kit. RESULTS Thirty-three patients (11.66%) were insensitive to aspirin treatment. MDR1 3435TT genotype carriers, whose arachidonic acid (AA) or adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation was lower than that of CC+CT genotype carriers, were less likely to suffer from aspirin resistance (odds ratio=0.421, 95% CI: 0.233-0.759). The TBXA2R rs1131882 CC genotype, which was found more frequently in the aspirin-insensitive group (81.8% vs 62.4%) than in the sensitive group, was identified as a risk factor for aspirin resistance (odds ratio=2.712, 95% CI: 1.080-6.810) with a higher level of AA-induced platelet aggregation. Due to the combined effects of PLA2G7 rs1051931 and rs7756935, carriers of the AA-CC haplotype had a higher level of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, and were at considerably higher risk of aspirin resistance than noncarriers (odds ratio=8.233, 95% CI: 1.590-42.638). CONCLUSION A considerable portion (11.66%) of Chinese ischemic stroke patients are insensitive to aspirin treatment, which may be correlated with the MDR1 C3435T, TBXA2R (rs1131882), and PLA2G7 (rs1051931-rs7756935) polymorphisms.
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Haghdoost F, Gharzi M, Faez F, Hosseinzadeh E, Tajaddini M, Rafiei L, Asgari F, Banihashemi M, Masjedi SS, Zandifar A, Haghjooy-Javanmard S. Association between Ala379Val polymorphism of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and migraine without aura in Iranian population. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY 2016; 15:80-4. [PMID: 27326362 PMCID: PMC4912673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a common neurovascular disorder with multifactorial and polygenic inheritance. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of a migraine without aura and Ala379Val polymorphism of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) gene in the Iranian population. METHODS In this study, 103 migraine patients and 100 healthy controls were enrolled. DNA samples were extracted and the Ala379Val polymorphism of Lp-PLA2 gene was investigated. To assess severity of a headache, patients filled out the headache impact test (HIT-6) and migraine severity (MIGSEV) questionnaires. RESULTS Allele V had significantly lower frequency in the case group than control subjects [P = 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 0.25, confidence interval (CI): 0.15-0.40]. The frequency of migraine patients that were a carrier of V allele (V/V and A/V) was statistically significant lower than the control group (P = 0.003, OR = 2.39, CI: 1.35-4.23). There was no significant difference of alleles frequency between three grades of MIGSEV (P = 0.316). Furthermore, total HIT-6 score was not significantly different between different genotypes (P = 0.466). CONCLUSION Our results showed that Ala379Val gene polymorphism of LP-PLA2 is associated with lower risk of migraine but not with severity of headaches in an Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraidoon Haghdoost
- Medical Student Research Center AND Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Gharzi
- Medical Student Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farough Faez
- Pharmacy Student Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elinaz Hosseinzadeh
- Medical Student Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Laleh Rafiei
- Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Asgari
- Medical Student Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Banihashemi
- Medical Student Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Sadat Masjedi
- Medical Student Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Zandifar
- Medical Student Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Ueshima H, Kadowaki T, Hisamatsu T, Fujiyoshi A, Miura K, Ohkubo T, Sekikawa A, Kadota A, Kadowaki S, Nakamura Y, Miyagawa N, Okamura T, Kita Y, Takashima N, Kashiwagi A, Maegawa H, Horie M, Yamamoto T, Kimura T, Kita T. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 is related to risk of subclinical atherosclerosis but is not supported by Mendelian randomization analysis in a general Japanese population. Atherosclerosis 2016; 246:141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
The structure of plasma PAF-AH was solved to a resolution of 1.5Å using X-ray crystallography. The enzyme has a classic α/β serine hydrolase fold containing a catalytic triad of Ser273, Asp296, and His351. A hydrophobic patch of the enzyme involving two α-helices (114-126 and 362-369) and neighboring residues have been shown to be essential for lipoprotein particle binding by mutagenesis and mass spectrometry hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments. An interface-bound model of the enzyme positions the active site above the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface and is consistent with the known substrate specificity of the enzyme. Several ligand-bound structures of plasma PAF-AH have been solved with organophosphorus compounds and modeled with competitive inhibitors of high affinity and selectivity. This chapter presents an overview of the structure of plasma PAF-AH, molecular details of its functional role, and the interaction of the enzyme with lipoprotein particles.
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21
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Maiolino G, Bisogni V, Rossitto G, Rossi GP. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 prognostic role in atherosclerotic complications. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:609-620. [PMID: 26516415 PMCID: PMC4620072 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i10.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis manifests itself clinically at advanced stages when plaques undergo hemorrhage and/or rupture with superimposed thrombosis, thus abruptly stopping blood supply. Identification of markers of plaque destabilization at a pre-clinical stage is, therefore, a major goal of cardiovascular research. Promising results along this line were provided by studies investigating the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), a member of phospholipase A2 proteins family that plays a key role in the metabolism of pro-inflammatory phospholipids, as oxidized low-density lipoproteins, and in the generation of pro-atherogenic metabolites, including lysophosphatidylcholine and oxidized free fatty acids. We herein review the experimental and clinical studies supporting use of Lp-PLA2 activity for predicting cardiovascular events. To his end we considered not only Lp-PLA2 activity and mass, but also Lp-PLA2 gene variations and their association with incident coronary artery disease, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality. Based on these evidences the major scientific societies have included in their guidelines the measurement of Lp-PLA2 activity among the biomarkers that are useful in risk stratification of adult asymptomatic patients at intermediate cardiovascular risk. The results of two recently published major clinical trials with the Lp-PLA2 inhibitor darapladib, which seem to challenge the pathogenic role of Lp-PLA2, will also be discussed.
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Effects of A379V variant of the Lp-PLA 2 gene on Lp-PLA 2 activity and markers of oxidative stress and endothelial function in Koreans. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2015; 38:477-84. [PMID: 24682749 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-014-1074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A379V variant in the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA 2) gene is known to be functional, but there are contradicting data concerning the A379V polymorphism, Lp-PLA2 activity and cardiovascular disease risk. We determined the interplay between A379V SNP, Lp-PLA2 activity, and markers of oxidative stress and endothelial function with and without the effect of V279F variant. 3,220 unrelated and healthy Koreans (40-79 years) were genotyped for the Lp-PLA 2 polymorphism (A379V and V279F). Lp-PLA2 activity and markers of oxidative stress and endothelial function were measured. Lp-PLA2 activity was 3.9% higher in A/V subjects (n = 821) and 7.8% in V/V (n = 79) than in those with A/A (n = 2,320). Urinary levels of 8-epi-PGF2α were significantly lower in subjects with the A/V or the V/V genotype than in those with the A/A genotype (A/A; 1,426 ± 14, A/V; 1,371 ± 26, V/V; 1,199 ± 58 pg/mg creatinine, P = 0.003). Subjects with the 379 V/V genotype had lower serum concentrations of sICAM-1 and p-selectin compared to those with the A/A or the A/V genotype. When subjects were further stratified into subgroups based on the combination of A379V and V279F genotypes, there was no significant association between A379V genotypes and Lp-PLA2 activities in the 279 V/V group. However, the associations of the A379V SNP with levels of 8-epi-PGF2α, sICAM-1, and p-selectin remained in the subset analysis based on the V279F genotypes. This study showed a reduction in oxidative stress in subjects carrying 379V allele and the recessive effect of the A379V on the endothelial function. It is likely that the A379V polymorphism has a qualitative effect, probably by disrupting the affinity of Lp-PLA2 for platelet-activating factor substrate, towards a more anti-oxidative or anti-atherogenic form.
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Liang L, Willis-Owen SAG, Laprise C, Wong KCC, Davies GA, Hudson TJ, Binia A, Hopkin JM, Yang IV, Grundberg E, Busche S, Hudson M, Rönnblom L, Pastinen TM, Schwartz DA, Lathrop GM, Moffatt MF, Cookson WOCM. An epigenome-wide association study of total serum immunoglobulin E concentration. Nature 2015; 520:670-674. [PMID: 25707804 PMCID: PMC4416961 DOI: 10.1038/nature14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a central mediator of allergic (atopic) inflammation. Therapies directed against IgE can alleviate hay fever and allergic asthma. Genetic association studies have not yet identified novel therapeutic targets or pathways underlying IgE regulation. We therefore surveyed epigenetic associations between serum IgE concentrations and methylation at loci concentrated in CpG islands genome wide in 95 nuclear pedigrees, using DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes. We validated positive results in additional families and in subjects from the general population. Here we show replicated associations--with a meta-analysis false discovery rate less than 10(-4)--between IgE and low methylation at 36 loci. Genes annotated to these loci encode known eosinophil products, and also implicate phospholipid inflammatory mediators, specific transcription factors and mitochondrial proteins. We confirmed that methylation at these loci differed significantly in isolated eosinophils from subjects with and without asthma and high IgE levels. The top three loci accounted for 13% of IgE variation in the primary subject panel, explaining the tenfold higher variance found compared with that derived from large single-nucleotide polymorphism genome-wide association studies. This study identifies novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for patient stratification for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Liang
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | - Kenny C C Wong
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Gwyneth A Davies
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Thomas J Hudson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5G 0A3
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada ON M5S 1A1
| | - Aristea Binia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Julian M Hopkin
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ivana V Yang
- University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Elin Grundberg
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Stephan Busche
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie Hudson
- Jewish General Hospital and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montréal, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomi M Pastinen
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - David A Schwartz
- University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - G Mark Lathrop
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
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Li N, Li S, Yu C, Gu S. Plasma Lp-PLA2in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Association with Major Adverse Cardiac Events in a Community-Based Cohort. Postgrad Med 2015; 122:200-5. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2010.07.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Larkin EK, Gao YT, Gebretsadik T, Hartman TJ, Wu P, Wen W, Yang G, Bai C, Jin M, Roberts LJ, Gross M, Shu XO, Hartert TV. New risk factors for adult-onset incident asthma. A nested case-control study of host antioxidant defense. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:45-53. [PMID: 25408961 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201405-0948oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Host antioxidant defense, consisting of enzymatic antioxidant activity and nonenzymatic antioxidant micronutrients, is implicated in asthma pathogenesis. Studies of antioxidant defense and adult incident asthma have either used measures of antioxidants estimated from questionnaires or not considered enzymatic aspects of host defense. OBJECTIVES We conducted the first study designed and powered to investigate the association of antioxidant defenses on adult incident asthma. METHODS In a nested case-control study, we followed Shanghai women (aged 40-70 years) without prevalent asthma at baseline, over 8 years. Subjects with incident asthma were ascertained prospectively by gold standard testing of symptomatic women and matched to two asymptomatic control subjects. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Baseline urinary F2-isoprostanes, plasma concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients (tocopherols, xanthines, carotenes, and lycopene), and antioxidant enzyme activity (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase [PAF-AH] and superoxide dismutase) were measured from samples collected before disease onset. Among 65,372 women, 150 (0.24%) developed asthma. F2-isoprostane levels before asthma onset were not different between cases and control subjects. Doubling of α-tocopherol concentrations and PAF-AH activity was associated with 50 and 37% decreased risk of incident asthma (α-tocopherol: adjusted odds ratio = 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.32-0.84; PAF-AH: adjusted odds ratio = 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.93). CONCLUSIONS In this prospective study, α-tocopherol, within normal reference ranges, and PAF-AH enzymatic activity were associated with decreased asthma development. These modifiable risk factors may be an effective strategy to test for primary asthma prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Larkin
- 1 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
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John SE, Thareja G, Hebbar P, Behbehani K, Thanaraj TA, Alsmadi O. Kuwaiti population subgroup of nomadic Bedouin ancestry-Whole genome sequence and analysis. GENOMICS DATA 2015; 3:116-27. [PMID: 26484159 PMCID: PMC4535864 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kuwaiti native population comprises three distinct genetic subgroups of Persian, "city-dwelling" Saudi Arabian tribe, and nomadic "tent-dwelling" Bedouin ancestry. Bedouin subgroup is characterized by presence of 17% African ancestry; it owes it origin to nomadic tribes of the deserts of Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. By sequencing whole genome of a Kuwaiti male from this subgroup at 41X coverage, we report 3,752,878 SNPs, 411,839 indels, and 8451 structural variations. Neighbor-joining tree, based on shared variant positions carrying disease-risk alleles between the Bedouin and other continental genomes, places Bedouin genome at the nexus of African, Asian, and European genomes in concordance with geographical location of Kuwait and Peninsula. In congruence with participant's medical history for morbid obesity and bronchial asthma, risk alleles are seen at deleterious SNPs associated with obesity and asthma. Many of the observed deleterious 'novel' variants lie in genes associated with autosomal recessive disorders characteristic of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Osama Alsmadi
- Corresponding author. Tel.: + 965 2224 2999x4343(work); fax: + 965 2249 2406.
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Nonsynonymous polymorphisms in PLA2G7 gene are associated with the risk of coronary heart disease in a southern Chinese population. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:191-9. [PMID: 25690150 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) plays an important role in coronary heart disease (CHD). This study was aimed to investigate the associations of polymorphisms (R92H, V279F, I198T, and A379V) in PLA2G7 with CHD. A total of 322 patients with CHD and 414 CHD-free controls were included in the study. Polymorphisms in PLA2G7 were sequenced by DNA Sequencer and statistical analyses were performed to study the associations between polymorphisms and CHD. RH + HH genotype, RH genotype, and H allele of R92H were significantly associated with an increased risk of CHD (P = 0.005, P = 0.009, and P = 0.003, respectively), while no associations were observed between V279F and I198T and CHD (A379V was not analyzed because of deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium). Correlations between R92H and CHD still existed after adjustment for confounding risk factors of CHD (P = 0.001). Furthermore, stratified analyses showed subgroups of the senior, hypertension, non-smoking, non-diabetics, and male subjects brought a higher risk for CHD (P = 0.015, P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.002, and P = 0.004, respectively). We also observed a lower level of protective factor HDL-C in CHD patients carrying genotype RH + HH than patients with RR (P = 0.047). Furthermore, we conducted haplotype analysis and detected more harmful effects of haplotypes HVI and RVT as compared with other haplotypes (P = 2.538 × 10(-3) and P = 0.031). These findings indicated that R92H variant in PLA2G7 gene might contribute to CHD susceptibility in a southern Chinese population.
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Karasawa K. Naturally Occurring Missense Mutation in Plasma PAF-AH Among the Japanese Population. Enzymes 2015; 38:117-43. [PMID: 26612650 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the plasma PAF-AH enzyme, i.e., G994T, which causes the substitution of Val at amino acid 279 with Phe (V279F), has been found in the Japanese population. This enzyme preferentially degrades oxidatively modulated or truncated phospholipids; therefore, it has been suggested that this enzyme may prevent the accumulation of proinflammatory and proatherogenic oxidized phospholipids. This hypothesis is supported by the higher prevalence of the V279F mutation in patients with asthmatic and atherosclerotic diseases, as compared with healthy controls. This mutation is rare in the Caucasian population. The plasma PAF-AH mass and enzyme activity are distributed over a wide range in the plasma and they are positively correlated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. However, several clinical studies in the Caucasian population have suggested that this enzyme has the opposite role. This enzyme plays an active role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis via proinflammatory and proatherogenic lysophosphatidylcholine and oxidized fatty acids produced through the oxidation of LDL by this enzyme. Thus, plasma PAF-AH is a unique enzyme with dual roles in human inflammatory diseases. In this chapter, on the basis of recent findings we describe the association between a naturally occurring missense mutation in plasma PAF-AH and human diseases especially including atherosclerosis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Karasawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Karasawa K, Inoue K. Overview of PAF-Degrading Enzymes. PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR ACETYLHYDROLASES (PAF-AH) 2015; 38:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Karabina S, Ninio E. Plasma PAFAH/PLA2G7 Genetic Variability, Cardiovascular Disease, and Clinical Trials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 38:145-55. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zheng GH, Xiong SQ, Chen HY, Mei LJ, Wang T. Associations of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) gene polymorphisms with circulating PAF-AH levels and risk of coronary heart disease or blood stasis syndrome in the Chinese Han population. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7141-51. [PMID: 25034894 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The circulating level of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) is a novel biomarker to predict the presence of coronary heart disease. PAF-AH gene polymorphisms may be responsible for the variance of circulating PAF-AH levels in individuals. However, the association of PAF-AH gene polymorphisms with circulating PAF-AH levels and the susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD) remains unsolved. Blood stasis syndrome (BSS) of CHD is the most common type of TCM syndromes, and a previous study discovered its relationship with the elevated circulating PAF-AH levels. However, the association of gene polymorphisms and CHD with BSS is unclear at present. In this study, four polymorphisms (R92H, I198T, A379V, V279F) of the PAF-AH gene were genotyped in 570 CHD patients, of which 299 had BSS. In addition, 317 unaffected individuals from the same hospitals served as controls. Plasma PAF-AH levels were measured in 155 controls and 271 CHD patients selected randomly, including 139 CHD patients with BSS. In the Chinese Han population, plasma PAF-AH levels in CHD patients with BSS or without BSS were significantly higher (12.9 ± 6.5 and 11.1 ± 5.0 μM, respectively) than in controls (9.3 ± 5.2 μM); this difference still remained significant after adjustment for traditional risk factors or the inflammatory factors. The R92H polymorphism was highly related to the plasma PAF-AH levels and the risk of CHD, especially among patients with BSS, even with the adjustment for the effects of traditional factors. The I198T polymorphism was highly associated with risk of CHD with BSS, but was associated with neither the risk of CHD with no BSS nor with elevated plasma PAF-AH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Zheng
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China,
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Fredriksson K, Mishra A, Lam JK, Mushaben EM, Cuento RA, Meyer KS, Yao X, Keeran KJ, Nugent GZ, Qu X, Yu ZX, Yang Y, Raghavachari N, Dagur PK, McCoy JP, Levine SJ. The very low density lipoprotein receptor attenuates house dust mite-induced airway inflammation by suppressing dendritic cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4497-509. [PMID: 24733846 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family that binds multiple ligands and plays a key role in brain development. Although the VLDLR mediates pleiotropic biological processes, only a limited amount of information is available regarding its role in adaptive immunity. In this study, we identify an important role for the VLDLR in attenuating house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway inflammation in experimental murine asthma. We show that HDM-challenged Vldlr(-/-) mice have augmented eosinophilic and lymphocytic airway inflammation with increases in Th2 cytokines, C-C chemokines, IgE production, and mucous cell metaplasia. A genome-wide analysis of the lung transcriptome identified that mRNA levels of CD209e (DC-SIGNR4), a murine homolog of DC-SIGN, were increased in the lungs of HDM-challenged Vldlr(-/-) mice, which suggested that the VLDLR might modify dendritic cell (DC) function. Consistent with this, VLDLR expression by human monocyte-derived DCs was increased by HDM stimulation. In addition, 55% of peripheral blood CD11c(+) DCs from individuals with allergy expressed VLDLR under basal conditions. Lastly, the adoptive transfer of HDM-pulsed, CD11c(+) bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from Vldlr(-/-) mice to the airways of wild type recipient mice induced augmented eosinophilic and lymphocytic airway inflammation upon HDM challenge with increases in Th2 cytokines, C-C chemokines, IgE production, and mucous cell metaplasia, as compared with the adoptive transfer of HDM-pulsed, CD11c(+) BMDCs from wild type mice. Collectively, these results identify a novel role for the VLDLR as a negative regulator of DC-mediated adaptive immune responses in HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Fredriksson
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Maeda T, Takeuchi K, Xiaoling P, P Zankov D, Takashima N, Fujiyoshi A, Kadowaki T, Miura K, Ueshima H, Ogita H. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 regulates macrophage apoptosis via the Akt and caspase-7 pathways. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:839-53. [PMID: 24717759 DOI: 10.5551/jat.21386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Mutations in lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) are related to atherosclerosis. However, the molecular effects of Lp-PLA2 on atherosclerosis have not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study attempted to elucidate this issue. METHODS Monocytes were isolated from randomly selected healthy male volunteers according to each Lp-PLA2 genotype (wild-type Lp-PLA2 [Lp-PLA2 (V/V)], the heterozygous V279F mutation [LpPLA2 (V/F)] and the homozygous V279F mutation [Lp-PLA2 (F/F)]) and differentiated into macrophages. The level of apoptosis in the macrophages following incubation without serum was measured using the annexin V/propidium iodide double staining method, and the underlying mechanisms were further examined using a culture cell line. RESULTS The average plasma Lp-PLA2 concentration [Lp-PLA2 (V/V): 129.4 ng/mL, Lp-PLA2 (V/F): 70.7 ng/mL, Lp-PLA2 (F/F): 0.4 ng/mL] and activity [Lp-PLA2 (V/V): 164.3 nmol/min/mL, LpPLA2 (V/F): 100.9 nmol/min/mL, Lp-PLA2 (F/F): 11.6 nmol/min/mL] were significantly different between each genotype, although the basic clinical characteristics were similar. The percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly higher among the Lp-PLA2 (F/F) macrophages compared with that observed in the Lp-PLA2 (V/V) macrophages. This induction of apoptosis was independent of the actions of acetylated low-density lipoproteins. In addition, the transfection of the expression plasmid of V279F mutant Lp-PLA2 into Cos-7 cells or monocyte/macrophage-like U937 cells promoted apoptosis. The knockdown of Lp-PLA2 also increased the number of apoptotic cells. Among the cells expressing mutant Lp-PLA2, the caspase-7 activity was increased, while the activated Akt level was decreased. CONCLUSIONS The V279F mutation of Lp-PLA2 positively regulates the induction of apoptosis in macrophages and Cos-7 cells. An increase in the caspase-7 activity and a reduction in the activated Akt level are likely to be involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinaga Maeda
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science
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Platelet aggregation unchanged by lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ inhibition: results from an in vitro study and two randomized phase I trials. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83094. [PMID: 24475026 PMCID: PMC3903475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We explored the theorized upregulation of platelet-activating factor (PAF)- mediated biologic responses following lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) inhibition using human platelet aggregation studies in an in vitro experiment and in 2 clinical trials. METHODS AND RESULTS Full platelet aggregation concentration response curves were generated in vitro to several platelet agonists in human plasma samples pretreated with rilapladib (selective Lp-PLA2 inhibitor) or vehicle. This was followed by a randomized, double-blind crossover study in healthy adult men (n = 26) employing a single-agonist dose assay of platelet aggregation, after treatment of subjects with 250 mg oral rilapladib or placebo once daily for 14 days. This study was followed by a second randomized, double-blind parallel-group trial in healthy adult men (n = 58) also treated with 250 mg oral rilapladib or placebo once daily for 14 days using a full range of 10 collagen concentrations (0-10 µg/ml) for characterizing EC50 values for platelet aggregation for each subject. Both clinical studies were conducted at the GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Unit in the Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia. EC50 values derived from multiple agonist concentrations were compared and no pro-aggregant signals were observed during exposure to rilapladib in any of these platelet studies, despite Lp-PLA2 inhibition exceeding 90%. An increase in collagen-mediated aggregation was observed 3 weeks post drug termination in the crossover study (15.4% vs baseline; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9-27.0), which was not observed during the treatment phase and was not observed in the parallel-group study employing a more robust EC50 examination. CONCLUSIONS Lp-PLA2 inhibition does not enhance platelet aggregation. TRIAL REGISTRATION 1) Study 1: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01745458 2) Study 2: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00387257.
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Liu X, Zhu RX, Tian YL, Li Q, Li L, Deng SM, He ZY. Association of PLA2G7 gene polymorphisms with ischemic stroke in northern Chinese Han population. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:404-8. [PMID: 24463064 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), encoded by the PLA2G7 gene, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammation. This study is aimed at evaluating the potential association of V279F and A379V in PLA2G7 gene with ischemic stroke where inflammatory process is involved. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 386 patients with ischemic stroke and 386 healthy controls were included in the study. The single nucleotide polymorphisms, V279F and A379V, were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction-ligation detection reaction method. RESULTS The frequencies of VV+AV genotype, AV genotype and V allele of A379V in the patients with ischemic stroke were significantly higher than those in the controls (P=0.02, P=0.03, P=0.02, respectively). These correlations still remained after adjusting for confounding risk factors of stroke. Furthermore, subgroup analysis showed that a significant association with A379V was found in large-artery atherosclerotic stroke subgroup. In addition, no significant association was observed between V279F and ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION The study indicated that the A379V variant in PLA2G7 gene might contribute to ischemic stroke susceptibility in northern Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Rui-Xia Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi-Li Tian
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Qu Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Shu-Min Deng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhi-Yi He
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China.
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Hoogeveen RC, Ballantyne CM. PLAC™ test for identification of individuals at increased risk for coronary heart disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 5:9-14. [PMID: 15723587 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.5.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cardiovascular research point to a critical role of inflammatory processes in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. This has led to the discovery of novel inflammatory biomarkers, which may be useful as additional screening tools for the identification of individuals at increased risk of coronary heart disease. One such novel inflammatory biomarker is lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2). This review discusses the recent development of a US Food and Drug Administration-approved blood test for lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (PLAC test, diaDexus, Inc.) and its efficacy as a predictive biomarker of risk for cardiovascular disease. More specifically, the article addresses the potential target group most likely to benefit from this new screening test and provides a prospective scenario for its implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron C Hoogeveen
- Baylor College of Medicine, Section of Atherosclerosis & Lipoprotein Research, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Chakraborti S, Alam MN, Chaudhury A, Sarkar J, Pramanik A, Asrafuzzaman S, Das SK, Ghosh SN, Chakraborti T. Pathophysiological Aspects of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2: A Brief Overview. PHOSPHOLIPASES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2014:115-133. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0464-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Sankararaman S, Yanamandra K, Napper D, Caldito G, Dhanireddy R. The prevalence of platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase single nucleotide polymorphisms in relationship to necrotizing enterocolitis in Northwest Louisiana infants. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:294. [PMID: 23888267 PMCID: PMC3710407 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies documented that platelet activating factor (PAF) and the enzyme platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) play a very important role in the pathogenesis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In this retrospective, case-controlled pilot study, the authors investigated the prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (Ile198Thr and Ala379Val) of the PAFAH gene. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We screened 570 blood samples from both Caucasian and African-American preterm infants in the Northwest Louisiana population for the above mentioned PAFAH gene polymorphisms. Out of 570 infants, 36 had stage I or II NEC based on diagnostic coding, the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification, 2009 (ICD-9-CM). The remaining infants without an ICD-9-CM diagnosis of NEC were recruited as control population. The DNA was isolated and restriction fragment length polymorphism microplate polymerase chain reaction assay was performed. RESULTS Variants of the PAFAH gene polymorphism (Ile198Thr and Ala379Val) frequencies were not significantly different between the infants with NEC and the control group (P value of 0.26 by either multiple logistic regression analysis or the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study of its kind in exploring the relationship between NEC and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding genes of the enzyme PAFAH. Our preliminary data demonstrated that adjusted for the effect of race, PAFAH polymorphisms (Ile198Thr and Ala379Val) have no significant effect on NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Sankararaman
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology division), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
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Pniewska E, Pawliczak R. The involvement of phospholipases A2 in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:793505. [PMID: 24089590 PMCID: PMC3780701 DOI: 10.1155/2013/793505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased morbidity, mortality, and ineffective treatment associated with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have generated much research interest. The key role is played by phospholipases from the A2 superfamily: enzymes which are involved in inflammation through participation in pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators production and have an impact on many immunocompetent cells. The 30 members of the A2 superfamily are divided into 7 groups. Their role in asthma and COPD has been studied in vitro and in vivo (animal models, cell cultures, and patients). This paper contains complete and updated information about the involvement of particular enzymes in the etiology and course of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pniewska
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowskiego Street, Building 2, Room 122, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowskiego Street, Building 2, Room 122, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
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Hirashima Y, Doshi M, Hayashi N, Endo S, Akazawa Y, Shichiri M, Yoshida Y. Plasma platelet-activating factor-acetyl hydrolase activity and the levels of free forms of biomarker of lipid peroxidation in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2012; 70:602-9. [PMID: 21866060 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3182333c69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Free radicals and lipid peroxidation are thought to be related to the vasospasm generation after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Plasma platelet-activating factor-acetyl hydrolase (PAF-AH) degrades phospholipids with an oxidatively modified fatty acyl chain. OBJECTIVE To compare plasma PAF-AH activity and free forms of biomarker of lipid peroxidation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between patients with and without symptomatic vasospasm (SVS) after SAH. METHODS The identification of PAF-AH in CSF was performed by Western blotting. The genotype at position 279 of the plasma PAF-AH gene was determined. The activities of PAF-AH and the levels of free 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (free isoPs), free hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (free HODE), and free hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (free HETE) in CSF were measured. RESULTS The PAF-AH in CSF was confirmed to be only the plasma type. The genotype of the plasma PAF-AH was not different between patients with and without SVS. Free isoPs, free HODE, and free HETE showed higher values in patients without SVS in 0 to 4 days and 5 to 9 days after SAH. The PAF-AH activity also was higher in patients without SVS in 0 to 4 days and 5 to 9 days after SAH. The associations between PAF-AH activity and free isoPs, and between PAF-AH activity and free HODE were significant. CONCLUSION Oxidized lipids of lipoproteins and blood cell membranes produced by reactive oxygen species in CSF when SAH occurs may be the main source of lipid peroxidation. Plasma PAF-AH can hydrolyze oxidized phospholipids, and may attenuate the spreading of lipid peroxidation and participate in defense mechanisms against vasospasm after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hirashima
- Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Midori-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Rosenson RS, Stafforini DM. Modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis by lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1767-82. [PMID: 22665167 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r024190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)), also known as platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), is a unique member of the phospholipase A(2) superfamily. This enzyme is characterized by its ability to specifically hydrolyze PAF as well as glycerophospholipids containing short, truncated, and/or oxidized fatty acyl groups at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. In humans, Lp-PLA(2) circulates in active form as a complex with low- and high-density lipoproteins. Clinical studies have reported that plasma Lp-PLA(2) activity and mass are strongly associated with atherogenic lipids and vascular risk. These observations led to the hypothesis that Lp-PLA(2) activity and/or mass levels could be used as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and that inhibition of the activity could offer an attractive therapeutic strategy. Darapladib, a compound that inhibits Lp-PLA(2) activity, is anti-atherogenic in mice and other animals, and it decreases atherosclerotic plaque expansion in humans. However, disagreement continues to exist regarding the validity of Lp-PLA(2) as an independent marker of atherosclerosis and a scientifically justified target for intervention. Circulating Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity are associated with vascular risk, but the strength of the association is reduced after adjustment for basal concentrations of the lipoprotein carriers with which the enzyme associates. Genetic studies in humans harboring an inactivating mutation at this locus indicate that loss of Lp-PLA(2) function is a risk factor for inflammatory and vascular conditions in Japanese cohorts. Consistently, overexpression of Lp-PLA(2) has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties in animal models. This thematic review critically discusses results from laboratory and animal studies, analyzes genetic evidence, reviews clinical work demonstrating associations between Lp-PLA(2) and vascular disease, and summarizes results from animal and human clinical trials in which administration of darapladib was tested as a strategy for the management of atherosclerosis.
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Boivin GA, Pothlichet J, Skamene E, Brown EG, Loredo-Osti JC, Sladek R, Vidal SM. Mapping of clinical and expression quantitative trait loci in a sex-dependent effect of host susceptibility to mouse-adapted influenza H3N2/HK/1/68. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3949-60. [PMID: 22427645 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza outbreaks and recurrent influenza pandemics present major challenges to public health. By studying immunological responses to influenza in different host species, it may be possible to discover common mechanisms of susceptibility in response to various influenza strains. This could lead to novel therapeutic targets with wide clinical application. Using a mouse-adapted strain of influenza (A/HK/1/68-MA20 [H3N2]), we produced a mouse model of severe influenza that reproduces the hallmark high viral load and overexpression of cytokines associated with susceptibility to severe influenza in humans. We mapped genetic determinants of the host response using a panel of 29 closely related mouse strains (AcB/BcA panel of recombinant congenic strains) created from influenza-susceptible A/J and influenza-resistant C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Combined clinical quantitative trait loci (QTL) and lung expression QTL mapping identified candidate genes for two sex-specific QTL on chromosomes 2 and 17. The former includes the previously described Hc gene, a deficit of which is associated with the susceptibility phenotype in females. The latter includes the phospholipase gene Pla2g7 and Tnfrsf21, a member of the TNFR superfamily. Confirmation of the gene underlying the chromosome 17 QTL may reveal new strategies for influenza treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Boivin
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
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Grallert H, Dupuis J, Bis JC, Dehghan A, Barbalic M, Baumert J, Lu C, Smith NL, Uitterlinden AG, Roberts R, Khuseyinova N, Schnabel RB, Rice KM, Rivadeneira F, Hoogeveen RC, Fontes JD, Meisinger C, Keaney JF, Lemaitre R, Aulchenko YS, Vasan RS, Ellis S, Hazen SL, van Duijn CM, Nelson JJ, März W, Schunkert H, McPherson RM, Stirnadel-Farrant HA, Psaty BM, Gieger C, Siscovick D, Hofman A, Illig T, Cushman M, Yamamoto JF, Rotter JI, Larson MG, Stewart AF, Boerwinkle E, Witteman JC, Tracy RP, Koenig W, Benjamin EJ, Ballantyne CM. Eight genetic loci associated with variation in lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass and activity and coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies from five community-based studies. Eur Heart J 2012; 33:238-51. [PMID: 22003152 PMCID: PMC3258449 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) generates proinflammatory and proatherogenic compounds in the arterial vascular wall and is a potential therapeutic target in coronary heart disease (CHD). We searched for genetic loci related to Lp-PLA2 mass or activity by a genome-wide association study as part of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium. METHODS AND RESULTS In meta-analyses of findings from five population-based studies, comprising 13 664 subjects, variants at two loci (PLA2G7, CETP) were associated with Lp-PLA2 mass. The strongest signal was at rs1805017 in PLA2G7 [P = 2.4 × 10(-23), log Lp-PLA2 difference per allele (beta): 0.043]. Variants at six loci were associated with Lp-PLA2 activity (PLA2G7, APOC1, CELSR2, LDL, ZNF259, SCARB1), among which the strongest signals were at rs4420638, near the APOE-APOC1-APOC4-APOC2 cluster [P = 4.9 × 10(-30); log Lp-PLA2 difference per allele (beta): -0.054]. There were no significant gene-environment interactions between these eight polymorphisms associated with Lp-PLA2 mass or activity and age, sex, body mass index, or smoking status. Four of the polymorphisms (in APOC1, CELSR2, SCARB1, ZNF259), but not PLA2G7, were significantly associated with CHD in a second study. CONCLUSION Levels of Lp-PLA2 mass and activity were associated with PLA2G7, the gene coding for this protein. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity was also strongly associated with genetic variants related to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Grallert
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Josée Dupuis
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mount Wayte Ave. Suite 2, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maja Barbalic
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jens Baumert
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chen Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas L. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center of the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Roberts
- John & Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalie Khuseyinova
- Department of Internal Medicine II–Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Renate B. Schnabel
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mount Wayte Ave. Suite 2, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron C. Hoogeveen
- Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, 6565 Fannin, MS A-601, Houston, TX, USA
| | - João Daniel Fontes
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mount Wayte Ave. Suite 2, Framingham, MA, USA
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John F. Keaney
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rozenn Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mount Wayte Ave. Suite 2, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanenne J. Nelson
- Worldwide Epidemiology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Winfried März
- Synlab Center of Laboratory Diagnostics Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ruth M. McPherson
- John & Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David Siscovick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Illig
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Institute of Medical Data Management, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jennifer F. Yamamoto
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mount Wayte Ave. Suite 2, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin G. Larson
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mount Wayte Ave. Suite 2, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Alexandre F.R. Stewart
- John & Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacqueline C.M. Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Russell P. Tracy
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II–Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Emelia J. Benjamin
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mount Wayte Ave. Suite 2, Framingham, MA, USA
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christie M. Ballantyne
- Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, 6565 Fannin, MS A-601, Houston, TX, USA
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Postula M, Kaplon-Cieslicka A, Rosiak M, Kondracka A, Serafin A, Filipiak KJ, Czlonkowski A, Opolski G, Janicki PK. Genetic determinants of platelet reactivity during acetylsalicylic acid therapy in diabetic patients: evaluation of 27 polymorphisms within candidate genes. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:2291-301. [PMID: 21854539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Decreased platelet responsiveness to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) reported previously in diabetic patients could be attributed to patient-based, clinical, genetic and cellular factors. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the genomic polymorphism on the platelet reactivity in diabetic patients treated with ASA. METHODS AND RESULTS The study cohort consisted of 295 Caucasians with diabetes type 2 who had been taking ASA tablets at the dose of 75 mg per day for at least 3 months for primary or secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI). Platelet reactivity analyzes were performed using VerifyNow ASA and PFA-100 assays. Genotyping for the selected 27 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 19 genes was performed using a Sequenom iPLEX platform. The results indicate that the statistically significant differences in platelet reactivity were observed in the PFA-100 assay for SNPs in following genes: TXBA2R (rs1131882), ADRA2A (rs4311994), PLA2G7 (rs7756935) and 9p21.3 (rs10120688) (P = 0.02, P = 0.03, P = 0.02, P = 0.03, respectively, all significance levels corrected for multiple comparisons). When using the VerifyNow ASA test, a weak nominal statistical significance (i.e. before multiple comparison testing) was observed for two SNPs in the GPVI gene: rs1671152 and rs1613662 [P = 0.025 (0.5) for both SNPs, corrected for multiple comparisons test]. CONCLUSIONS The results from the present study suggest that the four analyzed genes may contribute to platelet reactivity measured with the PFA-100 assay in the diabetic population treated with ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Postula
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
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Dennis EA, Cao J, Hsu YH, Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6130-85. [PMID: 21910409 PMCID: PMC3196595 DOI: 10.1021/cr200085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 802] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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Li L, Qi L, Lv N, Gao Q, Cheng Y, Wei Y, Ye J, Yan X, Dang A. Association between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 gene polymorphism and coronary artery disease in the Chinese Han population. Ann Hum Genet 2011; 75:605-11. [PMID: 21834908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) gene (PLA2G7) in atherosclerosis remains controversial. We investigated the frequency of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PLA2G7 (rs16874954 and rs1051931) and their association with coronary artery disease (CAD) in a cohort of CAD patients (n= 806) and age-matched healthy controls (n= 482) in the Chinese Han population. The VF and FF genotype of rs16874954 was significantly more frequent in the CAD patients (13.5%) than in the controls (9.3%, P= 0.024). The association remained after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, history of diabetes, positive family history of CAD, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride (OR = 1.922; 95% CI [1.146-3.224]; P= 0.013). There was no significant difference in the frequency of any genotype of rs1051931 between the two groups. However, the frequency of the allele V379 was significantly greater in CAD patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) than in those without a history of MI (18.7% and 14.8%, P= 0.038). We conclude that there is significant association between the rs16874954 mutation and CAD in the Chinese Han population. The expression of rs1051931 variant in CAD patients may entail increased risk of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Cao J, Hsu YH, Li S, Woods VL, Dennis EA. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) interacts with phospholipid vesicles via a surface-disposed hydrophobic α-helix. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5314-21. [PMID: 21553808 DOI: 10.1021/bi101916w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) plays important roles in both the inhibition and promotion of inflammation in human disease. It catalyzes the hydrolytic inactivation of plasma platelet activating factor (PAF) and is also known as PAF acetylhydrolase. High levels of PAF are implicated in a variety of inflammatory diseases such as asthma, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis. Lp-PLA(2) also associates with lipoproteins in human plasma where it hydrolyzes oxidized phospholipids to produce pro-inflammatory lipid mediators that can promote inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis. Lp-PLA(2) plasma levels have recently been identified as a biomarker of vascular inflammation, atherosclerotic vulnerability, and future cardiovascular events. The enzyme is thus a prominent target for the development of inflammation and atherosclerosis-modulating therapeutics. While the crystallographically determined structure of the enzyme is known, the enzyme's mechanism of interaction with PAF and the function-modulating lipids in lipoproteins is unknown. We have employed peptide amide hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (DXMS) to characterize the association of Lp-PLA(2) with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles and found that specific residues 113-120 in one of the enzyme's surface-disposed hydrophobic α-helices likely mediate liposome binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA
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Mallat Z, Lambeau G, Tedgui A. Lipoprotein-associated and secreted phospholipases A₂ in cardiovascular disease: roles as biological effectors and biomarkers. Circulation 2010; 122:2183-200. [PMID: 21098459 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.936393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Mallat
- INSERM, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, UMR, Paris, France
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Sato H, Hirabayashi T, Yamamoto K. Recent progress in phospholipase A₂ research: from cells to animals to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:152-92. [PMID: 21185866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A₂s (PLA₂s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several classes including low-molecular-weight secreted PLA₂s (sPLA₂s), Ca²+-dependent cytosolic PLA₂s (cPLA₂s), Ca²+-independent PLA₂s (iPLA₂s), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs), lysosomal PLA₂s, and a recently identified adipose-specific PLA. Of these, the intracellular cPLA₂ and iPLA₂ families and the extracellular sPLA₂ family are recognized as the "big three". From a general viewpoint, cPLA₂α (the prototypic cPLA₂ plays a major role in the initiation of arachidonic acid metabolism, the iPLA₂ family contributes to membrane homeostasis and energy metabolism, and the sPLA₂ family affects various biological events by modulating the extracellular phospholipid milieus. The cPLA₂ family evolved along with eicosanoid receptors when vertebrates first appeared, whereas the diverse branching of the iPLA₂ and sPLA₂ families during earlier eukaryote development suggests that they play fundamental roles in life-related processes. During the past decade, data concerning the unexplored roles of various PLA₂ enzymes in pathophysiology have emerged on the basis of studies using knockout and transgenic mice, the use of specific inhibitors, and information obtained from analysis of human diseases caused by mutations in PLA₂ genes. This review focuses on current understanding of the emerging biological functions of PLA₂s and related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Wang Q, Hao Y, Mo X, Wang L, Lu X, Huang J, Cao J, Li H, Gu D. PLA2G7 gene polymorphisms and coronary heart disease risk: A meta-analysis. Thromb Res 2010; 126:498-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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