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Huang NL, Ye L, Lv H, Du YX, Schneider M, Fan LB, Du WD. A biochip-based combined immunoassay for detection of serological status of Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme borreliosis. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 472:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sen E, Sigal LH. Enhanced Adhesion and OspC Protein Synthesis of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia Burgdorferi Cultivated in a Host-Derived Tissue Co-Culture System. Balkan Med J 2013; 30:215-24. [PMID: 25207103 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.7059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adhesion process of Borrelia burgdorferi to susceptible host cell has not yet been completely understood regarding the function of OspA, OspB and OspC proteins and a conflict exists in the infection process. AIMS The adhesion rates of pathogenic (low BSK medium passaged or susceptible rat joint tissue co-cultivated) or non-pathogenic Borrelia burgdorferi (high BSK medium passaged) isolate (FNJ) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultured on coverslips and the synthesis of OspA and OspC proteins were investigated to analyze the infection process of this bacterium. STUDY DESIGN In-vitro study. METHODS Spirochetes were cultured in BSK medium or in a LEW/N rat tibiotarsal joint tissue feeder layer supported co-culture system using ESG co-culture medium and labelled with 3H-adenine for 48 hours. SDS-PAGE, Western Blotting, Immunogold A labeling as well as radiolabeling experiments were used to compare pathogenic or non pathogenic spirochetes during the adhesion process. RESULTS Tissue co-cultured B. burgdorferi adhered about ten times faster than BSK-grown spirochetes. Trypsin inhibited attachment to HUVEC and co-culture of trypsinized spirochetes with tissues reversed the inhibition. Also, the synthesis of OspC protein by spirochetes was increased in abundance after tissue co-cultures, as determined by SDS-PAGE and by electron microscopy analysis of protein A-immunogold staining by anti-OspC antibodies. OspA protein was synthesized in similar quantities in all Borrelia cultures analyzed by the same techniques. CONCLUSION Low BSK passaged or tissue co-cultured pathogenic Lyme disease spirochetes adhere to HUVEC faster than non-pathogenic high BSK passaged forms of this bacterium. Spirochetes synthesized OspC protein during host tissue-associated growth. However, we did not observe a reduction of OspA synthesis during host tissue co-cultivation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Sen
- Department of Basic and Industrial Microbiology, Trakya University Faculty of Science, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Leonard H Sigal
- Department of Internal Medicine Rheumatology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, USA
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Bhattacharjee A, Oeemig JS, Kolodziejczyk R, Meri T, Kajander T, Lehtinen MJ, Iwaï H, Jokiranta TS, Goldman A. Structural basis for complement evasion by Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18685-95. [PMID: 23658013 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.459040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes that cause Lyme borreliosis survive for a long time in human serum because they successfully evade the complement system, an important arm of innate immunity. The outer surface protein E (OspE) of B. burgdorferi is needed for this because it recruits complement regulator factor H (FH) onto the bacterial surface to evade complement-mediated cell lysis. To understand this process at the molecular level, we used a structural approach. First, we solved the solution structure of OspE by NMR, revealing a fold that has not been seen before in proteins involved in complement regulation. Next, we solved the x-ray structure of the complex between OspE and the FH C-terminal domains 19 and 20 (FH19-20) at 2.83 Å resolution. The structure shows that OspE binds FH19-20 in a way similar to, but not identical with, that used by endothelial cells to bind FH via glycosaminoglycans. The observed interaction of OspE with FH19-20 allows the full function of FH in down-regulation of complement activation on the bacteria. This reveals the molecular basis for how B. burgdorferi evades innate immunity and suggests how OspE could be used as a potential vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Bhattacharjee
- Haartman Institute, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is a multisystem infectious disease caused by tick-transmitted spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. The three characteristic cutaneous manifestations are erythema migrans, borrelial lymphocytoma, and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. Erythema migrans occurs in acute Lyme borreliosis, lymphocytoma is a subacute lesion, and acrodermatitis is the typical manifestation of late Lyme borreliosis. Clinical appearances of erythema migrans and lymphocytoma (when located on the ear or breast) are characteristic, whereas acrodermatitis is often confused with vascular conditions. The diagnosis of erythema migrans is made clinically. Serologic analyses often yield false-negative results and are not required for the diagnosis. However, serologic proof of the diagnosis in lymphocytoma (approximately 90% positive) and acrodermatitis (100% positive) is mandatory. Histopathologic examination often adds substantial information in patients with skin manifestations of Lyme borreliosis and is recommended in clinically (and serologically) undecided cases of erythema migrans or lymphocytoma and is obligatory in acrodermatitis. Polymerase chain reaction for Borrelia-specific DNA (rather than culture of the spirochete) and immunohistochemical investigations (lymphocytoma) are sometimes necessary adjuncts for the diagnosis. Antibacterial treatment is necessary in all patients to eliminate the spirochete, cure current disease, and prevent late sequelae. Oral doxycycline, also effective against coinfection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, is the mainstay of therapy of cutaneous manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. Other first-line antibacterials are amoxicillin and cefuroxime axetil. Erythema migrans is treated for 2 weeks, lymphocytoma for 3-4 weeks, and acrodermatitis for at least 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Müllegger
- Department of Dermatology, Central Hospital Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
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Woodman ME, Cooley AE, Stevenson B. Production of outer surface protein A by Borrelia burgdorferi during transmission from infected mammals to feeding ticks is insufficient to trigger OspA seroconversion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 54:277-82. [PMID: 18793197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, produces two outer surface lipoproteins, OspA and OspB, that are essential for colonization of tick vectors. Both proteins are highly expressed during transmission from infected mammals to feeding ticks and during colonization of tick midguts, but are repressed when bacteria are transmitted from ticks to mammals. Humans and other infected mammals generally do not produce antibodies against either protein, although some Lyme disease patients do seroconvert and produce antibodies against OspA for unknown reasons. We hypothesized that, if such patients had been fed upon by additional ticks, bacteria moving from the patients' bodies to the feeding ticks would have produced OspA and OspB proteins, which then led to immune system recognition and antibody production. This hypothesis was tested by analyzing immune responses of infected mice following feedings by additional Ixodes scapularis ticks. However, results of the present studies demonstrate that expression of OspA and OspB by B. burgdorferi during transmission from infected mammals to feeding ticks does not trigger seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Woodman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
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Hartiala P, Hytönen J, Suhonen J, Leppäranta O, Tuominen-Gustafsson H, Viljanen MK. Borrelia burgdorferi inhibits human neutrophil functions. Microbes Infect 2007; 10:60-8. [PMID: 18068388 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Outer surface proteins OspA and OspB are among the most prominent Borrelia burgdorferi surface molecules. We constructed OspAB and OspA complementation mutants of B. burgdorferi Osp-less strain B313 and investigated the role of these surface proteins in the interactions of B. burgdorferi, human neutrophils and the complement system. We found that (1) OspB inhibits the phagocytosis and oxidative burst of human neutrophils at low serum concentrations, whereas OspA induces the oxidative burst in neutrophils; (2) OspB may have an inhibiting role in serum sensitivity and complement activation; (3) all studied strains inhibit the chemotaxis of human neutrophils specifically towards fMLP but not towards C5a, regardless of their Osp expression. These results suggest that although OspA and OspB are co-ordinately transcribed, they differ in their effects on human neutrophil functions. Our findings suggest that B. burgdorferi exploits a wide variety of immune evasion mechanisms, besides previously documented complement resistance, to survive in the vertebrate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina Hartiala
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Garcia RC, Murgia R, Cinco M. Complement receptor 3 binds the Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins OspA and OspB in an iC3b-independent manner. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6138-42. [PMID: 16113335 PMCID: PMC1231105 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.6138-6142.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of borreliae within the vertebrate host depends on the fate of interactions between the spirochetes and target cells. The present work demonstrates the direct binding of the Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins OspA and OspB to CR3 and that this binding is independent of iC3b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo C Garcia
- Leukocyte Biology Unit, I.C.G.E.B., Area Science Park, 34012 Trieste, Italy.
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Batsford S, Dunn J, Mihatsch M. Outer surface lipoproteins ofBorrelia burgdorferi vary in their ability to induce experimental joint injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:2360-9. [PMID: 15248237 DOI: 10.1002/art.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the ability of bacterial lipoproteins from the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi to cause in vivo tissue injury (arthritis). METHODS Outer surface proteins (OSPs) from B burgdorferi were used in a rat model of antigen-induced allergic arthritis. Intraarticular challenge with recombinant OspA, OspB, and OspC in nonlipidated (peptide) and lipidated forms was performed in the left knee joint; the contralateral joint received buffer as control. Inflammation was monitored by technetium scintigraphy and histology. RESULTS Nonlipidated (peptide) OspA, OspB, and OspC did not induce arthritis; the only exception was polymerized OspA, which was tested in preimmunized rats. Lipidated OspA from 2 different strains and lipidated OspC induced severe arthritis, whereas lipidated OspB failed to induce injury. A synthetic analog of the OSP lipid modification, lipopeptide Pam(3)Cys-Ser-Lys(4)-OH, either alone or coupled to bovine serum albumin, also failed to induce injury. Injury did not develop in control groups that were given the appropriate buffers or lipopolysaccharide. This showed that lipidated borrelial OSPs can be potent arthritogens but vary greatly with respect to their injury-inducing potential. The possession of a lipid modification is essential but is not sufficient to render an OSP arthritogenic. CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate that individual lipoproteins from B burgdorferi can induce experimental joint injury in vivo. These results may help elucidate the pathogenesis of Lyme arthritis and, above all, underline the importance of bacterial lipoproteins as major virulence factors.
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Cash P. Proteomics of bacterial pathogens. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2003; 83:93-115. [PMID: 12934927 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36459-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of proteomics that has been built upon the available bacterial genome sequences has opened provided new approaches to the analysis of bacterial functional genomics. In the study of pathogenic bacteria the combined technologies of genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics has provided valuable tools for the study of complex phenomena determined by the action of multiple gene sets. The review considers some of the recent developments in the establishment of proteomic databases as well as attempts to define pathogenic determinants at the level of the proteome for some of the major human pathogens. Proteomics can also provide practical applications through the identification of immunogenic proteins that may be potential vaccine targets as well as in extending our understanding of antibiotic action. There is little doubt that proteomics has provided us with new and valuable information on bacterial pathogens and will continue to be an important source of information in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Cash
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB32 6QX, Scotland.
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Hellwage J, Meri T, Heikkilä T, Alitalo A, Panelius J, Lahdenne P, Seppälä IJ, Meri S. The complement regulator factor H binds to the surface protein OspE of Borrelia burgdorferi. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:8427-35. [PMID: 11113124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007994200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirochete bacteria of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex cause Lyme borreliosis. The three pathogenic subspecies Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto differ in their disease profiles and susceptibility to complement lysis. We investigated whether complement resistance of Borreliae could be due to acquisition of the main soluble inhibitors of the alternative complement pathway, factor H and the factor H-like protein 1. When exposed to nonimmune EDTA-plasma, the serum-resistant B. afzelii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strains bound factor H/factor H-like protein 1 to their surfaces. Assays with radiolabeled proteins showed that factor H bound strongly to the B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strain. To identify factor H ligands on the borrelial surface, we analyzed a panel of outer surface proteins of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto with the surface plasmon resonance technique. The outer surface lipoprotein OspE was identified as a specific ligand for factor H. Using recombinant constructs of factor H, the binding site for OspE was localized to the C-terminal short consensus repeat domains 15-20. Specific binding of factor H to B. burgdorferi sensu stricto OspE may help the pathogen to evade complement attack and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hellwage
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
The techniques of proteomics (high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis and protein characterisation) are widely used for microbiological research to analyse global protein synthesis as an indicator of gene expression. The rapid progress in microbial proteomics has been achieved through the wide availability of whole genome sequences for a number of bacterial groups. Beyond providing a basic understanding of microbial gene expression, proteomics has also played a role in medical areas of microbiology. Progress has been made in the use of the techniques for investigating the epidemiology and taxonomy of human microbial pathogens, the identification of novel pathogenic mechanisms and the analysis of drug resistance. In each of these areas, proteomics has provided new insights that complement genomic-based investigations. This review describes the current progress in these research fields and highlights some of the technical challenges existing for the application of proteomics in medical microbiology. The latter concern the analysis of genetically heterogeneous bacterial populations and the integration of the proteomic and genomic data for these bacteria. The characterisation of the proteomes of bacterial pathogens growing in their natural hosts remains a future challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cash
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Scotland.
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Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is a worldwide family of tick-borne infections caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. It is the most common tick-borne human infection in the Western world. There are several subgroups of the spirochete. Two monovalent vaccines against this infection have been presented in the USA, both of which use the borrelial outer surface protein A (OspA) as antigen. The first of these vaccines has been released for general use. A European polyvalent vaccine using the antigen OspC is undergoing clinical trial in the Aland Islands in Finland. Lately, another antigen group, decorin-binding proteins (Dbp), has been considered for immunization purposes. A European vaccine must be effective against several subgroups of the borrelia spirochete, and this complicates the situation compared with that in the USA, where one spirochete subspecies dominates the scene.
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