1
|
Zhang Y, Zhang C, Chen W, Huo H, Li S, Yu W, Jin L, Wang K, Li S. The landscape of allelic expression and DNA methylation at the bovine SGCE/PEG10 locus. Anim Genet 2024; 55:452-456. [PMID: 38594908 DOI: 10.1111/age.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic regulation in mammals in which a small subset of genes is monoallelically expressed dependent on their parental origin. A large imprinted domain, SGCE/PEG10 locus, is located on human chromosome 7q21s and mouse proximal chromosome 6. However, genomic imprinting of bovine SGCE/PEG10 cluster has not been systematically studied. In this study, we investigated allele expression of 14 genes of the SGCE/PEG10 locus in bovine somatic tissues and term placenta using a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based sequencing method. In addition to SGCE and PEG10, two conserved paternally expressed genes in human and mice, five other genes (TFPI2, GNG11, ASB4, PON1, and PON3) were paternally expressed. Three genes, BET1, COL1A2, and CASD1, exhibited tissue-specific monoallelic expression. CALCR showed monoallelic expression in tissues but biallelic expression in the placenta. Three genes, GNGT1, PPP1R9A, and PON2, showed biallelic expression in cattle. Five differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were found to be associated with the allelic expression of TFPI2, COL1A2, SGCE/PEG10, PON3, and ASB4 genes, respectively. The SGCE/PEG10 DMR is a maternally hypermethylated germline DMR, but TFPI2, COL1A2, PON3, and ASB4 DMRs are secondary DMRs. In summary, we identified five novel bovine imprinted genes (GNG11, BET1, COL1A2, CASD1, and PON1) and four secondary DMRs at the SGCE/PEG10 locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinjiao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Baoding, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Baoding, China
| | - Weina Chen
- College of Medical Science, Hebei University, Hebei Baoding, China
| | - Haonan Huo
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Baoding, China
| | - Shujing Li
- Shijiazhuang Tianquan Elite Dairy Ltd, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wenli Yu
- Shijiazhuang Tianquan Elite Dairy Ltd, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lanjie Jin
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Baoding, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation Physiology and Green Production in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shijie Li
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Öztürk Ö, Bagis H, Bolu S. Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Split Foot Malformation due to 7q21.2q21.3 Deletion Including COL1A2, DLX5/6 Genes: Review of the Literature. J Pediatr Genet 2024; 13:69-79. [PMID: 38567169 PMCID: PMC10984717 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variation in loss of 7q21 is a genetic disorder characterized by split hand/foot malformation, hearing loss, developmental delay, myoclonus, dystonia, joint laxity, and psychiatric disorders. Osteogenesis imperfecta caused by whole gene deletions of COL1A2 is a very rare condition. We report a Turkish girl with ectrodactyly, joint laxity, multiple bone fractures, blue sclera, early teeth decay, mild learning disability, and depression. A copy number variant in loss of 4.8 Mb at chromosome 7 (q21.2q21.3) included the 58 genes including DLX5, DLX6, DYNC1I1, SLC25A13, SGCE, and COL1A2 . They were identified by chromosomal microarray analysis. We compared the findings in our patients with those previously reported. This case report highlights the importance of using microarray to identify the genetic etiology in patients with ectrodactyly and osteogenesis imperfecta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özden Öztürk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School of Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Türkiye
| | - Haydar Bagis
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School of Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Türkiye
| | - Semih Bolu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical School of Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thomsen M, Lange LM, Zech M, Lohmann K. Genetics and Pathogenesis of Dystonia. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:99-131. [PMID: 37738511 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a clinically and genetically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder characterized by abnormal movements and postures caused by involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions. A number of groundbreaking genetic and molecular insights have recently been gained. While they enable genetic testing and counseling, their translation into new therapies is still limited. However, we are beginning to understand shared pathophysiological pathways and molecular mechanisms. It has become clear that dystonia results from a dysfunctional network involving the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, and cortex. On the molecular level, more than a handful of, often intertwined, pathways have been linked to pathogenic variants in dystonia genes, including gene transcription during neurodevelopment (e.g., KMT2B, THAP1), calcium homeostasis (e.g., ANO3, HPCA), striatal dopamine signaling (e.g., GNAL), endoplasmic reticulum stress response (e.g., EIF2AK2, PRKRA, TOR1A), autophagy (e.g., VPS16), and others. Thus, different forms of dystonia can be molecularly grouped, which may facilitate treatment development in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Thomsen
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Lara M Lange
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Santos M, Massano J, Lopes AM, Brandão AF, Freixo JP, Oliveira J. Aberrant Splicing Caused by a Novel VPS16 Variant Linked to Dystonia Type 30. Neurogenetics 2023; 24:215-218. [PMID: 37226038 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-023-00720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent involuntary muscle contractions, causing abnormal postures and/or repetitive movements. In this report, we identified a novel heterozygous splice-site variant in VPS16 (NM_022575.4:c.240+3G>C) in a patient with cervical and upper limb dystonia without other neurological or extra-neurological features. Analysis of patient's blood mRNA showed disruption of exon 3/intron 3 donor splice-site, leading to exon 3 skipping, which predictably results in a frameshift [p.(Ala48Valfs*14)]. Despite the scarcity of splice-affecting variants described in VPS16-related dystonia, our report contributes with the first fully characterized variant at the mRNA level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Santos
- UnIGENe, IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Massano
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, and Faculty of Medicine University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Manuel Lopes
- CGPP-Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics, IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Brandão
- CGPP-Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics, IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Parente Freixo
- CGPP-Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics, IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Oliveira
- CGPP-Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics, IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin WS. Translating Genetic Discovery into a Mechanistic Understanding of Pediatric Movement Disorders: Lessons from Genetic Dystonias and Related Disorders. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:2200018. [PMID: 37288166 PMCID: PMC10242408 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The era of next-generation sequencing has increased the pace of gene discovery in the field of pediatric movement disorders. Following the identification of novel disease-causing genes, several studies have aimed to link the molecular and clinical aspects of these disorders. This perspective presents the developing stories of several childhood-onset movement disorders, including paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, myoclonus-dystonia syndrome, and other monogenic dystonias. These stories illustrate how gene discovery helps focus the research efforts of scientists trying to understand the mechanisms of disease. The genetic diagnosis of these clinical syndromes also helps clarify the associated phenotypic spectra and aids the search for additional disease-causing genes. Collectively, the findings of previous studies have led to increased recognition of the role of the cerebellum in the physiology and pathophysiology of motor control-a common theme in many pediatric movement disorders. To fully exploit the genetic information garnered in the clinical and research arenas, it is crucial that corresponding multi-omics analyses and functional studies also be performed at scale. Hopefully, these integrated efforts will provide us with a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic and neurobiological bases of movement disorders in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Lin
- Department of Pediatrics Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei 11217 Taiwan
- School of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei 112304 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A Japanese family with dystonia due to a pathogenic variant in SGCE. Hum Genome Var 2022; 9:29. [PMID: 35995778 PMCID: PMC9395531 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-022-00207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia (DYT) is a heterogeneous neurological disorder, and there are many types of DYT depending on the responsible genes. DYT11 is an autosomal dominant DYT caused by functional variants in the SGCE gene. We examined a Japanese patient with myoclonic dystonia. By using exome analysis, we identified a rare variant in the SGCE gene, NM_003919.3: c.304C > T [Arg102*], in this patient. Therefore, this patient has been molecularly diagnosed with DYT11. By Sanger sequencing, we confirmed that this variant was paternally inherited in this patient. By allele-specific PCR, we confirmed that the maternally inherited normal allele of SGCE was silenced, and only the paternally inherited variant allele was expressed in this patient. Despite the pathogenicity, identical variants have been recurrently reported in eight independent families from different ethnicities, suggesting recurrent mutations at this mutational hotspot in SGCE.
Collapse
|
7
|
di Biase L, Di Santo A, Caminiti ML, Pecoraro PM, Carbone SP, Di Lazzaro V. Dystonia Diagnosis: Clinical Neurophysiology and Genetics. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144184. [PMID: 35887948 PMCID: PMC9320296 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia diagnosis is based on clinical examination performed by a neurologist with expertise in movement disorders. Clues that indicate the diagnosis of a movement disorder such as dystonia are dystonic movements, dystonic postures, and three additional physical signs (mirror dystonia, overflow dystonia, and geste antagonists/sensory tricks). Despite advances in research, there is no diagnostic test with a high level of accuracy for the dystonia diagnosis. Clinical neurophysiology and genetics might support the clinician in the diagnostic process. Neurophysiology played a role in untangling dystonia pathophysiology, demonstrating characteristic reduction in inhibition of central motor circuits and alterations in the somatosensory system. The neurophysiologic measure with the greatest evidence in identifying patients affected by dystonia is the somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT). Other parameters need further confirmations and more solid evidence to be considered as support for the dystonia diagnosis. Genetic testing should be guided by characteristics such as age at onset, body distribution, associated features, and coexistence of other movement disorders (parkinsonism, myoclonus, and other hyperkinesia). The aim of the present review is to summarize the state of the art regarding dystonia diagnosis focusing on the role of neurophysiology and genetic testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lazzaro di Biase
- Neurology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.D.S.); (M.L.C.); (P.M.P.); (S.P.C.); (V.D.L.)
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Brain Innovations Lab., Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-062-2541-1220
| | - Alessandro Di Santo
- Neurology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.D.S.); (M.L.C.); (P.M.P.); (S.P.C.); (V.D.L.)
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Caminiti
- Neurology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.D.S.); (M.L.C.); (P.M.P.); (S.P.C.); (V.D.L.)
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Maria Pecoraro
- Neurology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.D.S.); (M.L.C.); (P.M.P.); (S.P.C.); (V.D.L.)
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Paola Carbone
- Neurology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.D.S.); (M.L.C.); (P.M.P.); (S.P.C.); (V.D.L.)
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Neurology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.D.S.); (M.L.C.); (P.M.P.); (S.P.C.); (V.D.L.)
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chbel F, Charroute H, Boulouiz R, Hamdaoui H, Mossafa H, Benrahma H, Ouldim K. Detection of a new deleterious SGCE gene variant in Moroccan family with inherited myoclonus-dystonia. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05568. [PMID: 35340658 PMCID: PMC8931306 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoclonus-dystonia (M-D) is a pleiotropic neuropsychiatric disorder with autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with variable severity and incomplete penetrance. Pathogenic variants in ξ-sarcoglycan gene SGCE are the most frequently known genetic cause of M-D with maternal imprinting, and in most cases, a symptomatic individual inherits the pathogenic variant from his or her father. This work reported a missense mutation c.662G> T inherited in the M-D Moroccan family described for the first time, which is deleterious based on protein modeling analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Chbel
- National Reference LaboratoryFaculty of MedicineMohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS)CasablancaMorocco
- Laboratoire de BioGéosciences et Ingénierie de MatériauxEcole Normale SupérieureUniversité Hassan IICasablancaMorocco
| | - Hicham Charroute
- Unité de Recherche en EpidémiologieBiostatistique et BioinformatiqueInstitut Pasteur du MarocCasablancaMorocco
| | | | - Hasna Hamdaoui
- National Reference LaboratoryFaculty of MedicineMohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS)CasablancaMorocco
| | - Houssein Mossafa
- National Reference LaboratoryFaculty of MedicineMohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS)CasablancaMorocco
| | - Houda Benrahma
- National Reference LaboratoryFaculty of MedicineMohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS)CasablancaMorocco
- Université Mohamed IV des Sciences de la SantéFaculté de MédecineCasablancaMorocco
| | - Karim Ouldim
- National Reference LaboratoryFaculty of MedicineMohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS)CasablancaMorocco
- Institut de Recherche sur le CancerFèsMorocco
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Classification of Dystonia. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020206. [PMID: 35207493 PMCID: PMC8875209 DOI: 10.3390/life12020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by abnormal movement or posture caused by excessive muscle contraction. Because of its wide clinical spectrum, dystonia is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. In clinical practice, dystonia could often present in association with other movement disorders. An accurate physical examination is essential to describe the correct phenomenology. To help clinicians reaching the proper diagnosis, several classifications of dystonia have been proposed. The current classification consists of axis I, clinical characteristics, and axis II, etiology. Through the application of this classification system, movement disorder specialists could attempt to correctly characterize dystonia and guide patients to the most effective treatment. The aim of this article is to describe the phenomenological spectrum of dystonia, the last approved dystonia classification, and new emerging knowledge.
Collapse
|
10
|
A mixed-ethnicity myoclonus-dystonia patient with a novel SGCE nonsense mutation: a case report. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:11. [PMID: 34986800 PMCID: PMC8729002 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myoclonus-dystonia is a rare movement disorder with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern characterized by a combination of myoclonic jerks and dystonia that may have psychiatric manifestations. Our aim is to present neurologic and psychiatric phenotypic characteristics in the first Filipino bi-ethnic myoclonus-dystonia patient and her father. Case presentation We investigated a Filipino myoclonus-dystonia patient with a positive family history. This 21-year-old woman of mixed Filipino-Greek ethnicity presented with involuntary jerking movements of her upper extremities, head, and trunk. Her symptoms affected her activities of daily living which led her to develop moderate depression, mild to moderate anxiety, and mild obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Her 49-year-old Greek father suffered from adolescence-onset myoclonus-dystonia. Conclusion Genetic testing revealed a novel epsilon-sarcoglycan (SGCE) gene nonsense mutation c.821C > A; p.Ser274* that confirmed our clinical diagnosis. For co-morbid anxiety, depression, and OCD, this patient was given duloxetine, in addition to clonazepam for the myoclonus and dystonia.
Collapse
|
11
|
The importance of genetic testing for dystonia patients and translational research. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:473-481. [PMID: 33876307 PMCID: PMC8099821 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic testing through a variety of methods is a fundamental but underutilized approach for establishing the precise genetic diagnosis in patients with heritable forms of dystonia. Our knowledge of numerous dystonia-related genes, variants that they may contain, associated clinical presentations, and molecular disease mechanism may have significant translational potential for patients with genetically confirmed dystonia or their family members. Importantly, genetic testing permits the assembly of patient cohorts pertinent for dystonia-related research and developing therapeutics. Here we review the genetic testing approaches relevant to dystonia patients, and summarize and illustrate the multifold benefits of establishing an accurate molecular diagnosis for patients imminently or for translational research in the long run.
Collapse
|
12
|
Magrinelli F, Balint B, Bhatia KP. Challenges in Clinicogenetic Correlations: One Gene - Many Phenotypes. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2021; 8:299-310. [PMID: 33816657 PMCID: PMC8015894 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progress in genetics – particularly the advent of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) – has enabled an unparalleled gene discovery and revealed unmatched complexity of genotype–phenotype correlations in movement disorders. Among other things, it has emerged that mutations in one and the same gene can cause multiple, often markedly different phenotypes. Consequently, movement disorder specialists have increasingly experienced challenges in clinicogenetic correlations. Objectives To deconstruct biological phenomena and mechanistic bases of phenotypic heterogeneity in monogenic movement disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. To discuss the evolving role of movement disorder specialists in reshaping disease phenotypes in the NGS era. Methods This scoping review details phenomena contributing to phenotypic heterogeneity and their underlying mechanisms. Results Three phenomena contribute to phenotypic heterogeneity, namely incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity and pleiotropy. Their underlying mechanisms, which are often shared across phenomena and non‐mutually exclusive, are not fully elucidated. They involve genetic factors (ie, different mutation types, dynamic mutations, somatic mosaicism, intragenic intra‐ and inter‐allelic interactions, modifiers and epistatic genes, mitochondrial heteroplasmy), epigenetic factors (ie, genomic imprinting, X‐chromosome inactivation, modulation of genetic and chromosomal defects), and environmental factors. Conclusion Movement disorders is unique in its reliance on clinical judgment to accurately define disease phenotypes. This has been reaffirmed by the NGS revolution, which provides ever‐growing sequencing data and fuels challenges in variant pathogenicity assertions for such clinically heterogeneous disorders. Deep phenotyping, with characterization and continual updating of “core” phenotypes, and comprehension of determinants of genotype–phenotype complex relationships are crucial for clinicogenetic correlations and have implications for the diagnosis, treatment and counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Magrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London London United Kingdom.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences University of Verona Verona Italy
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London London United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology University Hospital Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London London United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Association of aberrant ASNS imprinting with asparaginase sensitivity and chromosomal abnormality in childhood BCP-ALL. Blood 2021; 136:2319-2333. [PMID: 32573712 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Karyotype is an important prognostic factor in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), but the underlying pharmacogenomics remain unknown. Asparaginase is an integral component in current chemotherapy for childhood BCP-ALL. Asparaginase therapy depletes serum asparagine. Normal hematopoietic cells can produce asparagine by asparagine synthetase (ASNS) activity, but ALL cells are unable to synthesize adequate amounts of asparagine. The ASNS gene has a typical CpG island in its promoter. Thus, methylation of the ASNS CpG island could be one of the epigenetic mechanisms for ASNS gene silencing in BCP-ALL. To gain deep insights into the pharmacogenomics of asparaginase therapy, we investigated the association of ASNS methylation status with asparaginase sensitivity. The ASNS CpG island is largely unmethylated in normal hematopoietic cells, but it is allele-specifically methylated in BCP-ALL cells. The ASNS gene is located at 7q21, an evolutionally conserved imprinted gene cluster. ASNS methylation in childhood BCP-ALL is associated with an aberrant methylation of the imprinted gene cluster at 7q21. Aberrant methylation of mouse Asns and a syntenic imprinted gene cluster is also confirmed in leukemic spleen samples from ETV6-RUNX1 knockin mice. In 3 childhood BCP-ALL cohorts, ASNS is highly methylated in BCP-ALL patients with favorable karyotypes but is mostly unmethylated in BCP-ALL patients with poor prognostic karyotypes. Higher ASNS methylation is associated with higher L-asparaginase sensitivity in BCP-ALL through lower ASNS gene and protein expression levels. These observations demonstrate that silencing of the ASNS gene as a result of aberrant imprinting is a pharmacogenetic mechanism for the leukemia-specific activity of asparaginase therapy in BCP-ALL.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kutschenko A, Staege S, Grütz K, Glaß H, Kalmbach N, Gschwendtberger T, Henkel LM, Heine J, Grünewald A, Hermann A, Seibler P, Wegner F. Functional and Molecular Properties of DYT-SGCE Myoclonus-Dystonia Patient-Derived Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3565. [PMID: 33808167 PMCID: PMC8037318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Myoclonus-dystonia (DYT-SGCE, formerly DYT11) is characterized by alcohol-sensitive, myoclonic-like appearance of fast dystonic movements. It is caused by mutations in the SGCE gene encoding ε-sarcoglycan leading to a dysfunction of this transmembrane protein, alterations in the cerebello-thalamic pathway and impaired striatal plasticity. To elucidate underlying pathogenic mechanisms, we investigated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) from two myoclonus-dystonia patients carrying a heterozygous mutation in the SGCE gene (c.298T>G and c.304C>T with protein changes W100G and R102X) in comparison to two matched healthy control lines. Calcium imaging showed significantly elevated basal intracellular Ca2+ content and lower frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ signals in SGCE MSNs. Blocking of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels by verapamil was less efficient in suppressing KCl-induced Ca2+ peaks of SGCE MSNs. Ca2+ amplitudes upon glycine and acetylcholine applications were increased in SGCE MSNs, but not after GABA or glutamate applications. Expression of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and most ionotropic receptor subunits was not altered. SGCE MSNs showed significantly reduced GABAergic synaptic density. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings displayed elevated amplitudes of miniature postsynaptic currents and action potentials in SGCE MSNs. Our data contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for myoclonus-dystonia.
Collapse
Grants
- Karlheinz-Hartmann-Stiftung (Hannover, Germany), Ellen-Schmidt-Program (Hannover, Germany), Hermann and Lilly Schilling Stiftung für medizinische Forschung im Stifterverband, German Research Foundation (FOR2488) Karlheinz-Hartmann-Stiftung (Hannover, Germany), Ellen-Schmidt-Program (Hannover, Germany), Hermann and Lilly Schilling Stiftung für medizinische Forschung im Stifterverband, German Research Foundation (FOR2488)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kutschenko
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Selma Staege
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karen Grütz
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (K.G.); (A.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Hannes Glaß
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel“, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (H.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Norman Kalmbach
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Thomas Gschwendtberger
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa M. Henkel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanne Heine
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (K.G.); (A.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel“, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (H.G.); (A.H.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (K.G.); (A.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The Landscape of Genomic Imprinting at the Porcine SGCE/ PEG10 Locus from Methylome and Transcriptome of Parthenogenetic Embryos. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:4037-4047. [PMID: 32878957 PMCID: PMC7642923 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, imprinted genes often exist in the form of clusters in specific chromosome regions. However, in pigs, genomic imprinting of a relatively few genes and clusters has been identified, and genes within or adjacent to putative imprinted clusters need to be investigated including those at the SGCE/PEG10 locus. The objective of this study was to, using porcine parthenogenetic embryos, investigate imprinting status of genes within the genomic region spans between the COL1A2 and ASB4 genes in chromosome 9. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were conducted with normal and parthenogenetic embryos, and methylome and transcriptome were analyzed. As a result, differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the embryos were identified, and parental allele-specific expressions of the SGCE and PEG10 genes were verified. The pig imprinted interval was limited between SGCE and PEG10, since both the COL1A2 and CASD1 genes at the centromere-proximal region and the genes between PPP1R9A and ASB4 toward the telomere were non-imprinted and biallelically expressed. Consequently, our combining analyses of methylome, transcriptome, and informative polymorphisms revealed the boundary of imprinting cluster at the SGCE/PEG10 locus in pig chromosome 9 and consolidated the landscape of genomic imprinting in pigs.
Collapse
|
16
|
A novel SGCE variant is associated with myoclonus-dystonia with phenotypic variability. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:3779-3781. [PMID: 32955639 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Myoclonus-dystonia associated with epsilon-sarcoglycan gene (SGCE) is a rare disorder characterized by myoclonus involving the upper body (neck, trunk, upper limbs) and proximal muscles associated with dystonia in more than half of the patients. When the clinical picture is clearly identified, more than half of the cases are associated with mutations in the SGCE gene. We herein describe a family with myoclonus-dystonia associated with a novel mutation in exon 7 of SGCE, c.904A>T (p.Lys302Ter) [Chr7:(GRCh38):g.94600779 T>A], which was absent in a non-affected member. A video recording of two of the affected members is provided. While the index case presents a severe cervical dystonia even affecting back posture, his sibling shows a much milder phenotype with mild myoclonic jerks. None of them had alcohol responsiveness or psychiatric comorbidity.
Collapse
|
17
|
Menozzi E, Balint B, Latorre A, Valente EM, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP. Twenty years on: Myoclonus-dystonia and ε-sarcoglycan - neurodevelopment, channel, and signaling dysfunction. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1588-1601. [PMID: 31449710 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoclonus-dystonia is a clinical syndrome characterized by a typical childhood onset of myoclonic jerks and dystonia involving the neck, trunk, and upper limbs. Psychiatric symptomatology, namely, alcohol dependence and phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorder, is also part of the clinical picture. Zonisamide has demonstrated effectiveness at reducing both myoclonus and dystonia, and deep brain stimulation seems to be an effective and long-lasting therapeutic option for medication-refractory cases. In a subset of patients, myoclonus-dystonia is associated with pathogenic variants in the epsilon-sarcoglycan gene, located on chromosome 7q21, and up to now, more than 100 different pathogenic variants of the epsilon-sarcoglycan gene have been described. In a few families with a clinical phenotype resembling myoclonus-dystonia associated with distinct clinical features, variants have been identified in genes involved in novel pathways such as calcium channel regulation and neurodevelopment. Because of phenotypic similarities with epsilon-sarcoglycan gene-related myoclonus-dystonia, these conditions can be collectively classified as "myoclonus-dystonia syndromes." In the present article, we present myoclonus-dystonia caused by epsilon-sarcoglycan gene mutations, with a focus on genetics and underlying disease mechanisms. Second, we review those conditions falling within the spectrum of myoclonus-dystonia syndromes, highlighting their genetic background and involved pathways. Finally, we critically discuss the normal and pathological function of the epsilon-sarcoglycan gene and its product, suggesting a role in the stabilization of the dopaminergic membrane via regulation of calcium homeostasis and in the neurodevelopmental process involving the cerebello-thalamo-pallido-cortical network. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Menozzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gultekin M, Prakash N, Ganos C, Mirza M, Bayramov R, Bhatia KP, Mencacci NE. A Novel SGCE Nonsense Variant Associated With Marked Intrafamilial Variability in a Turkish Family With Myoclonus-Dystonia. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019; 6:479-482. [PMID: 31392249 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myoclonus-Dystonia syndrome (M-D) is an autosomal-dominant movement disorder related to SGCE gene pathogenic variants. Although there can be observed variability in clinical findings, here we describe intrafamilial variability in a Turkish family with a novel nonsense SGCE pathogenic variant. Methods A family with variable clinical symptoms resembling M-D were referred to our clinic. After preliminary diagnosis, patients were tested for mutations in the SGCE gene by Sanger sequencing. Results Novel pathogenic heterozygous nonsense mutation in exon 3, c.272T>G; p.Leu91* (NM_003919.2) were observed in affected family members. Conclusion Intrafamilial clinical variability, despite the same pathogenic variant described in this work, suggests that there are regulatory factors, epigenetic or environmental modifiers, which are the subject of a matter for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Gultekin
- Department of Neurology Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine Kayseri Turkey
| | - Neha Prakash
- Department of Neurology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Christos Ganos
- Department of Neurology Charité University Medicine Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Meral Mirza
- Department of Neurology Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine Kayseri Turkey
| | - Ruslan Bayramov
- Department of Medical Genetics DETA-GEN Genetic Diagnosis Center Kayseri Turkey
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Institute of Neurology University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Niccolò E Mencacci
- Department of Neurology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA.,Institute of Neurology University College London London United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Brüggemann N, Klein C. Will genotype drive treatment options? Mov Disord 2019; 34:1294-1299. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of NeurogeneticsUniversity of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of NeurogeneticsUniversity of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A novel SGCE gene mutation in a Moroccan sporadic case with myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
21
|
Imperatore V, Pinto AM, Gelli E, Trevisson E, Morbidoni V, Frullanti E, Hadjistilianou T, De Francesco S, Toti P, Gusson E, Roversi G, Accogli A, Capra V, Mencarelli MA, Renieri A, Ariani F. Parent-of-origin effect of hypomorphic pathogenic variants and somatic mosaicism impact on phenotypic expression of retinoblastoma. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1026-1037. [PMID: 29662154 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common eye cancer in children. Numerous families have been described displaying reduced penetrance and expressivity. An extensive molecular characterization of seven families led us to characterize the two main mechanisms impacting on phenotypic expression, as follows: (i) mosaicism of amorphic pathogenic variants; and (ii) parent-of-origin-effect of hypomorphic pathogenic variants. Somatic mosaicism for RB1 splicing variants (c.1960+5G>C and c.2106+2T>C), leading to a complete loss of function was demonstrated by high-depth NGS in two families. In both cases, the healthy carrier parent (one with retinoma) showed a variant frequency lower than that expected for a heterozygous individual, indicating a 56-60% mosaicism level. Previous evidences of a ~3-fold excess of RB1 maternal canonical transcript led us to hypothesize that this differential allelic expression could influence phenotypic outcome in families at risk for RB onset. Accordingly, in five families, we identified a higher tumor risk associated with paternally inherited hypomorphic pathogenic variants, namely a deletion resulting in the loss of 37 amino acids at the N-terminus (c.608-16_608del), an exonic substitution with a "leaky" splicing effect (c.1331A>G), a partially deleterious substitution (c.1981C>T) and a truncating C-terminal variant (c.2663+2T>C). The identification of these mechanisms changes the genetic/prenatal counseling and the clinical management of families, indicating a higher recurrence risk when the hypomorphic pathogenic variant is inherited from the father, and suggesting the need for second tumor surveillance in unaffected carriers at risk of developing adult-onset cancer such as osteosarcoma or leiomyosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Maria Pinto
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Gelli
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Eva Trevisson
- Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, IRP, Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, IRP, Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Morbidoni
- Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, IRP, Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, IRP, Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Theodora Hadjistilianou
- Unit of Ophthalmology and Retinoblastoma Referral Center, Department of Surgery, University of Siena, Policlinico 'Santa Maria alle Scotte', Siena, Italy
| | - Sonia De Francesco
- Unit of Ophthalmology and Retinoblastoma Referral Center, Department of Surgery, University of Siena, Policlinico 'Santa Maria alle Scotte', Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Toti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Policlinico 'Santa Maria alle Scotte', Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Gusson
- Unit of Ophthalmology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Gaia Roversi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Milan-Bicocca; Ospedale San Gerardo, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Antonietta Mencarelli
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. .,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ariani
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Coughlin DG, Bardakjian TM, Spindler M, Deik A. Hereditary Myoclonus Dystonia: A Novel SGCE Variant and Phenotype Including Intellectual Disability. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2018; 8:547. [PMID: 29607243 PMCID: PMC5876472 DOI: 10.7916/d8j11frz] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary myoclonus dystonia is often due to changes in the SGCE gene. Dystonia (DYT)-SGCE has a variable phenotype that can involve focal or generalized myoclonus and various forms of task-specific, segmental, or generalized dystonia. Psychiatric comorbidities are common. Case Report We report a case of a young woman with generalized myoclonus, dystonia, and intellectual disability. She was found to have a novel SGCE splice site variant. Discussion This novel variant is very likely pathogenic by in silico analysis and has not been previously reported. Additionally, her intellectual disability may constitute a novel phenotype for patients with SGCE variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G. Coughlin
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA,*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | | | - Meredith Spindler
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andres Deik
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Weissbach A, Werner E, Bally JF, Tunc S, Löns S, Timmann D, Zeuner KE, Tadic V, Brüggemann N, Lang A, Klein C, Münchau A, Bäumer T. Alcohol improves cerebellar learning deficit in myoclonus-dystonia: A clinical and electrophysiological investigation. Ann Neurol 2017; 82:543-553. [PMID: 28869676 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize neurophysiological subcortical abnormalities in myoclonus-dystonia and their modulation by alcohol administration. METHODS Cerebellar associative learning and basal ganglia-brainstem interaction were investigated in 17 myoclonus-dystonia patients with epsilon-sarcoglycan (SGCE) gene mutation and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy controls by means of classical eyeblink conditioning and blink reflex recovery cycle before and after alcohol intake resulting in a breath alcohol concentration of 0.08% (0.8g/l). The alcohol responsiveness of clinical symptoms was evaluated by 3 blinded raters with a standardized video protocol and clinical rating scales including the Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale and the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale. RESULTS Patients showed a significantly reduced number of conditioned eyeblink responses before alcohol administration compared to controls. Whereas the conditioning response rate decreased under alcohol intake in controls, it increased in patients (analysis of variance: alcohol state × group, p = 0.004). Blink reflex recovery cycle before and after alcohol intake did not differ between groups. Myoclonus improved significantly after alcohol intake (p = 0.016). The severity of action myoclonus at baseline correlated negatively with the conditioning response in classical eyeblink conditioning in patients. INTERPRETATION The combination of findings of reduced baseline acquisition of conditioned eyeblink responses and normal blink reflex recovery cycle in patients who improved significantly with alcohol intake suggests a crucial role of cerebellar networks in the generation of symptoms in these patients. Ann Neurol 2017;82:543-553.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Weissbach
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elisa Werner
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julien F Bally
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Clinic and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sinem Tunc
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Löns
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg and Essen, Germany
| | | | - Vera Tadic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anthony Lang
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Clinic and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maltese M, Martella G, Imbriani P, Schuermans J, Billion K, Sciamanna G, Farook F, Ponterio G, Tassone A, Santoro M, Bonsi P, Pisani A, Goodchild RE. Abnormal striatal plasticity in a DYT11/SGCE myoclonus dystonia mouse model is reversed by adenosine A2A receptor inhibition. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:128-139. [PMID: 28823931 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Striatal dysfunction is implicated in many movement disorders. However, the precise nature of defects often remains uncharacterized, which hinders therapy development. Here we examined striatal function in a mouse model of the incurable movement disorder, myoclonus dystonia, caused by SGCE mutations. Using RNAseq we found surprisingly normal gene expression, including normal levels of neuronal subclass markers to strongly suggest that striatal microcircuitry is spared by the disease insult. We then functionally characterized Sgce mutant medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) and cholinergic interneurons (ChIs). This revealed normal intrinsic electrophysiological properties and normal responses to basic excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Nevertheless, high-frequency stimulation in Sgce mutants failed to induce normal long-term depression (LTD) at corticostriatal glutamatergic synapses. We also found that pharmacological manipulation of MSNs by inhibiting adenosine 2A receptors (A2AR) restores LTD, again pointing to structurally intact striatal circuitry. The fact that Sgce loss specifically inhibits LTD implicates this neurophysiological defect in myoclonus dystonia, and emphasizes that neurophysiological changes can occur in the absence of broad striatal dysfunction. Further, the positive effect of A2AR antagonists indicates that this drug class be tested in DYT11/SGCE dystonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Maltese
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - G Martella
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - P Imbriani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Jeroen Schuermans
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karolien Billion
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - G Sciamanna
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Febin Farook
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Ponterio
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Tassone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - M Santoro
- Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milan, Italy.
| | - P Bonsi
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Pisani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rose E Goodchild
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Mainly due to the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS), the field of genetics of dystonia has rapidly grown in recent years, which led to the discovery of a number of novel dystonia genes and the development of a new classification and nomenclature for inherited dystonias. In addition, new findings from both in vivo and in vitro studies have been published on the role of previously known dystonia genes, extending our understanding of the pathophysiology of dystonia. We here review the current knowledge and recent findings in the known genes for isolated dystonia TOR1A, THAP1, and GNAL as well as for the combined dystonias due to mutations in GCH1, ATP1A3, and SGCE. We present confirmatory evidence for a role of dystonia genes that had not yet been unequivocally established including PRKRA, TUBB4A, ANO3, and TAF1. We finally discuss selected novel genes for dystonia such as KMT2B and VAC14 along with the challenges for gene identification in the NGS era and the translational importance of dystonia genetics in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
26
|
Grütz K, Seibler P, Weissbach A, Lohmann K, Carlisle FA, Blake DJ, Westenberger A, Klein C, Grünewald A. Faithful SGCE imprinting in iPSC-derived cortical neurons: an endogenous cellular model of myoclonus-dystonia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41156. [PMID: 28155872 PMCID: PMC5290732 DOI: 10.1038/srep41156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In neuropathology research, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons are considered a tool closely resembling the patient brain. Albeit in respect to epigenetics, this concept has been challenged. We generated iPSC-derived cortical neurons from myoclonus-dystonia patients with mutations (W100G and R102X) in the maternally imprinted ε-sarcoglycan (SGCE) gene and analysed properties such as imprinting, mRNA and protein expression. Comparison of the promoter during reprogramming and differentiation showed tissue-independent differential methylation. DNA sequencing with methylation-specific primers and cDNA analysis in patient neurons indicated selective expression of the mutated paternal SGCE allele. While fibroblasts only expressed the ubiquitous mRNA isoform, brain-specific SGCE mRNA and ε-sarcoglycan protein were detected in iPSC-derived control neurons. However, neuronal protein levels were reduced in both mutants. Our phenotypic characterization highlights the suitability of iPSC-derived cortical neurons with SGCE mutations for myoclonus-dystonia research and, in more general terms, prompts the use of iPSC-derived cellular models to study epigenetic mechanisms impacting on health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Grütz
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anne Weissbach
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Francesca A Carlisle
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J Blake
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.,Molecular and Functional Neurobiology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Verbeek DS, Gasser T. Unmet Needs in Dystonia: Genetics and Molecular Biology-How Many Dystonias? Front Neurol 2017; 7:241. [PMID: 28138320 PMCID: PMC5237827 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic findings of the past years have provided ample evidence for a substantial etiologic heterogeneity of dystonic syndromes. While an increasing number of genes are being identified for Mendelian forms of isolated and combined dystonias using classical genetic mapping and whole-exome sequencing techniques, their precise role in the molecular pathogenesis is still largely unknown. Also, the role of genetic risk factors in the etiology of sporadic dystonias is still enigmatic. Only the systematic ascertainment and precise clinical characterization of very large cohorts with dystonia, combined with systematic genetic studies, will be able to unravel the complex network of factors that determine disease risk and phenotypic expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
McKean DM, Homsy J, Wakimoto H, Patel N, Gorham J, DePalma SR, Ware JS, Zaidi S, Ma W, Patel N, Lifton RP, Chung WK, Kim R, Shen Y, Brueckner M, Goldmuntz E, Sharp AJ, Seidman CE, Gelb BD, Seidman JG. Loss of RNA expression and allele-specific expression associated with congenital heart disease. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12824. [PMID: 27670201 PMCID: PMC5052634 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD), a prevalent birth defect occurring in 1% of newborns, likely results from aberrant expression of cardiac developmental genes. Mutations in a variety of cardiac transcription factors, developmental signalling molecules and molecules that modify chromatin cause at least 20% of disease, but most CHD remains unexplained. We employ RNAseq analyses to assess allele-specific expression (ASE) and biallelic loss-of-expression (LOE) in 172 tissue samples from 144 surgically repaired CHD subjects. Here we show that only 5% of known imprinted genes with paternal allele silencing are monoallelic versus 56% with paternal allele expression-this cardiac-specific phenomenon seems unrelated to CHD. Further, compared with control subjects, CHD subjects have a significant burden of both LOE genes and ASE events associated with altered gene expression. These studies identify FGFBP2, LBH, RBFOX2, SGSM1 and ZBTB16 as candidate CHD genes because of significantly altered transcriptional expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M McKean
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jason Homsy
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Neil Patel
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Joshua Gorham
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Steven R DePalma
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - James S Ware
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit at Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust and Imperial College London, London SW3 6NP, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Samir Zaidi
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Wenji Ma
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Nihir Patel
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Richard Kim
- Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Martina Brueckner
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Andrew J Sharp
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Bruce D Gelb
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - J G Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ballarino M, Morlando M, Fatica A, Bozzoni I. Non-coding RNAs in muscle differentiation and musculoskeletal disease. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2021-30. [PMID: 27249675 DOI: 10.1172/jci84419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA is likely to be the most rediscovered macromolecule in biology. Periodically, new non-canonical functions have been ascribed to RNA, such as the ability to act as a catalytic molecule or to work independently from its coding capacity. Recent annotations show that more than half of the transcriptome encodes for RNA molecules lacking coding activity. Here we illustrate how these transcripts affect skeletal muscle differentiation and related disorders. We discuss the most recent scientific discoveries that have led to the identification of the molecular circuitries that are controlled by RNA during the differentiation process and that, when deregulated, lead to pathogenic events. These findings will provide insights that can aid in the development of new therapeutic interventions for muscle diseases.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers/blood
- Cell Differentiation
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Mice
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Muscle Development/genetics
- Muscle Development/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Musculoskeletal Diseases/genetics
- Musculoskeletal Diseases/metabolism
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/cytology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/blood
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/metabolism
- Transcriptome
Collapse
|
30
|
Zutt R, Dijk JM, Peall KJ, Speelman H, Dreissen YEM, Contarino MF, Tijssen MAJ. Distribution and Coexistence of Myoclonus and Dystonia as Clinical Predictors of SGCE Mutation Status: A Pilot Study. Front Neurol 2016; 7:72. [PMID: 27242657 PMCID: PMC4865489 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Myoclonus–dystonia (M–D) is a young onset movement disorder typically involving myoclonus and dystonia of the upper body. A proportion of the cases are caused by mutations to the autosomal dominantly inherited, maternally imprinted, epsilon-sarcoglycan gene (SGCE). Despite several sets of diagnostic criteria, identification of patients most likely to have an SGCE mutation remains difficult. Methods Forty consecutive patients meeting pre-existing diagnostic clinical criteria for M–D underwent a standardized clinical examination (20 SGCE mutation positive and 20 negative). Each video was reviewed and systematically scored by two assessors blinded to mutation status. In addition, the presence and coexistence of myoclonus and dystonia was recorded in four body regions (neck, arms, legs, and trunk) at rest and with action. Results Thirty-nine patients were included in the study (one case was excluded owing to insufficient video footage). Based on previously proposed diagnostic criteria, patients were subdivided into 24 “definite,” 5 “probable,” and 10 “possible” M–D. Motor symptom severity was higher in the SGCE mutation-negative group. Myoclonus and dystonia were most commonly observed in the neck and upper limbs of both groups. Truncal dystonia with action was significantly seen more in the mutation-negative group (p < 0.05). Coexistence of myoclonus and dystonia in the same body part with action was more commonly seen in the mutation-negative cohort (p < 0.05). Conclusion Truncal action dystonia and coexistence of myoclonus and dystonia in the same body part with action might suggest the presence of an alternative mutation in patients with M–D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodi Zutt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Joke M Dijk
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Kathryn J Peall
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hans Speelman
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Yasmine E M Dreissen
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Maria Fiorella Contarino
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Haga Teaching Hospital, Den Haag, Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bhattacharyya KB, Roy A, Biswas A, Pal A. Sporadic and familial myoclonic dystonia: Report of three cases and review of literature. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2016; 19:258-60. [PMID: 27293342 PMCID: PMC4888694 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.168625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoclonic dystonia refers to a clinical syndrome characterized by rapid jerky movements along with dystonic posturing of the limbs. Clinically, it is characterized by sudden, brief, electric shock-like movements, mostly involving the upper extremities, shoulders, neck and trunk. Characteristically, the movements wane with consumption of small dose of alcohol in about 50% of cases. Additionally, dystonic contractions are observed in most of the patients in the affected body parts and some patients may exhibit cervical dystonia or graphospasm as well. It may manifest as an autosomal dominant condition or sometimes, as a sporadic entity, though there are doubts whether these represent cases with reduced penetrance. The condition is usually treated with a combination of an anticholinergic agent like, benztropine, pimozide and tetrabenazine. We report one sporadic case and one familial case where the father and the son are affected. The cases were collected from the Movement Disorders Clinic of Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal in a period of ten months. Myoclonic dystonia is a rare condition and to the best of our knowledge, this series is the first one reported from our country. Videos of the patients are also provided with the article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arijit Roy
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Atanu Biswas
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashutosh Pal
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rachad L, El Kadmiri N, Slassi I, El Otmani H, Nadifi S. Genetic Aspects of Myoclonus–Dystonia Syndrome (MDS). Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:939-942. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
33
|
Multani N, Moro E, Lang A, Zurowski M, Duff Canning S, Tartaglia MC. Progression of neuropsychiatric and cognitive features due to exons 2 to 5 deletion in the epsilon-sarcoglycan gene: a case report. Neurocase 2016; 22:215-9. [PMID: 26652670 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2015.1120312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical symptoms of myoclonus dystonia due to epsilon-sarcoglycan mutations are well documented; however, the progression of neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms remains unclear. We present a case of a 34-year-old woman with early childhood onset of myoclonic jerks, dystonic posture and developmental delay due to exons 2 to 5 deletion in the epsilon-sarcoglycan gene. Over time, she developed neuropsychiatric symptoms. She underwent bilateral deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus for her motor symptoms, which greatly improved but she exhibited slow deterioration of her neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms, particularly apathy, aggression and severe executive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namita Multani
- a Memory Clinic , University Health Network , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Elena Moro
- b Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble , Grenoble , France
| | - Anthony Lang
- c Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit and E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Toronto Western Hospital , UHN, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Mateusz Zurowski
- d Department of Psychiatry , University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Sarah Duff Canning
- c Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit and E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Toronto Western Hospital , UHN, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- a Memory Clinic , University Health Network , Toronto , ON , Canada.,e Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Krembil Discovery Tower University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Regulation of skeletal muscle development and homeostasis by gene imprinting, histone acetylation and microRNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:309-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
35
|
|
36
|
|
37
|
Peall KJ, Kurian MA, Wardle M, Waite AJ, Hedderly T, Lin JP, Smith M, Whone A, Pall H, White C, Lux A, Jardine PE, Lynch B, Kirov G, O'Riordan S, Samuel M, Lynch T, King MD, Chinnery PF, Warner TT, Blake DJ, Owen MJ, Morris HR. SGCE and myoclonus dystonia: motor characteristics, diagnostic criteria and clinical predictors of genotype. J Neurol 2014; 261:2296-304. [PMID: 25209853 PMCID: PMC4495322 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Myoclonus dystonia syndrome (MDS) is a young-onset movement disorder. A proportion of cases are due to mutations in the maternally imprinted SGCE gene. We assembled the largest cohort of MDS patients to date, and determined the frequency and type of SGCE mutations. The aim was to establish the motor phenotype in mutation carriers and utility of current diagnostic criteria. Eighty-nine probands with clinical features compatible with MDS were recruited from the UK and Ireland. Patients were phenotypically classified as "definite", "probable" or "possible" MDS according to previous guidelines. SGCE was analyzed using direct sequencing and copy number variant analysis. In those where no mutation was found, DYT1 (GAG deletion), GCH1, THAP1 and NKX2.1 genes were also sequenced. Nineteen (21.3%) probands had an SGCE mutation. Three patterns of motor symptoms emerged: (1) early childhood onset upper body myoclonus and dystonia, (2) early childhood onset lower limb dystonia, progressing later to more pronounced myoclonus and upper body involvement, and (3) later childhood onset upper body myoclonus and dystonia with evident cervical involvement. Five probands had large contiguous gene deletions ranging from 0.7 to 2.3 Mb in size with distinctive clinical features, including short stature, joint laxity and microcephaly. Our data confirms that SGCE mutations are most commonly identified in MDS patients with (1) age at onset ≤10 years and (2) predominant upper body involvement of a pure myoclonus-dystonia. Cases with whole SGCE gene deletions had additional clinical characteristics, which are not always predicted by deletion size or gene involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Peall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Akbari MT, Mirfakhraie R, Zare-Karizi S, Shahidi G. Myoclonus dystonia syndrome: a novel ε-sarcoglycan gene mutation with variable clinical symptoms. Gene 2014; 548:306-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
39
|
|
40
|
Kim JH, Na YC, Lee WH, Chang WS, Jung HH, Chang JW. Bilateral globus pallidus interna deep-brain stimulation in a patient with myoclonus-dystonia: a case report. Neuromodulation 2014; 17:724-8. [PMID: 24612290 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myoclonus-dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by childhood onset of myoclonus and dystonia. We report a case of the epsilon-sarcoglycan mutation-negative myoclonus-dystonia patient who underwent bilateral globus pallidus interna deep-brain stimulation with subsequent improvement of both myoclonus and dystonia. CASE REPORT A 37-year-old woman with myoclonic jerks and dystonia affecting predominantly the lower limbs was treated with chronic bilateral globus pallidus interna deep-brain stimulation. RESULTS The movement subscore of the Burke-Fahns-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale was 38 before surgery and improved to 7 after 3 years. The disability subscore of the Burke-Fahns-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale improved from 7 to 2. The Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale also decreased significantly from 93 to 39. No hardware- or stimulation-related complications occurred during follow-up. CONCLUSION This report suggests that patients with myoclonus-dystonia may significantly benefit from bilateral globus pallidus interna deep-brain stimulation. Larger studies of this patient population are needed to confirm the optimal target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hee Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
An Asian Patient with Myoclonus-Dystonia (DYT11) Responsive to Deep Brain Stimulation of the Globus Pallidus Internus. Case Rep Neurol Med 2014; 2014:937095. [PMID: 24716024 PMCID: PMC3970395 DOI: 10.1155/2014/937095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the case of a 42-year-old Japanese woman with childhood-onset myoclonus, dystonia, and psychiatric symptoms, including anxiety, phobia, and exaggerated startle response. The diagnosis was confirmed as myoclonus-dystonia (DYT11) by identifying a mutation in the gene encoding ε-sarcoglycan. Interestingly, while motor-related symptoms in DYT11 generally improve with alcohol ingestion, the patient's symptoms were exacerbated by alcohol intake. Her severe and medically intractable symptoms were alleviated by bilateral deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus, with myoclonus and dystonia scores showing 70% improvement after the surgery compared to presurgical scores. This is the first report of a genetically confirmed case of DYT11 in Japan. This paper together with other recent reports collectively demonstrates that DYT11 patients are distributed worldwide, including Asia. Thus, a diagnosis of DYT11 should be considered when clinicians encounter a patient with childhood-onset myoclonus and/or dystonia with psychiatric symptoms, regardless of ethnic background.
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Haugarvoll K, Tzoulis C, Tran GT, Karlsen B, Engelsen BA, Knappskog PM, Bindoff LA. Myoclonus-dystonia and epilepsy in a family with a novel epsilon-sarcoglycan mutation. J Neurol 2013; 261:358-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
44
|
Cooper DN, Krawczak M, Polychronakos C, Tyler-Smith C, Kehrer-Sawatzki H. Where genotype is not predictive of phenotype: towards an understanding of the molecular basis of reduced penetrance in human inherited disease. Hum Genet 2013; 132:1077-130. [PMID: 23820649 PMCID: PMC3778950 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Some individuals with a particular disease-causing mutation or genotype fail to express most if not all features of the disease in question, a phenomenon that is known as 'reduced (or incomplete) penetrance'. Reduced penetrance is not uncommon; indeed, there are many known examples of 'disease-causing mutations' that fail to cause disease in at least a proportion of the individuals who carry them. Reduced penetrance may therefore explain not only why genetic diseases are occasionally transmitted through unaffected parents, but also why healthy individuals can harbour quite large numbers of potentially disadvantageous variants in their genomes without suffering any obvious ill effects. Reduced penetrance can be a function of the specific mutation(s) involved or of allele dosage. It may also result from differential allelic expression, copy number variation or the modulating influence of additional genetic variants in cis or in trans. The penetrance of some pathogenic genotypes is known to be age- and/or sex-dependent. Variable penetrance may also reflect the action of unlinked modifier genes, epigenetic changes or environmental factors. At least in some cases, complete penetrance appears to require the presence of one or more genetic variants at other loci. In this review, we summarize the evidence for reduced penetrance being a widespread phenomenon in human genetics and explore some of the molecular mechanisms that may help to explain this enigmatic characteristic of human inherited disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David N. Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Chris Tyler-Smith
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Casper C, Kalliolia E, Warner TT. Recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of dystonia-plus syndromes and heredodegenerative dystonias. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:30-40. [PMID: 23814535 PMCID: PMC3580789 DOI: 10.2174/157015913804999432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of studies investigating the molecular pathogenesis and cell biology underlying dystonia have been performed in individuals with primary dystonia. This includes monogenic forms such as DYT1and DYT6 dystonia, and primary focal dystonia which is likely to be multifactorial in origin. In recent years there has been renewed interest in non-primary forms of dystonia including the dystonia-plus syndromes and heredodegenerative disorders. These are caused by a variety of genetic mutations and their study has contributed to our understanding of the neuronal dysfunction that leads to dystonia These findings have reinforced themes identified from study of primary dystonia including abnormal dopaminergic signalling, cellular trafficking and mitochondrial function. In this review we highlight recent advances in the understanding of the dystonia-plus syndromes and heredodegenerative dystonias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Casper
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kawarai T, Miyamoto R, Murakami N, Miyazaki Y, Koizumi H, Sako W, Mukai Y, Sato K, Matsumoto S, Sakamoto T, Izumi Y, Kaji R. [Dystonia genes and elucidation of their roles in dystonia pathogenesis]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2013; 53:419-29. [PMID: 23782819 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.53.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Identification of causative genes for hereditary dystonia and elucidation of their functions are crucial for better understanding of dystonia pathogenesis. As seen in other hereditary neurologic disorders, intra- and inter-familial clinical variations have been demonstrated in hereditary dystonia. Asymptomatic carriers can be found due to alterations in penetrance, generally reduced in succeeding generations. Current known dystonia genes include those related to dopamine metabolism, transcription factor, cytoskeleton, transport of glucose and sodium ion, etc. It has been reported that effects of deep brain stimulation can vary significantly depending on genotype. Accumulation of genotype-outcome correlations would contribute to treatment decisions for dystonia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Kawarai
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Carecchio M, Magliozzi M, Copetti M, Ferraris A, Bernardini L, Bonetti M, Defazio G, Edwards MJ, Torrente I, Pellegrini F, Comi C, Bhatia KP, Valente EM. Defining the Epsilon-Sarcoglycan (SGCE) Gene Phenotypic Signature in Myoclonus-Dystonia: A Reappraisal of Genetic Testing Criteria. Mov Disord 2013; 28:787-94. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Carecchio
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders; UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology; Amedeo Avogadro University; Novara Italy
| | - Monia Magliozzi
- CSS-Mendel Laboratory; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
| | - Massimiliano Copetti
- Biostatistics Unit; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
| | - Alessandro Ferraris
- CSS-Mendel Laboratory; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
| | - Laura Bernardini
- CSS-Mendel Laboratory; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
| | - Monica Bonetti
- CSS-Mendel Laboratory; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
| | - Giovanni Defazio
- Department of Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; School of Motor Sciences; “Aldo Moro” University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - Mark J. Edwards
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders; UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Torrente
- CSS-Mendel Laboratory; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
| | - Fabio Pellegrini
- Biostatistics Unit; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology of Diabetes and Chronic Diseases; Consorzio Mario Negri Sud; Santa Maria Imbaro Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Department of Neurology; Amedeo Avogadro University; Novara Italy
| | - Kailash P. Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders; UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- CSS-Mendel Laboratory; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery; University of Salerno; Salerno Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Renfree MB, Suzuki S, Kaneko-Ishino T. The origin and evolution of genomic imprinting and viviparity in mammals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120151. [PMID: 23166401 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is widespread in eutherian mammals. Marsupial mammals also have genomic imprinting, but in fewer loci. It has long been thought that genomic imprinting is somehow related to placentation and/or viviparity in mammals, although neither is restricted to mammals. Most imprinted genes are expressed in the placenta. There is no evidence for genomic imprinting in the egg-laying monotreme mammals, despite their short-lived placenta that transfers nutrients from mother to embryo. Post natal genomic imprinting also occurs, especially in the brain. However, little attention has been paid to the primary source of nutrition in the neonate in all mammals, the mammary gland. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) play an important role as imprinting control centres in each imprinted region which usually comprises both paternally and maternally expressed genes (PEGs and MEGs). The DMR is established in the male or female germline (the gDMR). Comprehensive comparative genome studies demonstrated that two imprinted regions, PEG10 and IGF2-H19, are conserved in both marsupials and eutherians and that PEG10 and H19 DMRs emerged in the therian ancestor at least 160 Ma, indicating the ancestral origin of genomic imprinting during therian mammal evolution. Importantly, these regions are known to be deeply involved in placental and embryonic growth. It appears that most maternal gDMRs are always associated with imprinting in eutherian mammals, but emerged at differing times during mammalian evolution. Thus, genomic imprinting could evolve from a defence mechanism against transposable elements that depended on DNA methylation established in germ cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn B Renfree
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Peall KJ, Smith DJ, Kurian MA, Wardle M, Waite AJ, Hedderly T, Lin JP, Smith M, Whone A, Pall H, White C, Lux A, Jardine P, Bajaj N, Lynch B, Kirov G, O'Riordan S, Samuel M, Lynch T, King MD, Chinnery PF, Warner TT, Blake DJ, Owen MJ, Morris HR. SGCE mutations cause psychiatric disorders: clinical and genetic characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:294-303. [PMID: 23365103 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Myoclonus dystonia syndrome is a childhood onset hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by predominant alcohol responsive upper body myoclonus and dystonia. A proportion of cases are due to mutations in the maternally imprinted SGCE gene. Previous studies have suggested that patients with SGCE mutations may have an increased rate of psychiatric disorders. We established a cohort of patients with myoclonus dystonia syndrome and SGCE mutations to determine the extent to which psychiatric disorders form part of the disease phenotype. In all, 89 patients with clinically suspected myoclonus dystonia syndrome were recruited from the UK and Ireland. SGCE was analysed using direct sequencing and for copy number variants. In those patients where no mutation was found TOR1A (GAG deletion), GCH1, THAP1 and NKX2-1 were also sequenced. SGCE mutation positive cases were systematically assessed using standardized psychiatric interviews and questionnaires and compared with a disability-matched control group of patients with alcohol responsive tremor. Nineteen (21%) probands had a SGCE mutation, five of which were novel. Recruitment of family members increased the affected SGCE mutation positive group to 27 of whom 21 (77%) had psychiatric symptoms. Obsessive-compulsive disorder was eight times more likely (P < 0.001) in mutation positive cases, compulsivity being the predominant feature (P < 0.001). Generalized anxiety disorder (P = 0.003) and alcohol dependence (P = 0.02) were five times more likely in mutation positive cases than tremor controls. SGCE mutations are associated with a specific psychiatric phenotype consisting of compulsivity, anxiety and alcoholism in addition to the characteristic motor phenotype. SGCE mutations are likely to have a pleiotropic effect in causing both motor and specific psychiatric symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Peall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
A number of genetic causes of movement disorders including Parkinson disease, dystonia, restless legs syndrome or essential tremor have been elucidated in recent years. This process was accelerated by novel technologies including genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next generation sequencing (NGS). Although monogenic forms are overall rare, they provide a unique opportunity to investigate mutation carriers who are still in the presymptomatic phase. As these subjects present individuals at risk to develop the disease, they have been included in longitudinal studies to unravel disease mechanisms and elucidate novel therapeutic targets. In addition, cell culture and animal studies have been performed to functionally characterize proteins mutated in different movement disorders to provide further insight into disturbed cellular pathways. In this article, we summarize known monogenic forms and the associated phenotype as well as genetic risk factors and review the function of relevant genes and proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Lohmann
- Institut für Neurogenetik, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Deutschland.
| | | |
Collapse
|