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Makarewicz CA, Winter-Schuh C, Jackson M, Johannesson EG, Amartuvshin C, Honeychurch W. Local circulation of elites punctuated by transregional mobility enabled steppe political consolidation in the Xiongnu nomadic state. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298593. [PMID: 38557862 PMCID: PMC10984472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The Xiongnu polity (ca. 200 BC- 150 AD) emerged out of indigenous community-centered socio-political structures to forge a powerful state that commanded the Mongolian steppe and beyond. Underpinned by a highly mobile pastoralist population, accustomed to seasonally rhythmic moves and embedded in an equestrian culture that facilitated rapid transport over long-distances, it remains unclear precisely how the movement of commoners, local aristocrats and regional elites abetted the formation and organization of Xiongnu state structures. Here, we evaluate Xiongnu movement and dietary intake through multi-stable isotopic analyses of tooth enamel from directly dated Xiongnu intermediate elites recovered from the mortuary center of Baga Gazaryn Chuluu-a prominent granite outcrop set in the Gobi Desert. Carbon isotope (δ13C) analysis indicates millet was consumed by some individuals, but whether or not this C4 cultivar contributed to the diets of most elites remains ambiguous in this C3/C4 desert-steppe environment. The effectiveness of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) to establish mobility appears much reduced in steppe environments, where geospatially sensitive information appears disrupted by extraordinary seasonality in meteoric water oxygen isotopes, pronounced oxygen isotopic variation in potential drinking water sources, and culturally mediated drinking practices. Most revealing, strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) indicate circulation of local elites around this central place and beyond, a mobility format that helped leaders cement their own position through political consolidation of spatially dispersed mobile pastoralist communities. The consistent presence at Baga Gazaryn Chuluu of extra-local intermediate elites also points toward the importance of transregional mobility in binding together the Xiongnu polity over the vast distances of the eastern steppe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Makarewicz
- Archaeology Stable Isotope Laboratory, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Winter-Schuh
- Archaeology Stable Isotope Laboratory, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Meghan Jackson
- Meghan Jackson, Ossifrage Exploration Consulting LLC, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Chunag Amartuvshin
- Chunag Amartuvshin, Archaeological Research Center, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - William Honeychurch
- William Honeychurch, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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Zhur KV, Sharko FS, Sedov VV, Dobrovolskaya MV, Volkov VG, Maksimov NG, Seslavine AN, Makarov NA, Prokhortchouk EB. The Rurikids: The First Experience of Reconstructing the Genetic Portrait of the Ruling Family of Medieval Rus' Based on Paleogenomic Data. Acta Naturae 2023; 15:50-65. [PMID: 37908771 PMCID: PMC10615192 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.23425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rurikids were the reigning house of Rus', its principalities and, ultimately the Tsardom of Russia, for seven centuries: from the IX to the end of the XVI century. According to the Primary Chronicle (the Tale of Bygone Years), the main chronicle of Rus', the Rurik dynasty was founded by the Varangian prince Rurik, invited to reign in Novgorod in 862, but still there is no direct genetic evidence of the origin of the early Rurikids. This research, for the first time, provides a genome-wide paleogenetic analysis of bone remains belonging to one of the Rurikids, Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich (?-1294), the son of the Grand Prince of Vladimir Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (1221-1263). It has been established that his Y chromosome belongs to the N1a haplogroup. Most of the modern Rurikids, according to their genealogies, belonging to the N1a haplogroup, have the most similar variants of Y chromosomes to each other, as well as to the Y chromosome of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich. Genome-wide data of the medieval and modern Rurikids unequivocally indicates that they belong to the N1a haplogroup of the Y chromosome, starting at least from the XI century (since the time of Prince Yaroslav the Wise). All the other alleged Rurikids, both ancient and modern, being carriers of other haplogroups (R1a, I2a), possess high heterogeneity of the sequence of Y chromosomes, meaning that we cannot confirm their common ancestry. The most probable ancestors of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich in the male line were the men who left the burial ground Bolshoy Oleny Island on the coast of the Kola Peninsula about 3,600 years ago. The reconstruction of the genome of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich indicates the contribution of three ancestral components to his origin: (1) the early medieval population of the east of Scandinavia from the island of Oland, (2) representatives of the steppe nomadic peoples of the Eurasian steppes of the Iron Age or the early medieval population of central Europe (steppe nomads from the territory of Hungary), and (3) the ancient East-Eurasian component. Reliable statistics were also obtained when the Scandinavians were replaced with the Medieval Russian Slavic populations of the XI century. Thus, for the first time, we have shown the complex nature of interethnic interactions in the formation of the nobility of medieval Rus' on the example of the ancient Rurikid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Zhur
- Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russian Federation
| | - F S Sharko
- Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russian Federation
| | - Vl V Sedov
- Institute of Archeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117292 Russian Federation
| | - M V Dobrovolskaya
- Institute of Archeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117292 Russian Federation
| | - V G Volkov
- Regional State Autonomous Institution "Center of Tatar Culture", Tomsk, 634050 Russian Federation
| | - N G Maksimov
- ANO "Runiverse", Moscow, 119071 Russian Federation
| | - A N Seslavine
- Russian Public Organisation "RDS", Moscow, 109028 Russian Federation
| | - N A Makarov
- Institute of Archeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117292 Russian Federation
| | - E B Prokhortchouk
- Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russian Federation
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Lee J, Miller BK, Bayarsaikhan J, Johannesson E, Ventresca Miller A, Warinner C, Jeong C. Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3904. [PMID: 37058560 PMCID: PMC10104459 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The Xiongnu established the first nomadic imperial power, controlling the Eastern Eurasian steppe from ca. 200 BCE to 100 CE. Recent archaeogenetic studies identified extreme levels of genetic diversity across the empire, corroborating historical records of the Xiongnu Empire being multiethnic. However, it has remained unknown how this diversity was structured at the local community level or by sociopolitical status. To address this, we investigated aristocratic and local elite cemeteries at the western frontier of the empire. Analyzing genome-wide data from 18 individuals, we show that genetic diversity within these communities was comparable to the empire as a whole, and that high diversity was also observed within extended families. Genetic heterogeneity was highest among the lowest-status individuals, implying diverse origins, while higher-status individuals harbored less genetic diversity, suggesting that elite status and power was concentrated within specific subsets of the broader Xiongnu population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyeon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bryan K. Miller
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
- Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- History of Art, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
- National Museum of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Alicia Ventresca Miller
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
- Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christina Warinner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Choongwon Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Andreeva TV, Malyarchuk AB, Soshkina AD, Dudko NA, Plotnikova MY, Rogaev EI. Methodologies for Ancient DNA Extraction from Bones for Genomic Analysis: Approaches and Guidelines. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422090034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Genealogy: The Tree Where History Meets Genetics. GENEALOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/genealogy5040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although biological relationships are a universal reality for all human beings, the concepts of “family” and “family bond” depend on both the geographic region and the historical moment to which they refer. However, the concept of “family” can be determinant in a large variety of societies, since it can influence the lines of succession, inheritances and social relationships, as well as where and with whom an individual is buried. The relation between a deceased person and other members of a community, other individuals of the same necropolis, or even with those who are buried in the same tomb can be analysed from the genetic point of view, considering different perspectives: archaeological, historical, and forensic. In the present work, the concepts of “family” and “kinship” are discussed, explaining the relevance of genetic analysis, such as nuclear and lineage markers, and their contribution to genealogical research, for example in the heritage of surnames and Y-chromosome, as well as those cases where some discrepancies with historical record are detected, such as cases of adoption. Finally, we explain how genetic genealogical analyses can help to solve some cold cases, through the analysis of biologically related relatives.
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Žegarac A, Winkelbach L, Blöcher J, Diekmann Y, Krečković Gavrilović M, Porčić M, Stojković B, Milašinović L, Schreiber M, Wegmann D, Veeramah KR, Stefanović S, Burger J. Ancient genomes provide insights into family structure and the heredity of social status in the early Bronze Age of southeastern Europe. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10072. [PMID: 33980902 PMCID: PMC8115322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four palaeogenomes from Mokrin, a major Early Bronze Age necropolis in southeastern Europe, were sequenced to analyse kinship between individuals and to better understand prehistoric social organization. 15 investigated individuals were involved in genetic relationships of varying degrees. The Mokrin sample resembles a genetically unstructured population, suggesting that the community’s social hierarchies were not accompanied by strict marriage barriers. We find evidence for female exogamy but no indications for strict patrilocality. Individual status differences at Mokrin, as indicated by grave goods, support the inference that females could inherit status, but could not transmit status to all their sons. We further show that sons had the possibility to acquire status during their lifetimes, but not necessarily to inherit it. Taken together, these findings suggest that Southeastern Europe in the Early Bronze Age had a significantly different family and social structure than Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age societies of Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Žegarac
- Laboratory of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.,Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - L Winkelbach
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Blöcher
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Y Diekmann
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Krečković Gavrilović
- Laboratory of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Porčić
- Laboratory of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Stojković
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - L Milašinović
- National Museum of Kikinda, Trg Srpskih Dobrovoljaca 21, 23300, Kikinda, Serbia
| | - M Schreiber
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - D Wegmann
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - K R Veeramah
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - S Stefanović
- Laboratory of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.,Biosense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - J Burger
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
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Lee C. Heterarchy and the Creation of Nomadic States in Mongolia: The Bioarchaeological Evidence from the Xianbei Period (AD 93–234). AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aman.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S, Taylor WTT, Miller BK, Bemmann JH, Stahl R, Chiovelli C, Knolle F, Ulziibayar S, Khatanbaatar D, Erdenebaatar D, Erdenebat U, Ochir A, Ankhsanaa G, Vanchigdash C, Ochir B, Munkhbayar C, Tumen D, Kovalev A, Kradin N, Bazarov BA, Miyagashev DA, Konovalov PB, Zhambaltarova E, Miller AV, Haak W, Schiffels S, Krause J, Boivin N, Erdene M, Hendy J, Warinner C. A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe. Cell 2020; 183:890-904.e29. [PMID: 33157037 PMCID: PMC7664836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region’s population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe. Genome-wide analysis of 214 ancient individuals from Mongolia and the Baikal region Three genetically distinct dairy pastoralist groups in Late Bronze Age Mongolia Xiongnu nomadic empire formed through mixing of distinct local and distant groups No selection on the lactase persistence alleles despite 5,000 years of dairy culture
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongwon Jeong
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Shevan Wilkin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - William Timothy Treal Taylor
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Bryan K Miller
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jan H Bemmann
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53113, Germany
| | - Raphaela Stahl
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Chelsea Chiovelli
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Florian Knolle
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Sodnom Ulziibayar
- Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | | | - Diimaajav Erdenebaatar
- Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Bayanzurkh district, Ulaanbaatar 13343, Mongolia
| | - Ulambayar Erdenebat
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia
| | - Ayudai Ochir
- International Institute for the Study of Nomadic Civilizations, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | - Ganbold Ankhsanaa
- National Centre for Cultural Heritage of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | | | - Battuga Ochir
- Institute of History and Ethnology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | | | - Dashzeveg Tumen
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia
| | - Alexey Kovalev
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay Kradin
- Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690001, Russia; Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia
| | - Bilikto A Bazarov
- Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia
| | - Denis A Miyagashev
- Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia
| | - Prokopiy B Konovalov
- Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia
| | - Elena Zhambaltarova
- Department of Museology and Heritage, Faculty of Social and Cultural Activities, Heritage, and Tourism, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, East Siberian State Institute of Culture, Ulan-Ude 670031, Russia
| | - Alicia Ventresca Miller
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 02134, Germany
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Myagmar Erdene
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia
| | - Jessica Hendy
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 02134, Germany; Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Skin Pigmentation Differences between Mongolian, Korean, and Uzbekistan Ancient Human DNA Samples. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2585324. [PMID: 33083459 PMCID: PMC7559177 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2585324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background This study reports the use of real-time PCR to identify the SNP rs1545397 in the intron region on the OCA2 gene from ancient and degraded DNA isolated from ancient human bones from Mongolia, Korea, and Uzbekistan. This SNP is a marker for skin pigmentation. LightCycler-based probes (HybProbes) were designed. A LightCycler (version 2.0) system was used for the real-time PCR. Results The results of the real-time PCRs of three different genotypes of SNP rs1545397 were compared with those of the direct sequencing. Melting curve analysis was used for genotype determination. Three genotypes were distinguished: the homozygous T (T/T) SNP type formed a distinct melting peak at 53.3 ± 0.14°C, the homozygous A (A/A) SNP type formed a distinct melting peak at 57.8 ± 0.12°C, and the heterozygous A/T SNP type formed two distinct melting peaks at 53.3 ± 0.17°C and 57.8 ± 0.15°C. Mongolian aDNA samples tested in this study carried all three types of the SNP (A/T, A/A, and T/T) with no distinctly predominant type observed. In contrast, Korean aDNA samples carried the Asian genotype (T/T), while the Uzbekistan aDNA samples carried the European genotype (A/A) more often than the Asian genotype (T/T). Conclusions Human Mongolian aDNA samples had A/T, A/A, and T/T SNP rs1545397 with no distinct predominant genotype. When combined with the archeological and aDNA studies of other coupling morphologies with aDNA, our results infer that Mongolia's prehistoric population had considerable heterogeneity of skin color and morphological traits and that in the Neolithic period, a Eurasian or mixed population inhabited the western part of Mongolia.
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The genetic legacy of legendary and historical Siberian chieftains. Commun Biol 2020; 3:581. [PMID: 33067556 PMCID: PMC7567834 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Seventeen years of archaeological and anthropological expeditions in North-Eastern Siberia (in the Sakha Republic, Yakutia) have permitted the genetic analysis of 150 ancient (15th-19th century) and 510 modern individuals. Almost all males were successfully analysed (Y-STR) and this allowed us to identify paternal lineages and their geographical expansion through time. This genetic data was confronted with mythological, historical and material evidence to establish the sequence of events that built the modern Yakut genetic diversity. We show that the ancient Yakuts recovered from this large collection of graves are not representative of an ancient population. Uncommonly, we were also able to demonstrate that the funerary preference observed here involved three specific male lineages, especially in the 18th century. Moreover, this dominance was likely caused by the Russian conquest of Siberia which allowed some male clans to rise to new levels of power. Finally, we give indications that some mythical and historical figures might have been the actors of those genetic changes. These results help us reconsider the genetic dynamics of colonization in some regions, question the distinction between fact and myth in national histories and provide a rare insight into a funerary ensemble by revealing the biased process of its composition.
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Genetic evidence suggests a sense of family, parity and conquest in the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia. Hum Genet 2020; 140:349-359. [PMID: 32734383 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to characterize the people who composed the groups known as the Xiongnu, nuclear and whole mitochondrial DNA data were generated from the skeletal remains of 52 individuals excavated from the Tamir Ulaan Khoshuu (TUK) cemetery in Central Mongolia. This burial site, attributed to the Xiongnu period, was used from the first century BC to the first century AD. Kinship analyses were conducted using autosomal and Y-chromosomal DNA markers along with complete sequences of the mitochondrial genome. These analyses suggested close kin relationships between many individuals. Nineteen such individuals composed a large family spanning five generations. Within this family, we determined that a woman was of especially high status; this is a novel insight into the structure and hierarchy of societies from the Xiongnu period. Moreover, our findings confirmed that the Xiongnu had a strongly admixed mitochondrial and Y-chromosome gene pools and revealed a significant western component in the Xiongnu group studied. Using a fine-scale approach (haplotype instead of haplogroup-level information), we propose Scytho-Siberians as ancestors of the Xiongnu and Huns as their descendants.
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Li J, Cai D, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Zhou H. Ancient DNA reveals two paternal lineages C2a1a1b1a/F3830 and C2b1b/F845 in past nomadic peoples distributed on the Mongolian Plateau. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 172:402-411. [PMID: 32406954 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since the third century CE, a series of nomadic tribes have been active on the eastern part of the Mongolian Plateau. Characterizing the genetic compositions of past nomadic people is significant for research on the nomadic cultures of the Eurasian Steppe region. Ancient DNA analysis facilitates a deeper understanding of the relationship between historical and modern nomadic populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole-genome shotgun sequencing and capture sequencing of the nonrecombining region of the Y chromosome were performed for six ancient Hg C2/M217 individuals. The individuals were interred at six separate sites on the Mongolian Plateau and represent dates spanning the late Neolithic to Yuan Dynasty (~3,500-700 BP). RESULTS After NRY capture sequencing, three of the six ancient samples were attributed to C2b1b/F845 and the other three ancient samples belonged to C2a1a1b1a/F3830. Analysis of whole-genome shotgun sequencing data shows that the ancient C2b1b/F845 individuals are closely related to She, Han and other East Asian populations, while the ancient C2a1a1b1a/F3830 individuals are more similar to modern Northeast Asian peoples, such as the Ulchi and Yakut. DISCUSSION Hg C2/M217, widely distributed in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent, was discovered in the ancient Central Steppe and Baikal region. This study shows that there were two important subclades of Hg C2/M217 among the ancient nomadic peoples: C2a1a1b1a/F3830, which has made important genetic contributions to modern Mongolic- and Manchu-speaking populations, and C2b1b/F845, which probably originated in the farming populations of southern East Asia and made certain genetic contributions to past nomadic peoples on the Mongolian Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Cai
- Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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13
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Vai S, Amorim CEG, Lari M, Caramelli D. Kinship Determination in Archeological Contexts Through DNA Analysis. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Neparáczki E, Maróti Z, Kalmár T, Maár K, Nagy I, Latinovics D, Kustár Á, Pálfi G, Molnár E, Marcsik A, Balogh C, Lőrinczy G, Gál SS, Tomka P, Kovacsóczy B, Kovács L, Raskó I, Török T. Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16569. [PMID: 31719606 PMCID: PMC6851379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian nomadic groups arrived to the Carpathian Basin from the Eurasian Steppes and significantly influenced its political and ethnical landscape, however their origin remains largely unknown. In order to shed light on the genetic affinity of above groups we have determined Y chromosomal haplogroups and autosomal loci, suitable to predict biogeographic ancestry, from 49 individuals, supposed to represent the power/military elit. Haplogroups from the Hun-age are consistent with Xiongnu ancestry of European Huns. Most of the Avar-age individuals carry east Eurasian Y haplogroups typical for modern north-eastern Siberian and Buryat populations and their autosomal loci indicate mostly un-admixed Asian characteristics. In contrast the conquering Hungarians seem to be a recently assembled population incorporating un-admixed European, Asian as well as admixed components. Their heterogeneous paternal and maternal lineages indicate similar supposed phylogeographic origin of males and females, derived from Central-Inner Asian and European Pontic Steppe sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endre Neparáczki
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Maróti
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kalmár
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Kitti Maár
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - István Nagy
- SeqOmics Biotechnology Ltd., Mórahalom, H-6782, Hungary.,Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hun. Acad. Sci, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | | | - Ágnes Kustár
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Erika Molnár
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Antónia Marcsik
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Csilla Balogh
- Department of Art History, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, 34700, Turkey
| | | | | | - Péter Tomka
- Department of Archaeology, Flóris Rómer Museum of Art and History, H-9024, Győr, Hungary
| | | | - László Kovács
- Institute of Archaeology of the Center for Humanities of the Hun. Acad. Sci, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Raskó
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of the Hun. Acad. Sci, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Tibor Török
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary.
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15
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Edson SM. Getting Ahead: Extraction of DNA from Skeletonized Cranial Material and Teeth. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1646-1657. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suni M. Edson
- Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory Armed Forces Medical Examiner System 115 Purple Heart Drive Dover AFB DE 19902
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide South Australia Australia
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16
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Pilipenko AS, Trapezov RO, Cherdantsev SV, Babenko VN, Nesterova MS, Pozdnyakov DV, Molodin VI, Polosmak NV. Maternal genetic features of the Iron Age Tagar population from Southern Siberia (1st millennium BC). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204062. [PMID: 30235269 PMCID: PMC6147448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early nomads in the Eurasian steppes since the beginning of the 1st millennium BC played a key role in the formation of the cultural and genetic landscape of populations of a significant part of Eurasia, from Eastern Europe to Eastern Central Asia. Numerous archaeological cultures associated with early nomads have been discovered throughout the Eurasian steppe belt. The Tagar archaeological culture existed in the Minusinsk basin (Sayan Mountains, Southern Siberia, Russia) in the northeastern periphery of the Eurasian steppe belt from the 8th to 1st century BC during the pre-Scythian, Scythian, and Early Xiongnu-Sarmatian periods. In this study, we evaluated mtDNA diversity in the Tagar population based on representative series (N = 79) belonging to all chronological stages of the culture. The Tagar population had a mixed mtDNA pool dominated by Western Eurasian haplogroups and subgroups (H, HV6, HV*, I, K, T, U2e, U4, U5a, and U*) and, to a lesser degree, Eastern Eurasian haplogroups (A*, A8, C*, C5, D, G2a, and F1b). The Tagar population showed a similar mtDNA pool structure to those of other Iron Age populations representing the "Scythian World." We observed particularly high similarity between the Tagar and Classic Scythians from the North Pontic region. Our results support the assumption that genetic components introduced by Bronze Age migrants from Western Eurasia contributed to the formation of the genetic composition of Scythian period populations in Southern Siberia. Another important component of the Tagar mtDNA pool was autochthonous East Eurasian lineages, some of which (A8 and C4a2a) are potential markers of the westward genetic influence of the eastern populations of the Scythian period. Our results suggest a genetic continuity (at least partial) between the Early, Middle, and Late Tagar populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr S. Pilipenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Rostislav O. Trapezov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Stepan V. Cherdantsev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Babenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina S. Nesterova
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitri V. Pozdnyakov
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav I. Molodin
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Polosmak
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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17
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Damgaard PDB, Marchi N, Rasmussen S, Peyrot M, Renaud G, Korneliussen T, Moreno-Mayar JV, Pedersen MW, Goldberg A, Usmanova E, Baimukhanov N, Loman V, Hedeager L, Pedersen AG, Nielsen K, Afanasiev G, Akmatov K, Aldashev A, Alpaslan A, Baimbetov G, Bazaliiskii VI, Beisenov A, Boldbaatar B, Boldgiv B, Dorzhu C, Ellingvag S, Erdenebaatar D, Dajani R, Dmitriev E, Evdokimov V, Frei KM, Gromov A, Goryachev A, Hakonarson H, Hegay T, Khachatryan Z, Khaskhanov R, Kitov E, Kolbina A, Kubatbek T, Kukushkin A, Kukushkin I, Lau N, Margaryan A, Merkyte I, Mertz IV, Mertz VK, Mijiddorj E, Moiyesev V, Mukhtarova G, Nurmukhanbetov B, Orozbekova Z, Panyushkina I, Pieta K, Smrčka V, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Sjögren KG, Štolcová T, Taravella AM, Tashbaeva K, Tkachev A, Tulegenov T, Voyakin D, Yepiskoposyan L, Undrakhbold S, Varfolomeev V, Weber A, Wilson Sayres MA, Kradin N, Allentoft ME, Orlando L, Nielsen R, Sikora M, Heyer E, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E. 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. Nature 2018; 557:369-374. [PMID: 29743675 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter de Barros Damgaard
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Marchi
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michaël Peyrot
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Renaud
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorfinn Korneliussen
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Víctor Moreno-Mayar
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Amy Goldberg
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emma Usmanova
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Valeriy Loman
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Lotte Hedeager
- Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Gorm Pedersen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper Nielsen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gennady Afanasiev
- Department of Theory and Methods, Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kunbolot Akmatov
- Department of History, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Almaz Aldashev
- National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Ashyk Alpaslan
- Department of History, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | | | | | - Arman Beisenov
- A. Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Bazartseren Boldbaatar
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bazartseren Boldgiv
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Choduraa Dorzhu
- Departament of Biology and Ecology, Tuvan State University, Kyzyl, Russia
| | | | | | - Rana Dajani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.,Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evgeniy Dmitriev
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Valeriy Evdokimov
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Karin M Frei
- Unit for Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrey Gromov
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tatyana Hegay
- Republican Scientific Center of Immunology, Ministry of Public Health, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Zaruhi Khachatryan
- Department of Bioengineering, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Ruslan Khaskhanov
- Complex Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Grozny, Russia
| | - Egor Kitov
- A. Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina Kolbina
- Kostanay Regional Local History Museum, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Tabaldiev Kubatbek
- Department of History, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Alexey Kukushkin
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Igor Kukushkin
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Nina Lau
- Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig, Germany
| | - Ashot Margaryan
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Inga Merkyte
- Saxo-Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ilya V Mertz
- Center for Archaeological Research, S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Viktor K Mertz
- Center for Archaeological Research, S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Enkhbayar Mijiddorj
- Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Vyacheslav Moiyesev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gulmira Mukhtarova
- The State Historical and Cultural Reserve-Museum (ISSYK), Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Z Orozbekova
- Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina Panyushkina
- University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karol Pieta
- Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Václav Smrčka
- Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irina Shevnina
- Archaeological Laboratory, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrey Logvin
- Archaeological Laboratory, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Karl-Göran Sjögren
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tereza Štolcová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Angela M Taravella
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kadicha Tashbaeva
- Institute of History and Cultural Heritage of National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Alexander Tkachev
- Institute of Problems Development of the North Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Turaly Tulegenov
- The State Historical and Cultural Reserve-Museum (ISSYK), Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Levon Yepiskoposyan
- Department of Bioengineering, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Sainbileg Undrakhbold
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Victor Varfolomeev
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrzej Weber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melissa A Wilson Sayres
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nikolay Kradin
- Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia.,Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist, and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Martin Sikora
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evelyne Heyer
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Eske Willerslev
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
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18
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Šebest L, Baldovič M, Frtús A, Bognár C, Kyselicová K, Kádasi Ľ, Beňuš R. Detection of mitochondrial haplogroups in a small avar-slavic population from the eigth-ninth century AD. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165:536-553. [PMID: 29345305 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the sixth century AD, Avars came to Central Europe from middle Eurasian steppes and founded a strong Empire called the Avar Khagante (568-799/803 AD) in the Pannonian basin. During the existence of this empire, they undertook many military and pugnacious campaigns. In the seventh century, they conquered the northern territory inhabited by Slavs, who were further recruited in Avar military and were commissioned with obtaining food supplies. During almost 200 years of Avar domination, a significant influence by the Avar culture (especially on the burial rite) and assimilation with indigenous population (occurrence of "East Asian"cranial features) could be noticed in this mixed area, which is supported by achaeological and anthropologcal research. Therefore we expected higher incidence of east Eurasian haplogroups (introduced by Avars) than the frequencies detected in present-day central European populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mitochondrial DNA from 62 human skeletal remains excavated from the Avar-Slavic burial site Cífer-Pác (Slovakia) dated to the eighth and ninth century was analyzed by the sequencing of hypervariable region I and selected parts of coding region. Obtained haplotypes were compared with other present-day and historical populations and genetic distances were calculated using standard statistical method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In total, the detection of mitochondrial haplogroups was possible in 46 individuals. Our results prooved a higher frequency of east Eurasian haplogroups in our analyzed population (6.52%) than in present-day central European populations. However, it is almost three times lower than the frequency of east Eurasian haplogroups detected in other medieval Avar populations. The statistical analysis showed a greater similarity and the lowest genetic distances between the Avar-Slavic burial site Cifer-Pac and medieval European populations than the South Siberian, East and Central Asian populations. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the transfer of Avar genetic variation through their mtDNA was rather weak in the analyzed mixed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Šebest
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Marian Baldovič
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Adam Frtús
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Csaba Bognár
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Klaudia Kyselicová
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, Bratislava 813 72, Slovak Republic.,Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľudevít Kádasi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic.,Biomedical Research Center Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Radoslav Beňuš
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
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19
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Harris EE. Demic and cultural diffusion in prehistoric Europe in the age of ancient genomes. Evol Anthropol 2017; 26:228-241. [PMID: 29027332 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ancient genomes can help us detect prehistoric migrations, population contractions, and admixture among populations. Knowing the dynamics of demography is invaluable for understanding culture change in prehistory, particularly the roles played by demic and cultural diffusion in transformations of material cultures. Prehistoric Europe is a region where ancient genome analyses can help illuminate the interplay between demography and culture change. In Europe, there is more archeological evidence, in terms of detailed studies, radiometric dates, and explanatory hypotheses that can be evaluated, than in any other region of the world. Here I show some important ways that ancient genomes have given us insights into population movements in European prehistory. I also propose that studies might be increasingly focused on specific questions of culture change, for example in evaluating the makers of "transitional" industries as well as the origins of the Gravettian and spread of the Magdalenian. I also discuss genomic evidence supporting the large role that demic expansion has played in the Neolithization of Europe and the formation of the European population during the Bronze Age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene E Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College, City University of New York, Medical Arts Building, M-213, 222-05, 56th Avenue Bayside, NY, 1136411364.,Affiliated Researcher, Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University
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Juras A, Krzewińska M, Nikitin AG, Ehler E, Chyleński M, Łukasik S, Krenz-Niedbała M, Sinika V, Piontek J, Ivanova S, Dabert M, Götherström A. Diverse origin of mitochondrial lineages in Iron Age Black Sea Scythians. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43950. [PMID: 28266657 PMCID: PMC5339713 DOI: 10.1038/srep43950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Scythians were nomadic and semi-nomadic people that ruled the Eurasian steppe during much of the first millennium BCE. While having been extensively studied by archaeology, very little is known about their genetic identity. To fill this gap, we analyzed ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from Scythians of the North Pontic Region (NPR) and successfully retrieved 19 whole mtDNA genomes. We have identified three potential mtDNA lineage ancestries of the NPR Scythians tracing back to hunter-gatherer and nomadic populations of east and west Eurasia as well as the Neolithic farming expansion into Europe. One third of all mt lineages in our dataset belonged to subdivisions of mt haplogroup U5. A comparison of NPR Scythian mtDNA linages with other contemporaneous Scythian groups, the Saka and the Pazyryks, reveals a common mtDNA package comprised of haplogroups H/H5, U5a, A, D/D4, and F1/F2. Of these, west Eurasian lineages show a downward cline in the west-east direction while east Eurasian haplogroups display the opposite trajectory. An overall similarity in mtDNA lineages of the NPR Scythians was found with the late Bronze Age Srubnaya population of the Northern Black Sea region which supports the archaeological hypothesis suggesting Srubnaya people as ancestors of the NPR Scythians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Juras
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maja Krzewińska
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University Wallenberglaboratoriet, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexey G Nikitin
- Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, Michigan 49401, United States of America
| | - Edvard Ehler
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.,Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Education, Charles University in Prague, Magdalény Rettigové 4, 116 39, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maciej Chyleński
- Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89D, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Sylwia Łukasik
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Krenz-Niedbała
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Vitaly Sinika
- Taras Shevchenko University in Tiraspol, Taras Shevchenko University in Tiraspol, October Street 25, 33-00 Tiraspol, Moldova
| | - Janusz Piontek
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lanzheronivska Street, 65026, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Miroslawa Dabert
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anders Götherström
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University Wallenberglaboratoriet, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Zvénigorosky V, Crubézy E, Gibert M, Thèves C, Hollard C, Gonzalez A, Fedorova SA, Alexeev AN, Bravina RI, Ludes B, Keyser C. The genetics of kinship in remote human groups. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 25:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161622. [PMID: 27627454 PMCID: PMC5023095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Mongol imperial family (designated the Golden family) are buried in a secret necropolis; therefore, none of their burial grounds have been found. In 2004, we first discovered 5 graves belonging to the Golden family in Tavan Tolgoi, Eastern Mongolia. To define the genealogy of the 5 bodies and the kinship among them, SNP and/or STR profiles of mitochondria, autosomes, and Y chromosomes were analyzed. Four of the 5 bodies were determined to carry the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup D4, while the fifth carried haplogroup CZ, indicating that this individual had no kinship with the others. Meanwhile, Y-SNP and Y-STR profiles indicate that the males examined belonged to the R1b-M343 haplogroup. Thus, their East Asian D4 or CZ matrilineal and West Eurasian R1b-M343 patrilineal origins reveal genealogical admixture between Caucasoid and Mongoloid ethnic groups, despite a Mongoloid physical appearance. In addition, Y chromosomal and autosomal STR profiles revealed that the four D4-carrying bodies bore the relationship of either mother and three sons or four full siblings with almost the same probability. Moreover, the geographical distribution of R1b-M343-carrying modern-day individuals demonstrates that descendants of Tavan Tolgoi bodies today live mainly in Western Eurasia, with a high frequency in the territories of the past Mongol khanates. Here, we propose that Genghis Khan and his family carried Y-haplogroup R1b-M343, which is prevalent in West Eurasia, rather than the Y-haplogroup C3c-M48, which is prevalent in Asia and which is widely accepted to be present in the family members of Genghis Khan. Additionally, Tavan Tolgoi bodies may have been the product of marriages between the lineage of Genghis Khan’s Borjigin clan and the lineage of either the Ongud or Hongirad clans, indicating that these individuals were members of Genghis Khan’s immediate family or his close relatives.
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Le Luyer M, Coquerelle M, Rottier S, Bayle P. Internal Tooth Structure and Burial Practices: Insights into the Neolithic Necropolis of Gurgy (France, 5100-4000 cal. BC). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159688. [PMID: 27447183 PMCID: PMC4957824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in the dental crown form are widely studied to interpret evolutionary changes in primates as well as to assess affinities among human archeological populations. Compared to external metrics of dental crown size and shape, variables including the internal structures such as enamel thickness, tissue proportions, and the three-dimensional shape of enamel-dentin junction (EDJ), have been described as powerful measurements to study taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, dietary, and/or developmental patterns. In addition to providing good estimate of phenotypic distances within/across archeological samples, these internal tooth variables may help to understand phylogenetic, functional, and developmental underlying causes of variation. In this study, a high resolution microtomographic-based record of upper permanent second molars from 20 Neolithic individuals of the necropolis of Gurgy (France) was applied to evaluate the intrasite phenotypic variation in crown tissue proportions, thickness and distribution of enamel, and EDJ shape. The study aims to compare interindividual dental variations with burial practices and chronocultural parameters, and suggest underlying causes of these dental variations. From the non-invasive characterization of internal tooth structure, differences have been found between individuals buried in pits with alcove and those buried in pits with container and pits with wattling. Additionally, individuals from early and recent phases of the necropolis have been distinguished from those of the principal phase from their crown tissue proportions and EDJ shape. The results suggest that the internal tooth structure may be a reliable proxy to track groups sharing similar chronocultural and burial practices. In particular, from the EDJ shape analysis, individuals buried in an alcove shared a reduction of the distolingual dentin horn tip (corresponding to the hypocone). Environmental, developmental and/or functional underlying causes might be suggested for the origin of phenotypic differences shared by these individuals buried in alcoves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Le Luyer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199, de la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement, Anthropologie (UMR 5199 PACEA), Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Stéphane Rottier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199, de la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement, Anthropologie (UMR 5199 PACEA), Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Priscilla Bayle
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199, de la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement, Anthropologie (UMR 5199 PACEA), Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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A Genealogical Look at Shared Ancestry on the X Chromosome. Genetics 2016; 204:57-75. [PMID: 27356612 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.190041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Close relatives can share large segments of their genome identical by descent (IBD) that can be identified in genome-wide polymorphism data sets. There are a range of methods to use these IBD segments to identify relatives and estimate their relationship. These methods have focused on sharing on the autosomes, as they provide a rich source of information about genealogical relationships. We hope to learn additional information about recent ancestry through shared IBD segments on the X chromosome, but currently lack the theoretical framework to use this information fully. Here, we fill this gap by developing probability distributions for the number and length of X chromosome segments shared IBD between an individual and an ancestor k generations back, as well as between half- and full-cousin relationships. Due to the inheritance pattern of the X and the fact that X homologous recombination occurs only in females (outside of the pseudoautosomal regions), the number of females along a genealogical lineage is a key quantity for understanding the number and length of the IBD segments shared among relatives. When inferring relationships among individuals, the number of female ancestors along a genealogical lineage will often be unknown. Therefore, our IBD segment length and number distributions marginalize over this unknown number of recombinational meioses through a distribution of recombinational meioses we derive. By using Bayes' theorem to invert these distributions, we can estimate the number of female ancestors between two relatives, giving us details about the genealogical relations between individuals not possible with autosomal data alone.
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Zhao J, Liu FE, Lin S, Liu ZZ, Sun ZY, Wu XM, Zhang HQ. Investigation on maternal lineage of a Neolithic group from northern Shaanxi based on ancient DNA. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2016; 28:732-739. [PMID: 27246811 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2016.1177039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A magnetic bead purification method was successfully used to extract ancient DNA from the skeletal remains of 10 specimens excavated from Wuzhuangguoliang (Wzhgl) site, which was located in northern Shaanxi. The multidimensional scaling (MDS) and analysis of molecular variance approach (AMOVA) revealed that ancient Wzhgl people bored a very high similarity to southern Han Chinese. By constructing the MJ-network of various modern people including Han Chinese and Japanese, the phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Wzhgl population had close maternal distance with ancient Shandong and Xinjiang people. These findings indicated that Wzhgl contributed to the gene pool of Han Chinese and modern Japanese. In addition, population migration and interflow between Wzhgl people and ancient Shandong or Xinjiang probably occurred in Neolithic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Fang-E Liu
- b The Center of Basic Medicine Teaching Experiments , School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medicine University (FMMU) , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Song Lin
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Zhi-Zhen Liu
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Zhou-Yong Sun
- c Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province , PR China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wu
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Hu-Qin Zhang
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China
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26
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Li C, Ning C, Hagelberg E, Li H, Zhao Y, Li W, Abuduresule I, Zhu H, Zhou H. Analysis of ancient human mitochondrial DNA from the Xiaohe cemetery: insights into prehistoric population movements in the Tarim Basin, China. BMC Genet 2015; 16:78. [PMID: 26153446 PMCID: PMC4495690 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Tarim Basin in western China, known for its amazingly well-preserved mummies, has been for thousands of years an important crossroad between the eastern and western parts of Eurasia. Despite its key position in communications and migration, and highly diverse peoples, languages and cultures, its prehistory is poorly understood. To shed light on the origin of the populations of the Tarim Basin, we analysed mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in human skeletal remains excavated from the Xiaohe cemetery, used by the local community between 4000 and 3500 years before present, and possibly representing some of the earliest settlers. Results Xiaohe people carried a wide variety of maternal lineages, including West Eurasian lineages H, K, U5, U7, U2e, T, R*, East Eurasian lineages B, C4, C5, D, G2a and Indian lineage M5. Conclusion Our results indicate that the people of the Tarim Basin had a diverse maternal ancestry, with origins in Europe, central/eastern Siberia and southern/western Asia. These findings, together with information on the cultural context of the Xiaohe cemetery, can be used to test contrasting hypotheses of route of settlement into the Tarim Basin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0237-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China. .,Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Ning
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China.
| | - Erika Hagelberg
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hongjie Li
- Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Yongbin Zhao
- Life Science College, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, P. R.China.
| | - Wenying Li
- Xinjiang Cultural Relics and Archaeology Institute, Ürümchi, 830000, P. R. China.
| | - Idelisi Abuduresule
- Xinjiang Cultural Relics and Archaeology Institute, Ürümchi, 830000, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China. .,Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
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27
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mtDNA analysis of 174 Eurasian populations using a new iterative rank correlation method. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 291:493-509. [PMID: 26142878 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyse 27-dimensional mtDNA haplogroup distributions of 174 Eurasian, North-African and American populations, including numerous ancient data as well. The main contribution of this work was the description of the haplogroup distribution of recent and ancient populations as compounds of certain hypothetic ancient core populations immediately or indirectly determining the migration processes in Eurasia for a long time. To identify these core populations, we developed a new iterative algorithm determining clusters of the 27 mtDNA haplogroups studied having strong rank correlation among each other within a definite subset of the populations. Based on this study, the current Eurasian populations can be considered as compounds of three early core populations regarding to maternal lineages. We wanted to show that a simultaneous analysis of ancient and recent data using a new iterative rank correlation algorithm and the weighted SOC learning technique may reveal the most important and deterministic migration processes in the past. This technique allowed us to determine geographically, historically and linguistically well-interpretable clusters of our dataset having a very specific, hardly classifiable structure. The method was validated using a 2-dimensional stepping stone model.
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Ancient DNA reveals that the genetic structure of the northern Han Chinese was shaped prior to 3,000 years ago. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125676. [PMID: 25938511 PMCID: PMC4418768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group in the world, and their origins, development, and expansion are complex. Many genetic studies have shown that Han Chinese can be divided into two distinct groups: northern Han Chinese and southern Han Chinese. The genetic history of the southern Han Chinese has been well studied. However, the genetic history of the northern Han Chinese is still obscure. In order to gain insight into the genetic history of the northern Han Chinese, 89 human remains were sampled from the Hengbei site which is located in the Central Plain and dates back to a key transitional period during the rise of the Han Chinese (approximately 3,000 years ago). We used 64 authentic mtDNA data obtained in this study, 27 Y chromosome SNP data profiles from previously studied Hengbei samples, and genetic datasets of the current Chinese populations and two ancient northern Chinese populations to analyze the relationship between the ancient people of Hengbei and present-day northern Han Chinese. We used a wide range of population genetic analyses, including principal component analyses, shared mtDNA haplotype analyses, and geographic mapping of maternal genetic distances. The results show that the ancient people of Hengbei bore a strong genetic resemblance to present-day northern Han Chinese and were genetically distinct from other present-day Chinese populations and two ancient populations. These findings suggest that the genetic structure of northern Han Chinese was already shaped 3,000 years ago in the Central Plain area.
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29
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Keyser C, Hollard C, Gonzalez A, Fausser JL, Rivals E, Alexeev AN, Riberon A, Crubézy E, Ludes B. The ancient Yakuts: a population genetic enigma. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20130385. [PMID: 25487336 PMCID: PMC4275892 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is part of an ongoing project aiming at determining the ethnogenesis of an eastern Siberian ethnic group, the Yakuts, on the basis of archaeological excavations carried out over a period of 10 years in three regions of Yakutia: Central Yakutia, the Vilyuy River basin and the Verkhoyansk area. In this study, genetic analyses were carried out on skeletal remains from 130 individuals of unknown ancestry dated mainly from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century AD. Kinship studies were conducted using sets of commercially available autosomal and Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) along with hypervariable region I sequences of the mitochondrial DNA. An unexpected and intriguing finding of this work was that the uniparental marker systems did not always corroborate results from autosomal DNA analyses; in some cases, false-positive relationships were observed. These discrepancies revealed that 15 autosomal STR loci are not sufficient to discriminate between first degree relatives and more distantly related individuals in our ancient Yakut sample. The Y-STR analyses led to similar conclusions, because the current Y-STR panels provided the limited resolution of the paternal lineages.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Bone and Bones/chemistry
- Chromosomes, Human, Y/genetics
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- DNA, Mitochondrial/history
- Ethnicity/genetics
- Ethnicity/history
- Fossils
- Genetics, Population
- Haplotypes/genetics
- History, 15th Century
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- Humans
- Likelihood Functions
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pedigree
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Siberia
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Keyser
- Institut de Médecine Légale, Laboratoire AMIS, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Laboratoire AMIS, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Clémence Hollard
- Institut de Médecine Légale, Laboratoire AMIS, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Laboratoire AMIS, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Angela Gonzalez
- Institut de Médecine Légale, Laboratoire AMIS, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Luc Fausser
- Institut de Médecine Légale, Laboratoire AMIS, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Rivals
- LIRMM, CNRS UMR 5506, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Alexandre Riberon
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS UMR 5174, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Crubézy
- Laboratoire AMIS, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Bertrand Ludes
- Laboratoire AMIS, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France Institut Médico-Légal, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Hagelberg E, Hofreiter M, Keyser C. Introduction. Ancient DNA: the first three decades. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20130371. [PMID: 25487324 PMCID: PMC4275880 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hagelberg
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Christine Keyser
- Institut de Médecine Légale, Laboratoire AMIS, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 5288, Strasbourg, France
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31
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Phylogenetic analysis of two haploid markers of 500-years-old human remains found in a central region of Korea. Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2014; 12:199-207. [PMID: 25016250 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Altai Mountains have been a long-term boundary zone between the Eurasian Steppe populations and South and East Asian populations. To disentangle some of the historical population movements in this area, 14 ancient human specimens excavated in the westernmost part of the Mongolian Altai were studied. Thirteen of them were dated from the Middle to the End of the Bronze Age and one of them to the Eneolithic period. The environmental conditions encountered in this region led to the good preservation of DNA in the human remains. Therefore, a multi-markers approach was adopted for the genetic analysis of identity, ancestry and phenotype markers. Mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that the ancient Altaians studied carried both Western (H, U, T) and Eastern (A, C, D) Eurasian lineages. In the same way, the patrilineal gene pool revealed the presence of different haplogroups (Q1a2a1-L54, R1a1a1b2-Z93 and C), probably marking different origins for the male paternal lineages. To go further in the search of the origin of these ancient specimens, phenotypical characters (i.e. hair and eye color) were determined. For this purpose, we adapted the HIrisPlex assay recently described to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In addition, some ancestry informative markers were analyzed with this assay. The results revealed mixed phenotypes among this group confirming the probable admixed ancestry of the studied Altaian population at the Middle Bronze Age. The good results obtained from ancient DNA samples suggest that this approach might be relevant for forensic casework too.
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Grunenwald A, Keyser C, Sautereau AM, Crubézy E, Ludes B, Drouet C. Novel contribution on the diagenetic physicochemical features of bone and teeth minerals, as substrates for ancient DNA typing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4691-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Alt K, Brandt G, Knipper C, Lehn C. Empfehlungen für die Probenentnahme in der forensischen Anthropologie. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-014-0950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Yu CC, Zhao YB, Zhou H. Genetic analyses of Xianbei populations about 1,500–1,800 years old. RUSS J GENET+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795414030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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SCHMIDT RYANW, EVTEEV ANDREJA. Iron Age nomads of southern Siberia in craniofacial perspective. ANTHROPOL SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.140724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RYAN W. SCHMIDT
- Kitasato University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Sagamihara
- University of Montana, Department of Anthropology, Missoula
| | - ANDREJ A. EVTEEV
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
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Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, Temori SA, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Witzel M, King RJ, Underhill PA, Villems R, Chiaroni J. Afghan Hindu Kush: where Eurasian sub-continent gene flows converge. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76748. [PMID: 24204668 PMCID: PMC3799995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being located at the crossroads of Asia, genetics of the Afghanistan populations have been largely overlooked. It is currently inhabited by five major ethnic populations: Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek and Turkmen. Here we present autosomal from a subset of our samples, mitochondrial and Y- chromosome data from over 500 Afghan samples among these 5 ethnic groups. This Afghan data was supplemented with the same Y-chromosome analyses of samples from Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and updated Pakistani samples (HGDP-CEPH). The data presented here was integrated into existing knowledge of pan-Eurasian genetic diversity. The pattern of genetic variation, revealed by structure-like and Principal Component analyses and Analysis of Molecular Variance indicates that the people of Afghanistan are made up of a mosaic of components representing various geographic regions of Eurasian ancestry. The absence of a major Central Asian-specific component indicates that the Hindu Kush, like the gene pool of Central Asian populations in general, is a confluence of gene flows rather than a source of distinctly autochthonous populations that have arisen in situ: a conclusion that is reinforced by the phylogeography of both haploid loci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erwan Pennarun
- Estonian Biocentre and Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stéphane Mazières
- Aix Marseille Université, ADES UMR7268, CNRS, EFS-AM, Marseille, France
| | - Natalie M. Myres
- Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Alice A. Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Shah Aga Temori
- Department of Biochemistry, Kabul Medical University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre and Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ene Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre and Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michael Witzel
- Department of South Asian Studies, Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roy J. King
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Underhill
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Villems
- Estonian Biocentre and Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jacques Chiaroni
- Aix Marseille Université, ADES UMR7268, CNRS, EFS-AM, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Der Sarkissian C, Balanovsky O, Brandt G, Khartanovich V, Buzhilova A, Koshel S, Zaporozhchenko V, Gronenborn D, Moiseyev V, Kolpakov E, Shumkin V, Alt KW, Balanovska E, Cooper A, Haak W. Ancient DNA reveals prehistoric gene-flow from siberia in the complex human population history of North East Europe. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003296. [PMID: 23459685 PMCID: PMC3573127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
North East Europe harbors a high diversity of cultures and languages, suggesting a complex genetic history. Archaeological, anthropological, and genetic research has revealed a series of influences from Western and Eastern Eurasia in the past. While genetic data from modern-day populations is commonly used to make inferences about their origins and past migrations, ancient DNA provides a powerful test of such hypotheses by giving a snapshot of the past genetic diversity. In order to better understand the dynamics that have shaped the gene pool of North East Europeans, we generated and analyzed 34 mitochondrial genotypes from the skeletal remains of three archaeological sites in northwest Russia. These sites were dated to the Mesolithic and the Early Metal Age (7,500 and 3,500 uncalibrated years Before Present). We applied a suite of population genetic analyses (principal component analysis, genetic distance mapping, haplotype sharing analyses) and compared past demographic models through coalescent simulations using Bayesian Serial SimCoal and Approximate Bayesian Computation. Comparisons of genetic data from ancient and modern-day populations revealed significant changes in the mitochondrial makeup of North East Europeans through time. Mesolithic foragers showed high frequencies and diversity of haplogroups U (U2e, U4, U5a), a pattern observed previously in European hunter-gatherers from Iberia to Scandinavia. In contrast, the presence of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups C, D, and Z in Early Metal Age individuals suggested discontinuity with Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and genetic influx from central/eastern Siberia. We identified remarkable genetic dissimilarities between prehistoric and modern-day North East Europeans/Saami, which suggests an important role of post-Mesolithic migrations from Western Europe and subsequent population replacement/extinctions. This work demonstrates how ancient DNA can improve our understanding of human population movements across Eurasia. It contributes to the description of the spatio-temporal distribution of mitochondrial diversity and will be of significance for future reconstructions of the history of Europeans. The history of human populations can be retraced by studying the archaeological and anthropological record, but also by examining the current distribution of genetic markers, such as the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA. Ancient DNA research allows the retrieval of DNA from ancient skeletal remains and contributes to the reconstruction of the human population history through the comparison of ancient and present-day genetic data. Here, we analysed the mitochondrial DNA of prehistoric remains from archaeological sites dated to 7,500 and 3,500 years Before Present. These sites are located in North East Europe, a region that displays a significant cultural and linguistic diversity today but for which no ancient human DNA was available before. We show that prehistoric hunter-gatherers of North East Europe were genetically similar to other European foragers. We also detected a prehistoric genetic input from Siberia, followed by migrations from Western Europe into North East Europe. Our research contributes to the understanding of the origins and past dynamics of human population in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clio Der Sarkissian
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Oleg Balanovsky
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Guido Brandt
- Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Sergey Koshel
- Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery Zaporozhchenko
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Eugen Kolpakov
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Shumkin
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kurt W. Alt
- Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elena Balanovska
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alan Cooper
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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González-Ruiz M, Santos C, Jordana X, Simón M, Lalueza-Fox C, Gigli E, Aluja MP, Malgosa A. Tracing the origin of the east-west population admixture in the Altai region (Central Asia). PLoS One 2012; 7:e48904. [PMID: 23152818 PMCID: PMC3494716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent discovery of Iron Age burials (Pazyryk culture) in the Altai Mountains of Mongolia may shed light on the mode and tempo of the generation of the current genetic east-west population admixture in Central Asia. Studies on ancient mitochondrial DNA of this region suggest that the Altai Mountains played the role of a geographical barrier between West and East Eurasian lineages until the beginning of the Iron Age. After the 7th century BC, coinciding with Scythian expansion across the Eurasian steppes, a gradual influx of East Eurasian sequences in Western steppes is detected. However, the underlying events behind the genetic admixture in Altai during the Iron Age are still unresolved: 1) whether it was a result of migratory events (eastward firstly, westward secondly), or 2) whether it was a result of a local demographic expansion in a 'contact zone' between European and East Asian people. In the present work, we analyzed the mitochondrial DNA lineages in human remains from Bronze and Iron Age burials of Mongolian Altai. Here we present support to the hypothesis that the gene pool of Iron Age inhabitants of Mongolian Altai was similar to that of western Iron Age Altaians (Russia and Kazakhstan). Thus, this people not only shared the same culture (Pazyryk), but also shared the same genetic east-west population admixture. In turn, Pazyryks appear to have a similar gene pool that current Altaians. Our results further show that Iron Age Altaians displayed mitochondrial lineages already present around Altai region before the Iron Age. This would provide support for a demographic expansion of local people of Altai instead of westward or eastward migratory events, as the demographic event behind the high population genetic admixture and diversity in Central Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes González-Ruiz
- Unitat d’Antropologia Biològica, Dept. BABVE, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Santos
- Unitat d’Antropologia Biològica, Dept. BABVE, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Jordana
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Simón
- Unitat d’Antropologia Biològica, Dept. BABVE, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elena Gigli
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-UPF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Aluja
- Unitat d’Antropologia Biològica, Dept. BABVE, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Assumpció Malgosa
- Unitat d’Antropologia Biològica, Dept. BABVE, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Wang H, Chen L, Ge B, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Zhou H. Genetic Data Suggests that the Jinggouzi People are Associated with the Donghu, an Ancient Nomadic Group of North China. Hum Biol 2012; 84:365-78. [DOI: 10.3378/027.084.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Baca M, Doan K, Sobczyk M, Stankovic A, Węgleński P. Ancient DNA reveals kinship burial patterns of a pre-Columbian Andean community. BMC Genet 2012; 13:30. [PMID: 22524324 PMCID: PMC3470988 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-13-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A detailed genetic study of the pre-Columbian population inhabiting the Tompullo 2 archaeological site (department Arequipa, Peru) was undertaken to resolve the kin relationships between individuals buried in six different chullpas. Kin relationships were an important factor shaping the social organization in the pre-Columbian Andean communities, centering on the ayllu, a group of relatives that shared a common land and responsibilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether this Andean model of a social organization had an influence on mortuary practices, in particular to determine whether chullpas served as family graves. RESULTS The remains of forty-one individuals were analyzed with both uniparental (mtDNA, Y-chromosome) and biparental (autosomal microsatellites) markers. Reproducible HVRI sequences, autosomal and Y chromosomal STR profiles were obtained for 24, 16 and 11 individuals, respectively. Mitochondrial DNA diversity was comparable to that of ancient and contemporary Andean populations. The Tompullo 2 population exhibited the closest relationship with the modern population from the same region. A kinship analysis revealed complex pattern of relations within and between the graves. However mean relatedness coefficients regarding the pairs of individuals buried in the same grave were significantly higher than those regarding pairs buried in different graves. The Y chromosome profiles of 11 males suggest that only members of one male line were buried in the same grave. CONCLUSIONS Genetic investigation of the population that inhabited Tompullo 2 site shows continuity between pre-Columbian and modern Native Amerindian populations inhabiting the Arequipa region. This suggests that no major demographic processes have influenced the mitochondrial DNA diversity of these populations during the past five hundred years. The kinship analysis involving uni- and biparental markers suggests that the community that inhabited the Tompullo 2 site was organized into extended family groups that were buried in different graves. This finding is in congruence with known models of social organization of Andean communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Baca
- Center for Precolumbian Studies, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Doan
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5A, 02–106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Sobczyk
- Center for Precolumbian Studies, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stankovic
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5A, 02–106, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Węgleński
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
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Sukernik RI, Volodko NV, Mazunin IO, Eltsov NP, Dryomov SV, Starikovskaya EB. Mitochondrial genome diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi: contribution to prehistory of native Siberians and their affinities to Native Americans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 148:123-38. [PMID: 22487888 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To fill remaining gaps in mitochondrial DNA diversity in the least surveyed eastern and western flanks of Siberia, 391 mtDNA samples (144 Tubalar from Altai, 87 Even from northeastern Siberia, and 160 Ulchi from the Russian Far East) were characterized via high-resolution restriction fragment length polymorphism/single nucleotide polymorphisms analysis. The subhaplogroup structure was extended through complete sequencing of 67 mtDNA samples selected from these and other related native Siberians. Specifically, we have focused on the evolutionary histories of the derivatives of M and N haplogroups, putatively reflecting different phases of settling Siberia by early modern humans. Population history and phylogeography of the resulting mtDNA genomes, combined with those from previously published data sets, revealed a wide range of tribal- and region-specific mtDNA haplotypes that emerged or diversified in Siberia before or after the last glacial maximum, ∼18 kya. Spatial distribution and ages of the "east" and "west" Eurasian mtDNA haploclusters suggest that anatomically modern humans that originally colonized Altai derived from macrohaplogroup N and came from Southwest Asia around 38,000 years ago. The derivatives of macrohaplogroup M, which largely emerged or diversified within the Russian Far East, came along with subsequent migrations to West Siberia millennia later. The last glacial maximum played a critical role in the timing and character of the settlement of the Siberian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rem I Sukernik
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Bolnick DA, Bonine HM, Mata-Míguez J, Kemp BM, Snow MH, LeBlanc SA. Nondestructive sampling of human skeletal remains yields ancient nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 147:293-300. [PMID: 22183740 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Museum curators and living communities are sometimes reluctant to permit ancient DNA (aDNA) studies of human skeletal remains because the extraction of aDNA usually requires the destruction of at least some skeletal material. Whether these views stem from a desire to conserve precious materials or an objection to destroying ancestral remains, they limit the potential of aDNA research. To help address concerns about destructive analysis and to minimize damage to valuable specimens, we describe a nondestructive method for extracting DNA from ancient human remains. This method can be used with both teeth and bone, but it preserves the structural integrity of teeth much more effectively than that of bone. Using this method, we demonstrate that it is possible to extract both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from human remains dating between 300 BC and 1600 AD. Importantly, the method does not expose the remains to hazardous chemicals, allowing them to be safely returned to curators, custodians, and/or owners of the samples. We successfully amplified mitochondrial DNA from 90% of the individuals tested, and we were able to analyze 1-9 nuclear loci in 70% of individuals. We also show that repeated nondestructive extractions from the same tooth can yield amplifiable mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. The high success rate of this method and its ability to yield DNA from samples spanning a wide geographic and temporal range without destroying the structural integrity of the sampled material may make possible the genetic study of skeletal collections that are not available for destructive analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Bolnick
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:18255-9. [PMID: 22042855 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113061108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the Neolithic dispersal on the western European populations is subject to continuing debate. To trace and date genetic lineages potentially brought during this transition and so understand the origin of the gene pool of current populations, we studied DNA extracted from human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dating from the beginning of the fifth millennium B.C. Thanks to a "multimarkers" approach based on the analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (autosomes and Y-chromosome), we obtained information on the early Neolithic funeral practices and on the biogeographical origin of the inhumed individuals. No close kinship was detected. Maternal haplogroups found are consistent with pre-Neolithic settlement, whereas the Y-chromosomal analyses permitted confirmation of the existence in Spain approximately 7,000 y ago of two haplogroups previously associated with the Neolithic transition: G2a and E1b1b1a1b. These results are highly consistent with those previously found in Neolithic individuals from French Late Neolithic individuals, indicating a surprising temporal genetic homogeneity in these groups. The high frequency of G2a in Neolithic samples in western Europe could suggest, furthermore, that the role of men during Neolithic dispersal could be greater than currently estimated.
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45
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Simón M, Jordana X, Armentano N, Santos C, Díaz N, Solórzano E, López JB, González-Ruiz M, Malgosa A. The presence of nuclear families in prehistoric collective burials revisited: The bronze age burial of montanissell cave (Spain) in the light of aDNA. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 146:406-13. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Adachi N, Shinoda KI, Umetsu K, Kitano T, Matsumura H, Fujiyama R, Sawada J, Tanaka M. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Hokkaido Jomon skeletons: remnants of archaic maternal lineages at the southwestern edge of former Beringia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 146:346-60. [PMID: 21953438 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the colonizing process of East/Northeast Asia as well as the peopling of the Americas, identifying the genetic characteristics of Paleolithic Siberians is indispensable. However, no genetic information on the Paleolithic Siberians has hitherto been reported. In the present study, we analyzed ancient DNA recovered from Jomon skeletons excavated from the northernmost island of Japan, Hokkaido, which was connected with southern Siberia in the Paleolithic period. Both the control and coding regions of their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were analyzed in detail, and we confidently assigned 54 mtDNAs to relevant haplogroups. Haplogroups N9b, D4h2, G1b, and M7a were observed in these individuals, with N9b being the predominant one. The fact that all these haplogroups, except M7a, were observed with relatively high frequencies in the southeastern Siberians, but were absent in southeastern Asian populations, implies that most of the Hokkaido Jomon people were direct descendants of Paleolithic Siberians. The coalescence time of N9b (ca. 22,000 years) was before or during the last glacial maximum, implying that the initial trigger for the Jomon migration in Hokkaido was increased glaciations during this period. Interestingly, Hokkaido Jomons lack specific haplogroups that are prevailing in present-day native Siberians, implying that diffusion of these haplogroups in Siberia might have been after the beginning of the Jomon era, about 15,000 years before present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Adachi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
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Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9788-91. [PMID: 21628562 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100723108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neolithic is a key period in the history of the European settlement. Although archaeological and present-day genetic data suggest several hypotheses regarding the human migration patterns at this period, validation of these hypotheses with the use of ancient genetic data has been limited. In this context, we studied DNA extracted from 53 individuals buried in a necropolis used by a French local community 5,000 y ago. The relatively good DNA preservation of the samples allowed us to obtain autosomal, Y-chromosomal, and/or mtDNA data for 29 of the 53 samples studied. From these datasets, we established close parental relationships within the necropolis and determined maternal and paternal lineages as well as the absence of an allele associated with lactase persistence, probably carried by Neolithic cultures of central Europe. Our study provides an integrative view of the genetic past in southern France at the end of the Neolithic period. Furthermore, the Y-haplotype lineages characterized and the study of their current repartition in European populations confirm a greater influence of the Mediterranean than the Central European route in the peopling of southern Europe during the Neolithic transition.
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Singh
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Deepika Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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49
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Gamba C, Fernández E, Tirado M, Pastor F, Arroyo-Pardo E. Brief communication: Ancient nuclear DNA and kinship analysis: The case of a medieval burial in San Esteban Church in Cuellar (Segovia, Central Spain). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 144:485-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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50
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Brenner CH. Fundamental problem of forensic mathematics—The evidential value of a rare haplotype. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2010; 4:281-91. [PMID: 20457055 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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