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Abdelilah-Seyfried S, Ola R. Shear stress and pathophysiological PI3K involvement in vascular malformations. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172843. [PMID: 38747293 PMCID: PMC11093608 DOI: 10.1172/jci172843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of vascular anomalies has revealed that affected endothelial cells (ECs) harbor gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the gene encoding the catalytic α subunit of PI3Kα (PIK3CA). These PIK3CA mutations are known to cause solid cancers when occurring in other tissues. PIK3CA-related vascular anomalies, or "PIKopathies," range from simple, i.e., restricted to a particular form of malformation, to complex, i.e., presenting with a range of hyperplasia phenotypes, including the PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum. Interestingly, development of PIKopathies is affected by fluid shear stress (FSS), a physiological stimulus caused by blood or lymph flow. These findings implicate PI3K in mediating physiological EC responses to FSS conditions characteristic of lymphatic and capillary vessel beds. Consistent with this hypothesis, increased PI3K signaling also contributes to cerebral cavernous malformations, a vascular disorder that affects low-perfused brain venous capillaries. Because the GOF activity of PI3K and its signaling partners are excellent drug targets, understanding PIK3CA's role in the development of vascular anomalies may inform therapeutic strategies to normalize EC responses in the diseased state. This Review focuses on PIK3CA's role in mediating EC responses to FSS and discusses current understanding of PIK3CA dysregulation in a range of vascular anomalies that particularly affect low-perfused regions of the vasculature. We also discuss recent surprising findings linking increased PI3K signaling to fast-flow arteriovenous malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roxana Ola
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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da Fontoura Galvão G, da Silva EV, Trefilio LM, Alves-Leon SV, Fontes-Dantas FL, de Souza JM. Comprehensive CCM3 Mutational Analysis in Two Patients with Syndromic Cerebral Cavernous Malformation. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:411-421. [PMID: 36723700 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a vascular disease that affects the central nervous system, which familial form is due to autosomal dominant mutations in the genes KRIT1(CCM1), MGC4607(CCM2), and PDCD10(CCM3). Patients affected by the PDCD10 mutations usually have the onset of symptoms at an early age and a more aggressive phenotype. The aim of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanism involved with CCM3 disease pathogenesis. Herein, we report two typical cases of CCM3 phenotype and compare the clinical and neuroradiological findings with five patients with a familial form of KRIT1 or CCM2 mutations and six patients with a sporadic form. In addition, we evaluated the PDCD10 gene expression by qPCR and developed a bioinformatic pipeline to understand the structural changes of mutations. The two CCM3 patients had an early onset of symptoms and a high lesion burden. Furthermore, the sequencing showed that Patient 1 had a frameshift mutation in c.222delT; p.(Asn75Thrfs*14) that leads to lacking the last 124 C-terminal amino acids on its primary structure and Patient 2 had a variant on the splicing site region c.475-2A > G. The mRNA expression was fourfold lower in both patients with PDCD10 mutation. Using in silico analysis, we identify that the frameshift mutation transcript lacks the C-terminal FAT-homology domain compared to the wild-type PDCD10 and preserves the N-terminal dimerization domain. The two patients studied here allow estimating the potential impact of mutations in clinical interpretation as well as support to better understand the mechanism and pathogenesis of CCM3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo da Fontoura Galvão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurologia, Laboratório de Neurociências Translacional, Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Neurocirurgia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Elielson Veloso da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurologia, Laboratório de Neurociências Translacional, Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurologia E Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Luisa Menezes Trefilio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurologia, Laboratório de Neurociências Translacional, Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Soniza Vieira Alves-Leon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurologia, Laboratório de Neurociências Translacional, Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Lima Fontes-Dantas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurologia, Laboratório de Neurociências Translacional, Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
- Departamento de Farmacologia E Psicobiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade Estadual Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Marcondes de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurologia, Laboratório de Neurociências Translacional, Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
- Departamento de Neurocirurgia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
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Wang Y, Ma B, Jian Y, Wu ST, Wong A, Wong J, Bonder EM, Zheng X. Deficiency of Pdcd10 causes urothelium hypertrophy and vesicle trafficking defects in ureter. FEBS J 2024; 291:1008-1026. [PMID: 38037455 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The scaffolding protein programmed cell death protein 10 (Pdcd10) has been demonstrated to play a critical role in renal epithelial cell homeostasis and function by maintaining appropriate water reabsorption in collecting ducts. Both ureter and kidney collecting duct systems are derived from the ureter bud during development. Here, we report that cadherin-16 (Cdh16)-cre drives gene recombination with high specificity in the ureter, but not the bladder, urothelium. The consequences of Pdcd10 deletion on the stratified ureter urothelium were investigated using an integrated approach including messenger RNA (mRNA) expression analysis, immunocytochemistry, and high-resolution confocal and electron microscopy. Loss of Pdcd10 in the ureter urothelium resulted in increased expression of uroplakins (Upks) and keratins (Krts), as well as hypertrophy of the ureter urothelium with an associated increase in the number of proliferation marker protein Ki-67 (Ki67)-expressing cells specifically within the basal urothelium layer. Ultrastructural analysis documented significant modification of the intracellular membrane system, including intracellular vesicle genesis and transport along the basal- to umbrella-cell-layer axis. Additionally, Pdcd10 loss resulted in swelling of Golgi compartments, disruption of mitochondrial cristae structure, and increased lysosomal fusion. Lack of Pdcd10 also resulted in decreased fusiform vesicle formation in umbrella cells, increased secretion of exosome vesicles, and alteration in microvillar structure on apical membranes. Our findings indicate that Pdcd10 expression and its influence on homeostasis is associated with modulation of endomembrane trafficking and organelle biogenesis in the ureter urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Baotao Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Youli Jian
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ting Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Alex Wong
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin Wong
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Xiangjian Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, China
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Ni WJ, Leng XM. Programmed cell death 10 can be used as a potential biomarker for ankylosing spondylitis diagnosis and treatment. Spinal Cord 2024; 62:99-103. [PMID: 38158408 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-023-00952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Diagnostic study. OBJECTIVE Programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) is a new versatile molecule involved in signal transduction regulation in angiogenesis and tumors. The potential of using it as a biomarker for the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is still unknown. SETTING University laboratory in Gannan Medical University, China. METHODS Expression of PDCD10 was analyzed using clinical samples of patients with AS and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data GDS5231. To explore its function, PDCD10 was upregulated and downregulated in synovial cells. Spearman analysis was used to study the association between PDCD10 and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score (mSASSS). The Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of PDCD10. RESULTS Expression of PDCD10 was upregulated in patients with AS and it is capable of promoting the calcification of synovial cells. A positive association between PDCD10 and the BASDAI and the mSASSS was observed. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of PDCD10 was 82% with a 95% confidence interval of [0.772, 0.868]. CONCLUSIONS PDCD10 is upregulated in patients with AS and it can promote the calcification of synovial cells in vitro. PDCD10 is positively associated with outcome parameters of AS. ROC analysis of PDCD10 suggests that it can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Min Leng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453100, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Lin A, Brittan M, Baker AH, Dimmeler S, Fisher EA, Sluimer JC, Misra A. Clonal Expansion in Cardiovascular Pathology. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2024; 9:120-144. [PMID: 38362345 PMCID: PMC10864919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Clonal expansion refers to the proliferation and selection of advantageous "clones" that are better suited for survival in a Darwinian manner. In recent years, we have greatly enhanced our understanding of cell clonality in the cardiovascular context. However, our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms behind this clonal selection is still severely limited. There is a transpiring pattern of clonal expansion of smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells-and, in some cases, macrophages-in numerous cardiovascular diseases irrespective of their differing microenvironments. These findings indirectly suggest the possible existence of stem-like vascular cells which are primed to respond during disease. Subsequent clones may undergo further phenotypic changes to adopt either protective or detrimental roles. By investigating these clone-forming vascular cells, we may be able to harness this inherent clonal nature for future therapeutic intervention. This review comprehensively discusses what is currently known about clonal expansion across the cardiovascular field. Comparisons of the clonal nature of vascular cells in atherosclerosis (including clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential), pulmonary hypertension, aneurysm, blood vessel injury, ischemia- and tumor-induced angiogenesis, and cerebral cavernous malformations are evaluated. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical implications of these findings and propose that proper understanding and specific targeting of these clonal cells may provide unique therapeutic options for the treatment of these cardiovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lin
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Remodeling Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mairi Brittan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H. Baker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Berlin, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judith C. Sluimer
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ashish Misra
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Remodeling Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Lee J, Lee H, Shin M, Park S. Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM)-like Vessel Lesion in the Aged ANKS1A-deficient Brain. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:441-452. [PMID: 38196138 PMCID: PMC10789174 DOI: 10.5607/en23032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show that ANKS1A is specifically expressed in the brain endothelial cells of adult mice. ANKS1A deficiency in adult mice does not affect the differentiation, growth, or patterning of the cerebrovascular system; however, its absence significantly impacts the cerebrovascular system of the aged brain. In aged ANKS1A knock-out (KO) brains, vessel lesions exhibiting cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are observed. In addition, CCM-like lesions show localized peripheral blood leakage into the brain. The CCM-like lesions reveal immune cells infiltrating the parenchyma. The CCM-like lesions also contain significantly fewer astrocyte endfeets and tight junctions, indicating that the integrity of the BBB has been partially compromised. CCM-like lesions display increased fibronectin expression in blood vessels, which is also confirmed in cultured endothelial cells deficient for ANKS1A. Therefore, we hypothesize that ANKS1A may play a role in maintaining or stabilizing healthy blood vessels in the brain during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Haeryung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Miram Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
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Li AX, Martin TA, Lane J, Jiang WG. Cellular Impacts of Striatins and the STRIPAK Complex and Their Roles in the Development and Metastasis in Clinical Cancers (Review). Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:76. [PMID: 38201504 PMCID: PMC10777921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Striatins (STRNs) are generally considered to be cytoplasmic proteins, with lower expression observed in the nucleus and at cell-cell contact regions. Together with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), STRNs form the core region of striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complexes through the coiled-coil region of STRN proteins, which is crucial for substrate recruitment. Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing amount of research into the biological and cellular functions of STRIPAK members. STRNs and the constituent members of the STRIPAK complex have been found to regulate several cellular functions, such as cell cycle control, cell growth, and motility. Dysregulation of these cellular events is associated with cancer development. Importantly, their roles in cancer cells and clinical cancers are becoming recognised, with several STRIPAK components found to have elevated expression in cancerous tissues compared to healthy tissues. These molecules exhibit significant diagnostic and prognostic value across different cancer types and in metastatic progression. The present review comprehensively summarises and discusses the current knowledge of STRNs and core STRIPAK members, in cancer malignancy, from both cellular and clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey A. Martin
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.X.L.); (J.L.); (W.G.J.)
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Patel A, Valle D, Nguyen A, Molina E, Lucke-Wold B. Role of Genetics and Surgical Interventions for the Management of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations (CMM). CURRENT CHINESE SCIENCE 2023; 3:386-395. [PMID: 37981909 PMCID: PMC10657140 DOI: 10.2174/2210298103666230823094431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are comprised of tissue matter within the brain possessing anomalous vascular architecture. In totality, the dilated appearance of the cavernomatakes on a mulberry-like shape contributed by the shape and relation to vascular and capillary elements. Analyzing its pathophysiology along with its molecular and genetic pathways plays a vital role in whether or not a patient receives GKRS, medical management, or Surgery, the most invasive of procedures. To avoid neurological trauma, microsurgical resection of cavernomas canbe guided by the novel clinical application of a 3D Slicer with Sina/MosoCam. When cavernomas present in deep lesions with poor accessibility, gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKSR) is recommended. For asymptomatic and non-multilobal lesions, medical and symptom management is deemed standard, such as antiepileptic therapy. The two-hit hypothesis serves to explain the mutations in three key genes that are most pertinent to the progression of cavernomas: CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2/Malcavernin, and CCM3/PDCD10. Various exon deletions and frameshift mutations can cause dysfunction in vascular structure through loss and gain of function mutations. MEKK3 and KLF2/4 are involved in a protein kinase signaling cycle that promotes abnormal angiogenesis and cavernoma formation. In terms of potential treatments, RhoKinase inhibitors have shown to decrease endothelial to mesenchymal transition and CCM lesion development in mice models. All in all, understanding the research behind the molecular genetics in CCMs can foster personalized medicine and potentially create new neurosurgical and medicative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida 32013, United States
| | - Daisy Valle
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida 32013, United States
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida 32013, United States
| | - Eduardo Molina
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida 32013, United States
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida 32013, United States
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Clapp A, Shawber CJ, Wu JK. Pathophysiology of Slow-Flow Vascular Malformations: Current Understanding and Unanswered Questions. JOURNAL OF VASCULAR ANOMALIES 2023; 4:e069. [PMID: 37662560 PMCID: PMC10473035 DOI: 10.1097/jova.0000000000000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Slow-flow vascular malformations include venous, lymphatic, and lymphaticovenous malformations. Recent studies have linked genetic variants hyperactivating either the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and/or RAS/RAF/MAPK signaling pathways with slow-flow vascular malformation development, leading to the use of pharmacotherapies such as sirolimus and alpelisib. It is important that clinicians understand basic and translational research advances in slow-flow vascular malformations. Methods A literature review of basic science publications in slow-flow vascular malformations was performed on Pubmed, using search terms "venous malformation," "lymphatic malformation," "lymphaticovenous malformation," "genetic variant," "genetic mutation," "endothelial cells," and "animal model." Relevant publications were reviewed and summarized. Results The study of patient tissues and the use of primary pathogenic endothelial cells from vascular malformations shed light on their pathological behaviors, such as endothelial cell hyperproliferation and disruptions in vessel architecture. The use of xenograft and transgenic animal models confirmed the pathogenicity of genetic variants and allowed for preclinical testing of potential therapies. These discoveries underscore the importance of basic and translational research in understanding the pathophysiology of vascular malformations, which will allow for the development of improved biologically targeted treatments. Conclusion Despite basic and translation advances, a cure for slow-flow vascular malformations remains elusive. Many questions remain unanswered, including how genotype variants result in phenotypes, and genotype-phenotype heterogeneity. Continued research into venous and lymphatic malformation pathobiology is critical in understanding the mechanisms by which genetic variants contribute to vascular malformation phenotypic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Averill Clapp
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Carrie J. Shawber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - June K. Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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10
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Ren J, Huang Y, Ren Y, Tu T, Qiu B, Ai D, Bi Z, Bai X, Li F, Li JL, Chen XJ, Feng Z, Guo Z, Lei J, Tian A, Cui Z, Lindner V, Adams RH, Wang Y, Zhao F, Körbelin J, Sun W, Wang Y, Zhang H, Hong T, Ge WP. Somatic variants of MAP3K3 are sufficient to cause cerebral and spinal cord cavernous malformations. Brain 2023; 146:3634-3647. [PMID: 36995941 PMCID: PMC10473567 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) and spinal cord cavernous malformations (SCCMs) are common vascular abnormalities of the CNS that can lead to seizure, haemorrhage and other neurological deficits. Approximately 85% of patients present with sporadic (versus congenital) CCMs. Somatic mutations in MAP3K3 and PIK3CA were recently reported in patients with sporadic CCM, yet it remains unknown whether MAP3K3 mutation is sufficient to induce CCMs. Here we analysed whole-exome sequencing data for patients with CCM and found that ∼40% of them have a single, specific MAP3K3 mutation [c.1323C>G (p.Ile441Met)] but not any other known mutations in CCM-related genes. We developed a mouse model of CCM with MAP3K3I441M uniquely expressed in the endothelium of the CNS. We detected pathological phenotypes similar to those found in patients with MAP3K3I441M. The combination of in vivo imaging and genetic labelling revealed that CCMs were initiated with endothelial expansion followed by disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Experiments with our MAP3K3I441M mouse model demonstrated that CCM can be alleviated by treatment with rapamycin, the mTOR inhibitor. CCM pathogenesis has usually been attributed to acquisition of two or three distinct genetic mutations involving the genes CCM1/2/3 and/or PIK3CA. However, our results demonstrate that a single genetic hit is sufficient to cause CCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yazi Huang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yeqing Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Tianqi Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Baoshan Qiu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Daosheng Ai
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (AAIS), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhanying Bi
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fengzhi Li
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun-Liszt Li
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (AAIS), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xing-jun Chen
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (AAIS), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ziyan Feng
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zongpei Guo
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianfeng Lei
- Medical Imaging laboratory of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100054, China
| | - An Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ziwei Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Volkhard Lindner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Wenzhi Sun
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Yilong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Woo-ping Ge
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders (BIBD), China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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11
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Szczygieł-Pilut E, Pilut D, Korostynski M, Kopiński P, Potaczek DP, Wypasek E. The First Potentially Causal Genetic Variant Documented in a Polish Woman with Multiple Cavernous Malformations of the Brain. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1535. [PMID: 37628586 PMCID: PMC10454152 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are relatively common in the central nervous system. They occur in two forms, sporadic and familial (FCCMs). Three genes are recognized to be associated with FCCM, including CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3, the latter also called PDCD10. In this article, we describe a single-nucleotide variant in the PDCD10 gene in a 23-year-old Polish female with CCM. The NM_007217.4 (PDCD10): c.395+1G>A variant destroys the canonical splice donor site following exon 6. This is the first reported genetically characterized case of CCM (FCCM) in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Szczygieł-Pilut
- Department of Neurology with the Stroke Unit and Sub-Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland;
- Department of Psychology and Psychopathology of Human Development, Faculty of Philosophy, John Paul II Pontifical University, 31-002 Krakow, Poland
| | - Daniel Pilut
- Individual Clinical Practice, 31-534 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Michal Korostynski
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Piotr Kopiński
- Department of Lung Diseases, Cancer and Tuberculosis, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Krakow Center for Medical Research and Technology, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
| | - Daniel P. Potaczek
- Translational Inflammation Research Division & Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Medical Faculty, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Center for Infection and Genomics of the Lung (CIGL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Bioscientia MVZ Labor Mittelhessen GmbH, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ewa Wypasek
- Krakow Center for Medical Research and Technology, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Kraków, Poland
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12
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Chen Y, Dong X, Wang Y, Lv H, Chen N, Wang Z, Chen S, Chen P, Xiao S, Zhao J, Dong J. Molecular genetic features and clinical manifestations in Chinese familial cerebral cavernous malformation: from a novel KRIT1/CCM1 mutation (c.1119dupT) to an overall view. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1184333. [PMID: 37214396 PMCID: PMC10192864 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1184333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are common vascular anomaly diseases in the central nervous system associated with seizures, cerebral microbleeds, or asymptomatic mostly. CCMs can be classified as sporadic or familial, with familial cerebral cavernous malformations (fCCMs) being the autosomal dominant manner with incomplete penetrance. Germline mutations of KRIT1, CCM2, and PDCD10 are associated with the pathogenesis of fCCMs. Till now, little is known about the fCCMs mutation spectrum in the Han Chinese population. In this study, we enrolled a large, aggregated family, 11/26 of the family members were diagnosed with CCMs by pathological or neuroradiological examination, with a high percentage (5/9) of focal spinal cord involvement. Genomic DNA sequencing verified a novel duplication mutation (c.1119dupT, p.L374Sfs*9) in exon 9 of the Krev interaction trapped 1 (KRIT1) gene. The mutation causes a frameshift and is predicted to generate a truncated KRIT1/CCM1 protein of 381 amino acids. All our findings confirm that c.1119dupT mutation of KRIT1 is associated with fCCMs, which enriched the CCM genes' mutational spectrum in the Chinese population and will be beneficial for deep insight into the pathogenesis of Chinese fCCMs. Additionally, with a retrospective study, we analyzed the molecular genetic features of Chinese fCCMs, most of the Chinese fCCMs variants are in the KRIT1 gene, and all these variants result in the functional deletion or insufficiency of the C-terminal FERM domain of the KRIT1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuchen Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Health Management Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haijun Lv
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongyong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Si Chen
- Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jizong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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13
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Huo R, Yang Y, Sun Y, Zhou Q, Zhao S, Mo Z, Xu H, Wang J, Weng J, Jiao Y, Zhang J, He Q, Wang S, Zhao J, Wang J, Cao Y. Endothelial hyperactivation of mutant MAP3K3 induces cerebral cavernous malformation enhanced by PIK3CA GOF mutation. Angiogenesis 2023; 26:295-312. [PMID: 36719480 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-023-09866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) refer to a common vascular abnormality that affects up to 0.5% of the population. A somatic gain-of-function mutation in MAP3K3 (p.I441M) was recently reported in sporadic CCMs, frequently accompanied by somatic activating PIK3CA mutations in diseased endothelium. However, the molecular mechanisms of these driver genes remain elusive. In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction to analyze CCM lesions and the matched blood from sporadic patients. 44 of 94 cases harbored mutations in KRIT1/CCM2 or MAP3K3, of which 75% were accompanied by PIK3CA mutations (P = 0.006). AAV-BR1-mediated brain endothelial-specific MAP3K3I441M overexpression induced CCM-like lesions throughout the brain and spinal cord in adolescent mice. Interestingly, over half of lesions disappeared at adulthood. Single-cell RNA sequencing found significant enrichment of the apoptosis pathway in a subset of brain endothelial cells in MAP3K3I441M mice compared to controls. We then demonstrated that MAP3K3I441M overexpression activated p38 signaling that is associated with the apoptosis of endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, the mice simultaneously overexpressing PIK3CA and MAP3K3 mutations had an increased number of CCM-like lesions and maintained these lesions for a longer time compared to those with only MAP3K3I441M. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that activating PI3K signaling increased proliferation and alleviated apoptosis of endothelial cells. By using AAV-BR1, we found that MAP3K3I441M mutation can provoke CCM-like lesions in mice and the activation of PI3K signaling significantly enhances and maintains these lesions, providing a preclinical model for the further mechanistic and therapeutic study of CCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119S Fourth Ring Rd W, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxi Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingfan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119S Fourth Ring Rd W, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuxia Zhou
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shaozhi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119S Fourth Ring Rd W, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zongchao Mo
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongyuan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119S Fourth Ring Rd W, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119S Fourth Ring Rd W, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiancong Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119S Fourth Ring Rd W, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119S Fourth Ring Rd W, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Junze Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119S Fourth Ring Rd W, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qiheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119S Fourth Ring Rd W, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119S Fourth Ring Rd W, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jizong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119S Fourth Ring Rd W, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiguang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119S Fourth Ring Rd W, Fengtai District, Beijing, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Gnanasekaran R, Aickareth J, Hawwar M, Sanchez N, Croft J, Zhang J. CmPn/CmP Signaling Networks in the Maintenance of the Blood Vessel Barrier. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13050751. [PMID: 37240921 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) arise when capillaries within the brain enlarge abnormally, causing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to break down. The BBB serves as a sophisticated interface that controls molecular interactions between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a complex structure made up of neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, microglia, and basement membranes, which work together to maintain blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Within the NVU, tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) between endothelial cells play a critical role in regulating the permeability of the BBB. Disruptions to these junctions can compromise the BBB, potentially leading to a hemorrhagic stroke. Understanding the molecular signaling cascades that regulate BBB permeability through EC junctions is, therefore, essential. New research has demonstrated that steroids, including estrogens (ESTs), glucocorticoids (GCs), and metabolites/derivatives of progesterone (PRGs), have multifaceted effects on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability by regulating the expression of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). They also have anti-inflammatory effects on blood vessels. PRGs, in particular, have been found to play a significant role in maintaining BBB integrity. PRGs act through a combination of its classic and non-classic PRG receptors (nPR/mPR), which are part of a signaling network known as the CCM signaling complex (CSC). This network couples both nPR and mPR in the CmPn/CmP pathway in endothelial cells (ECs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Gnanasekaran
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Justin Aickareth
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Majd Hawwar
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Nickolas Sanchez
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jacob Croft
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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15
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Genetics of brain arteriovenous malformations and cerebral cavernous malformations. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:157-167. [PMID: 35831630 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular malformations comprise abnormal development of cerebral vasculature. They can result in hemorrhagic stroke due to rupture of lesions as well as seizures and neurological defects. The most common forms of cerebrovascular malformations are brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) and cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). They occur in both sporadic and inherited forms. Rapidly evolving molecular genetic methodologies have helped to identify causative or associated genes involved in genesis of bAVMs and CCMs. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge regarding the genetic basis of these malformations.
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16
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A Bibliometric Analysis of the Top 100 Most Influential Articles on Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. World Neurosurg 2023; 170:138-148. [PMID: 36396057 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) or cavernomas, are low-flow sinusoidal vascular anomalies of the central nervous system comprised of capillary networks filled with blood in various stages of thrombosis. This bibliometric analysis summarizes the most-cited articles on CCM and highlights the contributing articles to today's evidence-based practice. METHODS In the execution of this bibliometric-based review article, the Scopus database was used to perform a title-specific, keyword-based search for all publications until June 2022. The keyword "cerebral cavernous malformations" OR "cerebral cavernous hemangioma" OR "cerebral cavernous angioma" OR "cerebral cavernoma." was used. Our results were arranged in descending order based on the article's citation count. The 100 most-cited articles were selected for analysis. Parameters included the following: title, citation count, citations per year, authors, specialty of first author, institution, country of origin, publishing journal, Source Normalized Impact per Paper, and Hirsch index were collected. RESULTS The keyword-based search showed that 806 articles were published between 1974 and 2022 on CCMs. The top 100 articles were published between 1980 and 2018. The top 100 most cited articles collected a total of 12,928 citations with an average of 129.3 citations per paper. The rate of self-citations accounted for an average of 2.79% of the total number of citations. CONCLUSIONS The bibliometric analysis provides a quantitative overview of how medical topics and interventions are analyzed in academic medicine. In the present study, we evaluated the global trends in CCMs by analyzing the top 100 most cited papers.
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Skowronek D, Pilz RA, Bonde L, Schamuhn OJ, Feldmann JL, Hoffjan S, Much CD, Felbor U, Rath M. Cas9-Mediated Nanopore Sequencing Enables Precise Characterization of Structural Variants in CCM Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415639. [PMID: 36555281 PMCID: PMC9779250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletions in the CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3 genes are a common cause of familial cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). In current molecular genetic laboratories, targeted next-generation sequencing or multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification are mostly used to identify copy number variants (CNVs). However, both techniques are limited in their ability to specify the breakpoints of CNVs and identify complex structural variants (SVs). To overcome these constraints, we established a targeted Cas9-mediated nanopore sequencing approach for CNV detection with single nucleotide resolution. Using a MinION device, we achieved complete coverage for the CCM genes and determined the exact size of CNVs in positive controls. Long-read sequencing for a CCM1 and CCM2 CNV revealed that the adjacent ANKIB1 and NACAD genes were also partially or completely deleted. In addition, an interchromosomal insertion and an inversion in CCM2 were reliably re-identified by long-read sequencing. The refinement of CNV breakpoints by long-read sequencing enabled fast and inexpensive PCR-based variant confirmation, which is highly desirable to reduce costs in subsequent family analyses. In conclusion, Cas9-mediated nanopore sequencing is a cost-effective and flexible tool for molecular genetic diagnostics which can be easily adapted to various target regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Skowronek
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robin A. Pilz
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Loisa Bonde
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ole J. Schamuhn
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Janne L. Feldmann
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christiane D. Much
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ute Felbor
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Rath
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Human Medicine and Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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18
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The Dual Role of PDCD10 in Cancers: A Promising Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235986. [PMID: 36497468 PMCID: PMC9740655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) was initially considered as a protein associated with apoptosis. However, recent studies showed that PDCD10 is actually an adaptor protein. By interacting with multiple molecules, PDCD10 participates in various physiological processes, such as cell survival, migration, cell differentiation, vesicle trafficking, cellular senescence, neurovascular development, and gonadogenesis. Moreover, over the past few decades, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the aberrant expression or mutation of PDCD10 is extremely common in various pathological processes, especially in cancers. The dysfunction of PDCD10 has been strongly implicated in oncogenesis and tumor progression. However, the updated data seem to indicate that PDCD10 has a dual role (either pro- or anti-tumor effects) in various cancer types, depending on cell/tissue specificity with different cellular interactors. In this review, we aimed to summarize the knowledge of the dual role of PDCD10 in cancers with a special focus on its cellular function and potential molecular mechanism. With these efforts, we hoped to provide new insight into the future development and application of PDCD10 as a clinical therapeutic target in cancers.
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Genetic genealogy uncovers a founder deletion mutation in the cerebral cavernous malformations 2 gene. Hum Genet 2022; 141:1761-1769. [PMID: 35488064 PMCID: PMC9940658 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are vascular malformations consisting of collections of enlarged capillaries occurring in the brain or spinal cord. These vascular malformations can occur sporadically or susceptibility to develop these can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait due to mutation in one of three genes. Over a decade ago, we described a 77.6 Kb germline deletion spanning exons 2-10 in the CCM2 gene found in multiple affected individuals from seemingly unrelated families. Segregation analysis using linked, microsatellite markers indicated that this deletion may have arisen at least twice independently. In the ensuing decades, many more CCM patients have been identified with this deletion. In this present study we examined 27 reportedly unrelated affected individuals with this deletion. To investigate the origin of the deletion at base pair level resolution, we sequenced approximately 10 Kb upstream and downstream from the recombination junction on the deleted allele. All patients showed the identical SNP haplotype across this combined 20 Kb interval. In parallel, genealogical records have traced 11 of these individuals to five separate pedigrees dating as far back as the 1600-1700s. These haplotype and genealogical data suggest that these families and the remaining "unrelated" samples converge on a common ancestor due to a founder mutation occurring centuries ago on the North American continent. We also note that another gene, NACAD, is included in this deletion. Although patient self-reporting does not indicate an apparent phenotypic consequence for heterozygous deletion of NACAD, further investigation is warranted for these patients.
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20
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Remodeling of the Neurovascular Unit Following Cerebral Ischemia and Hemorrhage. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182823. [PMID: 36139398 PMCID: PMC9496956 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Formulated as a group effort of the stroke community, the transforming concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU) depicts the structural and functional relationship between brain cells and the vascular structure. Composed of both neural and vascular elements, the NVU forms the blood-brain barrier that regulates cerebral blood flow to meet the oxygen demand of the brain in normal physiology and maintain brain homeostasis. Conversely, the dysregulation and dysfunction of the NVU is an essential pathological feature that underlies neurological disorders spanning from chronic neurodegeneration to acute cerebrovascular events such as ischemic stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, which were the focus of this review. We also discussed how common vascular risk factors of stroke predispose the NVU to pathological changes. We synthesized existing literature and first provided an overview of the basic structure and function of NVU, followed by knowledge of how these components remodel in response to ischemic stroke and brain hemorrhage. A greater understanding of the NVU dysfunction and remodeling will enable the design of targeted therapies and provide a valuable foundation for relevant research in this area.
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21
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Dammann P, Santos AN, Wan XY, Zhu Y, Sure U. Cavernous Malformations. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2022; 33:449-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Identification of a novel LATS1 variant associated with familial cerebral cavernous malformations in a Chinese family. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:6389-6397. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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23
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Liu J, Wang J, Tian W, Xu Y, Li R, Zhao K, You C, Zhu Y, Bartsch JW, Niu H, Zhang H, Shu K, Lei T. PDCD10 promotes the aggressive behaviors of pituitary adenomas by up-regulating CXCR2 and activating downstream AKT/ERK signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6066-6080. [PMID: 35963638 PMCID: PMC9417224 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
As the second most common primary intracranial neoplasms, about 40% of pituitary adenomas (PAs) exhibit aggressive behaviors and resulting in poor patient prognosis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the aggressive behaviors of PAs are not yet fully understood. Biochemical studies have reported that programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) is a component of the striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complex and plays a dual role in cancers in a tissue- or disease-specific manner. In the present study, we report for the first time that the role of PDCD10 in PAs. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were either enhanced by overexpressing or inhibited by silencing PDCD10 in PA cells. Moreover, PDCD10 significantly promoted epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of pituitary adenoma cells. Mechanistically, we showed that the expression of CXCR2, together with phosphorylation levels of AKT and ERK1/2 were regulated by PDCD10. Activation of CXCR2 inversed inactivation of AKT/ERK signal pathways and the tumor-suppressive effects induced by PDCD10 silencing. Finally, the pro-oncogenic effect of PDCD10 was confirmed by in vivo tumor grafting. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time that PDCD10 can induce aggressive behaviors of PAs by promoting cellular proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT through CXCR2-AKT/ERK signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junwen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Hongquan Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaqiu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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24
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Next-Generation Sequencing Advances the Genetic Diagnosis of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM). Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071294. [PMID: 35883785 PMCID: PMC9311989 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) is a cerebrovascular disease of genetic origin that predisposes to seizures, focal neurological deficits and fatal intracerebral hemorrhage. It may occur sporadically or in familial forms, segregating as an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance and highly variable expressivity. Its pathogenesis has been associated with loss-of-function mutations in three genes, namely KRIT1 (CCM1), CCM2 and PDCD10 (CCM3), which are implicated in defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and inflammation. Herein, we screened 21 Italian CCM cases using clinical exome sequencing and found six cases (~29%) with pathogenic variants in CCM genes, including a large 145−256 kb genomic deletion spanning the KRIT1 gene and flanking regions, and the KRIT1 c.1664C>T variant, which we demonstrated to activate a donor splice site in exon 16. The segregation of this cryptic splicing mutation was studied in a large Italian family (five affected and seven unaffected cases), and showed a largely heterogeneous clinical presentation, suggesting the implication of genetic modifiers. Moreover, by analyzing ad hoc gene panels, including a virtual panel of 23 cerebrovascular disease-related genes (Cerebro panel), we found two variants in NOTCH3 and PTEN genes, which could contribute to the abnormal oxidative stress and inflammatory responses to date implicated in CCM disease pathogenesis.
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25
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Tauziède-Espariat A, Pierre T, Wassef M, Castel D, Riant F, Grill J, Roux A, Pallud J, Dezamis E, Bresson D, Benichi S, Blauwblomme T, Benzohra D, Gauchotte G, Pouget C, Colnat-Coulbois S, Mokhtari K, Balleyguier C, Larousserie F, Dangouloff-Ros V, Boddaert N, Debily MA, Hasty L, Polivka M, Adle-Biassette H, Métais A, Lechapt E, Chrétien F, Sahm F, Sievers P, Varlet P. The dural angioleiomyoma harbors frequent GJA4 mutation and a distinct DNA methylation profile. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:81. [PMID: 35642047 PMCID: PMC9153110 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) has defined four vascular lesions in the central nervous system (CNS): arteriovenous malformations, cavernous angiomas (also known as cerebral cavernous malformations), venous malformations, and telangiectasias. From a retrospective central radiological and histopathological review of 202 CNS vascular lesions, we identified three cases of unclassified vascular lesions. Interestingly, they shared the same radiological and histopathological features evoking the cavernous subtype of angioleiomyomas described in the soft tissue. We grouped them together with four additional similar cases from our clinicopathological network and performed combined molecular analyses. In addition, cases were compared with a cohort of 5 soft tissue angioleiomyomas. Three out 6 CNS lesions presented the same p.Gly41Cys GJA4 mutation recently reported in hepatic hemangiomas and cutaneous venous malformations and found in 4/5 soft tissue angioleiomyomas of our cohort with available data. Most DNA methylation profiles were not classifiable using the CNS brain tumor (version 12.5), and sarcoma (version 12.2) classifiers. However, using unsupervised t-SNE analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis, 5 of the 6 lesions grouped together and formed a distinct epigenetic group, separated from the clusters of soft tissue angioleiomyomas, other vascular tumors, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors and meningiomas. Our extensive literature review identified several cases similar to these lesions, with a wide variety of denominations. Based on radiological and histomolecular findings, we suggest the new terminology of "dural angioleiomyomas" (DALM) to designate these lesions characterized by a distinct DNA methylation pattern and frequent GJA4 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnault Tauziède-Espariat
- Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, Rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France.
- Inserm, UMR 1266, IMA-Brain, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Thibaut Pierre
- Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, Rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France
- Department of Radiology, Gustave Roussy, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Michel Wassef
- Department of Pathology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, 75475, Paris, France
| | - David Castel
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
- Département de Cancérologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Florence Riant
- Department of Neurovascular Molecular Genetics, Saint-Louis Hospital, APHP, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
- Département de Cancérologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Alexandre Roux
- Inserm, UMR 1266, IMA-Brain, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Johan Pallud
- Inserm, UMR 1266, IMA-Brain, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Edouard Dezamis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Damien Bresson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Sandro Benichi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Necker Hospital, APHP, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Blauwblomme
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Necker Hospital, APHP, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Djallel Benzohra
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Karima Mokhtari
- Service de Neuropathologie, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Balleyguier
- Department of Radiology, Gustave Roussy, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Frédérique Larousserie
- Department of Pathology, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Volodia Dangouloff-Ros
- Paediatric Radiology Department, Institut Imagine INSERM U1163 and U1299, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Paediatric Radiology Department, Institut Imagine INSERM U1163 and U1299, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Debily
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
- Département de Cancérologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Lauren Hasty
- Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, Rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Marc Polivka
- Department of Pathology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, 75475, Paris, France
| | | | - Alice Métais
- Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, Rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France
- Inserm, UMR 1266, IMA-Brain, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuèle Lechapt
- Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, Rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Fabrice Chrétien
- Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, Rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Sievers
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pascale Varlet
- Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, Rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France
- Inserm, UMR 1266, IMA-Brain, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, Paris, France
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26
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Hagan M, Shenkar R, Srinath A, Romanos SG, Stadnik A, Kahn ML, Marchuk DA, Girard R, Awad IA. Rapamycin in Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: What Doses to Test in Mice and Humans. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:266-277. [PMID: 35592432 PMCID: PMC9112291 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are hemorrhagic neurovascular lesions that affect more than 1 million people in the United States. Rapamycin inhibits CCM development and bleeding in murine models. The appropriate dosage to modify disease phenotype remains unknown. Current approved indications by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and clinicaltrials.gov were queried for rapamycin human dosing for various indications. A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed to investigate mouse dosimetry of rapamycin. In humans, low daily doses of <2 mg/day or trough level targets <15 ng/mL were typically used for benign indications akin to CCM disease, with relatively low complication rates. Higher oral doses in humans, used for organ rejection, result in higher complication rates. Oral dosing in mice, between 2 and 4 mg/kg/day, achieved blood trough levels in the 5-15 ng/mL range, a concentration likely to be targeted in human studies to treat CCM. Preclinical studies are needed utilizing dosing strategies which achieve blood levels corresponding to likely human dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
J. Hagan
- Neurovascular
Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Neurovascular
Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Abhinav Srinath
- Neurovascular
Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sharbel G. Romanos
- Neurovascular
Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Agnieszka Stadnik
- Neurovascular
Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Mark L. Kahn
- Department
of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Douglas A. Marchuk
- Department
of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular
Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Issam A. Awad
- Neurovascular
Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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27
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Fang Z, Sun X, Wang X, Ma J, Palaia T, Rana U, Miao B, Ragolia L, Hu W, Miao QR. NOGOB receptor deficiency increases cerebrovascular permeability and hemorrhage via impairing histone acetylation-mediated CCM1/2 expression. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e151382. [PMID: 35316220 PMCID: PMC9057619 DOI: 10.1172/jci151382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss function of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) genes leads to most CCM lesions characterized by enlarged leaking vascular lesions in the brain. Although we previously showed that NOGOB receptor (NGBR) knockout in endothelial cells (ECs) results in cerebrovascular lesions in the mouse embryo, the molecular mechanism by which NGBR regulates CCM1/2 expression has not been elucidated. Here, we show that genetic depletion of Ngbr in ECs at both postnatal and adult stages results in CCM1/2 expression deficiency and cerebrovascular lesions such as enlarged vessels, blood-brain-barrier hyperpermeability, and cerebral hemorrhage. To reveal the molecular mechanism, we used RNA-sequencing analysis to examine changes in the transcriptome. Surprisingly, we found that the acetyltransferase HBO1 and histone acetylation were downregulated in NGBR-deficient ECs. The mechanistic studies elucidated that NGBR is required for maintaining the expression of CCM1/2 in ECs via HBO1-mediated histone acetylation. ChIP-qPCR data further demonstrated that loss of NGBR impairs the binding of HBO1 and acetylated histone H4K5 and H4K12 on the promotor of the CCM1 and CCM2 genes. Our findings on epigenetic regulation of CCM1 and CCM2 that is modulated by NGBR and HBO1-mediated histone H4 acetylation provide a perspective on the pathogenesis of sporadic CCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Fang
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery and Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiaoran Sun
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery and Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ji Ma
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Palaia
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Ujala Rana
- Department of Surgery and Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Benjamin Miao
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Louis Ragolia
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Wenquan Hu
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery and Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qing Robert Miao
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery and Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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28
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Phillips CM, Stamatovic SM, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV. Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Pathogenesis: Investigating Lesion Formation and Progression with Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5000. [PMID: 35563390 PMCID: PMC9105545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a cerebromicrovascular disease that affects up to 0.5% of the population. Vessel dilation, decreased endothelial cell-cell contact, and loss of junctional complexes lead to loss of brain endothelial barrier integrity and hemorrhagic lesion formation. Leakage of hemorrhagic lesions results in patient symptoms and complications, including seizures, epilepsy, focal headaches, and hemorrhagic stroke. CCMs are classified as sporadic (sCCM) or familial (fCCM), associated with loss-of-function mutations in KRIT1/CCM1, CCM2, and PDCD10/CCM3. Identifying the CCM proteins has thrust the field forward by (1) revealing cellular processes and signaling pathways underlying fCCM pathogenesis, and (2) facilitating the development of animal models to study CCM protein function. CCM animal models range from various murine models to zebrafish models, with each model providing unique insights into CCM lesion development and progression. Additionally, these animal models serve as preclinical models to study therapeutic options for CCM treatment. This review briefly summarizes CCM disease pathology and the molecular functions of the CCM proteins, followed by an in-depth discussion of animal models used to study CCM pathogenesis and developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M. Phillips
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Svetlana M. Stamatovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Richard F. Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anuska V. Andjelkovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
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29
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Hsieh PF, Liu SY, Chen CH, Chen PL, Tang SC, Jeng JS. Genetic analysis of a family presenting with coexisting cerebral cavernous malformations and polycystic kidney disease. J Formos Med Assoc 2022; 121:2331-2337. [PMID: 35370030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are characterized by clustered dilated capillary-like vessels in the brain. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is characterized by renal cysts and extra-renal abnormalities. We report a Taiwanese family in which the index case exhibited coexisting phenotypes of both CCMs and PKD. The index case was a 55-year-old woman with known PKD who developed an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the right medulla. Neuroimaging revealed numerous microbleeds in the bilateral cerebrum and cerebellum. Radiological CCMs were suspected given the absence of other imaging markers of small vessel disease. A comprehensive panel of 183 cerebral vascular malformation genes were investigated through genome sequencing. A novel CCM2 frameshift variant (c.607_608delCT, p.Leu203Valfs∗53) causing a pathogenic premature stop codon, and a known PKD2 nonsense variant (c.2407C > T, p.Arg803∗), were found. Segregation analysis revealed that four siblings were affected by either isolated aforementioned PKD2 or CCM2 variant. Notably, radiological CCMs were exclusively found in siblings who had this CCM2 variant, and bilateral internal carotid artery aneurysms were restricted to one sibling who had the PKD2 variant but not the CCM2 variant. Our study expands the genetic spectrum of CCM2 and demonstrates unambiguous cosegregation of CCM2 and PKD2 variants with their respective phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Feng Hsieh
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Lung Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chun Tang
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Shing Jeng
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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30
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Snellings DA, Girard R, Lightle R, Srinath A, Romanos S, Li Y, Chen C, Ren AA, Kahn ML, Awad IA, Marchuk DA. Developmental venous anomalies are a genetic primer for cerebral cavernous malformations. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:246-252. [PMID: 35355835 PMCID: PMC8958845 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are a neurovascular anomaly that may occur sporadically, or be inherited due to autosomal dominant mutations in KRIT1 , CCM2 , or PDCD10 . Individual lesions are caused by somatic mutations which have been identified in KRIT1, CCM2, PDCD10, MAP3K3, and PIK3CA . However, the interactions between mutations, and their relative contributions to sporadic versus familial cases remain unclear. We show that mutations in KRIT1, CCM2, PDCD10, and MAP3K3 are mutually exclusive, but may co-occur with mutations in PIK3CA. We also find that MAP3K3 mutations may cause sporadic, but not familial CCM. Furthermore, we find identical PIK3CA mutations in CCMs and adjacent developmental venous anomalies (DVA), a common vascular malformation frequently found in the vicinity of sporadic CCMs. However, somatic mutations in MAP3K3 are found only in the CCM. This suggests that sporadic CCMs are derived from cells of the DVA which have acquired an additional mutation in MAP3K3 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Snellings
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke
University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological
Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago,
Illinois, USA
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological
Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago,
Illinois, USA
| | - Abhinav Srinath
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological
Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago,
Illinois, USA
| | - Sharbel Romanos
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological
Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago,
Illinois, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological
Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago,
Illinois, USA
| | - Chang Chen
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological
Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago,
Illinois, USA
| | - Aileen A. Ren
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute,
University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Mark L. Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute,
University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Issam A. Awad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological
Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago,
Illinois, USA
| | - Douglas A. Marchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke
University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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31
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Sartages M, García-Colomer M, Iglesias C, Howell BW, Macía M, Peña P, Pombo CM, Zalvide J. GCKIII (Germinal Center Kinase III) Kinases STK24 and STK25 (Serine/Threonine Kinase 24 and 25) Inhibit Cavernoma Development. Stroke 2022; 53:976-986. [PMID: 35130716 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.036940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cavernous cerebral malformations can arise because of mutations in the CCM1, CCM2, or CCM3 genes, and lack of Cdc42 has also been reported to induce these malformations in mice. However, the role of the CCM3 (cerebral cavernous malformation 3)-associated kinases in cavernoma development is not known, and we, therefore, have investigated their role in the process. METHODS We used a combination of an in vivo approach, using mice genetically modified to be deficient in the CCM3-associated kinases STK24 and STK25 (serine/threonine kinases 24 and 25), and the in vitro model of human endothelial cells in which expression of STK24 and STK25 was inhibited by RNA interference. RESULTS Mice deficient for both Stk24 and Stk25, but not for either of them individually, developed aggressive vascular lesions with the characteristics of cavernomas at an early age. Stk25 deficiency also gave rise to vascular anomalies in the context of Stk24 heterozygosity. Human endothelial cells deficient for both kinases phenocopied several of the consequences of CCM3 loss, and single STK25 deficiency also induced KLF2 expression, Golgi dispersion, altered distribution of β-catenin, and appearance of stress fibers. CONCLUSIONS The CCM3-associated kinases STK24 and STK25 play a major role in the inhibition of cavernoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sartages
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.S., M.G.-C., C.I., C.M.P., J.Z.)
| | - Mar García-Colomer
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.S., M.G.-C., C.I., C.M.P., J.Z.)
| | - Cristina Iglesias
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.S., M.G.-C., C.I., C.M.P., J.Z.)
| | - Brian W Howell
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (B.W.H.)
| | - Manuel Macía
- Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología Hospital Clínico Universitario Santiago, Spain (M.M., P.P.)
| | - Patricia Peña
- Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología Hospital Clínico Universitario Santiago, Spain (M.M., P.P.)
| | - Celia M Pombo
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.S., M.G.-C., C.I., C.M.P., J.Z.)
| | - Juan Zalvide
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.S., M.G.-C., C.I., C.M.P., J.Z.)
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32
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Swamy H, Glading AJ. Is Location Everything? Regulation of the Endothelial CCM Signaling Complex. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:954780. [PMID: 35898265 PMCID: PMC9309484 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.954780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have steadily increased the number of proteins and pathways known to be involved in the development of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM). Our ability to synthesize this information into a cohesive and accurate signaling model is limited, however, by significant gaps in our knowledge of how the core CCM proteins, whose loss of function drives development of CCM, are regulated. Here, we review what is known about the regulation of the three core CCM proteins, the scaffolds KRIT1, CCM2, and CCM3, with an emphasis on binding interactions and subcellular location, which frequently control scaffolding protein function. We highlight recent work that challenges the current model of CCM complex signaling and provide recommendations for future studies needed to address the large number of outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Swamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Angela J Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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33
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Genetics and Vascular Biology of Brain Vascular Malformations. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Qin L, Zhang H, Li B, Jiang Q, Lopez F, Min W, Zhou JH. CCM3 Loss-Induced Lymphatic Defect Is Mediated by the Augmented VEGFR3-ERK1/2 Signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2943-2960. [PMID: 34670407 PMCID: PMC8613000 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) can happen anywhere in the body, although they most commonly produce symptoms in the brain. The role of CCM genes in other vascular beds outside the brain and retina is not well-examined, although the 3 CCM-associated genes (CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3) are ubiquitously expressed in all tissues. We aimed to determine the role of CCM gene in lymphatics. Approach and Results: Mice with an inducible pan-endothelial cell (EC) or lymphatic EC deletion of Ccm3 (Pdcd10ECKO or Pdcd10LECKO) exhibit dilated lymphatic capillaries and collecting vessels with abnormal valve structure. Morphological alterations were correlated with lymphatic dysfunction in Pdcd10LECKO mice as determined by Evans blue dye and fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)-dextran transport assays. Pdcd10LECKO lymphatics had increased VEGFR3 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3)-ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) signaling with lymphatic hyperplasia. Mechanistic studies suggested that VEGFR3 is primarily regulated at a transcriptional level in Ccm3-deficient lymphatic ECs, in an NF-κB (nuclear factor κB)-dependent manner. CCM3 binds to importin alpha 2/KPNA2 (karyopherin subunit alpha 2), and a CCM3 deletion releases KPNA2 to activate NF-κB P65 by facilitating its nuclear translocation and P65-dependent VEGFR3 transcription. Moreover, increased VEGFR3 in lymphatic EC preferentially activates ERK1/2 signaling, which is critical for lymphatic EC proliferation. Importantly, inhibition of VEGFR3 or ERK1/2 rescued the lymphatic defects in structure and function. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that CCM3 deletion augments the VEGFR3-ERK1/2 signaling in lymphatic EC that drives lymphatic hyperplasia and malformation and warrant further investigation on the potential clinical relevance of lymphatic dysfunction in patients with CCM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/pathology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/physiopathology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System/pathology
- Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System/physiopathology
- Hyperplasia
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Models, Animal
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Qin
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Busu Li
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Quan Jiang
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Francesc Lopez
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Cancer Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Wang Min
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jenny Huanjiao Zhou
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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35
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Sone JY, Li Y, Hobson N, Romanos SG, Srinath A, Lyne SB, Shkoukani A, Carrión-Penagos J, Stadnik A, Piedad K, Lightle R, Moore T, Li Y, Bi D, Shenkar R, Carroll T, Ji Y, Girard R, Awad IA. Perfusion and permeability as diagnostic biomarkers of cavernous angioma with symptomatic hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2944-2956. [PMID: 34039038 PMCID: PMC8756480 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211020587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cavernous angiomas with symptomatic hemorrhage (CASH) have a high risk of rebleeding, and hence an accurate diagnosis is needed. With blood flow and vascular leak as established mechanisms, we analyzed perfusion and permeability derivations of dynamic contrast-enhanced quantitative perfusion (DCEQP) MRI in 745 lesions of 205 consecutive patients. Thirteen respective derivations of lesional perfusion and permeability were compared between lesions that bled within a year prior to imaging (N = 86), versus non-CASH (N = 659) using machine learning and univariate analyses. Based on logistic regression and minimizing the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), the best diagnostic biomarker of CASH within the prior year included brainstem lesion location, sporadic genotype, perfusion skewness, and high-perfusion cluster area (BIC = 414.9, sensitivity = 74%, specificity = 87%). Adding a diagnostic plasma protein biomarker enhanced sensitivity to 100% and specificity to 85%. A slightly modified derivation achieved similar accuracy (BIC = 321.6, sensitivity = 80%, specificity = 82%) in the cohort where CASH occurred 3-12 months prior to imaging after signs of hemorrhage would have disappeared on conventional MRI sequences. Adding the same plasma biomarker enhanced sensitivity to 100% and specificity to 87%. Lesional blood flow on DCEQP may distinguish CASH after hemorrhagic signs on conventional MRI have disappeared and are enhanced in combination with a plasma biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Yeong Sone
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA.,Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Nicholas Hobson
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Sharbel G Romanos
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Abhinav Srinath
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Seán B Lyne
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Abdallah Shkoukani
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Julián Carrión-Penagos
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Agnieszka Stadnik
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Kristina Piedad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Thomas Moore
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Dehua Bi
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Timothy Carroll
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Yuan Ji
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Issam A Awad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
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36
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Lanfranconi S, Piergallini L, Ronchi D, Valcamonica G, Conte G, Marazzi E, Manenti G, Bertani GA, Locatelli M, Triulzi F, Bresolin N, Scola E, Comi GP. Clinical, neuroradiological and genetic findings in a cohort of patients with multiple Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1871-1878. [PMID: 34357553 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) consist of clusters of irregular dilated capillaries and represent the second most common type of vascular malformation affecting the central nervous system. CCM might be asymptomatic or cause cerebral hemorrhage, seizures, recurrent headaches and focal neurologic deficits. Causative mutations underlining CCM have been reported in three genes: KRIT1/CCM1, MGC4607/CCM2 and PDCD10/CCM3. Therapeutic avenues are limited to surgery. Here we present clinical, neuroradiological and molecular findings in a cohort of familial and sporadic CCM patients. Thirty subjects underwent full clinical and radiological assessment. Molecular analysis was performed by direct sequencing and MLPA analysis. Twenty-eight of 30 subjects (93%) experienced one or more typical CCM disturbances with cerebral/spinal hemorrhage being the most common (43%) presenting symptom. A molecular diagnosis was achieved in 87% of cases, with three novel mutations identified. KRIT1/CCM1 patients displayed higher risk of de novo CCMs appearance and bleedings. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed that infratentorial region was more frequently affected in mutated subjects while brainstem was often spared in patients with negative genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lanfranconi
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Piergallini
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Ronchi
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Valcamonica
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Conte
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Marazzi
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Manenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Andrea Bertani
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Locatelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Triulzi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Scola
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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37
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A novel insight into differential expression profiles of sporadic cerebral cavernous malformation patients with different symptoms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19351. [PMID: 34588521 PMCID: PMC8481309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a vascular lesion of the central nervous system that may lead to distinct symptoms among patients including cerebral hemorrhages, epileptic seizures, focal neurologic deficits, and/or headaches. Disease-related mutations were identified previously in one of the three CCM genes: CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3. However, the rate of these mutations in sporadic cases is relatively low, and new studies report that mutations in CCM genes may not be sufficient to initiate the lesions. Despite the growing body of research on CCM, the underlying molecular mechanism has remained largely elusive. In order to provide a novel insight considering the specific manifested symptoms, CCM patients were classified into two groups (as Epilepsy and Hemorrhage). Since the studied patients experience various symptoms, we hypothesized that the underlying cause for the disease may also differ between those groups. To this end, the respective transcriptomes were compared to the transcriptomes of the control brain tissues and among each other. This resulted into the identification of the differentially expressed coding genes and the delineation of the corresponding differential expression profile for each comparison. Notably, some of those differentially expressed genes were previously implicated in epilepsy, cell structure formation, and cell metabolism. However, no CCM1-3 gene deregulation was detected. Interestingly, we observed that when compared to the normal controls, the expression of some identified genes was only significantly altered either in Epilepsy (EGLN1, ELAVL4, and NFE2l2) or Hemorrhage (USP22, EYA1, SIX1, OAS3, SRMS) groups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such effort focusing on CCM patients with epileptic and hemorrhagic symptoms with the purpose of uncovering the potential CCM-related genes. It is also the first report that presents a gene expression dataset on Turkish CCM patients. The results suggest that the new candidate genes should be explored to further elucidate the CCM pathology. Overall, this work constitutes a step towards the identification of novel potential genetic targets for the development of possible future therapies.
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38
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Valentino M, Dejana E, Malinverno M. The multifaceted PDCD10/CCM3 gene. Genes Dis 2021; 8:798-813. [PMID: 34522709 PMCID: PMC8427250 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) gene was originally identified as an apoptosis-related gene, although it is now usually known as CCM3, as the third causative gene of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM). CCM is a neurovascular disease that is characterized by vascular malformations and is associated with headaches, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and cerebral hemorrhage. The PDCD10/CCM3 protein has multiple subcellular localizations and interacts with several multi-protein complexes and signaling pathways. Thus PDCD10/CCM3 governs many cellular functions, which include cell-to-cell junctions and cytoskeleton organization, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and exocytosis and angiogenesis. Given its central role in the maintenance of homeostasis of the cell, dysregulation of PDCD10/CCM3 can result in a wide range of altered cell functions. This can lead to severe diseases, including CCM, cognitive disability, and several types of cancers. Here, we review the multifaceted roles of PDCD10/CCM3 in physiology and pathology, with a focus on its functions beyond CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, 16 20139, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 7 20122, Italy.,Vascular Biology, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 05, Sweden
| | - Matteo Malinverno
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, 16 20139, Italy
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39
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Choksi F, Weinsheimer S, Nelson J, Pawlikowska L, Fox CK, Zafar A, Mabray MC, Zabramski J, Akers A, Hart BL, Morrison L, McCulloch CE, Kim H. Assessing the association of common genetic variants in EPHB4 and RASA1 with phenotype severity in familial cerebral cavernous malformation. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1794. [PMID: 34491620 PMCID: PMC8580075 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate whether common variants in EPHB4 and RASA1 are associated with cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) disease severity phenotypes, including intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), total and large lesion counts. Methods Familial CCM cases enrolled in the Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium were included (n = 338). Total lesions and large lesions (≥5 mm) were counted on MRI; clinical history of ICH at enrollment was assessed by medical records. Samples were genotyped on the Affymetrix Axiom Genome‐Wide LAT1 Human Array. We tested the association of seven common variants (three in EPHB4 and four in RASA1) using multivariable logistic regression for ICH (odds ratio, OR) and multivariable linear regression for total and large lesion counts (proportional increase, PI), adjusting for age, sex, and three principal components. Significance was based on Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons (0.05/7 variants = 0.007). Results EPHB4 variants were not significantly associated with CCM severity phenotypes. One RASA1 intronic variant (rs72783711 A>C) was significantly associated with ICH (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.21–2.37, p = 0.004) and nominally associated with large lesion count (PI = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.03–1.32, p = 0.02). Conclusion A common RASA1 variant may be associated with ICH and large lesion count in familial CCM. EPHB4 variants were not associated with any of the three CCM severity phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foram Choksi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shantel Weinsheimer
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Nelson
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ludmila Pawlikowska
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christine K Fox
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Atif Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Marc C Mabray
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Joseph Zabramski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Amy Akers
- Angioma Alliance, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Blaine L Hart
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Leslie Morrison
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Charles E McCulloch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Helen Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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40
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Maleki M, Golchin A, Javadi S, Khelghati N, Morovat P, Asemi Z, Alemi F, Vaghari-Tabari M, Yousefi B, Majidinia M. Role of exosomal miRNA in chemotherapy resistance of Colorectal cancer: A systematic review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 101:1096-1112. [PMID: 34480511 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The third most common malignancy has been identified as Colorectal cancer (CRC) that conducive to death in most cases. Chemoresistance is a common obstacle to CRC treatment. Circulating exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to reverse chemo-resistance and are promising biomarkers for CRC. The capacity of engineered exosomes to cross biological barriers and deliver functional miRNAs could be used to achieve these proposes. The object of this review is the investigation of the role of exosomal miRNA in the chemo-resistance, diagnosis, and prognosis of CRC. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, electronic databases, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus were searched from January 1990 to November 2020. Ultimately, eight articles included five in vitro (16 cell lines) and three in vivo examinations. Three studies demonstrated that increasing or decreasing mRNA expression was associated with increasing and decreasing cell proliferation in vitro. The presence of miRNA in two studies increased the sensitivity of the drug and exhibited a considerable growth inhibitory effect on cancer cell proliferation. The apoptotic rate was significantly increased in four studies by increased mRNA expression and reduced mrna expression. Tumor volume of xenograft models in three studies suppressed by antitumor miRNA activity. In contrast, anti-miRNA activity in one study decreased the tumor volume. Exosomal miRNAs can be regulators of chemo-resistance and predict adverse outcomes in CRC patients. In sum, exosomes containing miRNAs can be a promising biomarker for the prognosis and diagnosis of CRC. Subsequent research should be a focus on delineating the function of exosomal miRNA before clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masomeh Maleki
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asal Golchin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Samira Javadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Khelghati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Pejman Morovat
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Forough Alemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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41
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Sandal P, Jong CJ, Merrill RA, Song J, Strack S. Protein phosphatase 2A - structure, function and role in neurodevelopmental disorders. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:270819. [PMID: 34228795 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including intellectual disability (ID), autism and schizophrenia, have high socioeconomic impact, yet poorly understood etiologies. A recent surge of large-scale genome or exome sequencing studies has identified a multitude of mostly de novo mutations in subunits of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) holoenzyme that are strongly associated with NDDs. PP2A is responsible for at least 50% of total Ser/Thr dephosphorylation in most cell types and is predominantly found as trimeric holoenzymes composed of catalytic (C), scaffolding (A) and variable regulatory (B) subunits. PP2A can exist in nearly 100 different subunit combinations in mammalian cells, dictating distinct localizations, substrates and regulatory mechanisms. PP2A is well established as a regulator of cell division, growth, and differentiation, and the roles of PP2A in cancer and various neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, have been reviewed in detail. This Review summarizes and discusses recent reports on NDDs associated with mutations of PP2A subunits and PP2A-associated proteins. We also discuss the potential impact of these mutations on the structure and function of the PP2A holoenzymes and the etiology of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sandal
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Chian Ju Jong
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Ronald A Merrill
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Jianing Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Stefan Strack
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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42
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Zhang J, Abou-Fadel JS. Calm the raging hormone - A new therapeutic strategy involving progesterone-signaling for hemorrhagic CCMs. VESSEL PLUS 2021; 5:48. [PMID: 35098046 DOI: 10.20517/2574-1209.2021.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), one of the most common vascular malformations, are characterized by abnormally dilated intracranial microvascular capillaries resulting in increased susceptibility to hemorrhagic stroke. As an autosomal dominant disorder with incomplete penetrance, the majority of CCMs gene mutation carriers are largely asymptomatic but when symptoms occur, the disease has typically reached the stage of focal hemorrhage with irreversible brain damage, while the molecular "trigger" initiating the occurrence of CCM pathology remain elusive. Currently, the invasive neurosurgery removal of CCM lesions is the only option for the treatment, despite the recurrence of the worse symptoms frequently occurring after surgery. Therefore, there is a grave need for identification of molecular targets for therapeutic treatment and biomarkers as risk predictors for hemorrhagic stroke prevention. Based on reported various perturbed angiogenic signaling cascades mediated by the CCM signaling complex (CSC), there have been many proposed candidate drugs, targeting potentially angiogenic-relevant signaling pathways dysregulated by loss of function of one of the CCM proteins, which might not be enough to correct the pathological phenotype, hemorrhagic CCMs. In this review, we describe a new paradigm for the mechanism of hemorrhagic CCM lesions, and propose a new concept for the assurance of the CSC-stability to prevent the devastating outcome of hemorrhagic CCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Departments of Molecular & Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso (TTUHSCEP), El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Johnathan S Abou-Fadel
- Departments of Molecular & Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso (TTUHSCEP), El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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43
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Rustenhoven J, Tanumihardja C, Kipnis J. Cerebrovascular Anomalies: Perspectives From Immunology and Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow. Circ Res 2021; 129:174-194. [PMID: 34166075 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate vascular function is essential for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis and is achieved through virtue of the blood-brain barrier; a specialized structure consisting of endothelial, mural, and astrocytic interactions. While appropriate blood-brain barrier function is typically achieved, the central nervous system vasculature is not infallible and cerebrovascular anomalies, a collective terminology for diverse vascular lesions, are present in meningeal and cerebral vasculature supplying and draining the brain. These conditions, including aneurysmal formation and rupture, arteriovenous malformations, dural arteriovenous fistulas, and cerebral cavernous malformations, and their associated neurological sequelae, are typically managed with neurosurgical or pharmacological approaches. However, increasing evidence implicates interacting roles for inflammatory responses and disrupted central nervous system fluid flow with respect to vascular perturbations. Here, we discuss cerebrovascular anomalies from an immunologic angle and fluid flow perspective. We describe immune contributions, both common and distinct, to the formation and progression of diverse cerebrovascular anomalies. Next, we summarize how cerebrovascular anomalies precipitate diverse neurological sequelae, including seizures, hydrocephalus, and cognitive effects and possible contributions through the recently identified lymphatic and glymphatic systems. Finally, we speculate on and provide testable hypotheses for novel nonsurgical therapeutic approaches for alleviating neurological impairments arising from cerebrovascular anomalies, with a particular emphasis on the normalization of fluid flow and alleviation of inflammation through manipulations of the lymphatic and glymphatic central nervous system clearance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rustenhoven
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (J.R., J.K.), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine (J.R., J.K.), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO
| | | | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (J.R., J.K.), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine (J.R., J.K.), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO
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44
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Abstract
Vascular and lymphatic malformations represent a challenge for clinicians. The identification of inherited and somatic mutations in important signaling pathways, including the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/AKT (protein kinase B)/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), RAS (rat sarcoma)/RAF (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma)/MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase)/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases), HGF (hepatocyte growth factor)/c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor), and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) A/VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) 2 cascades has led to the evaluation of tailored strategies with preexisting cancer drugs that interfere with these signaling pathways. The era of theranostics has started for the treatment of vascular anomalies. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu; Unique identifier: 2015-001703-32.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Queisser
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (A.Q., L.M.B., M.V.), University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.)
| | - Emmanuel Seront
- Centre for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Brussels, Belgium (E.S., L.M.B., M.V.).,Institut Roi Albert II, Department of Medical Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium (E.S.).,VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium (E.S., L.M.B., M.V.)
| | - Laurence M Boon
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (A.Q., L.M.B., M.V.), University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.).,Centre for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Brussels, Belgium (E.S., L.M.B., M.V.).,VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium (E.S., L.M.B., M.V.)
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (A.Q., L.M.B., M.V.), University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.).,Centre for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Brussels, Belgium (E.S., L.M.B., M.V.).,University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.).,University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.).,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.).,VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium (E.S., L.M.B., M.V.)
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45
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Snellings DA, Hong CC, Ren AA, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Girard R, Srinath A, Marchuk DA, Ginsberg MH, Awad IA, Kahn ML. Cerebral Cavernous Malformation: From Mechanism to Therapy. Circ Res 2021; 129:195-215. [PMID: 34166073 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations are acquired vascular anomalies that constitute a common cause of central nervous system hemorrhage and stroke. The past 2 decades have seen a remarkable increase in our understanding of the pathogenesis of this vascular disease. This new knowledge spans genetic causes of sporadic and familial forms of the disease, molecular signaling changes in vascular endothelial cells that underlie the disease, unexpectedly strong environmental effects on disease pathogenesis, and drivers of disease end points such as hemorrhage. These novel insights are the integrated product of human clinical studies, human genetic studies, studies in mouse and zebrafish genetic models, and basic molecular and cellular studies. This review addresses the genetic and molecular underpinnings of cerebral cavernous malformation disease, the mechanisms that lead to lesion hemorrhage, and emerging biomarkers and therapies for clinical treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation disease. It may also serve as an example for how focused basic and clinical investigation and emerging technologies can rapidly unravel a complex disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Snellings
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (D.A.S., D.A.M.)
| | - Courtney C Hong
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.C.H., A.A.R., M.L.K.)
| | - Aileen A Ren
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.C.H., A.A.R., M.L.K.)
| | - Miguel A Lopez-Ramirez
- Department of Medicine (M.A.L.-R., M.H.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.,Department of Pharmacology (M.A.L.-R.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Abhinav Srinath
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Douglas A Marchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (D.A.S., D.A.M.)
| | - Mark H Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine (M.A.L.-R., M.H.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Issam A Awad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.C.H., A.A.R., M.L.K.)
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46
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PAOLACCI S, MATTASSI RE, CAVALCA D, MICHELINI S, ZULIAN A, CRISTOFOLI F, MANARA E, MARCEDDU G, BERTELLI M. Genetic testing in vascular and lymphatic malformations. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF VASCULAR AND ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4777.21.01487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Riolo G, Ricci C, Battistini S. Molecular Genetic Features of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations (CCM) Patients: An Overall View from Genes to Endothelial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:704. [PMID: 33810005 PMCID: PMC8005105 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions that affect predominantly microvasculature in the brain and spinal cord. CCM can occur either in sporadic or familial form, characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance and development of multiple lesions throughout the patient's life. Three genes associated with CCM are known: CCM1/KRIT1 (krev interaction trapped 1), CCM2/MGC4607 (encoding a protein named malcavernin), and CCM3/PDCD10 (programmed cell death 10). All the mutations identified in these genes cause a loss of function and compromise the protein functions needed for maintaining the vascular barrier integrity. Loss of function of CCM proteins causes molecular disorganization and dysfunction of endothelial adherens junctions. In this review, we provide an overall vision of the CCM pathology, starting with the genetic bases of the disease, describing the role of the proteins, until we reach the cellular level. Thus, we summarize the genetics of CCM, providing a description of CCM genes and mutation features, provided an updated knowledge of the CCM protein structure and function, and discuss the molecular mechanisms through which CCM proteins may act within endothelial cells, particularly in endothelial barrier maintenance/regulation and in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefania Battistini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.R.); (C.R.)
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48
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Hong T, Xiao X, Ren J, Cui B, Zong Y, Zou J, Kou Z, Jiang N, Meng G, Zeng G, Shan Y, Wu H, Chen Z, Liang J, Xiao X, Tang J, Wei Y, Ye M, Sun L, Li G, Hu P, Hui R, Zhang H, Wang Y. Somatic MAP3K3 and PIK3CA mutations in sporadic cerebral and spinal cord cavernous malformations. Brain 2021; 144:2648-2658. [PMID: 33729480 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cavernous malformations (CMs) affecting the central nervous system occur in approximately 0.16% to 0.4% of the general population. The majority (85%) of the CMs are in a sporadic form, but the genetic background of sporadic CMs remains enigmatic. Of the 81 patients, 73 (90.1%) patients were detected carrying somatic missense variants in 2 genes: MAP3K3 and PIK3CA by whole-exome sequencing (WES). The mutation spectrum correlated with lesion size (P = 0.001), anatomical distribution (P < 0.001), MRI appearance (P = 0.004) and haemorrhage events (P = 0.006). PIK3CA mutation was a significant predictor of overt haemorrhage events (P = 0.003, OR = 11.252, 95% CI = 2.275-55.648). Enrichment of endothelial cell (EC) population was associated with a higher fractional abundance of the somatic mutations. Overexpression of the MAP3K3 mutation perturbed angiogenesis of EC models in vitro and zebrafish embryos in vivo. Distinct transcriptional signatures between different genetic subgroups of sporadic CMs were identified by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and verified by pathological staining. Significant apoptosis in MAP3K3 mutation carriers and overexpression of GDF15 and SERPINA5 in PIK3CA mutation carriers contributed to their phenotype. We identified activating MAP3K3 and PIK3CA somatic mutations in the majority (90.1%) of sporadic CMs and PIK3CA mutations could confer a higher risk for overt haemorrhage. Our data provide insights into genomic landscapes, propose a mechanistic explanation and underscore the possibility of a molecular classification for sporadic CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuru Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zou
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zqi Kou
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Guolu Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Gao Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhi Shan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiantao Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xinru Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yukui Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Rutai Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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49
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Sati L, Soygur B, Goksu E, Bassorgun CI, McGrath J. CTCFL expression is associated with cerebral vascular abnormalities. Tissue Cell 2021; 72:101528. [PMID: 33756271 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CTCFL is expressed in testis, oocytes and embryonic stem cells, and is aberrantly expressed in malignant cells, and is classified as a cancer-testis gene. We have previously shown by using a tetracycline-inducible Ctcfl transgene that inappropriate expression of Ctcfl negatively impacts fetal development and causes early postnatal lethality in the mouse. The affected pups displayed severe vascular abnormalities and localized hemorrhages in the brain evocative of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) and arteriovenous malformations (AVM) in humans. Thus, we aim to analyze; a) the presence of CCM-related proteins CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2/malcavernin and CCM3/PDCD10 in Ctcfl transgenic animals and, b) whether there is CTCFL expression in human CCM and AVM tissues. Ctcfl transgenic animals exhibited increased CD31 expression in vascular areas of the dermis and periadnexal regions but no difference was observed for vWF and α-SMA expressions. CCM-related proteins CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2/malcavernin and CCM3/PDCD10 were aberrantly expressed in coronal sections of the head in transgenic animals. We also observed CTCFL expression in human CCMs and AVMs. The induced expression of CTCFL resulting in vascular brain malformations in mice combined with the presence of CTCFL in human vascular malformations provide new insights into the role of this gene in vascular development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Sati
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Bikem Soygur
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ethem Goksu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - James McGrath
- Departments of Genetics and Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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50
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Schweizer Burguete AB, Ghabrial AS. Dissection of the Role of CCM Genes in Tubulogenesis Using the Drosophila Tracheal System as a Model. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2152:179-189. [PMID: 32524553 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0640-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Embryos deficient for an essential gene may show complex phenotypes that reflect pleiotropic functions and non-cell-autonomous requirements for the encoded protein. The generation of mosaic animals, where most cells are wild type, but a few cells are mutant, is a powerful tool permitting the detailed analysis of the cell autonomous function of a gene, in a particular cell type, at cellular and subcellular resolutions. Here we apply this method to the analysis of the Cerebral Cavernous Malformations 3 (CCM3) pathway in Drosophila.The conserved CCM3 protein functions together with its binding partner, Germinal Center Kinase III (Wheezy/GckIII in Drosophila, MST3, STK24, and STK25 in human) in the regulation of tube morphogenesis (Bergametti et al. Am J Hum Genet. 76:42-51, 2005; Fidalgo et al. J Cell Sci. 123:1274-1284, 2010; Guclu et al. Neurosurgery. 57:1008-1013, 2005; Lant et al. Nat Commun. 6:6449, 2015; Song et al. Dev Cell. 25:507-519, 2013; Ceccarelli et al. J Biol Chem. 286:25056-25064, 2011; Rehain-Bell et al. Curr Biol. 27:860-867, 2017; Xu et al. Structure. 21:1059-1066, 2013; Zhang et al. Front Biosci. 17:2295-2305, 2012; Zhang et al. Dev Cell. 27:215-226, 2013; Zheng et al. J Clin Invest. 120:2795-2804, 2010). The Drosophila proteins play a role in the regulation of tube shape in the tracheal (respiratory) system, analogous to the role of the human proteins in the vascular system. To understand the cellular basis for tube dilation defects caused by loss of pathway function, we describe techniques for the generation and analysis of positively marked homozygous mutant GckIII tracheal cells, coupled with an "open book" preparation that can be subjected to immunofluorescent analysis. Dozens of mutant tracheal cells are generated per mosaic animal, and neighboring heterozygous cells in the same animal serve as ideal internal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amin S Ghabrial
- The Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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