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Gyamfi S, Edziyie RE, Obirikorang KA, Adjei-Boateng D, Skov PV. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) show high tolerance to acute ammonia exposure but lose metabolic scope during prolonged exposure at low concentration. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 271:106932. [PMID: 38692129 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia is a respiratory gas that is produced during the process of protein deamination. In the unionised form (NH3), it readily crosses biological membranes and is highly toxic to fish. In the present study we examined the effects of unionized ammonia (UIA), on the resting oxygen consumption (MO2), ventilation frequency (fV), heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish were either exposed to progressively increasing UIA concentrations, up to 97 µM over a 5 h period, or to a constant UIA level of 7 µM over a 24 h period. For both treatment groups resting MO2, HR and fV were recorded as physiological variables. Relative to the control group, the fish groups exposed to the incremental UIA levels did not exhibit significant changes in their MO2, HR and fV at UIA concentrations of 4, 10, 35, or 61 µM compared to control fish. Exposure to 97 µM UIA, however, elicited abrupt and significant downregulations (p < 0.05) in all three responses, as MO2, HR and fv decreased by 25, 54 and 76 % respectively, compared to control measurements. Heart rate became increasingly irregular with increasing UIA concentrations, and heart rate variability was significantly increased at 61 and 97 µM UIA. Prolonged exposure elicited significant changes at exposure 7 µM UIA. Standard (SMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) were significantly reduced, as was the corresponding fV and HR. It is evident from this study that Nile tilapia is tolerant to short term exposure to UIA up to 61 µM but experience a significant metabolic change under conditions of prolonged UIA exposures even at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gyamfi
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Department of Fisheries and Watershed Management, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Regina Esi Edziyie
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Department of Fisheries and Watershed Management, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwasi Adu Obirikorang
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Department of Fisheries and Watershed Management, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Daniel Adjei-Boateng
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Department of Fisheries and Watershed Management, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Peter Vilhelm Skov
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, Hirtshals, Denmark
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2
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Tunstill K, Grogan LF, Morrison C, McCallum H, Lanctôt C. Effects of two firefighting chemical formulations, Phos-Chek LC95W and BlazeTamer380, on striped marsh frog (Limodynastes peronii) tadpole survival, growth, development and behaviour. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 252:106326. [PMID: 36270184 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global wildfire events are projected to become more frequent and severe due to the continual threat of climate change, resulting in increasing demand for effective fire mitigation methods. Firefighting chemicals (FFCs), including retardants, foams and water enhancers, are often used to prevent the spread of wildfires. However, the impact of FFCs on wildlife and ecosystems is poorly understood. We investigated the effects of two common FFC formulations, Phos-Chek LC95W and BlazeTamer380, on tadpole survival, growth, development and swimming behaviour. Tadpoles of the striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) were exposed to two concentrations of either Phos-Chek (0.25 and 1 g/L) or BlazeTamer (0.05 and 0.2 g/L) for 16 days. The highest concentration of Phos-Chek was lethal to tadpoles, with mortalities gradually increasing over time and only 8% of animals surviving to day 16. Both FFCs influenced the growth and development of tadpoles, though effects were more severe in tadpoles exposed to the Phos-Chek formulation. Phos-Chek was found to completely stop tadpole growth and development over the 16-day exposure, whereas BlazeTamer significantly delayed growth and development in comparison to controls. Nevertheless, treatments had no apparent effect on tadpole movement patterns and swimming activity. Greater toxicity caused by the Phos-Chek treatment likely relates to the increased ammonia and altered water quality parameters. Runoff or accidental application of commonly used FFCs into small waterways may therefore have important ramifications for aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Tunstill
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Laura F Grogan
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Clare Morrison
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Hamish McCallum
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Chantal Lanctôt
- Australian Rivers Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia.
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3
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From Photocatalysis to Photo-Electrocatalysis: An Innovative Water Remediation System for Sustainable Fish Farming. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of photo-electrocatalysis (PEC) were evaluated as an innovative application of conventional photocatalysis (PC) to remediate water in a recirculating system for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture, in relation to fish welfare and health, with a multidisciplinary approach. Three tanks were employed, equipped with conventional biological filters as a control system, and three tanks equipped with the PEC purification system. The concentrations of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate ions in water were monitored, and the fish’s oxidative damage and stress response were evaluated in parallel. The water of the PEC-treated experimental group showed lower ammonia (TAN) and nitrite concentrations and higher nitrate concentration, possibly deriving from TAN oxidation through PEC, also leading to gaseous N2. Histological analysis did not reveal any pathological alteration in the gills and liver of both groups. The superoxide dismutase (sod1), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx1), and Tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) gene expressions were significantly higher in the control group than in the PEC-treated group, while the Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression did not show any difference in the two groups. These results indicate that the use of PEC filters has a positive effect on water quality, compared to the use of conventional biological filters, inducing a high level of welfare in O. mykiss.
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4
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Monteiro DA, Kalinin AL, Rantin FT, McKenzie DJ. Use of complex physiological traits as ecotoxicological biomarkers in tropical freshwater fishes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 335:745-760. [PMID: 34529366 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We review the use of complex physiological traits, of tolerance and performance, as biomarkers of the toxicological effects of contaminants in subtropical and tropical freshwater fishes. Such traits are growing in relevance due to climate change, as exposure to contaminants may influence the capacity of fishes to tolerate and perform in an increasingly stressful environment. We review the evidence that the critical oxygen level, a measure of hypoxia tolerance, provides a valuable biomarker of impacts of diverse classes of contaminants. When coupled with measures of cardiorespiratory variables, it can provide insight into mechanisms of toxicity. The critical thermal maximum, a simple measure of tolerance of acute warming, also provides a valuable biomarker despite a lack of understanding of its mechanistic basis. Its relative ease of application renders it useful in the rapid evaluation of multiple species, and in understanding how the severity of contaminant impacts depends upon prevailing environmental temperature. The critical swimming speed is a measure of exercise performance that is widely used as a biomarker in temperate species but very few studies have been performed on subtropical or tropical fishes. Overall, the review serves to highlight a critical lack of knowledge for subtropical and tropical freshwater fishes. There is a real need to expand the knowledge base and to use physiological biomarkers in support of decision making to manage tropical freshwater fish populations and their habitats, which sustain rich biodiversity but are under relentless anthropogenic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Monteiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L Kalinin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Tadeu Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David J McKenzie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- UMR Marbec, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
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5
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Improving water quality does not guarantee fish health: Effects of ammonia pollution on the behaviour of wild-caught pre-exposed fish. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243404. [PMID: 34370751 PMCID: PMC8351958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia is a pollutant frequently found in aquatic ecosystems. In fish, ammonia can cause physical damage, alter its behaviour, and even cause death. Exposure to ammonia also increases fish physiological stress, which can be measured through biomarkers. In this study, we analysed the effect of sublethal ammonia concentrations on the behaviour and the oxidative stress of Barbus meridionalis that had been pre-exposed to this compound in the wild. Wild-caught fish from a polluted site (pre-exposed fish) and from an unpolluted site (non-pre-exposed fish) were exposed, under experimental conditions, to total ammonia concentrations (TAN) of 0, 1, 5, and 8 mg/L. Swimming activity, feeding behaviour, and oxidative stress response based on biomarkers were analysed. Pre-exposed fish showed both an altered behaviour and an altered oxidative stress response in the control treatment (0 mg/L). Differences in swimming activity were also found as pre-exposed fish swam less. Lower feeding activity (voracity and satiety) and altered response to oxidative stress were also observed at ≥ 1 mg/L TAN. Biomarker results confirmed pre-exposed fish suffer from a reduction in their antioxidant defences and, hence, showed increased oxidative tissue damage. In summary, pre-exposed fish showed more sensitivity to ammonia exposure than fish from a pristine site.
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6
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Pikula J, Pojezdal L, Papezikova I, Minarova H, Mikulikova I, Bandouchova H, Blahova J, Bednarska M, Mares J, Palikova M. Carp Edema Virus Infection Is Associated With Severe Metabolic Disturbance in Fish. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:679970. [PMID: 34095283 PMCID: PMC8169968 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.679970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant mortalities associated with emerging viral diseases are challenging the economy of common carp aquaculture. As such, there is an increased need to disentangle how infected fish cope with progressive disease pathology and lose the ability for homeostatic maintenance of key physiological parameters. A natural carp edema virus (CEV) infection outbreak at a carp fish farm provided an opportunity to examine diseased and healthy carp in the same storage pond, thereby contributing to our better understanding of CEV disease pathophysiology. The disease status of fish was determined using PCR-based virus identification combined with analysis of gill pathology. Compared with healthy control carp, the blood chemistry profile of CEV-infected fish revealed major disruptions in electrolyte and acid-base balance (i.e., hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, hyperphosphatemia, elevated pH, base excess, and anion gap and decreased partial dissolved carbon dioxide). In addition, we recorded hyperproteinaemia, hyperalbuminaemia, hypotonic dehydration, endogenous hyperammonaemia, and decreased lactate along with increased creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Red blood cell associated hematology variables were also elevated. The multivariate pattern of responses for blood chemistry variables (driven by sodium, pH, partial dissolved carbon dioxide, ammonia, and albumin in the principal component analysis) clearly discriminated between CEV-infected and control carp. To conclude, we show that CEV infection in carp exerts complex adverse effects and results in severe metabolic disturbance due to the impaired gill respiratory and excretory functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivana Papezikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Minarova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivana Mikulikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Bandouchova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Blahova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Małgorzata Bednarska
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Mares
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Palikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
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7
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Sharma P, Chadha P. Bisphenol A induced toxicity in blood cells of freshwater fish Channa punctatus after acute exposure. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4738-4750. [PMID: 34354462 PMCID: PMC8324972 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of bisphenol A (BPA) has led to its ubiquity in the natural environment. It is extensively incorporated into different industrial products and is associated with deleterious health effects on both public and wildlife. The current trial was conducted to determine the toxic potential of bisphenol A using various parameters viz haematological, biochemical, and cytological in freshwater fish Channa punctatus. For this purpose, fish were exposed to 1.81 mg/l (1/4 of LC50) and 3.81 mg/l (1/2 of LC50) of BPA along with positive (acetone) and negative controls (water) for 96 h. The blood samples were collected at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-exposure. Compared to the control group, fish after acute exposure to BPA showed a significant decrease in HB content, number of red blood cells, PCV values whereas a significant increase in WBCs count was recorded with an increase in the exposure period. Besides, oxidative stress (determined as malondialdehyde content) increased as BPA concentration increased. Further, the activity of different antioxidant enzymes like catalase, and superoxide dismutase decreased significantly after treatment. Results also showed significantly increased frequency of morphological alterations, nuclear changes, and increased DNA damage potential of BPA in red blood cells. Further structural analysis of erythrocytes in maximally damaged group using Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed. The study concludes that BPA exhibits genotoxic activity and oxidative stress could be one of the mechanisms leading to genetic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Pooja Chadha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
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8
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Allen GJP, Wang MC, Tseng YC, Weihrauch D. Effects of emersion on acid-base regulation, osmoregulation, and nitrogen physiology in the semi-terrestrial mangrove crab, Helice formosensis. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:455-468. [PMID: 33616745 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Emersion limits water availability and impairs the gill function of water-breathing animals resulting in a reduced capacity to regulate respiratory gas exchange, acid-base balance, and nitrogenous waste excretion. Semi-terrestrial crustaceans such as Helice formosensis mitigate these physiological consequences by modifying and recycling urine and branchial water shifting some branchial workload to the antennal glands. To investigate how this process occurs, Helice formosensis were emersed for up to 160 h and their hemolymph and urinary acid-base, nitrogenous waste, free amino acids, and osmoregulatory parameters were investigated. Upon emersion, crabs experienced a respiratory acidosis that is restored by bicarbonate accumulation and ammonia reduction within the hemolymph and urine after 24 h. Prolonged emersion caused an overcompensatory metabolic alkalosis potentially limiting the crab's ability to remain emersed. During the alkalosis, hemolymph ammonia was maintained at control levels while urinary ammonia remained reduced by 60% of control values. During emersion, ammonia may be temporarily converted to alanine as part of the Cahill cycle until re-immersion where crabs can revert alanine to ammonia for excretion coinciding with the crabs' observed delayed ammonia excretion response. The presence of high hemolymph alanine concentrations even when immersed may indicate this cycle's use outside of emersion or in preparation for emersion. Furthermore, H. formosensis appears to be uniquely capable of actively suppressing its rate of desiccation in absence of behavioral changes, in part by creating hyperosmotic urine that mitigates evaporative water loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min-Chen Wang
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismal Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan County, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yung-Che Tseng
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismal Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan County, Taiwan ROC
| | - Dirk Weihrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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9
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Lin LY, Zheng JA, Huang SC, Hung GY, Horng JL. Ammonia exposure impairs lateral-line hair cells and mechanotransduction in zebrafish embryos. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127170. [PMID: 32497837 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (including NH3 and NH4+) is a major pollutant of freshwater environments. However, the toxic effects of ammonia on the early stages of fish are not fully understood, and little is known about the effects on the sensory system. In this study, we hypothesized that ammonia exposure can cause adverse effects on embryonic development and impair the lateral line system of fish. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to high-ammonia water (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mM NH4Cl; pH 7.0) for 96 h (0-96 h post-fertilization). The body length, heart rate, and otic vesicle size had significantly decreased with ≥15 mM NH4Cl, while the number and function of lateral-line hair cells had decreased with ≥10 mM NH4Cl. The mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) channel-mediated Ca2+ influx was measured with a scanning ion-selective microelectrode technique to reveal the function of hair cells. We found that NH4+ (≥5 mM NH4Cl) entered hair cells and suppressed the Ca2+ influx of hair cells. Neomycin and La3+ (MET channel blockers) suppressed NH4+ influx, suggesting that NH4+ enters hair cells via MET channels in hair bundles. In conclusion, this study showed that ammonia exposure (≥10 mM NH4Cl) can cause adverse effects in zebrafish embryos, and lateral-line hair cells are sensitive to ammonia exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yih Lin
- Department of Life Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan
| | - Jie-An Zheng
- Department of Life Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chih Huang
- Department of Life Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan
| | - Giun-Yi Hung
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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10
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Gesto M, Zupa W, Alfonso S, Spedicato MT, Lembo G, Carbonara P. Using acoustic telemetry to assess behavioral responses to acute hypoxia and ammonia exposure in farmed rainbow trout of different competitive ability. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Burdick SM, Hewitt DA, Martin BA, Schenk L, Rounds SA. Effects of harmful algal blooms and associated water-quality on endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 97:101847. [PMID: 32732045 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic eutrophication contributes to harmful blooms of cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. In Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, massive blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and smaller blooms of other cyanobacteria are associated with cyanotoxins, hypoxia, high pH, high concentrations of ammonia, and potentially hypercapnia. Recovery of the endangered Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris in Upper Klamath Lake is obstructed by low survival in the juvenile life stage. Water quality associated with the harmful algal blooms and their decomposition (crashes) is often singled out as the primary cause of juvenile sucker mortality. We investigated this general hypothesis with a review of relevant literature and data from decades of monitoring in Upper Klamath Lake. Microcystins, hepatotoxins produced by some cyanobacteria, are unlikely to be directly lethal to suckers; potential effects of other cyanotoxins that are present in the lake warrant investigation. Dissolved-oxygen saturation declined following bloom crashes, but was infrequently low enough for long enough in Upper Klamath Lake to cause direct sucker mortality. Hypercapnia could potentially reach lethal concentrations in the fall and winter, but did not appear to be associated with the summer algal blooms. pH was highest during peaks in cyanobacteria growth, but infrequently reached directly lethal levels (> 10.3). However, pH frequently reached an observed sub-lethal effect level for juvenile suckers (10.0). Un-ionized ammonia rarely exceeded even the lowest effect level measured for suckers. Rather than act as a direct cause of large-scale mortality, the available evidence suggests that water quality associated with massive blooms of cyanobacteria in Upper Klamath Lake contributes to chronic stress for juvenile suckers and may increase mortality due to other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer M Burdick
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2795 Anderson Ave. Suite 106, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA.
| | - David A Hewitt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2795 Anderson Ave. Suite 106, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA.
| | - Barbara A Martin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2795 Anderson Ave. Suite 106, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA.
| | - Liam Schenk
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 63095 Deschutes Market Rd., Bend, OR 97701 USA.
| | - Stewart A Rounds
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2130 SW 5th Ave, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
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12
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Milinkovitch T, Antognarelli F, Lacroix C, Marras S, Satta A, Le Floch S, Domenici P. The effect of hypoxia and hydrocarbons on the anti-predator performance of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:581-590. [PMID: 31108291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocarbons contamination and hypoxia are two stressors that can coexist in coastal ecosystems. At present, few studies evaluated the combined impact of these stressors on fish physiology and behavior. Here, we tested the effect of the combination of hypoxia and petrogenic hydrocarbons on the anti-predator locomotor performance of fish. Specifically, two groups of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were exposed to clean water (Ctrl) or oil-contaminated water (Oil). Subsequently, fish of both groups were placed in normoxic (norx) or hypoxic (hyp) experimental tanks (i.e. four groups of fish were formed: Ctrl norx, Ctrl hyp, Oil norx, Oil hyp). In these tanks, escape response was elicited by a mechano-acoustic stimulus and recorded with a high speed camera. Several variables were analyzed: escape response duration, responsiveness (percentage of fish responding to the stimulation), latency (time taken by the fish to initiate a response), directionality (defined as away or toward the stimulus), distance-time variables (such as speed and acceleration), maneuverability variables (such as turning rate), escape trajectory (angle of flight) and distancing of the fish from the stimulus. Results revealed (i) effects of stressors (Ctrl hyp, Oil norx and Oil hyp) on the directionality; (ii) effects of Oil norx and Oil hyp on maneuverability and (iii) effects of Oil hyp on distancing. These results suggest that individual stressors could alter the escape response of fish and that their combination could strengthen these effects. Such an impact could decrease the probability of prey escape success. By investigating the effects of hydrocarbons (and the interaction with hypoxia) on the anti-predator behavior of fish, this work increases our understanding of the biological impact of oil spill. Additionally, the results of this study are of interest for oil spill impact evaluation and also for developing new ecotoxicological tools of ecological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Milinkovitch
- CNR-IAMC, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Località Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy.
| | - Fabio Antognarelli
- CNR-IAMC, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Località Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy.
| | - Camille Lacroix
- Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux (CEDRE), 715 rue Alain Colas, CS41836-F-29218, Brest Cedex 2, France.
| | - Stefano Marras
- CNR-IAMC, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Località Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Satta
- CNR-IAMC, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Località Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy.
| | - Stéphane Le Floch
- Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux (CEDRE), 715 rue Alain Colas, CS41836-F-29218, Brest Cedex 2, France.
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IAMC, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Località Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy.
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13
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Lawrence MJ, Zolderdo AJ, Godin JGJ, Mandelman JW, Gilmour KM, Cooke SJ. Cortisol does not increase risk of mortality to predation in juvenile bluegill sunfish: A manipulative experimental field study. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2019; 331:253-261. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Aaron J. Zolderdo
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | | | - John W. Mandelman
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium; Boston Massachusetts
| | | | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa Ontario Canada
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14
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Svendsen MBS, Johansen JL, Bushnell PG, Skov PV, Norin T, Domenici P, Steffensen JF, Abe A. Are all bony fishes oxygen regulators? Evidence for oxygen regulation in a putative oxygen conformer, the swamp eel Synbranchus marmoratus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:178-182. [PMID: 30421417 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the oxygen consumption of the putative oxygen conformer marbled swamp eel Synbranchus marmoratus during progressive hypoxia. Earlier studies have not reached an agreement on whether S. marmoratus is a conformer or a regulator. Our results support the view that S. marmoratus is an oxygen regulator, like most bony fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob L Johansen
- Marine Biology Laboratory, New York University -Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Peter G Bushnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | - Peter V Skov
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Tommy Norin
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IAS-CNR Istututo per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Elsinore, Denmark
| | - Augusto Abe
- Department of Zoology, São Paulo State University, São Paulo Unesp, Biosciences Institute, Rio Claro, Brazil
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15
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Exercise improves growth, alters physiological performance and gene expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 226:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Weihrauch D, Allen GJP. Ammonia excretion in aquatic invertebrates: new insights and questions. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:221/2/jeb169219. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.169219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Invertebrates employ a variety of ammonia excretion strategies to facilitate their survival in diverse aquatic environments, including freshwater, seawater and the water film surrounding soil particles. Various environmental properties set innate challenges for an organism's ammonia excretory capacity. These include the availability of NaCl and the respective ion-permeability of the organism's transport epithelia, and the buffering capacity of their immediate surrounding medium. To this end, some transporters seem to be conserved in the excretory process. This includes the Na+/K+(NH4+)-ATPase (NKA), the NH3/CO2 dual gas-channel Rhesus (Rh)-proteins and novel ammonia transporters (AMTs), which have been identified in several invertebrates but appear to be absent from vertebrates. In addition, recent evidence strongly suggests that the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated K+ channel (HCN) plays a significant role in ammonia excretion and is highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom. Furthermore, microtubule-dependent vesicular excretion pathways have been found in marine and soil-dwelling species, where, unlike freshwater systems, acid-trapping of excreted ammonia is difficult or absent owing to the high environmental buffering capacity of the surroundings. Finally, although ammonia is known to be a toxic nitrogenous waste product, certain marine species readily maintain potentially toxic hemolymph ammonia as a sort of ammonia homeostasis, which suggests that ammonia is involved in physiological processes and does not exist simply for excretion. Such findings are discussed within this Commentary and are hypothesized to be involved in acid–base regulation. We also describe excretory organs and processes that are dependent on environmental constraints and indicate gaps in the current knowledge in these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Weihrauch
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, R3T2N2, MB, Canada
| | - Garett J. P. Allen
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, R3T2N2, MB, Canada
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17
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Garriga N, Montori A, Llorente GA. Impact of ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate on tadpoles of Alytes obstetricans. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:667-674. [PMID: 28409413 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pesticides, herbicides and fertilisers negatively affect aquatic communities in general, and particularly amphibians in their larval phase, even though sensitivity to pollutants is highly variable among species. The Llobregat Delta (Barcelona, Spain) has experienced a decline of amphibian populations, possibly related to the reduction in water quality due to the high levels of farming activity, but also to habitat loss and alteration. We studied the effects of increasing ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate levels on the survival and growth rate of Alytes obstetricans tadpoles under experimental conditions. We exposed larvae to increasing concentrations of nitrate and ammonium for 14 days and then exposed them to water without pollutants for a further 14 days. Only the higher concentrations of ammonium (>33.75 mg/L) caused larval mortality. The growth rate of larvae was reduced at ≥22.5 mg/L NH4+, although individuals recovered and even increased their growth rate once exposure to the pollutant ended. The effect of nitrate on growth rate was detected at ≥80 mg/L concentrations, and the growth rate reduction in tadpoles was even observed during the post-exposure phase. The concentrations of ammonium with adverse effects on larvae are within the range levels found in the study area, while the nitrate concentrations with some adverse effect are close to the upper range limit of current concentrations in the study area. Therefore, only the presence of ammonium in the study area is likely to be considered of concern for the population of this species, even though the presence of nitrate could cause some sublethal effects. These negative effects could have an impact on population dynamics, which in this species is highly sensitive to larval mortality due to its small clutch size and prolonged larval period compared to other anuran amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Garriga
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica. Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Montori
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica. Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G A Llorente
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica. Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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El-Greisy ZAEB, Elgamal AEE, Ahmed NAM. Effect of prolonged ammonia toxicity on fertilized eggs, hatchability and size of newly hatched larvae of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF AQUATIC RESEARCH 2016; 42:215-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejar.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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19
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McPhee DL, Janz DM. Dietary selenomethionine exposure alters swimming performance, metabolic capacity and energy homeostasis in juvenile fathead minnow. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 155:91-100. [PMID: 24999177 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is known to cause chronic toxicity in aquatic species. In particular, dietary exposure of fish to selenomethionine (SeMet), the primary form of Se in the diet, is of concern. Recent studies suggest that chronic exposure to elevated dietary SeMet alters energy and endocrine homeostasis in adult fish. However, little is known about the direct effects of dietary SeMet exposure in juvenile fish. The objective of the present study was to investigate sublethal physiological effects of dietary SeMet exposure in juvenile fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Twenty days-post-hatch fathead minnow were exposed for 60 days to different measured concentrations (2.8, 5.4, 9.9, 26.5 μg Se/g dry mass [dm]) of Se in food in the form of SeMet. After exposure, samples were collected for Se analysis and fish were subjected to a swimming performance challenge to assess critical swim speed (Ucrit), tail beat frequency and tail beat amplitude, oxygen consumption (MO2), cost of transport (COT), standard metabolic rate (SMR), active metabolic rate (AMR), and factorial aerobic scope (F-AS). Ucrit was decreased in the 26.5 μg Se/g dm exposure group compared to the control group. Tail beat frequency and tail beat amplitude were significantly reduced in fish fed 9.9 and 26.5 μg Se/g. An increase in MO2 and COT was observed in the 9.9 and 26.5 μg Se/g exposure groups compared to the control group. While the AMR of the high dose group was increased relative to control, there were no significant differences in SMR and F-AS. Energy storage capacity was measured via whole body triglyceride and glycogen concentrations. Triglyceride concentrations in non-swam fish were elevated in the 5.4 μg Se/g group relative to controls. Fatigued (swam) fish had significantly lower whole body triglycerides than non-swam fish. All non-swam SeMet exposure groups had significantly decreased whole body glycogen concentrations compared to controls, while the 5.4 and 26.5 μg Se/g exposure groups had significantly greater whole body glycogen concentrations in swam versus non-swam fish. A decrease in whole body cortisol was observed in swam fish in the 5.4 μg Se/g exposure group compared to control fish. Whole body cortisol was greater in control, 9.9 and 26.5 μg Se/g swam fish compared to non-swam fish. These results suggest that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of dietary SeMet impairs swimming performance, aerobic capacity, and energy homeostasis, potentially impacting survivability of juvenile fish in Se impacted aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Landon McPhee
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - David M Janz
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
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20
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Larsen EH, Deaton LE, Onken H, O'Donnell M, Grosell M, Dantzler WH, Weihrauch D. Osmoregulation and Excretion. Compr Physiol 2014; 4:405-573. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Amornthammarong N, Zhang JZ, Ortner PB, Stamates J, Shoemaker M, Kindel MW. A portable analyser for the measurement of ammonium in marine waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:579-584. [PMID: 23738356 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30793f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A portable ammonium analyser was developed and used to measure in situ ammonium in the marine environment. The analyser incorporates an improved LED photodiode-based fluorescence detector (LPFD). This system is more sensitive and considerably smaller than previous systems and incorporates a pre-filtering subsystem enabling measurements in turbid, sediment-laden waters. Over the typical range for ammonium in marine waters (0–10 mM), the response is linear (r(2) = 0.9930) with a limit of detection (S/N ratio > 3) of 10 nM. The working range for marine waters is 0.05–10 mM. Repeatability is 0.3% (n =10) at an ammonium level of 2 mM. Results from automated operation in 15 min cycles over 16 days had good overall precision (RSD = 3%, n = 660). The system was field tested at three shallow South Florida sites. Diurnal cycles and possibly a tidal influence were expressed in the concentration variability observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natchanon Amornthammarong
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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22
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Connon RE, Deanovic LA, Fritsch EB, D'Abronzo LS, Werner I. Sublethal responses to ammonia exposure in the endangered delta smelt; Hypomesus transpacificus (Fam. Osmeridae). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 105:369-377. [PMID: 21820383 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) is an endangered pelagic fish species endemic to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary in Northern California, which acts as an indicator of ecosystem health in its habitat range. Interrogative tools are required to successfully monitor effects of contaminants upon the delta smelt, and to research potential causes of population decline in this species. We used microarray technology to investigate genome-wide effects in fish exposed to ammonia; one of multiple contaminants arising from wastewater treatment plants and agricultural runoff. A 4-day exposure of 57-day old juveniles resulted in a total ammonium (NH(4)(+)-N) median lethal concentration (LC50) of 13 mg/L, and a corresponding un-ionized ammonia (NH(3)) LC50 of 147 μg/L. Using the previously designed delta smelt microarray we assessed altered gene transcription in juveniles exposed to 10mg/L NH(4)(+)-N from this 4-day exposure. Over half of the responding genes were associated with membrane integrity and function, however, neurological and muscular function was also affected. Amongst the notable pathways affected by ammonium exposure, directly associated with cellular membranes, are energy metabolism through oxidative phosphorylation, cellular responses to environmental stimuli, highlighted through signal transduction and molecular interactions, cellular processes encompassing transport and catabolism, along with cell motility, development, communication and cell death. To assess these impacts further, key genes were selected as potential biomarkers and investigated using quantitative PCR analysis on fish exposed to 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/L NH(4)(+)-N. Quantitative PCR results indicate biphasic responses, pivoting around the estimated no-observed effect concentration (NOEC; 5.0mg/L NH(4)(+)-N) and below. Genes significantly affected by ammonia exposure include claudin-10, Keratin-15, Septin-3, Transmembrane protein 4, superfamily 4 (membrane), Tropomyosin, Myosin light chain, Calmodulin (muscular), Tubulin cofactor beta (neurological), Sirtuin-6 (development), and Rhesus associated type C glycoprotein 1 (gill- and skin-specific ammonium transporter). The quantitation of the ammonium transporter may highlight the capacity of delta smelt to contend with elevated levels of ammonia, the peak response of which may be indicative of short-term thresholds of tolerance. Our study supports the notion that exposure to ammonia results in cell membrane destabilization, potentially affecting membrane permeability, enhancing uptake and thus synergistic effects of multiple-contaminant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Connon
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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23
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Scott DM, Southgate F, Overall AJ, Waite S, Tolhurst BA. The Eurasian water shrew: an unsuitable candidate species for a vertebrate bio‐indicator of aquatic pollution. J Zool (1987) 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Scott
- Biology Division, University of Brighton, East Sussex, UK
| | - F. Southgate
- Sussex Wildlife Trust, Woods Mill, East Sussex, UK
| | - A. J. Overall
- Biology Division, University of Brighton, East Sussex, UK
| | - S. Waite
- Biology Division, University of Brighton, East Sussex, UK
| | - B. A. Tolhurst
- Biology Division, University of Brighton, East Sussex, UK
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24
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Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Fernández-Benéitez MJ, Marco A, Lizana M. Influence of ammonium nitrate on larval anti-predatory responses of two amphibian species. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 99:198-204. [PMID: 20493565 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sublethal effects of toxicants can upset normal behavioural responses to predators, leading to increased predation. For example, sensory capabilities can be impaired by toxicants, leading to difficulty in detecting predators or other threats. Alteration of locomotor abilities by pollutants can also explain the difficulty of tadpoles to escape from predators. Here we assess the effects of a nitrogenous fertilizer on the response to predators shown by anuran tadpoles. In a first experiment, we chronically exposed Iberian painted frog (Discoglossus galganoi) and spadefoot toad (Pelobates cultripes) tadpoles to environmentally relevant concentrations of ammonium nitrate. After the exposure, we tested tadpoles' ability to avoid predation by the red crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). In a second experiment, we analysed the escape behaviour of P. cultripes tadpoles as a function of ammonium nitrate exposure and presence of predatory crayfishes. Tadpoles of both species that were exposed to ammonium nitrate were consumed by crayfishes faster than controls (mean time of predation: Dg controls=18.03 h, 90.3 mg N-NO(3)NH(4)/L=7.48 h; Pc controls=16.12h, 90.3 mg N-NO(3)NH(4)/L=9.46 h). Control larval P. cultripes showed specific anti-predator escape responses, whereas those exposed to the fertilizer did not. We demonstrate, for the first time in amphibians, how nitrogenous fertilizers can affect larval defensive behaviours, and thereby increase the risk of predation. Our results emphasize the importance of considering environmental stresses on the ecotoxicological studies with amphibians.
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25
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Domenici P. Context-dependent variability in the components of fish escape response: integrating locomotor performance and behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 313:59-79. [PMID: 20073047 DOI: 10.1002/jez.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Escape responses are used by most fish species in order to avoid predation. Escape responses include a number of behavioral and kinematic components, such as responsiveness, reaction distance, escape latency, directionality, and distance-derived performance. All of these components can contribute to escape success. Work on the context-dependent variability has focused on reaction distance, and suggests that this component is largely determined by the relative cost and benefits of escaping (economic hypothesis). For example, reaction distance was found to depend on many factors related to perceived risk and cost of escaping, such as the attack speed and size of the predators, the proximity to refuges, and engagement in other activities (e.g., feeding). Evidence from many behavioral, kinematic, and physiological studies suggest that performance in other components of the escape response is also not always maximized. For example, escape latencies may increase in the presence of schooling neighbors, and escape speed is higher in fish that have been subject to higher predation pressure. In addition, all escape components are further modulated by the effect of environmental factors. Variability in escape components can be interpreted by using both ultimate and proximate explanations, for example, the effect of stimulus strength on escape latency can be interpreted as the triggering neural threshold varying with stimulus strength (proximate explanation) and high intensity stimuli representing higher risk to the prey (ultimate explanation). An integrative approach is suggested for a full, ecologically relevant, assessment of escape performance in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IAMC Localitá Sa Mardini, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy.
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26
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Tudorache C, O'Keefe RA, Benfey TJ. The effect of temperature and ammonia exposure on swimming performance of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 156:523-8. [PMID: 20433938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of water temperature and ammonia concentration on swimming capacity of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis, Mitchill, 1814) were determined by measuring gait transition speed (U(gt), cms(-1)), maximum burst speed (U(max), cms(-1)), tail-beat amplitude (a, cm), tail-beat frequency (f, Hz), maximum acceleration of bursts (A(max), cms(-2)), number of bursts, distance of bursts (cm) and total swimming distance (cm) in a 4.5m long experimental raceway with increasing upstream water velocity. Temperatures other than the acclimation temperature of 15 degrees C significantly reduced swimming characteristics of gait transition, i.e. U(gt) and A(max), while increased ammonia concentration reduced the measures of swimming after U(gt): U(max), the relationship between f and swimming speed above U(gt), a, A(max) and the distance travelled with each swimming burst above U(gt). This study, using a novel raceway set-up shows various effects of temperature and ammonia exposure on the swimming performance of brook charr and can be used to establish threshold values for environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tudorache
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.
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