1
|
Cox DTC, Gaston KJ. Cathemerality: a key temporal niche. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:329-347. [PMID: 37839797 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the marked variation in abiotic and biotic conditions between day and night, many species specialise their physical activity to being diurnal or nocturnal, and it was long thought that these strategies were commonly fairly fixed and invariant. The term 'cathemeral', was coined in 1987, when Tattersall noted activity in a Madagascan primate during the hours of both daylight and darkness. Initially thought to be rare, cathemerality is now known to be a quite widespread form of time partitioning amongst arthropods, fish, birds, and mammals. Herein we provide a synthesis of present understanding of cathemeral behaviour, arguing that it should routinely be included alongside diurnal and nocturnal strategies in schemes that distinguish and categorise species across taxa according to temporal niche. This synthesis is particularly timely because (i) the study of animal activity patterns is being revolutionised by new and improved technologies; (ii) it is becoming apparent that cathemerality covers a diverse range of obligate to facultative forms, each with their own common sets of functional traits, geographic ranges and evolutionary history; (iii) daytime and nighttime activity likely plays an important but currently neglected role in temporal niche partitioning and ecosystem functioning; and (iv) cathemerality may have an important role in the ability of species to adapt to human-mediated pressures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T C Cox
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
ElShafie SJ. Body size estimation from isolated fossil bones reveals deep time evolutionary trends in North American lizards. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296318. [PMID: 38180961 PMCID: PMC10769094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Lizards play vital roles in extant ecosystems. However, their roles in extinct ecosystems are poorly understood because the fossil record of lizards consists mostly of isolated bones. This makes it difficult to document changes in lizard morphology and body size over time, which is essential for studies of lizard paleoecology and evolution. It is also difficult to compare available fossil lizard data with existing sources of extant lizard data because extant studies rarely measure individual bones. Furthermore, no previous study has regressed measurements of individual bones to body length across crown lizard groups, nor tested those regressions on fossil skeletons. An extensive dataset of individual bone measurements from extant lizards across crown taxonomic groups is here employed to develop novel methods for estimating lizard body size from isolated fossil elements. These methods were applied to a comparably large dataset of fossil lizard specimens from the robust Paleogene record (66-23 Ma) of the Western Interior of North America. This study tests the hypothesis that anatomical proportions have been conserved within higher-level crown lizard groups since the Paleogene and can therefore be used to reconstruct snout-vent length (SVL) and mass for fossil specimens referred to the same groups. Individual bones demonstrated strong correlation with SVL in extant as well as fossil lizard specimens (R2 ≥ 0.69). Equations for mass estimation from individual bones were derived from the SVL regressions using published equations for calculating lizard body mass from SVL. The resulting body size estimates from regression equations for the entire fossil dataset revealed that lizards reached greatest maximum body size in the middle Paleogene, with the largest size class dominated by anguid lizards that exceeded 1 meter in SVL and 1.5 kg in body mass. Maximum body size decreased to under 400 mm and below 1.5 kg in the late Paleogene. No association was found between changes in maximum lizard body size and marine isotope proxies of global temperature through the Paleogene. This is the first study to investigate body size evolution across lizard clades over a deep time interval and for a large geographic region. The proposed methods can be used to generate body size regressions and provide estimates of body size for isolated lizard bones referred to any crown group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara J. ElShafie
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang J, Yu R, Zang R. Differences in functional niche hypervolume among four types of forest vegetation and their environmental determinants across various climatic regions in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1243209. [PMID: 38116149 PMCID: PMC10728642 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1243209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits play an important role in studying the functional niche in plant communities. However, it remains unclear whether the functional niches of typical forest plant communities in different climatic regions based on functional traits are consistent. Here, we present data for 215 woody species, encompassing 11 functional traits related to three fundamental niche dimensions (leaf economy, mechanical support, and reproductive phenology). These data were collected from forests across four climatic zones in China (tropical, subtropical, warm-temperate, and cold-temperate) or sourced from the literature. We calculated the functional niche hypervolume, representing the range of changes in the multidimensional functional niche. This metric quantifies how many functional niche spaces are occupied by existing plants in the community. Subsequently, we analyzed differences in functional niche hypervolume and their associated environmental factors across different types of forest vegetation. The results indicate that the functional niche hypervolume and the degree of forest vegetation overlap decrease with increasing latitude (e.g., from tropical rainforest to cold temperate coniferous forest). The total explanatory power of both climate and soil factors on the variation in functional niche hypervolume was 50%, with climate factors exhibiting a higher explanatory power than soil factors. Functional niche hypervolume is positively correlated with climate factors (annual mean temperature and annual precipitation) and negatively correlated with soil factors (soil pH, soil organic matter content, soil total nitrogen content, and soil total phosphorus content). Among these factors, annual mean temperature, soil pH, and soil total nitrogen content most significantly affect the difference in functional niche hypervolume among forest vegetation. Our study emphasizes the significant variation in the functional niche hypervolume among typical forest vegetation in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoyun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramírez JP, Reeder TW, Spasojevic MJ. Extinction debt and functional traits mediate community saturation over large spatiotemporal scales. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:2228-2239. [PMID: 37786361 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Determining if ecological communities are saturated (have a limit to the number of species they can support) has important implications for understanding community assembly, species invasions, and climate change. However, previous studies have generally been limited to short time frames that overlook extinction debt and have not explicitly considered how functional trait diversity may mediate patterns of community saturation. Here, we combine data from biodiversity surveys with functional and phylogenetic data to explore if the colonisation events after the Great American Biotic Interchange (closure of the Panamanian Isthmus) resulted in increases in species richness of communities of the snake family Dipsadidae. We determined the number and the direction of dispersal events between Central and South America by estimating ancestral areas based on a Bayesian time-calibrated phylogenetic analysis. We then evaluated whether variation in community saturation was mediated by the functional similarity of six traits for the resident and colonizing snakes and/or local environmental conditions. We found that colonised communities did not support more species than those that were not colonised. Moreover, we did not find an association between the functional diversity across sites and whether they were colonised by members from the lineages dispersing across the Isthmus or not. Instead, variation in species richness was predicted best by covariates such as time since colonisation and local environment. Taken together, our results suggest that snake communities of the Dipsadidae across the neotropics are saturated. Moreover, our research highlights two important factors to consider in studies of community saturation: extinction debt and the functional differences and similarities in species' ecological roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Ramírez
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tod W Reeder
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Marko J Spasojevic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kirk MA, Reider KE, Lackey ACR, Thomas SA, Whiteman HH. The role of environmental variation in mediating fitness trade-offs for an amphibian polyphenism. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:1815-1827. [PMID: 37353993 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Fitness trade-offs are a foundation of ecological and evolutionary theory because trade-offs can explain life history variation, phenotypic plasticity, and the existence of polyphenisms. Using a 32-year mark-recapture dataset on lifetime fitness for 1093 adult Arizona tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum) from a high elevation, polyphenic population, we evaluated the extent to which two life history morphs (aquatic paedomorphs vs. terrestrial metamorphs) exhibited fitness trade-offs in breeding and body condition with respect to environmental variation (e.g. climate) and internal state-based variables (e.g. age). Both morphs displayed a similar response to higher probabilities of breeding during years of high spring precipitation (i.e. not indicative of a morph-specific fitness trade-off). There were likely no climate-induced fitness trade-offs on breeding state for the two life history morphs because precipitation and water availability are vital to amphibian reproduction. Body condition displayed a contrasting response for the two morphs that was indicative of a climate-induced fitness trade-off. While metamorphs exhibited a positive relationship with summer snowpack conditions, paedomorphs were unaffected. Fitness trade-offs from summer snowpack are likely due to extended hydroperiods in temporary ponds, where metamorphs gain a fitness advantage during the summer growing season by exploiting resources that are unavailable to paeodomorphs. However, paedomorphs appear to have the overwintering fitness advantage because they consistently had higher body condition than metamorphs at the start of the summer growing season. Our results reveal that climate and habitat type (metamorphs as predominately terrestrial, paedomorphs as fully aquatic) interact to confer different advantages for each morph. These results advance our current understanding of fitness trade-offs in this well-studied polyphenic amphibian by integrating climate-based mechanisms. Our conclusions prompt future studies to explore how climatic variation can maintain polyphenisms and promote life history diversity, as well as the implications of climate change for polyphenisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Kirk
- Watershed Studies Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
- Environmental Science and Sustainability Department, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelsey E Reider
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alycia C R Lackey
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Scott A Thomas
- Watershed Studies Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
| | - Howard H Whiteman
- Watershed Studies Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Muñoz J, Jankowski JE. Neotropical mixed-species bird flocks in a community context. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220104. [PMID: 37066656 PMCID: PMC10107222 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed-species flocks are an important component of bird communities, particularly in the Neotropics, where flocks reach their highest diversity. The extent to which mixed-species flocks represent unique functional or ecological roles within communities, and how these attributes change over environmental gradients, however, is not well understood. We use a trait-based approach to examine functional aspects of flocking assemblages as they relate to those observed in the larger avian community across a 3000 m elevational gradient. Our results reveal similar ecological strategies among flocking species and the communities in which they occur, at the scale of the regional pool and across elevations. Trait variation in flocking and non-flocking assemblages is structured along two major axes defined by size- and resource-related traits. The trait space occupied by flocking species, however, represents only half (51%) that of the larger community. Similarly, the trait space of flocks across elevations is restricted compared to non-flocking species. The shared trait space across flock types represents small-bodied invertivores foraging in lower forest strata, traits associated with increased vulnerability to predation. The concentration of flocking species in functional trait space suggests high niche packing and either more overlap in ecological strategies or more finely divided niches relative to non-flocking species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Muñoz
- Biodiversity Research Center and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jill E. Jankowski
- Biodiversity Research Center and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rypel AL. Ecosystem size filters life-history strategies to shape community assembly in lakes. J Anim Ecol 2023. [PMID: 37081674 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing understanding of community assembly rules hinges on shared conceptualizations that operate across scales and levels of ecological organization. Knowledge of the biogeography of life-history strategies is especially limited but crucial for building fundamental information on the relationships between trait diversity and species richness. The goals of this study were to (i) demonstrate how life histories can be classified using a previously identified triangular continuum of evolutionary trade-offs; (ii) test whether spatial and temporal heterogeneity in species abundances is linked to life-history strategy; (iii) compare species-area relationships across the primary life-history strategist groups and (iv) explore how species life-history niche spaces are shaped by ecosystem size and landscape architecture. Fish communities were sampled in 40 lakes that varied widely in volume; 11 lakes were sampled annually for 28 or 42 years. Seventy-one species were classified as equilibrium, periodic or opportunistic strategists, and species-area curves were quantified and compared among strategy types. As predicted by life-history theory, relative abundances of opportunistic strategists were extremely variable over space and time, whereas abundances of equilibrium and periodic strategists were more stable. Small lakes were often dominated by only one species, usually an opportunistic strategist. Species richness increased with ecosystem size, but larger ecosystems were increasingly inhabited by equilibrium, and then, periodic strategists. Richness of periodic species increased with ecosystem size at a faster rate compared with opportunistic species showing that colonization-extinction points fundamentally vary by strategy. Similarly, life-history niche space increased with ecosystem size in accord with species-area relationships but showed saturation behaviour. Niche space became increasingly crowded in large lakes, particularly in lakes with higher hydrologic connectance. Ecosystem size mediates the assembly of communities through effects on environmental stability, hydrology and life-history filtering. This finding provides novel insights into community assembly at multiple scales and has broad conservation applications. Because ecosystem size filters towards orthogonal and inverse life histories, conservation actions (e.g. fish stockings) that do not consider life-history and community filtering rules will probably fail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Rypel
- Department of Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brandl SJ, Lefcheck JS, Bates AE, Rasher DB, Norin T. Can metabolic traits explain animal community assembly and functioning? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1-18. [PMID: 36054431 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
All animals on Earth compete for free energy, which is acquired, assimilated, and ultimately allocated to growth and reproduction. Competition is strongest within communities of sympatric, ecologically similar animals of roughly equal size (i.e. horizontal communities), which are often the focus of traditional community ecology. The replacement of taxonomic identities with functional traits has improved our ability to decipher the ecological dynamics that govern the assembly and functioning of animal communities. Yet, the use of low-resolution and taxonomically idiosyncratic traits in animals may have hampered progress to date. An animal's metabolic rate (MR) determines the costs of basic organismal processes and activities, thus linking major aspects of the multifaceted constructs of ecological niches (where, when, and how energy is obtained) and ecological fitness (how much energy is accumulated and passed on to future generations). We review evidence from organismal physiology to large-scale analyses across the tree of life to propose that MR gives rise to a group of meaningful functional traits - resting metabolic rate (RMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope (AS) - that may permit an improved quantification of the energetic basis of species coexistence and, ultimately, the assembly and functioning of animal communities. Specifically, metabolic traits integrate across a variety of typical trait proxies for energy acquisition and allocation in animals (e.g. body size, diet, mobility, life history, habitat use), to yield a smaller suite of continuous quantities that: (1) can be precisely measured for individuals in a standardized fashion; and (2) apply to all animals regardless of their body plan, habitat, or taxonomic affiliation. While integrating metabolic traits into animal community ecology is neither a panacea to disentangling the nuanced effects of biological differences on animal community structure and functioning, nor without challenges, a small number of studies across different taxa suggest that MR may serve as a useful proxy for the energetic basis of competition in animals. Thus, the application of MR traits for animal communities can lead to a more general understanding of community assembly and functioning, enhance our ability to trace eco-evolutionary dynamics from genotypes to phenotypes (and vice versa), and help predict the responses of animal communities to environmental change. While trait-based ecology has improved our knowledge of animal communities to date, a more explicit energetic lens via the integration of metabolic traits may further strengthen the existing framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Brandl
- Department of Marine Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Jonathan S Lefcheck
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO Program, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Amanda E Bates
- Biology Department, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Douglas B Rasher
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA
| | - Tommy Norin
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cox DTC, Gardner AS, Gaston KJ. Diel niche variation in mammalian declines in the Anthropocene. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1031. [PMID: 36658287 PMCID: PMC9852540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is being eroded worldwide. Many human pressures are most forcefully exerted or have greatest effect during a particular period of the day. Therefore when species are physically active (their diel niche) may influence their risk of population decline. We grouped 5032 terrestrial extant mammals by their dominant activity pattern (nocturnal, crepuscular, cathemeral and diurnal), and determine variation in population decline across diel niches. We find an increased risk of population decline in diurnal (52.1% of species), compared to nocturnal (40.1% of species), crepuscular (39.1% of species) and cathemeral (43.0% of species) species, associated with the larger proportion of diurnal mammals that are primates. Those species with declining populations whose activity predominantly coincides with that of humans (cathemeral, diurnal) face an increased number of anthropogenic threats than those principally active at night, with diurnal species more likely to be declining from harvesting. Across much of the land surface habitat loss is the predominant driver of population decline, however, harvesting is a greater threat to day-active species in sub-Saharan Africa and mainland tropical Asia, associated with declines in megafauna and arboreal foragers. Deepening understanding of diel variation in anthropogenic pressures and resulting population declines will help target conservation actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T C Cox
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Alexandra S Gardner
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Silva KRDA, Gomes LG, Ferreira VL, Strüssmann C, Moreira LFB. Seasonal changes in taxonomic and functional diversity of lizard communities in southern Brazilian Pantanal. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20201793. [PMID: 36477224 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal changes play a key ecological role, structuring biotic processes and communities. Yet we generally lack an understanding of how seasonal flood regimes affect communities in floodplains. Herein, we investigated the effects of seasonal changes in taxonomic and functional diversity of lizard communities in southern Pantanal ecoregion. Lizards were sampled in seven sites encompassing seasonally flooded grasslands and dense arboreal savannas, across rainy and dry seasons (2005-2006). Functional diversity metrics were based on three morphological traits and included intraspecific variability. We collected a total of 810 lizards from 13 species. Species richness did not differ across seasons or months. Lizard abundance varied among sampling months, but did not differ between rainy and dry season. Low values of abundance were recorded at drawdown period. Community composition did not vary between seasons. Functional diversity metrics exhibited random distributions, and both functional richness and evenness were not influenced by seasons. Although communities seem to be resilient to seasonal variations, our findings highlighted that transition from rainy to dry season may represent an important constraint on lizard abundance. Including traits related to food acquisition and predator avoidance could provide new insights into the effects of seasonal floods on floodplains' lizard communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline R DA Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso/UFMT, Instituto de Biociências, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Liara G Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso/UFMT, Instituto de Biociências, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Vanda L Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul/UFMS, Instituto de Biociências, Av. Costa e Silva, s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Christine Strüssmann
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso/UFMT, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F B Moreira
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa do Pantanal/INPP, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gonçalves‐Sousa JG, Cavalcante LA, Mesquita DO, Ávila RW. Determinants of resource use in lizard assemblages from the semiarid Caatinga, Brazil. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Guilherme Gonçalves‐Sousa
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Universidade Federal do Ceará Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Leonides Azevedo Cavalcante
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Diversidade Biológica e Recursos Naturais, Departamento de Química Biológica Universidade Regional do Cariri Crato Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Mesquita
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa Brazil
| | - Robson Waldemar Ávila
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Universidade Federal do Ceará Fortaleza Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cox DTC, Gardner AS, Gaston KJ. Global and regional erosion of mammalian functional diversity across the diel cycle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn6008. [PMID: 35960803 PMCID: PMC9374345 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn6008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity is declining worldwide. When species are physically active (i.e., their diel niche) may influence their risk of becoming functionally extinct. It may also affect how species losses affect ecosystems. For 5033 terrestrial mammals, we predict future changes to diel global and local functional diversity through a gradient of progressive functional extinction scenarios of threatened species. Across scenarios, diurnal species were at greater risk of becoming functionally extinct than nocturnal, crepuscular, and cathemeral species, resulting in deep functional losses in global diurnal trait space. Redundancy (species with similar roles) will buffer global nocturnal functional diversity; however, across the land surface, losses will mostly occur among functionally dispersed species (species with distinct roles). Functional extinctions will constrict boundaries of cathemeral trait space as megaherbivores, and arboreal foragers are lost. Variation in the erosion of functional diversity across the daily cycle will likely profoundly affect the partitioning of ecosystem functioning between night and day.
Collapse
|
13
|
Schmera D, Heino J, Podani J. Characterising functional strategies and trait space of freshwater macroinvertebrates. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12283. [PMID: 35854038 PMCID: PMC9296484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the functional strategies and the trait space of 596 European taxa of freshwater macroinvertebrates characterized by 63 fuzzy coded traits belonging to 11 trait groups. Principal component analysis was used to reduce trait dimensionality, to explain ecological strategies, and to quantify the trait space occupied by taxa. Null models were used to compare observed occupancy with theoretical models, and randomization-based analyses were performed to test whether taxonomic relatedness, a proxy of phylogenetic signal, constrains the functional trait space of freshwater macroinvertebrates. We identified four major strategies along which functional traits of the taxa examined show trade-offs. In agreement with expectations and in contrast to existing evidence we found that life cycles and aquatic strategies are important in shaping functional structure of freshwater macroinvertebrates. Our results showed that the taxonomic groups examined fill remarkably different niches in the functional trait space. We found that the functional trait space of freshwater macroinvertebrates is reduced compared to the range of possibilities that would exist if traits varied independently. The observed decrease was between 23.44 and 44.61% depending on the formulation of the null expectations. We demonstrated also that taxonomic relatedness constrains the functional trait space of macroinvertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Schmera
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Klebelsberg K. u. 3, Tihany, 8237, Hungary.
| | - Jani Heino
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - János Podani
- Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Diversity patterns of lizard assemblages from a protected habitat mosaic in the Brazilian Cerrado savanna. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467422000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Differences in habitat complexity and structure can directly influence the composition, diversity, and structure of species assemblages. Measurements of functional and phylogenetic diversity complement the commonly used measurements of taxonomic diversity, elucidating the relationships between species, their traits, and their evolutionary history. In this study, we evaluated how the mosaic of open and forested formations in a federal conservation unit in the western portion of the Brazilian Cerrado savanna influences the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic structure of lizard assemblages. Lizards were sampled for 15 months using pitfall traps set in open and forested formations. We recorded 292 lizards distributed among 16 species from eight families, with species composition differing among the formations. Richness was greater in the assemblages from open formations, while functional diversity and phylogenetic variability were greater in those of forested formations. Lizard assemblages in open formations were functionally and phylogenetically clustered, probably as a result of environmental filters acting on species, while the assemblages from forested formations were randomly structured. Different environmental and historical mechanisms have apparently shaped the current diversity of lizards in the region. This study shows that Cerrado vegetation mosaics can promote wide variation in different aspects of the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic structure from the lizard assemblages.
Collapse
|
15
|
Barros RA, Dorado‐Rodrigues TF, Strüssmann C. Taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of lizard assemblages across habitats and seasons in a Brazilian Cerrado area. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Assis Barros
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Avenida Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367 Cuiabá 78060‐900 Brazil
- Laboratório de Herpetologia Centro de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Avenida Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367 Cuiabá 78060900 Brazil
| | - Tainá Figueras Dorado‐Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia Centro de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Avenida Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367 Cuiabá 78060900 Brazil
| | - Christine Strüssmann
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Avenida Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367 Cuiabá 78060900 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bolet A, Stubbs TL, Herrera-Flores JA, Benton MJ. The Jurassic rise of squamates as supported by lepidosaur disparity and evolutionary rates. eLife 2022; 11:e66511. [PMID: 35502582 PMCID: PMC9064307 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The squamates (lizards, snakes, and relatives) today comprise more than 10,000 species, and yet their sister group, the Rhynchocephalia, is represented by a single species today, the tuatara. The explosion in squamate diversity has been tracked back to the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, 100 million years ago (Ma), the time when flowering plants began their takeover of terrestrial ecosystems, associated with diversification of coevolving insects and insect-eating predators such as lizards, birds, and mammals. Squamates arose much earlier, but their long pre-Cretaceous history of some 150 million years (Myr) is documented by sparse fossils. Here, we provide evidence for an initial radiation of squamate morphology in the Middle and Late Jurassic (174-145 Ma), and show that they established their key ecological roles much earlier than had been assumed, and they have not changed them much since.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Bolet
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del VallèsSpain
- School of Earth Sciences, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas L Stubbs
- School of Earth Sciences, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Michael J Benton
- School of Earth Sciences, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
How do lizard niches conserve, diverge or converge? Further exploration of saurian evolutionary ecology. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:149. [PMID: 34330210 PMCID: PMC8323276 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental conditions on Earth are repeated in non-random patterns that often coincide with species from different regions and time periods having consistent combinations of morphological, physiological and behavioral traits. Observation of repeated trait combinations among species confronting similar environmental conditions suggest that adaptive trait combinations are constrained by functional tradeoffs within or across niche dimensions. In an earlier study, we assembled a high-resolution database of functional traits for 134 lizard species to explore ecological diversification in relation to five fundamental niche dimensions. Here we expand and further examine multivariate relationships in that dataset to assess the relative influence of niche dimensions on the distribution of species in 6-dimensional niche space and how these may deviate from distributions generated from null models. We then analyzed a dataset with lower functional-trait resolution for 1023 lizard species that was compiled from our dataset and a published database, representing most of the extant families and environmental conditions occupied by lizards globally. Ordinations from multivariate analysis were compared with null models to assess how ecological and historical factors have resulted in the conservation, divergence or convergence of lizard niches. Results Lizard species clustered within a functional niche volume influenced mostly by functional traits associated with diet, activity, and habitat/substrate. Consistent patterns of trait combinations within and among niche dimensions yielded 24 functional groups that occupied a total niche space significantly smaller than plausible spaces projected by null models. Null model tests indicated that several functional groups are strongly constrained by phylogeny, such as nocturnality in the Gekkota and the secondarily acquired sit-and-wait foraging strategy in Iguania. Most of the widely distributed and species-rich families contained multiple functional groups thereby contributing to high incidence of niche convergence. Conclusions Comparison of empirical patterns with those generated by null models suggests that ecological filters promote limited sets of trait combinations, especially where similar conditions occur, reflecting both niche convergence and conservatism. Widespread patterns of niche convergence following ancestral niche diversification support the idea that lizard niches are defined by trait-function relationships and interactions with environment that are, to some degree, predictable and independent of phylogeny. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01877-8.
Collapse
|
18
|
Miller AH, Stroud JT. Novel Tests of the Key Innovation Hypothesis: Adhesive Toepads in Arboreal Lizards. Syst Biol 2021; 71:139-152. [PMID: 34109417 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of key innovations-unique features that enable a lineage to interact with the environment in a novel way-may drive broad patterns of adaptive diversity. However, traditional tests of the key innovation hypothesis, those which attempt to identify the evolutionary effect of a purported key innovation by comparing patterns of diversity between lineages with and without the key trait, have been challenged on both conceptual and statistical grounds. Here, we explore alternative, untested hypotheses of the key innovation framework. In lizards, adhesive toepad structures increase grip strength on vertical and smooth surfaces such as tree trunks and leaves and have independently evolved multiple times. As such, toepads have been posited as a key innovation for the evolution of arboreality. Leveraging a habitat use dataset applied to a global phylogeny of 2692 lizard species, we estimated multiple origins of toepads in three major clades and more than 100 origins of arboreality widely across the phylogeny. Our results suggest that toepads arise adaptively in arboreal lineages and are subsequently rarely lost while maintaining arboreal ecologies. Padless lineages transition away from arboreality at a higher rate than those with toepads, and high rates of invasion of arboreal niches by non-arboreal padbearing lineages provides further evidence that toepads may be a key to unlocking evolutionary access to the arboreal zone. Our results and analytical framework provide novel insights to understand and evaluate the ecological and evolutionary consequences of key innovations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh H Miller
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James T Stroud
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
One Species at a Time: Cataloguing the Natural History of the Global Lizard Fauna. Trends Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
20
|
Cox DTC, Gardner AS, Gaston KJ. Diel niche variation in mammals associated with expanded trait space. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1753. [PMID: 33741946 PMCID: PMC7979707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian life shows huge diversity, but most groups remain nocturnal in their activity pattern. A key unresolved question is whether mammal species that have diversified into different diel niches occupy unique regions of functional trait space. For 5,104 extant mammals we show here that daytime-active species (cathemeral or diurnal) evolved trait combinations along different gradients from those of nocturnal and crepuscular species. Hypervolumes of five major functional traits (body mass, litter size, diet, foraging strata, habitat breadth) reveal that 30% of diurnal trait space is unique, compared to 55% of nocturnal trait space. Almost half of trait space (44%) of species with apparently obligate diel niches is shared with those that can switch, suggesting that more species than currently realised may be somewhat flexible in their activity patterns. Increasingly, conservation measures have focused on protecting functionally unique species; for mammals, protecting functional distinctiveness requires a focus across diel niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T C Cox
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - A S Gardner
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - K J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lloyd GT, Slater GJ. A Total-Group Phylogenetic Metatree for Cetacea and the Importance of Fossil Data in Diversification Analyses. Syst Biol 2021; 70:922-939. [PMID: 33507304 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic trees provide a powerful framework for testing macroevolutionary hypotheses, but it is becoming increasingly apparent that inferences derived from extant species alone can be highly misleading. Trees incorporating living and extinct taxa are are needed to address fundamental questions about the origins of diversity and disparity but it has proved challenging to generate robust, species-rich phylogenies that include large numbers of fossil taxa. As a result, most studies of diversification dynamics continue to rely on molecular phylogenies. Here, we extend and apply a recently developed meta-analytic approach for synthesizing previously published phylogenetic studies to infer a well-resolved set of species level, time-scaled phylogenetic hypotheses for extinct and extant cetaceans (whales, dolphins and allies). Our trees extend sampling from the ∼ 90 extant species to over 500 living and extinct species, and therefore allow for more robust inference of macroevolutionary dynamics. While the diversification scenarios we recover are broadly concordant with those inferred from molecular phylogenies they differ in critical ways, notably in the relative contributions of extinction and speciation rate shifts in driving rapid radiations. The metatree approach provides the most immediate route for generating higher level phylogenies of extinct taxa, and opens the door to re-evaluation of macroevolutionary hypotheses derived only from extant taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme T Lloyd
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Graham J Slater
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
S'khifa A, Koziel G, Vences M, Carretero MA, Slimani T. Ecophysiology of a lacertid community in the high Moroccan mountains suggests conservation guidelines. J Therm Biol 2020; 94:102743. [PMID: 33292984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lizard species may differ in their ecophysiology due to adaptation, plasticity and/or phylogeny. In restrictive environments, ecophysiological differences of species living in sympatry are expected to reveal long-term evolutionary responses to the abiotic environment while competitive interactions should be limited. These influences can be disentangled by combining field monitoring with experimental tests. Here, three lacertid lizard species, Atlantolacerta andreanskyi, Scelarcis perspicillata and Podarcis vaucheri sharing high mountain habitats in Oukaimeden (High Atlas, Morocco), were studied. In the field, spatiotemporal variation of the thermal and hydric environment used by the lizards was monitored using data-loggers. In the lab, thermal and hydric ecophysiology was estimated through assessments of preferred temperatures (Tp) and water loss (WL) rates. Species differed in microhabitat use and, hence, in their exposure to variations in temperature and humidity. However, they only differed in their WL (A. andreanskyi > S. perspicillata > P. vaucheri) while their Tp were similar. Such partial differences of species in in the fundamental niche, likely derived from their long-term independent phylogenetic trajectories, can be used to predict their responses to climate and habitat shifts in this and other parts of their respective ranges. Results also confirm previous suggestions that, together with thermal physiology, hydric physiology plays a prominent role in the organisation of lizard communities in the temperate region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim S'khifa
- Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, PO Box: 2390, Marrakech 40 000, Morocco
| | - Giannina Koziel
- Zoological Institute. Braunschweig University of Technology, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Miguel Vences
- Zoological Institute. Braunschweig University of Technology, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Miguel A Carretero
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas No. 7. 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tahar Slimani
- Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, PO Box: 2390, Marrakech 40 000, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barnagaud J, Geniez P, Cheylan M, Crochet P. Climate overrides the effects of land use on the functional composition and diversity of Mediterranean reptile assemblages. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Yves Barnagaud
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE‐PSL, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Philippe Geniez
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE‐PSL, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Marc Cheylan
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE‐PSL, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Pierre‐André Crochet
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The rise in the availability of bacterial genomes defines a need for synthesis: abstracting from individual taxa, to see larger patterns of bacterial lifestyles across systems. A key concept for such synthesis in ecology is the niche, the set of capabilities that enables a population's persistence and defines its impact on the environment. The set of possible niches forms the niche space, a conceptual space delineating ways in which persistence in a system is possible. Here we use manifold learning to map the space of metabolic networks representing thousands of bacterial genera. The results suggest a metabolic niche space comprising a collection of discrete clusters and branching manifolds, which constitute strategies spanning life in different habitats and hosts. We further demonstrate that communities from similar ecosystem types map to characteristic regions of this functional coordinate system, permitting coarse-graining of microbiomes in terms of ecological niches that may be filled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashkaan K Fahimipour
- University of California Davis, Department of Computer Science, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 110 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
| | - Thilo Gross
- University of California Davis, Department of Computer Science, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Centre for Marine and Polar Research, AM Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstrasse 231, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
- University of Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9 - 11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lymburner A, Blouin‐Demers G. Changes in thermal quality of the environment along an elevational gradient affect investment in thermoregulation by Yarrow’s spiny lizards. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.H. Lymburner
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - G. Blouin‐Demers
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yu R, Huang J, Xu Y, Ding Y, Zang R. Plant Functional Niches in Forests Across Four Climatic Zones: Exploring the Periodic Table of Niches Based on Plant Functional Traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:841. [PMID: 32625227 PMCID: PMC7311788 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that a niche variation scheme, similar to the periodic table of elements, can be constructed based on functional traits. The periodic table of niches for species is defined as a multidimensional ordination scheme of niche relationships and their orders in a specific biotic community. Comparing functional trait-based niches is extremely useful in theoretical studies of plant ecological strategies, community assembly, and the geographic differentiation of biomes across different climatic zones. Here, data for 11 functional traits belonging to three fundamental niche dimensions (leaf economy, mechanical support, and reproductive phenology) were compiled for 215 woody species from forests across four climatic zones (tropical, subtropical, warm-temperate, and cold-temperate). We constructed the periodic table of niches based on the functional traits of plants in different communities and explored their variations among biomes. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to derive the dominant gradients of trait combinations for each individual niche dimensional dataset. Then species scores for the first two axes (PC1 and PC2) were used as inputs for a second PCA to ordinate species in the continuous niche space constrained by the three niche dimensions. Changes in the functional niches of plants from the four biomes along the PC1 and PC2 of niche space were examined based on species scores. Leaf economy was the dominant functional dimension in the plant niche space, followed by mechanical support. Considerable niche convergences among different species were found in the niche space for each biome, except cold-temperate forest. The species niches varied mainly with the increasing specific leaf area/decreasing stem tissue density along PC1, and with the decrease of leaf area/plant size along PC2 from tropical to temperate forests, suggesting that the ecological strategies of plants in the four biomes changed from conservative to acquisitive with an increase in latitude. Our results confirmed that the periodic table of niches does exist and can be constructed by major functional dimensions composed of dominant functional traits. The periodic table of niches effectively reflects the changes of ecological strategies of plant species in biomes across different climatic zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jihong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Bower LM, Winemiller KO. Intercontinental trends in functional and phylogenetic structure of stream fish assemblages. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13862-13876. [PMID: 31938487 PMCID: PMC6953669 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of community assembly has been improved by phylogenetic and trait-based approaches, yet there is little consensus regarding the relative importance of alternative mechanisms and few studies have been done at large geographic and phylogenetic scales. Here, we use phylogenetic and trait dispersion approaches to determine the relative contribution of limiting similarity and environmental filtering to community assembly of stream fishes at an intercontinental scale. We sampled stream fishes from five zoogeographic regions. Analysis of traits associated with habitat use, feeding, or both resulted in more occurrences of trait underdispersion than overdispersion regardless of spatial scale or species pool. Our results suggest that environmental filtering and, to a lesser extent, species interactions were important mechanisms of community assembly for fishes inhabiting small, low-gradient streams in all five regions. However, a large proportion of the trait dispersion values were no different from random. This suggests that stochastic factors or opposing assembly mechanisms also influenced stream fish assemblages and their trait dispersion patterns. Local assemblages tended to have lower functional diversity in microhabitats with high water velocity, shallow water depth, and homogeneous substrates lacking structural complexity, lending support for the stress-dominance hypothesis. A high prevalence of functional underdispersion coupled with phylogenetic underdispersion could reflect phylogenetic niche conservatism and/or stabilizing selection. These findings imply that environmental filtering of stream fish assemblages is not only deterministic, but also influences assemblage structure in a fairly consistent manner worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke M. Bower
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Kirk O. Winemiller
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Campos FS, Lourenço-De-Moraes R, Rudoy A, Rödder D, Llorente GA, Solé M. Ecological trait evolution in amphibian phylogenetic relationships. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2019.1630012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S. Campos
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- NOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa 1070-312, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-De-Moraes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Andrey Rudoy
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Dennis Rödder
- Herpetology Section, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn 53113, Germany
| | - Gustavo A. Llorente
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Mirco Solé
- Herpetology Section, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn 53113, Germany
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Holovacs NT, Daza JD, Guerra C, Stanley EL, Montero R. You Can't Run, but You Can Hide: The Skeleton of the Sand-Swimmer Lizard Calyptommatus leiolepis (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1305-1326. [PMID: 31469501 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Squamates exhibit a vast diversity of body plans, which directly determines habitat use and preference. Here the skeleton of the sand-swimmer burrower gymnophthalmid, Calyptommatus leiolepis, is analyzed to investigate how its peculiar fossorial locomotion affects its osteology. Calyptommatus leiolepis is a limb-reduced, short-intermediate tailed lizard. Although there are other studies on its general anatomy, we performed a detailed description of its skeleton. Using high-resolution computer tomography, each bone element within the skeleton was digitally segmented and a detailed description rendered. Anatomical features related to burrowing include the head having a shovel-like snout with a well-developed horizontal soft tissue ridge, nasal cartilages that exclude sand from the nostrils, reduced eyes covered by a brille, lack of forelimbs, extreme reduction of hind limbs, and imbricated scales among others. The genus Calyptommatus has unique features such as a triradiate jugal (with digit-like posterior projections), a reduced pectoral girdle and forelimbs, parasternal processes that interconnect the ribs, and a single digit in the hind limbs. When comparing this species with other gymnophthalmid lizards including, fossorial species, it is clear that Calyptommatus exhibits the highest number of structural modifications within the family. Despite its specialized morphology, it still retains characters that link this genus to other members of Gymnophthalmidae when included in a phylogeny based solely on phenotypic data. Anat Rec, 303:1305-1326, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Holovacs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas
| | - Juan D Daza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas
| | - Cecilia Guerra
- Cátedra Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Instituto de Herpetología, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Edward L Stanley
- Department of Herpetology, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ricardo Montero
- Cátedra Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Instituto de Herpetología, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cooke RSC, Eigenbrod F, Bates AE. Projected losses of global mammal and bird ecological strategies. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2279. [PMID: 31123264 PMCID: PMC6533255 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Species, and their ecological strategies, are disappearing. Here we use species traits to quantify the current and projected future ecological strategy diversity for 15,484 land mammals and birds. We reveal an ecological strategy surface, structured by life-history (fast-slow) and body mass (small-large) as one major axis, and diet (invertivore-herbivore) and habitat breadth (generalist-specialist) as the other. We also find that of all possible trait combinations, only 9% are currently realized. Based on species' extinction probabilities, we predict this limited set of viable strategies will shrink further over the next 100 years, shifting the mammal and bird species pool towards small, fast-lived, highly fecund, insect-eating, generalists. In fact, our results show that this projected decline in ecological strategy diversity is much greater than if species were simply lost at random. Thus, halting the disproportionate loss of ecological strategies associated with highly threatened animals represents a key challenge for conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S C Cooke
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Marwell Wildlife, Thompson's Lane, Colden Common, Winchester, SO21 1JH, UK.
| | - Felix Eigenbrod
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Amanda E Bates
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Disentangling the role of heat sources on microhabitat selection of two Neotropical lizard species. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467419000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOur aim was to disentangle the effects of different heat sources and the non-thermal properties of the substrate in the microhabitat choices of two lizard species living in savanna habitats of central-western Brazil: the teiidAmeivulaaff.ocellifera(N = 43) and the tropiduridTropidurus oreadicus(N = 23). To this end, a mixed structural resource selection function (mixed-SRSF) approach was used, modelling the probability of finding a lizard on a certain microhabitat based on environmental variables of used and simultaneously available places. First, we controlled for the effects of solar radiation, convection and the physical thermal properties of the substrate on substrate temperature. Then we assessed the effects of solar radiation, convection, conduction and the non-thermal properties of the substrate in the probability of use of a certain microhabitat. Results confirmed that substrate temperature was mediated by: air convection > solar radiation > physical thermal properties of the substrates. Moreover, the mixed-SRSF revealed that direct solar radiation and the non-thermal properties of the substrates were the only drivers of microhabitat selection for both species, with approximately the same strength. Our novel approach allowed splitting of the effect of different mechanisms in the microhabitat selection of lizards, which makes it a powerful tool for assessing the conformation of the interactions between different environmental variables mediating animal behaviour.
Collapse
|
33
|
Peñuelas J, Fernández‐Martínez M, Ciais P, Jou D, Piao S, Obersteiner M, Vicca S, Janssens IA, Sardans J. The bioelements, the elementome, and the biogeochemical niche. Ecology 2019; 100:e02652. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles 08193 Spain
| | - Marcos Fernández‐Martínez
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles 08193 Spain
- Research Group Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO) Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk B‐2610 Belgium
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement IPSL Gif‐sur‐Yvette 91191 France
| | - David Jou
- Department of Physics Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino‐French Institute for Earth System Science College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Ecosystems Services and Management Schlossplatz 1 Laxenburg A‐2361 Austria
| | - Sara Vicca
- Research Group Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO) Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk B‐2610 Belgium
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Research Group Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO) Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk B‐2610 Belgium
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles 08193 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gray JA, Hutchinson MN, Jones ME. Exceptional Disparity in Australian Agamid Lizards is a Possible Result of Arrival into Vacant Niche. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1536-1543. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaimi A. Gray
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Mark N. Hutchinson
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
- South Australian Museum Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Marc E.H. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
- South Australian Museum Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Department of Earth Sciences The Natural History Museum London UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The existence of a synthetic program of research on what was then termed the "nocturnal problem" and that we might now call "nighttime ecology" was declared more than 70 years ago. In reality, this failed to materialize, arguably as a consequence of practical challenges in studying organisms at night and instead concentrating on the existence of circadian rhythms, the mechanisms that give rise to them, and their consequences. This legacy is evident to this day, with consideration of the ecology of the nighttime markedly underrepresented in ecological research and literature. However, several factors suggest that it would be timely to revive the vision of a comprehensive research program in nighttime ecology. These include (i) that the study of the ecology of the night is being revolutionized by new and improved technologies; (ii) suggestions that, far from being a minor component of biodiversity, a high proportion of animal species are active at night; (iii) that fundamental questions about differences and connections between the ecology of the daytime and the nighttime remain largely unanswered; and (iv) that the nighttime environment is coming under severe anthropogenic pressure. In this article, I seek to reestablish nighttime ecology as a synthetic program of research, highlighting key focal topics and questions and providing an overview of the current state of understanding and developments.
Collapse
|
36
|
Santos BF, Perrard A, Brady SG. Running in circles in phylomorphospace: host environment constrains morphological diversification in parasitic wasps. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182352. [PMID: 30963952 PMCID: PMC6364584 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding phenotypic diversification and the conditions that spur morphological novelty or constraint is a major theme in evolutionary biology. Unequal morphological diversity between sister clades can result from either differences in the rate of morphological change or in the ability of clades to explore novel phenotype ranges. We combine an existing phylogenetic framework with new phylogenomic data and geometric morphometrics to explore the relative roles of rate versus mode of morphological evolution for a hyperdiverse group: cryptine ichneumonid wasps. Data from genomic ultraconserved elements confirm that cryptines are divided into two large clades: one specialized in the use of hosts that are deeply concealed under hard substrates, and another with a much more diversified host range. Using a phylomorphospace approach, we show that both clades have experienced similar rates of morphological evolution. Nonetheless, the more specialized group is much more restricted in morphospace occupation, indicating that it repeatedly evolved morphological change through the same morphospace regions. This is in agreement with our prediction that host use imposes constraints in the morphospace available to lineages, and reinforces an important distinction between evolutionary stasis as opposed to a scenario of continual morphological change restricted to a certain range of morphotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo F. Santos
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560-0165, USA
| | - Adrien Perrard
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (UMR7618), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Seán G. Brady
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560-0165, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hernández Morales C, Peloso PLV, Bolívar García W, Daza JD. Skull Morphology of the Lizard Ptychoglossus vallensis (Squamata: Alopoglossidae) With Comments on the Variation Within Gymnophthalmoidea. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1074-1092. [PMID: 30471212 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, major changes have been proposed for the phylogenetic relationships within the Gymnophthalmoidea, including the description of Alopoglossidae. Recent studies relied primarily on molecular data and have not accounted for evidence from alternative sources, such as morphology. In this study, we provide a detailed bone-by-bone description of the skull of Ptychoglossus vallensis and compare this species with other gymnophthalmoideans. The description was based on 10 cleared-and-stained specimens, four disarticulated skulls, and computed microtomography data of P. vallensis. Most recent phylogenetic hypothesis for the Gymnophthalmoidea was used as a framework to compare the skull of P. vallensis with other species of the Alopoglossidae, Gymnophthalmidae, and Teiidae. Marked similarities between alopoglossids and gymnophthalmids were observed in contrast to teiids, probably due to convergence generated by miniaturization. We also qualitatively analyzed the kinesis of the skull of P. vallensis concluding that is highly akinetic, a trait commonly evolved in fossorial, primarily burrowing squamates. We also describe one unique osteological feature for Alopoglossidae that is not known in any other squamate group. Anat Rec, 302:1074-1092, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Hernández Morales
- Departamento de Biología, and Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Animal, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.,Intituto de Ciências Biologicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi/Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil 66040-170.,Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Zoologia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro L V Peloso
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Zoologia, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024
| | - Wilmar Bolívar García
- Departamento de Biología, and Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Animal, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Juan D Daza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
López Juri G, Chiaraviglio M, Cardozo G. Macroevolution of sexual size dimorphism and reproduction-related phenotypic traits in lizards of the Chaco Domain. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:186. [PMID: 30526474 PMCID: PMC6286517 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparing sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in the light of the phylogenetic hypothesis may help to understand the phenotypic evolution associated with sexual selection (size of whole body and of reproduction-related body parts). Within a macroevolutionary framework, we evaluated the association between the evolution of SSD and the evolution of reproduction-related phenotypic traits, and whether this association has favored female fecundity, considering also variations according to reproductive modes. We focused on the lizard species that inhabit the Chaco Domain since this is a natural unit with a high diversity of species. RESULTS The residual SSD was related positively with the residuals of the reproduction-related phenotypic traits that estimate intrasexual selection and with the residuals of inter-limb length and, according to fecundity selection, those residuals were related positively with the residuals of clutch size in oviparous species. Lizards of the Chaco Domain present a high diversity of SSD patterns, probably related to the evolution of reproductive strategies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that the sexual selection may have acted on the whole-body size as well as on the size of body parts related to reproduction. Male and female phenotypes evolutionarily respond to variations in SSD, and an understanding of these patterns is essential for elucidating the processes shaping sexual phenotype diversity from a macroevolutionary perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe López Juri
- Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento; Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET-UNC and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000JJC. Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Margarita Chiaraviglio
- Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento; Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET-UNC and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000JJC. Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Cardozo
- Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento; Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET-UNC and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000JJC. Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Affiliation(s)
- Lumír Gvoždík
- Inst. of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8; CZ-603 65 Brno Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
King RB, Stanford KM, Jones PC. Sunning themselves in heaps, knots, and snarls: The extraordinary abundance and demography of island watersnakes. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7500-7521. [PMID: 30151166 PMCID: PMC6106160 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakes represent a sizable fraction of vertebrate biodiversity, but until recently, data on their demography have been sparse. Consequently, generalizations regarding patterns of variation are weak and the potential for population projections is limited. We address this information gap through an analysis of spatial and temporal variation in demography (population size, annual survival, and realized population growth) of the Lake Erie Watersnake, Nerodia sipedon insularum, and a review of snake survival more generally. Our study spans a period during which the Lake Erie Watersnake was listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, recovered, and was delisted. We collected capture-mark-recapture data at 14 study sites over 20 years, accruing 20,000 captures of 13,800 individually marked adults. Lake Erie Watersnakes achieve extraordinary abundance, averaging 520 adults per km of shoreline (ca. 260 adult per ha) at our study sites (range = 160-1,600 adults per km; ca. 80-800 adults per ha) and surpassing population recovery and postdelisting monitoring criteria. Annual survival averages 0.68 among adult females and 0.76 among adult males, varies among sites, and is positively correlated with body size among study sites. Temporal process variance in annual survival is low, averaging 0.0011 or less than 4% of total variance; thus, stochasticity in annual survival may be of minor significance to snake extinction risk. Estimates of realized population growth indicate that population size has been stable or increasing over the course of our study. More generally, snake annual survival overlaps broadly across continents, climate zones, families, subfamilies, reproductive modes, body size categories, maturation categories, and parity categories. Differences in survival in relation to size, parity, and maturation are in the directions predicted by life history theory but are of small magnitude with much variation around median values. Overall, annual survival appears to be quite plastic, varying with food availability, habitat quality, and other ecological variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. King
- Department of Biological SciencesNorthern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIllinois
- Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability and EnergyNorthern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIllinois
| | | | - Peter C. Jones
- Department of Biological SciencesNorthern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIllinois
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Céréghino R, Pillar VD, Srivastava DS, Omena PM, MacDonald AAM, Barberis IM, Corbara B, Guzman LM, Leroy C, Ospina Bautista F, Romero GQ, Trzcinski MK, Kratina P, Debastiani VJ, Gonçalves AZ, Marino NAC, Farjalla VF, Richardson BA, Richardson MJ, Dézerald O, Gilbert B, Petermann J, Talaga S, Piccoli GCO, Jocqué M, Montero G. Constraints on the functional trait space of aquatic invertebrates in bromeliads. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valério D. Pillar
- Department of Ecology and Graduate Program in EcologyUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Diane S. Srivastava
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Paula M. Omena
- Laboratory of Multitrophic Interactions and BiodiversityDepartment of Animal BiologyInstitute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas Campinas SP Brazil
| | - A. Andrew M. MacDonald
- ECOLABCNRSUniversité de Toulouse Toulouse France
- Centre for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity (CESAB‐FRB) Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - Ignacio M. Barberis
- Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasInstituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario Zavalla Argentina
| | - Bruno Corbara
- Laboratoire Microorganismes, Génome et EnvironnementUniversité Clermont Auvergne Aubière France
| | - Laura M. Guzman
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Céline Leroy
- AMAPIRDCIRADCNRSINRAUniversité de Montpellier Montpellier France
- ECOFOG, Campus Agronomique Kourou France
| | | | - Gustavo Q. Romero
- Laboratory of Multitrophic Interactions and BiodiversityDepartment of Animal BiologyInstitute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas Campinas SP Brazil
| | - M. Kurtis Trzcinski
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Pavel Kratina
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Vanderlei J. Debastiani
- Department of Ecology and Graduate Program in EcologyUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Ana Z. Gonçalves
- Department of BotanyBiosciences InstituteUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Nicholas A. C. Marino
- Departamento de EcologiaInstituto de BiologiaUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em EcologiaUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Vinicius F. Farjalla
- Departamento de EcologiaInstituto de BiologiaUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Barbara A. Richardson
- Edinburgh UK
- Luquillo LTERInstitute for Tropical Ecosystem StudiesUniversity of Puerto Rico San Juan Puerto Rico
| | - Michael J. Richardson
- Edinburgh UK
- Luquillo LTERInstitute for Tropical Ecosystem StudiesUniversity of Puerto Rico San Juan Puerto Rico
| | - Olivier Dézerald
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements ContinentauxCNRSUniversité de Lorraine Metz France
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Jana Petermann
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Stanislas Talaga
- Institut Pasteur de la GuyaneUnité d'Entomologie Médicale Cayenne France
| | - Gustavo C. O. Piccoli
- Department of Zoology and BotanyUniversity of São Paulo State São José do Rio Preto SP Brazil
| | - Merlijn Jocqué
- Aquatic and Terrestrial EcologyRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Brussels Belgium
| | - Guillermo Montero
- Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario Zavalla Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bolnick DI. Letter from the Editor. Am Nat 2018; 191:iii-v. [DOI: 10.1086/694918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|