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Xin X, Jian J, Fan X, Qi B, Zhao Y, Lv W, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Hu C. Multiscale X-ray phase-contrast CT unveils the evolution of bile infarct in obstructive biliary disease. Commun Biol 2024; 7:490. [PMID: 38654111 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile infarct is a pivotal characteristic of obstructive biliary disease, but its evolution during the disease progression remains unclear. Our objective, therefore, is to explore morphological alterations of the bile infarct in the disease course by means of multiscale X-ray phase-contrast CT. Bile duct ligation is performed in mice to mimic the obstructive biliary disease. Intact liver lobes of the mice are scanned by phase-contrast CT at various resolution scales. Phase-contrast CT clearly presents three-dimensional (3D) images of the bile infarcts down to the submicron level with good correlation with histological images. The CT data illustrates that the infarct first appears on day 1 post-BDL, while a microchannel between the infarct and hepatic sinusoids is identified, the number of which increases with the disease progression. A 3D model of hepatic acinus is proposed, in which the infarct starts around the portal veins (zone I) and gradually progresses towards the central veins (zone III) during the disease process. Multiscale phase-contrast CT offers the comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary features of the bile infarct in obstructive biliary disease. During the course of the disease, the bile infarcts develop infarct-sinusoidal microchannels and gradually occupy the whole liver, promoting the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Xin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jianbo Jian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xu Fan
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Beining Qi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wenjuan Lv
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Chunhong Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Kot CCS, Arzi B, Evenhuis JV, Kass PH, Verstraete FJM. Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of the Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus). J Comp Pathol 2022; 199:23-36. [PMID: 36265217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skulls from 112 Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were examined according to predefined criteria. Of the specimens, 73 (65.2%) were from males, 29 (25.9%) from females and 10 (8.9%) were of unknown sex, with 50 adults (44.6%), 61 young adults (54.5%) and one of unknown age (0.9%). The number of teeth evaluated was 3,521. Adults had more acquired tooth loss than young adults (P <0.0001). A total of 1,660 teeth (47.1%) from 111 specimens (99.1%) had evidence of attrition or abrasion. Adults displayed more attrition or abrasion than young adults (P <0.0001). A total of 241 teeth (6.8%) from 47 specimens (42%) had tooth fractures. Adults had more fractured teeth than young adults (P <0.0001). Bony changes consistent with periodontitis affected 36.7% of teeth. Adults had more teeth affected by periodontitis than young adults (P <0.0001). Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis lesions were found in 54 specimens (48.2%) with more in adults than in young adults (P <0.0001). Although the significance of our findings is unknown, the occurrence and severity of these lesions may play an important role in the morbidity and mortality of Steller sea lions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Ching Shirley Kot
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Janny V Evenhuis
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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Olivo A. Edge-illumination x-ray phase-contrast imaging. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:363002. [PMID: 34167096 PMCID: PMC8276004 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0e6e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although early demonstration dates back to the mid-sixties, x-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) became hugely popular in the mid-90s, thanks to the advent of 3rd generation synchrotron facilities. Its ability to reveal object features that had so far been considered invisible to x-rays immediately suggested great potential for applications across the life and the physical sciences, and an increasing number of groups worldwide started experimenting with it. At that time, it looked like a synchrotron facility was strictly necessary to perform XPCI with some degree of efficiency-the only alternative being micro-focal sources, the limited flux of which imposed excessively long exposure times. However, new approaches emerged in the mid-00s that overcame this limitation, and allowed XPCI implementations with conventional, non-micro-focal x-ray sources. One of these approaches showing particular promise for 'real-world' applications is edge-illumination XPCI: this article describes the key steps in its evolution in the context of contemporary developments in XPCI research, and presents its current state-of-the-art, especially in terms of transition towards practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Olivo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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Baran P, Mayo S, McCormack M, Pacile S, Tromba G, Dullin C, Zanconati F, Arfelli F, Dreossi D, Fox J, Prodanovic Z, Cholewa M, Quiney H, Dimmock M, Nesterets Y, Thompson D, Brennan P, Gureyev T. High-Resolution X-Ray Phase-Contrast 3-D Imaging of Breast Tissue Specimens as a Possible Adjunct to Histopathology. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2018; 37:2642-2650. [PMID: 29994112 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2018.2845905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Histopathological analysis is the current gold standard in breast cancer diagnosis and management, however, as imaging technology improves, the amount of potential diagnostic information that may be demonstrable radiologically should also increase. We aimed to evaluate the potential clinical usefulness of 3-D phase-contrast micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging at high spatial resolutions as an adjunct to conventional histological microscopy. Ten breast tissue specimens, 2 mm in diameter, were scanned at the SYRMEP beamline of the Elettra Synchrotron using the propagation-based phase-contrast micro-tomography method. We obtained pixel size images, which were analyzed and compared with corresponding histological sections examined under light microscopy. To evaluate the effect of spatial resolution on breast cancer diagnosis, scans with four different pixel sizes were also performed. Our comparative analysis revealed that high-resolution images can enable, at a near-histological level, detailed architectural assessment of tissue that may permit increased breast cancer diagnostic sensitivity and specificity when compared with current imaging practices. The potential clinical applications of this method are also discussed.
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Wang Z, Liu D, Zhang J, Huang W, Yuan Q, Gao K, Wu Z. Absorption, refraction and scattering retrieval in X-ray analyzer-based imaging. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1206-1213. [PMID: 29979183 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518007439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A three-image algorithm is proposed in order to retrieve the absorption, refraction and ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) properties of the object in X-ray analyzer-based imaging. Based on the Gaussian fitting to the rocking curve, the novel algorithm is theoretically derived and presented, and validated by synchrotron radiation experiments. Compared with multiple-image radiography, this algorithm only requires a minimum of three intensity measurements, and is therefore advantageous in terms of simplified acquisition procedure and reduced data collection times, which are especially important for specific applications such as in vivo imaging and phase tomography. Moreover, the retrieval algorithm can be specialized to particular cases where some degree of a priori knowledge on the object is available, potentially reducing the minimum number of intensity measurements to two. Furthermore, the effect of angular mis-alignment on the accuracy of the retrieved images was theoretically investigated, which can be of use in image interpretation and optimization of the data acquisition procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Wang
- School of Electronics and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dalin Liu
- School of Electronics and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanxia Huang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxi Yuan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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Qin L, Zhao X, Jian J, Zhao Y, Sun M, Hu C. High-resolution 3D visualization of ductular proliferation of bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in rats using x-ray phase contrast computed tomography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4215. [PMID: 28652608 PMCID: PMC5484700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03993-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography (PCCT) can provide excellent image contrast for soft tissues with small density differences, and it is particularly appropriate for three-dimensional (3D) visualization of accurate microstructures inside biological samples. In this study, the morphological structures of proliferative bile ductules (BDs) were visualized without contrast agents via PCCT with liver fibrosis samples induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham operation group, 2-week and 6-week post-BDL groups. All livers were removed after euthanasia for a subsequent imaging. The verification of the ductular structures captured by PCCT was achieved by a careful head-to-head comparison with their corresponding histological images. Our experimental results demonstrated that PCCT images corresponded very well to the proliferative BDs shown by histological staining using cytokeratin 19 (CK19). Furthermore, the 3D density of proliferative BDs increased with the progression of liver fibrosis. In addition, PCCT accurately revealed the architecture of proliferative BDs in a 3D fashion, including the ductular ramification, the elongation and tortuosity of the branches, and the corrugations of the luminal duct surface. Thus, the high-resolution PCCT technique can improve our understanding of the characteristics of ductular proliferation from a new 3D perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Qin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jianbo Jian
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Mengyu Sun
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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7
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Lakin BA, Snyder BD, Grinstaff MW. Assessing Cartilage Biomechanical Properties: Techniques for Evaluating the Functional Performance of Cartilage in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 19:27-55. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Lakin
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Brian D. Snyder
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Orthopedic Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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8
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Abstract
Advances in cardiovascular computed tomography (CT) have resulted in an excellent ability to exclude coronary heart disease (CHD). Anatomical information, functional information, and spectral information can already be obtained with current CT technologies. Moreover, novel developments such as targeted nanoparticle contrast agents, photon-counting CT, and phase contrast CT will further enhance the diagnostic value of cardiovascular CT. This review provides an overview of current state of the art and future cardiovascular CT imaging.
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9
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Izadifar Z, Honaramooz A, Wiebe S, Belev G, Chen X, Chapman D. Low-dose phase-based X-ray imaging techniques for in situ soft tissue engineering assessments. Biomaterials 2016; 82:151-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Marenzana M, Vande Velde G. Refine, reduce, replace: Imaging of fibrosis and arthritis in animal models. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2015; 29:715-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Nagarajan MB, Coan P, Huber MB, Diemoz PC, Wismüller A. Volumetric quantitative characterization of human patellar cartilage with topological and geometrical features on phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 53:1211-20. [PMID: 26142112 PMCID: PMC4630098 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography (PCI-CT) has attracted significant interest in recent years for its ability to provide significantly improved image contrast in low absorbing materials such as soft biological tissue. In the research context of cartilage imaging, previous studies have demonstrated the ability of PCI-CT to visualize structural details of human patellar cartilage matrix and capture changes to chondrocyte organization induced by osteoarthritis. This study evaluates the use of geometrical and topological features for volumetric characterization of such chondrocyte patterns in the presence (or absence) of osteoarthritic damage. Geometrical features derived from the scaling index method (SIM) and topological features derived from Minkowski Functionals were extracted from 1392 volumes of interest (VOI) annotated on PCI-CT images of ex vivo human patellar cartilage specimens. These features were subsequently used in a machine learning task with support vector regression to classify VOIs as healthy or osteoarthritic; classification performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Our results show that the classification performance of SIM-derived geometrical features (AUC: 0.90 ± 0.09) is significantly better than Minkowski Functionals volume (AUC: 0.54 ± 0.02), surface (AUC: 0.72 ± 0.06), mean breadth (AUC: 0.74 ± 0.06) and Euler characteristic (AUC: 0.78 ± 0.04) (p < 10(-4)). These results suggest that such geometrical features can provide a detailed characterization of the chondrocyte organization in the cartilage matrix in an automated manner, while also enabling classification of cartilage as healthy or osteoarthritic with high accuracy. Such features could potentially serve as diagnostic imaging markers for evaluating osteoarthritis progression and its response to different therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh B Nagarajan
- Departments of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Paola Coan
- Faculty of Medicine & Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig Maximilians University, 85748, Munich, Germany
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Markus B Huber
- Departments of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Paul C Diemoz
- Department of Physics, Ludwig Maximilians University, 85748, Munich, Germany
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Axel Wismüller
- Departments of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Faculty of Medicine & Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336, Munich, Germany
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12
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Xuan R, Zhao X, Hu D, Jian J, Wang T, Hu C. Three-dimensional visualization of the microvasculature of bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in rats by x-ray phase-contrast imaging computed tomography. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26212186 PMCID: PMC4515745 DOI: 10.1038/srep11500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray phase-contrast imaging (PCI) can substantially enhance contrast, and is particularly useful in differentiating biological soft tissues with small density differences. Combined with computed tomography (CT), PCI-CT enables the acquisition of accurate microstructures inside biological samples. In this study, liver microvasculature was visualized without contrast agents in vitro with PCI-CT using liver fibrosis samples induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats. The histological section examination confirmed the correspondence of CT images with the microvascular morphology of the samples. By means of the PCI-CT and three-dimensional (3D) visualization technique, 3D microvascular structures in samples from different stages of liver fibrosis were clearly revealed. Different types of blood vessels, including portal veins and hepatic veins, in addition to ductular proliferation and bile ducts, could be distinguished with good sensitivity, excellent specificity and excellent accuracy. The study showed that PCI-CT could assess the morphological changes in liver microvasculature that result from fibrosis and allow characterization of the anatomical and pathological features of the microvasculature. With further development of PCI-CT technique, it may become a novel noninvasive imaging technique for the auxiliary analysis of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijiao Xuan
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Doudou Hu
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jianbo Jian
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Tailing Wang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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13
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Harrison KD, Cooper DML. Modalities for Visualization of Cortical Bone Remodeling: The Past, Present, and Future. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:122. [PMID: 26322017 PMCID: PMC4531299 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone's ability to respond to load-related phenomena and repair microdamage is achieved through the remodeling process, which renews bone by activating groups of cells known as basic multicellular units (BMUs). The products of BMUs, secondary osteons, have been extensively studied via classic two-dimensional techniques, which have provided a wealth of information on how histomorphology relates to skeletal structure and function. Remodeling is critical in maintaining healthy bone tissue; however, in osteoporotic bone, imbalanced resorption results in increased bone fragility and fracture. With increasing life expectancy, such degenerative bone diseases are a growing concern. The three-dimensional (3D) morphology of BMUs and their correlation to function, however, are not well-characterized and little is known about the specific mechanisms that initiate and regulate their activity within cortical bone. We believe a key limitation has been the lack of 3D information about BMU morphology and activity. Thus, this paper reviews methodologies for 3D investigation of cortical bone remodeling and, specifically, structures associated with BMU activity (resorption spaces) and the structures they create (secondary osteons), spanning from histology to modern ex vivo imaging modalities, culminating with the growing potential of in vivo imaging. This collection of papers focuses on the theme of "putting the 'why' back into bone architecture." Remodeling is one of two mechanisms "how" bone structure is dynamically modified and thus an improved 3D understanding of this fundamental process is crucial to ultimately understanding the "why."
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D. Harrison
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - David M. L. Cooper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: David M. L. Cooper, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada,
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14
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Pratt IV, Belev G, Zhu N, Chapman LD, Cooper DML. In vivoimaging of rat cortical bone porosity by synchrotron phase contrast micro computed tomography. Phys Med Biol 2014; 60:211-32. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/1/211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Ventura M, Boerman OC, de Korte C, Rijpkema M, Heerschap A, Oosterwijk E, Jansen JA, Walboomers XF. Preclinical Imaging in Bone Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:578-95. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ventura
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto C. Boerman
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Korte
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Rijpkema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert Oosterwijk
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John A. Jansen
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - X. Frank Walboomers
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Nagarajan MB, Coan P, Huber MB, Diemoz PC, Glaser C, Wismüller A. Computer-aided diagnosis for phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography: quantitative characterization of human patellar cartilage with high-dimensional geometric features. J Digit Imaging 2014; 27:98-107. [PMID: 24043594 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-013-9634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase-contrast computed tomography (PCI-CT) has shown tremendous potential as an imaging modality for visualizing human cartilage with high spatial resolution. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of PCI-CT to visualize (1) structural details of the human patellar cartilage matrix and (2) changes to chondrocyte organization induced by osteoarthritis. This study investigates the use of high-dimensional geometric features in characterizing such chondrocyte patterns in the presence or absence of osteoarthritic damage. Geometrical features derived from the scaling index method (SIM) and statistical features derived from gray-level co-occurrence matrices were extracted from 842 regions of interest (ROI) annotated on PCI-CT images of ex vivo human patellar cartilage specimens. These features were subsequently used in a machine learning task with support vector regression to classify ROIs as healthy or osteoarthritic; classification performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC). SIM-derived geometrical features exhibited the best classification performance (AUC, 0.95 ± 0.06) and were most robust to changes in ROI size. These results suggest that such geometrical features can provide a detailed characterization of the chondrocyte organization in the cartilage matrix in an automated and non-subjective manner, while also enabling classification of cartilage as healthy or osteoarthritic with high accuracy. Such features could potentially serve as imaging markers for evaluating osteoarthritis progression and its response to different therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh B Nagarajan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 430 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA,
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17
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Arzi B, Leale DM, Sinai NL, Kass PH, Lin A, Verstraete FJM. The temporomandibular joint of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): part 2-osteoarthritic changes. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 60:216-22. [PMID: 25451465 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Following comprehensive characterization of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the California sea lion, as well demonstrating that TMJ-osteoarthritis (OA) occurs in this species, the objective of this part of the investigation was to describe the macroscopic osteologic findings associated with TMJ-OA in a large museum collection of skull specimens. DESIGN Museum skull specimens (n=497) of California sea lions were examined macroscopically according to defined criteria for the presence, severity, location and characteristics of TMJ-OA. The specimens, acquired from strandings, varied in age from young adults to mature adults. RESULTS Overall 63.5% of the specimens had findings consistent with TMJ-OA. Of these, 56.2% were from females 43.8% were from males. Moreover, 71.2% specimens were from mature adults and 28.8% from young adults. However, there was no significant association between age and sex with the presence or severity of TMJ-OA. The most prominent TMJ-OA changes were the presence of subchondral bone defects and abnormal porosity. The majority of the OA present at the mandibular head affected the entire articular surface. In contrast, the OA present on the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone was located primarily on the medial aspect (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The incidence of TMJ-OA in California sea lions is high and varies in severity. Although the significance of the high incidence of this disease in the California sea lion remains elusive, the occurrence and severity of TMJ-OA detected in this study may play an important role in the species' morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - D M Leale
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - N L Sinai
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A Lin
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - F J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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18
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Olubamiji AD, Izadifar Z, Chen DX. Synchrotron Imaging Techniques for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Potential, Current Trends, and Future Directions. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:503-22. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zohreh Izadifar
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Daniel Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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19
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Donnelley M, Morgan KS, Siu KKW, Fouras A, Farrow NR, Carnibella RP, Parsons DW. Tracking extended mucociliary transport activity of individual deposited particles: longitudinal synchrotron X-ray imaging in live mice. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:768-773. [PMID: 24971973 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751400856x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To assess potential therapies for respiratory diseases in which mucociliary transit (MCT) is impaired, such as cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia, a novel and non-invasive MCT quantification method has been developed in which the transit rate and behaviour of individual micrometre-sized deposited particles are measured in live mice using synchrotron phase-contrast X-ray imaging. Particle clearance by MCT is known to be a two-phase process that occurs over a period of minutes to days. Previous studies have assessed MCT in the fast-clearance phase, ∼20 min after marker particle dosing. The aim of this study was to non-invasively image changes in particle presence and MCT during the slow-clearance phase, and simultaneously determine whether repeat synchrotron X-ray imaging of mice was feasible over periods of 3, 9 and 25 h. All mice tolerated the repeat imaging procedure with no adverse effects. Quantitative image analysis revealed that the particle MCT rate and the number of particles present in the airway both decreased with time. This study successfully demonstrated for the first time that longitudinal synchrotron X-ray imaging studies are possible in live small animals, provided appropriate animal handling techniques are used and care is taken to reduce the delivered radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Donnelley
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Kaye S Morgan
- School of Physics, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Karen K W Siu
- School of Physics, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Andreas Fouras
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Nigel R Farrow
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Richard P Carnibella
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - David W Parsons
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
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20
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Marenzana M, Hagen CK, Borges PDN, Endrizzi M, Szafraniec MB, Vincent TL, Rigon L, Arfelli F, Menk RH, Olivo A. Synchrotron- and laboratory-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging for imaging mouse articular cartilage in the absence of radiopaque contrast agents. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2014; 372:20130127. [PMID: 24470419 PMCID: PMC3900037 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The mouse model of osteoarthritis (OA) has been recognized as the most promising research tool for the identification of new OA therapeutic targets. However, this model is currently limited by poor throughput, dependent on the extremely time-consuming histopathology assessment of the articular cartilage (AC). We have recently shown that AC in the rat tibia can be imaged both in air and in saline solution using a laboratory system based on coded-aperture X-ray phase-contrast imaging (CAXPCi). Here, we explore ways to extend the methodology for imaging the much thinner AC of the mouse, by means of gold-standard synchrotron-based phase-contrast methods. Specifically, we have used analyser-based phase-contrast micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for its high sensitivity to faint phase changes, coupled with a high-resolution (4.5 μm pixel) detector. Healthy, diseased (four weeks post induction of OA) and artificially damaged mouse AC was imaged at the Elettra synchrotron in Trieste, Italy, using the above method. For validation, we used conventional micro-CT combined with radiopaque soft-tissue staining and standard histomorphometry. We show that mouse cartilage can be visualized correctly by means of the synchrotron method. This suggests that: (i) further developments of the laboratory-based CAXPCi system, especially in terms of pushing the resolution limits, might have the potential to resolve mouse AC ex vivo and (ii) additional improvements may lead to a new generation of CAXPCi micro-CT scanners which could be used for in vivo longitudinal pre-clinical imaging of soft tissue at resolutions impossible to achieve by current MRI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Marenzana
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK
| | - Charlotte K. Hagen
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Marco Endrizzi
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Tonia L. Vincent
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK
| | - Luigi Rigon
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Fulvia Arfelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Ralf-Hendrik Menk
- Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, Strada Statale, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Alessandro Olivo
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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21
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Hetterich H, Willner M, Fill S, Herzen J, Bamberg F, Hipp A, Schüller U, Adam-Neumair S, Wirth S, Reiser M, Pfeiffer F, Saam T. Phase-contrast CT: qualitative and quantitative evaluation of atherosclerotic carotid artery plaque. Radiology 2014; 271:870-8. [PMID: 24588675 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14131554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential of phase-contrast computed tomography (CT) for atherosclerotic plaque imaging in human carotid arteries in an experimental ex vivo study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was approved by the institutional review board, and informed consent was obtained from the patients' relatives. Seven postmortem human carotid artery specimens were imaged at a laboratory setup by using a conventional x-ray tube and grating interferometer. After histologic processing, phase-contrast imaging and histopathologic data were matched. Characteristics of the necrotic core (NC) covered by a fibrous cap (FC), intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH), and calcifications (CAs) were established, and sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of phase-contrast CT for plaque detection and the potential for accurate quantification were assessed. The Cohen κ and Pearson correlation coefficient R were used to determine the agreement between phase-contrast imaging and histopathologic findings for plaque characterization and correlation of quantitative plaque measurements, respectively. A difference with a P value of less than .05 was considered significant. RESULTS Characteristic criteria were found in all analyzed plaque components. Applying these criteria, phase-contrast CT had a good sensitivity for the detection of the FC and NC, IPH, and CAs (all, >80%) and excellent specificity and accuracy (all, >90%), with good interreader agreement (κ ≥ 0.72, P < .0001). There were excellent correlations for quantitative measurements of FC, NC, and CAs between phase-contrast imaging and histopathologic findings (R ≥ 0.92). Interreader reproducibility was excellent, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.98 or higher for all measurements. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that ex vivo phase-contrast CT can help identify and quantify atherosclerotic plaque components, with excellent correlation to histopathologic findings. Although not yet applicable in vivo, phase-contrast CT may become a valuable tool to monitor atherosclerotic disease process noninvasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Hetterich
- From the Institute of Clinical Radiology (H.H., S.F., F.B., S.A., S.W., M.R., T.S.), Center for Neuropathology (U.S.), and Institute of Anatomy (S.A.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Pettenkoferstrasse 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany; {Department of Physics and Institute for Technical Medicine}, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany (M.W., J.H., A.H., F.P.); and Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum, Geesthacht, Germany (J.H.)
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22
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Hu DD, Chen Y, Bihi A, Li XM, Wang TL, Wang BE, Zhao XY. A new conversation between radiology and pathology-identifying microvascular architecture in stages of cirrhosis via diffraction enhanced imaging in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87957. [PMID: 24504507 PMCID: PMC3913676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) is a synchrotron radiation X-ray phase-contrast imaging technique that can better reveal the microstructure of biological soft tissues than conventional X-rays. The aim of this study is to investigate the angio-architectural changes of the liver during fibrosis, cirrhosis and its subsequent regression by applying synchrotron radiation based DEI. Methods DEI experiments were performed at the 4W1A station of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were induced with liver fibrosis by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for up to 10 weeks, after which spontaneous regression started and continued until week 30. Quantitative analysis of the DEI images yielded the mean vascular density and intercapillary distance, which was then re-confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis of CD34. Results Based on the DEI results, the mean vascular density was 1.4-fold higher in fibrotic rats (at week 6) and 2-fold higher in cirrhotic rats (at week 10) compared with the control (p<0.05). Accordingly, the intercapillary distance decreased to 563.89±243.35 µm in fibrotic rats and 392.90±92.68 µm in cirrhotic rats compared with 673.85±214.16µm in the control (p<0.05). During fibrosis regression at week 30, vascular density was 0.7-fold lower and intercapillary distance increased to 548.60±210.94 µm as compared with cirrhotic rats (p<0.05).In parallel to the DEI results, immunohistochemical analysis of CD34 showed similar changes. Conclusion Synchrotron-based DEI can conduct radiological as well as pathological analysis. Our results are consistent with previous reports indicating that angiogenesis is directly proportional to fibrosis progression. Furthermore, by clarifying the vascular characteristics of liver diseases, DEI reveals that cirrhosis cannot fully reverse during fibrosis regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou-dou Hu
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ali Bihi
- International School of Capital Medical University. Beijing, China
| | - Xin-min Li
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tai-ling Wang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-en Wang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (BW); (XZ)
| | - Xin-yan Zhao
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (BW); (XZ)
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23
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Microcomputed tomography with diffraction-enhanced imaging for morphologic characterization and quantitative evaluation of microvessel of hepatic fibrosis in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78176. [PMID: 24205147 PMCID: PMC3804625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Hepatic fibrosis can lead to deformation of vessel morphology and structure. In the present feasibility study, high-resolution computed tomography (CT) using diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI) was used to represent three-dimensional (3D) vessel microstructures of hepatic fibrosis in rats and to differentiate different stages of hepatic fibrosis using qualitative descriptions and quantitative measurement of microvessels. Material and Methods Three typical specimens at different stages, i.e., mild, moderate and severe hepatic fibrosis, were imaged using DEI at 15 keV without contrast agents. The correspondence between DEI-CT images and histopathological findings was determined. The 3D visualizations from different stages of hepatic fibrosis were presented using DEI-CT. Additionally, Qualitative descriptions and quantitative evaluation of vessel features, such as vessel trend, vascular distortion deformation, thrombus formation and texture features on the inner wall of the vessel, were performed. Results DEI-CT produced high-resolution images of the vessel microstructures in hepatic fibrosis that corresponded to information on actual structures observed from the histological sections. Combined with the 3D visualization technique, DEI-CT enabled the acquisition of an accurate description of the 3D vessel morphology from different stages of hepatic fibrosis. Qualitative descriptions and quantitative assessment of microvessels demonstrated clear differences between the different stages of hepatic fibrosis. The thrombus inside the vessel of severe liver fibrosis was accurately displayed, and corresponding analysis can provide an exact measurement of vessel stenosis rate. Conclusions DEI-CT may allow morphologic descriptions and quantitative evaluation of vessel microstructures from different stages of hepatic fibrosis and can better characterize the various stages of fibrosis progression using high-resolution 3D vessel morphology.
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24
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Arzi B, Winer JN, Kass PH, Verstraete FJM. Osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:486-94. [PMID: 23721871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Museum skull specimens (n = 1,008) of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) were examined macroscopically according to defined criteria for the presence, severity and characteristics of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA). The specimens were from stranded young adult to adult animals. Overall, 4.1% of the specimens had findings consistent with TMJ-OA. Of these, 61.0% were from females and 39.0% were from males. In addition, 85.4% of the affected specimens were from adults and 14.6% were from young adults. However, there was no significant association between age and sex with the presence or severity of TMJ-OA. Lesion severity was mild in 41.5%, moderate in 19.5% and severe in 39.0% of affected specimens. The most prominent changes were the presence of osteophytes and subchondral bone defects and porosity. The mandibular condylar process and fossa were affected equally. The lengths of the right and left mandibular heads were significantly associated with age (P = 0.002 and P = 0.003, respectively) and sex (P = 0.0009 and P = 0.001, respectively), but not with the presence of TMJ-OA. The significance of this disease in sea otters remains elusive, but this condition may play an important role in survival of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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25
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Bravin A, Coan P, Suortti P. X-ray phase-contrast imaging: from pre-clinical applications towards clinics. Phys Med Biol 2012; 58:R1-35. [PMID: 23220766 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/1/r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phase-contrast x-ray imaging (PCI) is an innovative method that is sensitive to the refraction of the x-rays in matter. PCI is particularly adapted to visualize weakly absorbing details like those often encountered in biology and medicine. In past years, PCI has become one of the most used imaging methods in laboratory and preclinical studies: its unique characteristics allow high contrast 3D visualization of thick and complex samples even at high spatial resolution. Applications have covered a wide range of pathologies and organs, and are more and more often performed in vivo. Several techniques are now available to exploit and visualize the phase-contrast: propagation- and analyzer-based, crystal and grating interferometry and non-interferometric methods like the coded aperture. In this review, covering the last five years, we will give an overview of the main theoretical and experimental developments and of the important steps performed towards the clinical implementation of PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bravin
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 rue Horowitz, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France.
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26
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Marenzana M, Hagen CK, Das Neves Borges P, Endrizzi M, Szafraniec MB, Ignatyev K, Olivo A. Visualization of small lesions in rat cartilage by means of laboratory-based x-ray phase contrast imaging. Phys Med Biol 2012; 57:8173-84. [PMID: 23174992 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/24/8173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Being able to quantitatively assess articular cartilage in three-dimensions (3D) in small rodent animal models, with a simple laboratory set-up, would prove extremely important for the development of pre-clinical research focusing on cartilage pathologies such as osteoarthritis (OA). These models are becoming essential tools for the development of new drugs for OA, a disease affecting up to 1/3 of the population older than 50 years for which there is no cure except prosthetic surgery. However, due to limitations in imaging technology, high-throughput 3D structural imaging has not been achievable in small rodent models, thereby limiting their translational potential and their efficiency as research tools. We show that a simple laboratory system based on coded-aperture x-ray phase contrast imaging (CAXPCi) can correctly visualize the cartilage layer in slices of an excised rat tibia imaged both in air and in saline solution. Moreover, we show that small, surgically induced lesions are also correctly detected by the CAXPCi system, and we support this finding with histopathology examination. Following these successful proof-of-concept results in rat cartilage, we expect that an upgrade of the system to higher resolutions (currently underway) will enable extending the method to the imaging of mouse cartilage as well. From a technological standpoint, by showing the capability of the system to detect cartilage also in water, we demonstrate phase sensitivity comparable to other lab-based phase methods (e.g. grating interferometry). In conclusion, CAXPCi holds a strong potential for being adopted as a routine laboratory tool for non-destructive, high throughput assessment of 3D structural changes in murine articular cartilage, with a possible impact in the field similar to the revolution that conventional microCT brought into bone research.
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27
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Li J, Wilson N, Zelazny A, Meyer J, Zhong Z, Muehleman C. Assessment of diffraction-enhanced synchrotron imaging for cartilage degeneration of the human knee joint. Clin Anat 2012; 26:621-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Li
- Department of Biochemistry; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago; Illinois
| | - N. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago; Illinois
| | - A. Zelazny
- Department of Radiology; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago; Illinois
| | - J. Meyer
- Department of Radiology; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago; Illinois
| | - Z. Zhong
- National Synchrotron Light Source; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton; New York
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28
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Lundström U, Larsson DH, Burvall A, Takman PAC, Scott L, Brismar H, Hertz HM. X-ray phase contrast for CO2 microangiography. Phys Med Biol 2012; 57:2603-17. [PMID: 22505599 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/9/2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a laboratory method for imaging small blood vessels using x-ray propagation-based phase-contrast imaging and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) gas as a contrast agent. The limited radiation dose in combination with CO(2) being clinically acceptable makes the method promising for small-diameter vascular visualization. We investigate the possibilities and limitations of the method for small-animal angiography and compare it with conventional absorption-based x-ray angiography. Photon noise in absorption-contrast imaging prevents visualization of blood vessels narrower than 50 µm at the highest radiation doses compatible with living animals, whereas our simulations and experiments indicate the possibility of visualizing 20 µm vessels at radiation doses as low as 100 mGy. Experimental computed tomography of excised rat kidney shows blood vessels of diameters down to 60 µm with improved image quality compared to absorption-based methods. With our present prototype x-ray source, the acquisition time for a tomographic dataset is approximately 1 h, which is long compared to the 1-20 min common for absorption-contrast micro-CT systems. Further development of the liquid-metal-jet microfocus x-ray sources used here and high-resolution x-ray detectors shows promise to reduce exposure times and make this high-resolution method practical for imaging of living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lundström
- Biomedical and X-Ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/Albanova, Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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A proposed model of naturally occurring osteoarthritis in the domestic rabbit. Lab Anim (NY) 2011; 41:20-5. [PMID: 22184086 DOI: 10.1038/laban0112-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis affects one in eight American adults over the age of 25 y and is a leading cause of chronic disability in the US. Translational research to investigate treatments for this naturally occurring joint disease requires an appropriate animal model. The authors conducted a retrospective study to assess the potential of naturally occurring osteoarthritis in the domestic rabbit as a model of the human disease. Analysis of radiographic images showed that the presence and severity of osteoarthritis were significantly influenced by both age and body weight. The most commonly affected joints were the knee and the hip. The findings reported here suggest that the rabbit is an excellent model of spontaneously arising osteoarthritis that may be useful in translational research pertaining to the human disease.
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