1
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Dief EM, Low PJ, Díez-Pérez I, Darwish N. Advances in single-molecule junctions as tools for chemical and biochemical analysis. Nat Chem 2023; 15:600-614. [PMID: 37106094 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of miniaturized electronics has led to the design and construction of powerful experimental platforms capable of measuring electronic properties to the level of single molecules, along with new theoretical concepts to aid in the interpretation of the data. A new area of activity is now emerging concerned with repurposing the tools of molecular electronics for applications in chemical and biological analysis. Single-molecule junction techniques, such as the scanning tunnelling microscope break junction and related single-molecule circuit approaches have a remarkable capacity to transduce chemical information from individual molecules, sampled in real time, to electrical signals. In this Review, we discuss single-molecule junction approaches as emerging analytical tools for the chemical and biological sciences. We demonstrate how these analytical techniques are being extended to systems capable of probing chemical reaction mechanisms. We also examine how molecular junctions enable the detection of RNA, DNA, and traces of proteins in solution with limits of detection at the zeptomole level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M Dief
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul J Low
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ismael Díez-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.
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2
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Wang Y, Demir B, Mohammad H, Oren EE, Anantram MP. Computational study of the role of counterions and solvent dielectric in determining the conductance of B-DNA. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:044404. [PMID: 37198817 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.044404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
DNA naturally exists in a solvent environment, comprising water and salt molecules such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, etc. Along with the sequence, the solvent conditions become a vital factor determining DNA structure and thus its conductance. Over the last two decades, researchers have measured DNA conductivity both in hydrated and almost dry (dehydrated) conditions. However, due to experimental limitations (the precise control of the environment), it is very difficult to analyze the conductance results in terms of individual contributions of the environment. Therefore, modeling studies can help us to gain a valuable understanding of various factors playing a role in charge transport phenomena. DNA naturally has negative charges located at the phosphate groups in the backbone, which provides both the connections between the base pairs and the structural support for the double helix. Positively charged ions such as the sodium ion (Na^{+}), one of the most commonly used counterions, balance the negative charges at the backbone. This modeling study investigates the role of counterions both with and without the solvent (water) environment in charge transport through double-stranded DNA. Our computational experiments show that in dry DNA, the presence of counterions affects electron transmission at the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies. However, in solution, the counterions have a negligible role in transmission. Using the polarizable continuum model calculations, we demonstrate that the transmission is significantly higher at both the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies in a water environment as opposed to in a dry one. Moreover, calculations also show that the energy levels of neighboring bases are more closely aligned to ease electron flow in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Wang
- Deparment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Busra Demir
- Bionanodesign Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06510, Turkey
| | - Hashem Mohammad
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Ersin Emre Oren
- Bionanodesign Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06510, Turkey
| | - M P Anantram
- Deparment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
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3
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Alangari M, Demir B, Gultakti CA, Oren EE, Hihath J. Mapping DNA Conformations Using Single-Molecule Conductance Measurements. Biomolecules 2023; 13:129. [PMID: 36671514 PMCID: PMC9855376 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA is an attractive material for a range of applications in nanoscience and nanotechnology, and it has recently been demonstrated that the electronic properties of DNA are uniquely sensitive to its sequence and structure, opening new opportunities for the development of electronic DNA biosensors. In this report, we examine the origin of multiple conductance peaks that can occur during single-molecule break-junction (SMBJ)-based conductance measurements on DNA. We demonstrate that these peaks originate from the presence of multiple DNA conformations within the solutions, in particular, double-stranded B-form DNA (dsDNA) and G-quadruplex structures. Using a combination of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, computational approaches, sequence and environmental controls, and single-molecule conductance measurements, we disentangle the conductance information and demonstrate that specific conductance values come from specific conformations of the DNA and that the occurrence of these peaks can be controlled by controlling the local environment. In addition, we demonstrate that conductance measurements are uniquely sensitive to identifying these conformations in solutions and that multiple configurations can be detected in solutions over an extremely large concentration range, opening new possibilities for examining low-probability DNA conformations in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashari Alangari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Engineering College, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Busra Demir
- Bionanodesign Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Caglanaz Akin Gultakti
- Bionanodesign Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Ersin Emre Oren
- Bionanodesign Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Joshua Hihath
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics, School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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4
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Lv SL, Zeng C, Yu Z, Zheng JF, Wang YH, Shao Y, Zhou XS. Recent Advances in Single-Molecule Sensors Based on STM Break Junction Measurements. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080565. [PMID: 35892462 PMCID: PMC9329744 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule recognition and detection with the highest resolution measurement has been one of the ultimate goals in science and engineering. Break junction techniques, originally developed to measure single-molecule conductance, recently have also been proven to have the capacity for the label-free exploration of single-molecule physics and chemistry, which paves a new way for single-molecule detection with high temporal resolution. In this review, we outline the primary advances and potential of the STM break junction technique for qualitative identification and quantitative detection at a single-molecule level. The principles of operation of these single-molecule electrical sensing mainly in three regimes, ion, environmental pH and genetic material detection, are summarized. It clearly proves that the single-molecule electrical measurements with break junction techniques show a promising perspective for designing a simple, label-free and nondestructive electrical sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity and excellent selectivity.
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5
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Avasthi I, Gaganjot, Katiyar M, Verma S. Environmentally Benign, Intrinsically Coordinated, Lithium-Based Solid Electrolyte with a Modified Purine as Supporting Ligand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 26:16706-16711. [PMID: 32706143 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bioinspired materials have become increasingly competitive for electronic applications in recent years owing to the environment-friendly alternatives they offer. The notion of biocompatible solid organic electrolytes addresses the issues concerning potential leakage of corrosive liquids, volatility and flammability of electrolyte solvents. This study presents a new intrinsically coordinated LiI adenine complex that exhibits electrical conductivity as a solid electrolyte capable of self-sustained supply of LiI ions. It exhibits conductivity through moisture-assisted LiI ion motion up to 373 K, and possibly by an ion-hopping mechanism beyond 373 K. This purine-derived solid electrolyte shows enhanced conductivity and transference number demonstrating the potential of purine-based ligands and their coordination complexes in interesting materials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilesha Avasthi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Gaganjot
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India.,National Centre for Flexible Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Monica Katiyar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India.,National Centre for Flexible Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
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6
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Forzani ES, He H, Hihath J, Lindsay S, Penner RM, Wang S, Xu B. Moving Electrons Purposefully through Single Molecules and Nanostructures: A Tribute to the Science of Professor Nongjian Tao (1963-2020). ACS NANO 2020; 14:12291-12312. [PMID: 32940998 PMCID: PMC7718722 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry intersected nanoscience 25 years ago when it became possible to control the flow of electrons through single molecules and nanostructures. Many surprises and a wealth of understanding were generated by these experiments. Professor Nongjian Tao was among the pioneering scientists who created the methods and technologies for advancing this new frontier. Achieving a deeper understanding of charge transport in molecules and low-dimensional materials was the first priority of his experiments, but he also succeeded in discovering applications in chemical sensing and biosensing for these novel nanoscopic systems. In parallel with this work, the investigation of a range of phenomena using novel optical microscopic methods was a passion of his and his students. This article is a review and an appreciation of some of his many contributions with a view to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S Forzani
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Huixin He
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Joshua Hihath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Stuart Lindsay
- Biodesign Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Reginald M Penner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Bingqian Xu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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7
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Deng A, Li H, Bo M, Huang Z, Li L, Yao C, Li F. Understanding atomic bonding and electronic distributions of a DNA molecule using DFT calculation and BOLS-BC model. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100804. [PMID: 32923699 PMCID: PMC7475201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an important molecule that has been extensively researched, mainly due to its structure and function. Herein, we investigated the electronic behavior of the DNA molecule containing 1008 atoms using density functional theory. The bond-charge (BC) model shows the relationship between charge density and atomic strain. Besides, the model mentioned above is combined with the bond-order-length-strength (BOLS) notion to calculate the atomic cohesive energy, the bond energy, and the local bond strain of the DNA chain. Using the BOLS-BC model, we were able to obtain information on the bonding features of the DNA chain and better comprehend the associated properties of electrons in biological systems. Consequently, this report functions as a theoretical reference for the precise regulation of the electrons and the bonding states of biological systems. Electronic behavior of the DNA molecule using density functional theory. Deformation charge density reveals the bonding characteristics of DNA. The relationship between charge density and bond parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlin Deng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology (EBEAM), Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Hanze Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology (EBEAM), Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Maolin Bo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology (EBEAM), Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - ZhongKai Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology (EBEAM), Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Lei Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology (EBEAM), Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Chuang Yao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology (EBEAM), Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
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8
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Korol R, Segal D. Machine Learning Prediction of DNA Charge Transport. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:2801-2811. [PMID: 30865456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
First-principles calculations of charge transfer in DNA molecules are computationally expensive given that conducting charge carriers interact with intra- and intermolecular atomic motion. Screening sequences, for example, to identify excellent electrical conductors, is challenging even when adopting coarse-grained models and effective computational schemes that do not explicitly describe atomic dynamics. We present a machine learning (ML) model that allows the inexpensive prediction of the electrical conductance of millions of long double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sequences, reducing computational costs by orders of magnitude. The algorithm is trained on short DNA nanojunctions with n = 3-7 base pairs. The electrical conductance of the training set is computed with a quantum scattering method, which captures charge-nuclei scattering processes. We demonstrate that the ML method accurately predicts the electrical conductance of varied dsDNA junctions tracing different transport mechanisms: coherent (short-range) quantum tunneling, on-resonance (ballistic) transport, and incoherent site-to-site hopping. Furthermore, the ML approach supports physical observations that clusters of nucleotides regulate DNA transport behavior. The input features tested in this work could be used in other ML studies of charge transport in complex polymers in the search for promising electronic and thermoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Korol
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control , University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Dvira Segal
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control , University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
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9
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Li Y, Artés JM, Demir B, Gokce S, Mohammad HM, Alangari M, Anantram MP, Oren EE, Hihath J. Detection and identification of genetic material via single-molecule conductance. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:1167-1173. [PMID: 30397286 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing discoveries of RNA modalities (for example, non-coding, micro and enhancer) have resulted in an increased desire for detecting, sequencing and identifying RNA segments for applications in food safety, water and environmental protection, plant and animal pathology, clinical diagnosis and research, and bio-security. Here, we demonstrate that single-molecule conductance techniques can be used to extract biologically relevant information from short RNA oligonucleotides, that these measurements are sensitive to attomolar target concentrations, that they are capable of being multiplexed, and that they can detect targets of interest in the presence of other, possibly interfering, RNA sequences. We also demonstrate that the charge transport properties of RNA:DNA hybrids are sensitive to single-nucleotide polymorphisms, thus enabling differentiation between specific serotypes of Escherichia coli. Using a combination of spectroscopic and computational approaches, we determine that the conductance sensitivity primarily arises from the effects that the mutations have on the conformational structure of the molecules, rather than from the direct chemical substitutions. We believe that this approach can be further developed to make an electrically based sensor for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhui Li
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Juan M Artés
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Biophysics and Photosynthesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Busra Demir
- Bionanodesign Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sumeyye Gokce
- Bionanodesign Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hashem M Mohammad
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mashari Alangari
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M P Anantram
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Ersin Emre Oren
- Bionanodesign Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Joshua Hihath
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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10
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Comparative evaluation of NANO transport properties for DNA nucleobase based molecular junction devices. J Mol Model 2018; 24:330. [PMID: 30386940 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of electron transport conduction through a guanine base of DNA was investigated and then compared with another component of DNA, i.e., cytosine. A mathematical approach based on the jellium model using non-equilibrium Green's function combined with semi empirical extended Huckel theory was applied using the Atomistik Tool Kit. This was further used to measure significant transport parameters such as current, conductance, transmission spectra and the HOMO-LUMO gap of the suggested molecular system. An important revelation from our research work is that the cytosine-based molecular device exhibits metallic behavior with current ranging up to 70 μA, and hence establishes itself as a good conductor. On the other hand, the guanine-based device is comparatively less conductive, exhibiting current in the order of 3 μA. Another interesting observation about the guanine-based device is the visibility of a prominent negative differential resistance effect during the positive bias and a tunneling effect during negative bias. The uniform charge transfer through the cytosine device confirms its application as a molecular wire. The observations on the guanine-based device give better insights into its application as a memory device for nano-scale devices.
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11
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Theoretical investigation of structures and electromagnetic properties of double-electron oxidized ring-expanded base pairs. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Lerch S, Reinhard BM. Effect of interstitial palladium on plasmon-driven charge transfer in nanoparticle dimers. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1608. [PMID: 29686266 PMCID: PMC5913128 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Capacitive plasmon coupling between noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) is characterized by an increasing red-shift of the bonding dipolar plasmon mode (BDP) in the classical electromagnetic coupling regime. This model breaks down at short separations where plasmon-driven charge transfer induces a gap current between the NPs with a magnitude and separation dependence that can be modulated if molecules are present in the gap. Here, we use gap contained DNA as a scaffold for the growth of palladium (Pd) NPs in the gap between two gold NPs and investigate the effect of increasing Pd NP concentration on the BDP mode. Consistent with enhanced plasmon-driven charge transfer, the integration of discrete Pd NPs depolarizes the capacitive BDP mode over longer interparticle separations than is possible in only DNA-linked Au NPs. High Pd NP densities in the gap increases the gap conductance and induces the transition from capacitive to conductive coupling. Plasmon coupling between nanoparticles may depend not only on interparticle gap distance, but also on gap conductance. Here, the authors modify the gap conductance—and thus the plasmon response—between gold nanoparticle dimers by growing varying amounts of palladium nanoparticles in the gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lerch
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Björn M Reinhard
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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13
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Lerch S, Reinhard BM. Spectral signatures of charge transfer in assemblies of molecularly-linked plasmonic nanoparticles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS. B 2017; 31:1740002. [PMID: 29391660 PMCID: PMC5788194 DOI: 10.1142/s0217979217400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) provides a unique class of nanomaterials for exploring and utilizing quantum-plasmonic effects that occur if the interparticle separation between NPs approaches a few nanometers and below. We review recent theoretical and experimental studies of plasmon coupling in self-assembled NP structures that contain molecular linkers between the NPs. Charge transfer through the interparticle gap of an NP dimer results in a significant blue-shift of the bonding dipolar plasmon (BDP) mode relative to classical electromagnetic predictions, and gives rise to new coupled plasmon modes, the so-called charge transfer plasmon (CTP) modes. The blue-shift of the plasmon spectrum is accompanied by a weakening of the electromagnetic field in the gap of the NPs. Due to an optical far-field signature that is sensitive to charge transfer across the gap, plasmonic molecules represent a sensor platform for detecting and characterizing gap conductivity in an optical fashion and for characterizing the role of molecules in facilitating the charge transfer across the gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lerch
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA. The Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Björn M Reinhard
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA. The Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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14
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Goshi N, Narenji A, Bui C, Mokili JL, Kassegne S. Investigation Into the Effects of Nucleotide Content on the Electrical Characteristics of DNA Plasmid Molecular Wires. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2017; 15:585-594. [PMID: 27824579 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2016.2596243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the effect of nucleotide content on the conductivity of plasmid length DNA molecular wires covalently bound to high aspect-ratio gold electrodes. The DNA wires were all between [Formula: see text] in length (>6000bp), and contained either 39%, 53%, or 64% GC base-pairs. We compared the current-voltage (I-V) and frequency-impedance characteristics of the DNA wires with varying GC content, and observed statistically significantly higher conductivity in DNA wires containing higher GC content in both AC and DC measurement methods. Additionally, we noted that the conductivity decreased as a function of time for all DNA wires, with the impedance at 100 Hz nearly doubling over a period of seven days. All readings were taken in humidity and temperature controlled environments on DNA wires suspended above an insulative substrate, thus minimizing the effect of experimental and environmental factors as well as potential for nonlinear alternate DNA confirmations. While other groups have studied the effect of GC content on the conductivity of nanoscale DNA molecules (<50bp), we were able to demonstrate that nucleotide content can affect the conductivity of micrometer length DNA wires at scales that may be required during the fabrication of DNA-based electronics. Furthermore, our results provide further evidence that many of the charge transfer theories developed from experiments using nanoscale DNA molecules may still be applicable for DNA wires at the micro scale.
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15
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Carini M, Ruiz MP, Usabiaga I, Fernández JA, Cocinero EJ, Melle-Franco M, Diez-Perez I, Mateo-Alonso A. High conductance values in π-folded molecular junctions. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15195. [PMID: 28516950 PMCID: PMC5454372 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Folding processes play a crucial role in the development of function in biomacromolecules. Recreating this feature on synthetic systems would not only allow understanding and reproducing biological functions but also developing new functions. This has inspired the development of conformationally ordered synthetic oligomers known as foldamers. Herein, a new family of foldamers, consisting of an increasing number of anthracene units that adopt a folded sigmoidal conformation by a combination of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and aromatic interactions, is reported. Such folding process opens up an efficient through-space charge transport channel across the interacting anthracene moieties. In fact, single-molecule conductance measurements carried out on this series of foldamers, using the scanning tunnelling microscopy-based break-junction technique, reveal exceptionally high conductance values in the order of 10-1 G0 and a low length decay constant of 0.02 Å-1 that exceed the values observed in molecular junctions that make use of through-space charge transport pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carini
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marta P. Ruiz
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí I Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Martí I Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imanol Usabiaga
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José A. Fernández
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Emilio J. Cocinero
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Centro ALGORITMI, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ismael Diez-Perez
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí I Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Martí I Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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16
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Lerch S, Reinhard BM. Quantum Plasmonics: Optical Monitoring of DNA-Mediated Charge Transfer in Plasmon Rulers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2030-6. [PMID: 26789736 PMCID: PMC4783186 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon coupling between DNA-tethered gold nanoparticles is investigated by correlated single-particle spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy for interparticle separations between 0.5 and 41 nm. Spectral characterization reveals a weakening of the plasmon coupling due to DNA-mediated charge transfer for separations up to 2.8 nm. Electromagnetic simulations indicate a coherent charge transfer across the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lerch
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Björn M Reinhard
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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17
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Lu N, Bu Y, Wang H. Intensified effects of multi-Cu modification on the electronic properties of the modified base pairs containing hetero-ring-expanded pyrimidine bases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:2913-23. [PMID: 26733396 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06133d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel DNA base pair derivatives (A2CunU, A2CunC, G3CunU, and G3CunC) are designed by aromatic expansion of pyrimidine bases with four kinds of hetero-rings (denoted by nC and nU, n = 1, 2, 3, and 4) and metal-decoration through Cu replacement of hydrogens in the Watson-Crick hydrogen bond region. Their structures and properties are calculated for examining the cooperative effects of the two modification ways. The calculated results reveal that multiple Cu decoration makes up the deficiencies of size-expansion, and exhibits not only increase of structural stability and reduction of ionization potentials, but also ideal shrink of the HOMO-LUMO gaps, notable enhancement of interbase coupling as well as remarkable redshifts of π → π* transitions for all M-x modified base pairs. The decrease extents of the gaps and ionization potentials follow the same order G3CunU > G3CunC > A2CunU > A2CunC, and in each series (denoted by different n), the gaps, ionization potentials and first π → π* transition energies have an order of 4 < 1 < 2 < 3. The Cu d orbitals function as bridges for π electron delocalization on the conjugated aromatic rings of two bases, leading to an enhancement of transverse electronic communication, as verified by spin density delocalization, orbital composition changes, redshift of the π → π* transition and also advocated by the electron-sharing indexes such as delocalization index, Mayer bond orders and multicenter bonding. Electron localization function ELF-π isosurfaces above the molecular plane further suggested that effective longitudinal conduction is closely relevant with the bicyclic domain involving good electron delocalization and strong π-π stacking between layers. This work presents theoretical evidence for the cooperative effects of metal decoration and ring-expansion modifications on the electronic properties of the modified base pairs and also proves that the base pairs designed here could be competent building blocks for the DNA-based nanowires with improved electron activity and excellent conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.
| | - Huatian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
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18
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Artés JM, Li Y, Qi J, Anantram MP, Hihath J. Conformational gating of DNA conductance. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8870. [PMID: 26648400 PMCID: PMC4682165 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA is a promising molecule for applications in molecular electronics because of its unique electronic and self-assembly properties. Here we report that the conductance of DNA duplexes increases by approximately one order of magnitude when its conformation is changed from the B-form to the A-form. This large conductance increase is fully reversible, and by controlling the chemical environment, the conductance can be repeatedly switched between the two values. The conductance of the two conformations displays weak length dependencies, as is expected for guanine-rich sequences, and can be fit with a coherence-corrected hopping model. These results are supported by ab initio electronic structure calculations that indicate that the highest occupied molecular orbital is more disperse in the A-form DNA case. These results demonstrate that DNA can behave as a promising molecular switch for molecular electronics applications and also provide additional insights into the huge dispersion of DNA conductance values found in the literature. DNA could find a role in molecular electronics. Here, the authors show that the conductance of DNA can be reversibly changed by an order of magnitude when its conformation is changed from one form to another by controlling its chemical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Artés
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, Califorina 95616, USA
| | - Yuanhui Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, Califorina 95616, USA
| | - Jianqing Qi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, 185 Stevens Way, Seattle, Washington 98195-2500, USA
| | - M P Anantram
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, 185 Stevens Way, Seattle, Washington 98195-2500, USA
| | - Joshua Hihath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, Califorina 95616, USA
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19
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Xiang D, Jeong H, Lee T, Mayer D. Mechanically controllable break junctions for molecular electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:4845-67. [PMID: 23913697 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) represents a fundamental technique for the investigation of molecular electronic junctions, especially for the study of the electronic properties of single molecules. With unique advantages, the MCBJ technique has provided substantial insight into charge transport processes in molecules. In this review, the techniques for sample fabrication, operation and the various applications of MCBJs are introduced and the history, challenges and future of MCBJs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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20
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Wohlgamuth CH, McWilliams MA, Slinker JD. DNA as a molecular wire: distance and sequence dependence. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8634-40. [PMID: 23964773 DOI: 10.1021/ac401229q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Functional nanowires and nanoelectronics are sought for their use in next generation integrated circuits, but several challenges limit the use of most nanoscale devices on large scales. DNA has great potential for use as a molecular wire due to high yield synthesis, near-unity purification, and nanoscale self-organization. Nonetheless, a thorough understanding of ground state DNA charge transport (CT) in electronic configurations under biologically relevant conditions, where the fully base-paired, double-helical structure is preserved, is lacking. Here, we explore the fundamentals of CT through double-stranded DNA monolayers on gold by assessing 17 base pair bridges at discrete points with a redox active probe conjugated to a modified thymine. This assessment is performed under temperature-controlled and biologically relevant conditions with cyclic and square wave voltammetry, and redox peaks are analyzed to assess transfer rate and yield. We demonstrate that the yield of transport is strongly tied to the stability of the duplex, linearly correlating with the melting temperature. Transfer rate is found to be temperature-activated and to follow an inverse distance dependence, consistent with a hopping mechanism of transport. These results establish the governing factors of charge transfer speed and throughput in DNA molecular wires for device configurations, guiding subsequent application for nanoscale electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris H Wohlgamuth
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 W. Campbell Rd., EC 36, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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21
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Cerreta A, Vobornik D, Dietler G. Fine DNA structure revealed by constant height frequency modulation AFM imaging. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Cerreta A, Vobornik D, Di Santo G, Tobenas S, Alonso-Sarduy L, Adamcik J, Dietler G. FM-AFM constant height imaging and force curves: high resolution study of DNA-tip interactions. J Mol Recognit 2012; 25:486-93. [PMID: 22899592 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip with the sample can be invasive for soft samples. Frequency Modulation (FM) AFM is gentler because it allows scanning in the non-contact regime where only attractive forces exist between the tip and the sample, and there is no sample compression. Recently, FM-AFM was used to resolve the atomic structure of single molecules of pentacene and of carbon nanotubes. We are testing similar FM-AFM-based approaches to study biological samples. We present FM-AFM experiments on dsDNA deposited on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane modified mica in ultra high vacuum. With flexible samples such as DNA, the substrate flatness is a sub-molecular resolution limiting factor. Non-contact topographic images of DNA show variations that have the periodicity of the right handed helix of B-form DNA - this is an unexpected result as dehydrated DNA is thought to assume the A-form structure. Frequency shift maps at constant height allow working in the non-monotonic frequency shift range, show a rich contrast that changes significantly with the tip-sample separation, and show 0.2 to 0.4 nm size details on DNA. Frequency shift versus distance curves acquired on DNA molecules and converted in force curves show that for small molecules (height < 2.5 nm), there is a contribution to the interaction force from the substrate when the tip is on top of the molecules. Our data shine a new light on dehydrated and adsorbed DNA behavior. They show a longer tip-sample interaction distance. These experiments may have an impact on nanotechnological DNA applications in non-physiological environments such as DNA based nanoelectronics and nanotemplating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cerreta
- Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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23
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Hihath J, Guo S, Zhang P, Tao N. Effects of cytosine methylation on DNA charge transport. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:164204. [PMID: 22466008 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/16/164204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The methylation of cytosine bases in DNA commonly takes place in the human genome and its abnormality can be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of genetic diseases. In this paper we explore the effects of cytosine methylation on the conductance of DNA. Although the methyl group is a small chemical modification, and has a van der Waals radius of only 2 Å, its presence significantly changes the duplex stability, and as such may also affect the conductance properties of DNA. To determine if charge transport through the DNA stack is sensitive to this important biological modification we perform multiple conductance measurements on a methylated DNA molecule with an alternating G:C sequence and its non-methylated counterpart. From these studies we find a measurable difference in the conductance between the two types of molecules, and demonstrate that this difference is statistically significant. The conductance values of these molecules are also compared with a similar sequence that has been previously studied to help elucidate the charge transport mechanisms involved in direct DNA conductance measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hihath
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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24
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Yang Y, Liu JY, Chen ZB, Tian JH, Jin X, Liu B, Li X, Luo ZZ, Lu M, Yang FZ, Tao N, Tian ZQ. Conductance histogram evolution of an EC-MCBJ fabricated Au atomic point contact. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:275313. [PMID: 21613733 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/27/275313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a study of Au conductance quantization based on a combined electrochemical deposition and mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) method. We describe the microfabrication process and discuss improved features of our microchip structure compared to the previous one. The improved structure prolongs the available life of the microchip and also increases the success rate of the MCBJ experiment. Stepwise changes in the current were observed at the last stage of atomic point contact breakdown and conductance histograms were constructed. The evolution of 1G0 peak height in conductance histograms was used to investigate the probability of formation of an atomic point contact. It has been shown that the success rate in forming an atomic point contact can be improved by decreasing the stretching speed and the degree that the two electrodes are brought into contact. The repeated breakdown and formation over thousands of cycles led to a distinctive increase of 1G0 peak height in the conductance histograms, and this increased probability of forming a single atomic point contact is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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25
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Tsuji Y, Staykov A, Yoshizawa K. Orbital Views of Molecular Conductance Perturbed by Anchor Units. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:5955-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ja111021e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Aleksandar Staykov
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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26
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Mo6S3I6-Au composites: synthesis, conductance, and applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 348:299-302. [PMID: 20494366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A single-step, premixing method was used to directly deposit gold nanoparticles on Mo(6)S(3)I(6) (MSI) molecular wire bundles. Gold nanoparticles with different sizes and densities were coated on the MSI by changing the concentration of the gold containing salt, HAuCl(4). TEM, SEM, and EDX characterization showed deposition of gold nanoparticles on the MSI nanowire surface. The electrical resistance of these MSI-Au composites was more than 100 times lower than that for pure MSI, and was mainly dependent on the density of the deposited gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, we immobilized thiol group-labeled oligonucleotide on the composites and then hybridized with a fully matched sequence. The resistance of the MSI-Au composites increased during the thiol step, while it decreased by hybridizing, due to the conductance difference between single- and double-stranded DNA chains. These results indicate that this new kind of MSI-Au composite could be used as a platform for different applications, including biosensors.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Genereux
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Jacqueline K. Barton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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28
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Leveritt JM, Dibaya C, Tesar S, Shrestha R, Burin AL. One-dimensional confinement of electric field and humidity dependent DNA conductivity. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:245102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3273211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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29
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Linko V, Paasonen ST, Kuzyk A, Törmä P, Toppari JJ. Characterization of the conductance mechanisms of DNA origami by AC impedance spectroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:2382-2386. [PMID: 19637269 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veikko Linko
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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