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Fu W, Zhang W. Hybrid AFM for Nanoscale Physicochemical Characterization: Recent Development and Emerging Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603525. [PMID: 28121376 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has evolved to be one of the most powerful tools for the characterization of material surfaces especially at the nanoscale. Recent development of AFM has incorporated a suite of analytical techniques including surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique and infrared (IR) spectroscopy to further reveal chemical composition and map the chemical distribution. This incorporation not only elevates the functionality of AFM but also increases the resolution limitation of conventional IR and Raman spectroscopy. Despite the rapid development of such hybrid AFM techniques, many unique features, principles, applications, potential pitfalls or artifacts are not well known to the community. This review systematically summarizes the recent relevant literature on hybrid AFM principles and applications. It focuses specially on AFM-IR and AFM-Raman techniques. Various applications in different research fields are critically reviewed and discussed, highlighting the potentials of these hybrid AFM techniques. Here, the major drawbacks and limitations of these two hybrid AFM techniques are presented. The intentions of this article are to shed new light on the future research and achieve improvements in stability and reliability of the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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Shi X, Coca-López N, Janik J, Hartschuh A. Advances in Tip-Enhanced Near-Field Raman Microscopy Using Nanoantennas. Chem Rev 2017; 117:4945-4960. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Shi
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolás Coca-López
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Janik
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Pal PP, Jiang N, Sonntag MD, Chiang N, Foley ET, Hersam MC, Van Duyne RP, Seideman T. Plasmon-Mediated Electron Transport in Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Junctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4210-4218. [PMID: 26538036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We combine experiment, theory, and first-principles-based calculations to study the light-induced plasmon-mediated electron transport characteristics of a molecular-scale junction. The experimental data show a nonlinear increase in electronic current perturbation when the focus of a chopped laser beam moves laterally toward the tip-sample junction. To understand this behavior and generalize it, we apply a combined theory of the electronic nonequilibrium formed upon decoherence of an optically triggered plasmon and first-principles transport calculations. Our model illustrates that the current via an adsorbed molecular monolayer increases nonlinearly as more energy is pumped into the junction due to the increasing availability of virtual molecular orbital channels for transport with higher injection energies. Our results thus illustrate light-triggered, plasmon-enhanced tunneling current in the presence of a molecular linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Pal
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew D Sonntag
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Naihao Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Edward T Foley
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard P Van Duyne
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tamar Seideman
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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A 1.7 nm resolution chemical analysis of carbon nanotubes by tip-enhanced Raman imaging in the ambient. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3312. [PMID: 24518208 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface morphology of materials is routinely analysed by an atomic force microscope and scanning tunneling microscope (STM) down to subnanometer precision. However, it is still challenging to investigate the surface chemistry simultaneously, which requires specific capability of force or tunneling spectroscopy in ultrahigh vacuum environment and liquid Helium temperature. Here we demonstrate the simultaneous chemical and structural analysis of individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by STM-based tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (STM-TERS) with 1.7 nm spatial resolution in the ambient. Raman contrast over different types of CNTs, local defects, diameters and bundling effect are all visualized in real space. Disengaging from ultrahigh vacuum and cryogenic environment, our ambient STM-TERS imaging is powerful in analysing local chemistry for CNTs and also suitable for analysing as-made and soft materials, which cannot be seen with general electron microscopy techniques.
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Jiang N, Foley ET, Klingsporn JM, Sonntag MD, Valley NA, Dieringer JA, Seideman T, Schatz GC, Hersam MC, Van Duyne RP. Observation of multiple vibrational modes in ultrahigh vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with molecular-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:5061-7. [PMID: 22200250 DOI: 10.1021/nl2039925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple vibrational modes have been observed for copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) adlayers on Ag(111) using ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). Several important new experimental features are introduced in this work that significantly advance the state-of-the-art in UHV-TERS. These include (1) concurrent sub-nm molecular resolution STM imaging using Ag tips with laser illumination of the tip-sample junction, (2) laser focusing and Raman collection optics that are external to the UHV-STM that has two cryoshrouds for future low temperature experiments, and (3) all sample preparation steps are carried out in UHV to minimize contamination and maximize spatial resolution. Using this apparatus we have been able to demonstrate a TERS enhancement factor of 7.1 × 10(5). Further, density-functional theory calculations have been carried out that allow quantitative identification of eight different vibrational modes in the TER spectra. The combination of molecular-resolution UHV-STM imaging with the detailed chemical information content of UHV-TERS allows the interactions between large polyatomic molecular adsorbates and specific binding sites on solid surfaces to be probed with unprecedented spatial and spectroscopic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Stadler J, Schmid T, Zenobi R. Developments in and practical guidelines for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1856-1870. [PMID: 22105888 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr11143d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This feature review provides an overview of the state-of the art and recent developments in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), in-depth information about the different available types of instruments including their (dis-)advantages and capabilities as well as a short glance at a number of samples that have recently been investigated using TERS. Issues concerning the progression of TERS from point spectroscopy to an imaging technique are discussed, as well as problems arising from background and contamination signals. This review is concluded with a short TERS 'user guideline', trying to aid researchers new in the field to properly align and test their own TERS setups. Finally, a short outlook is given and some critical issues are raised that need to be solved by the community sooner or later, in order to promote TERS towards a 'push-button' operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Stadler
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI E 329, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Qian H, Kalinka G, Chan KLA, Kazarian SG, Greenhalgh ES, Bismarck A, Shaffer MSP. Mapping local microstructure and mechanical performance around carbon nanotube grafted silica fibres: methodologies for hierarchical composites. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4759-4767. [PMID: 21979874 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10497g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) modifies bulk polymer properties, depending on intrinsic quality, dispersion, alignment, interfacial chemistry and mechanical properties of the nanofiller. These effects can be exploited to enhance the matrices of conventional microscale fibre-reinforced polymer composites, by using primary reinforcing fibres grafted with CNTs. This paper presents a methodology that combines atomic force microscopy, polarised Raman spectroscopy, and nanoindentation techniques, to study the distribution, alignment and orientation of CNTs in the vicinity of epoxy-embedded micrometre-scale silica fibres, as well as, the resulting local mechanical properties of the matrix. Raman maps of key features in the CNT spectra clearly show the CNT distribution and orientation, including a 'parted' morphology associated with long grafted CNTs. The hardness and indentation modulus of the epoxy matrix were improved locally by 28% and 24%, respectively, due to the reinforcing effects of CNTs. Moreover, a slower stress relaxation was observed in the epoxy region containing CNTs, which may be due to restricted molecular mobility of the matrix. The proposed methodology is likely to be relevant to further studies of nanocomposites and hierarchical composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qian
- The Composites Centre, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Chan KLA, Kazarian SG. Tip-enhanced Raman mapping with top-illumination AFM. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:175701. [PMID: 21411920 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/17/175701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman mapping is a powerful, emerging technique that offers rich chemical information and high spatial resolution. Currently, most of the successes in tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) measurements are based on the inverted configuration where tips and laser are approaching the sample from opposite sides. This results in the limitation of measurement for transparent samples only. Several approaches have been developed to obtain tip-enhanced Raman mapping in reflection mode, many of which involve certain customisations of the system. We have demonstrated in this work that it is also possible to obtain TERS nano-images using an upright microscope (top-illumination) with a gold-coated Si atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever without significant modification to the existing integrated AFM/Raman system. A TERS image of a single-walled carbon nanotube has been achieved with a spatial resolution of ∼ 20-50 nm, demonstrating the potential of this technique for studying non-transparent nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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