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Minnekhanov A, Matsukatova A, Trofimov A, Nesmelov A, Zavyalov S, Demin V, Emelyanov A. Reliable Memristive Synapses Based on Parylene-MoO x Nanocomposites for Neuromorphic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54996-55008. [PMID: 37962902 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Memristive devices, known for their nonvolatile resistive switching, are promising components for next-generation neuromorphic computing systems, which mimic the brain's neural architecture. Specifically, these devices are well-suited for functioning as artificial synapses due to their analogue tunability and low energy consumption. However, the improvement of their performance and reliability remains a pressing challenge. In this study, we report the development and comprehensive characterization of memristive devices based on a parylene-MoOx (PPX-Mo) nanocomposite layer, which exhibit improved characteristics over their parylene-based counterparts: lower switching voltage and energy, smaller dispersion, and better resistive plasticity. A robust statistical analysis identified the optimal synthesis parameters for these devices, providing valuable insights for future device optimization. The most probable resistive switching mechanism of the devices is proposed. By successfully integrating these memristors into a neuromorphic computing model and showcasing their scalability in crossbar geometry, we demonstrate their potential as functional artificial synapses. The results obtained from this study can be useful for the development of hardware-brain-inspired computational systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Matsukatova
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey Trofimov
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow 141701, Russia
| | | | - Sergey Zavyalov
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Demin
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow 141701, Russia
| | - Andrey Emelyanov
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow 141701, Russia
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Piezoresistive Memories Based on Two-Dimensional Nano-Scale Electromechanical Systems. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12070968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present piezoresistive memory-bits based on two-dimensional nano-scale electro-mechanical systems. We demonstrate it is possible to achieve different electrical responses by fine control of micro-structural asymmetries and that information can be encoded in the geometrical configuration of the device and read as in classical ReRAM memories by measuring the current flowing across it. Based on the potential energy landscape of the device, we estimate the energy cost to operate the proposed memories. The estimated energy requirements for a single bit compete with existing technologies.
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Shvetsov BS, Minnekhanov AA, Emelyanov AV, Ilyasov AI, Grishchenko YV, Zanaveskin ML, Nesmelov AA, Streltsov DR, Patsaev TD, Vasiliev AL, Rylkov VV, Demin VA. Parylene-based memristive crossbar structures with multilevel resistive switching for neuromorphic computing. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:255201. [PMID: 35276689 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac5cfe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is growing interest in wearable and biocompatible smart computing and information processing systems that are safe for the human body. Memristive devices are promising for solving such problems due to a number of their attractive properties, such as low power consumption, scalability, and the multilevel nature of resistive switching (plasticity). The multilevel plasticity allows memristors to emulate synapses in hardware neuromorphic computing systems (NCSs). The aim of this work was to study Cu/poly-p-xylylene(PPX)/Au memristive elements fabricated in the crossbar geometry. In developing the technology for manufacturing such samples, we took into account their characteristics, in particular stable and multilevel resistive switching (at least 10 different states) and low operating voltage (<2 V), suitable for NCSs. Experiments on cycle to cycle (C2C) switching of a single memristor and device to device (D2D) switching of several memristors have shown high reproducibility of resistive switching (RS) voltages. Based on the obtained memristors, a formal hardware neuromorphic network was created that can be trained to classify simple patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris S Shvetsov
- National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute', 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrey V Emelyanov
- National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute', 123182, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Aleksandr I Ilyasov
- National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute', 123182, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Timofey D Patsaev
- National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute', 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L Vasiliev
- National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute', 123182, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
- Federal Research Center 'Crystallography and Photonics' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117342, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Rylkov
- National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute', 123182, Moscow, Russia
- Kotel'nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics RAS, 141190, Fryazino, Moscow Region, Russia
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Efficacy and safety of a parylene-coated occluder for atrial septal defect: a prospective, multi-center, randomized controlled clinical trial. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2685-2691. [PMID: 34759229 PMCID: PMC8631379 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nitinol-containing devices are widely used in clinical practice. However, there are concerns about nickel release after nitinol-containing device implantation. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of a parylene-coated occluder vs. a traditional nitinol-containing device for atrial septal defect (ASD). Methods: One-hundred-and-eight patients with ASD were prospectively enrolled and randomly assigned to either the trial group to receive a parylene-coated occluder (n = 54) or the control group to receive a traditional occluder (n = 54). The plugging success rate at 6 months after device implantation and the pre- and post-implantation serum nickel levels were compared between the two groups. A non-inferiority design was used to prove that the therapeutic effect of the parylene-coated device was non-inferior to that of the traditional device. The Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel chi-squared test with adjustment for central effects was used for the comparison between groups. Results: At 6 months after implantation, successful ASD closure was achieved in 52 of 53 patients (98.11%) in both the trial and control groups (95% confidence interval (CI): [−4.90, 5.16]) based on per-protocol set analysis. The absolute value of the lower limit of the 95% CI was 4.90%, which was less than the specified non-inferiority margin of 8%. No deaths or severe complications occurred during 6 months of follow-up. The serum nickel levels were significantly increased at 2 weeks and reached the maximum value at 1 month after implantation in the control group (P < 0.05 vs. baseline). In the trial group, there was no significant difference in the serum nickel level before vs. after device implantation (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The efficacy of a parylene-coated ASD occluder is non-inferior to that of a traditional uncoated ASD occluder. The parylene-coated occluder prevents nickel release after device implantation and may be an alternative for ASD, especially in patients with a nickel allergy.
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Sarkar S, Banik H, Suklabaidya S, Deb B, Majumdar S, Paul PK, Bhattacharjee D, Hussain SA. Resistive Switching of the Tetraindolyl Derivative in Ultrathin Films: A Potential Candidate for Nonvolatile Memory Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4449-4459. [PMID: 33821655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar resistive switching using organic molecule is very promising for memory applications owing to their advantages, such as simple device structure, low manufacturing cost, stability, and flexibility. Herein we report Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and spin-coated-film-based bipolar resistive switching devices using organic material 1,4-bis(di(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)benzene (Indole1). The pressure-area per molecule isotherm (π-A), Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to formulate an idea about the organization and morphology of the organic material onto thin films. On the basis of the device structure and measurement protocol, it is observed that the device made up of Indole1 shows nonvolatile resistive random access memory (RRAM) behavior with a very high memory window (∼106), data sustainability (5400 s), device yield (86.7%), and repeatability. The oxidation-reduction process and electric-field-driven conduction are the keys behind such switching behavior. Because of very good data retention, repeatability, stability, and a high device yield, the switching device designed using compound Indole1 may be a potential candidate for memory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pabitra Kumar Paul
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Carlos E, Branquinho R, Martins R, Kiazadeh A, Fortunato E. Recent Progress in Solution-Based Metal Oxide Resistive Switching Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004328. [PMID: 33314334 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide resistive switching memories have been a crucial component for the requirements of the Internet of Things, which demands ultra-low power and high-density devices with new computing principles, exploiting low cost green products and technologies. Most of the reported resistive switching devices use conventional methods (physical and chemical vapor deposition), which are quite expensive due to their up-scale production. Solution-processing methods have been improved, being now a reliable technology that offers many advantages for resistive random-access memory (RRAM) such as high versatility, large area uniformity, transparency, low-cost and a simple fabrication of two-terminal structures. Solution-based metal oxide RRAM devices are emergent and promising non-volatile memories for future electronics. In this review, a brief history of non-volatile memories is highlighted as well as the present status of solution-based metal oxide resistive random-access memory (S-RRAM). Then, a focus on describing the solution synthesis parameters of S-RRAMs which induce a massive influence in the overall performance of these devices is discussed. Next, a precise analysis is performed on the metal oxide thin film and electrode interface and the recent advances on S-RRAM that will allow their large-area manufacturing. Finally, the figures of merit and the main challenges in S-RRAMs are discussed and future trends are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Carlos
- CENIMAT/i3N Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Rita Branquinho
- CENIMAT/i3N Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Martins
- CENIMAT/i3N Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Asal Kiazadeh
- CENIMAT/i3N Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Elvira Fortunato
- CENIMAT/i3N Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
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Self-Compliance and High Performance Pt/HfO x/Ti RRAM Achieved through Annealing. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030457. [PMID: 32143299 PMCID: PMC7153612 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A self-compliance resistive random access memory (RRAM) achieved through thermal annealing of a Pt/HfOx/Ti structure. The electrical characteristic measurements show that the forming voltage of the device annealing at 500 °C decreased, and the switching ratio and uniformity improved. Tests on the device’s cycling endurance and data retention characteristics found that the device had over 1000 erase/write endurance and over 105 s of lifetime (85 °C). The switching mechanisms of the devices before and after annealing were also discussed.
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Minnekhanov AA, Emelyanov AV, Lapkin DA, Nikiruy KE, Shvetsov BS, Nesmelov AA, Rylkov VV, Demin VA, Erokhin VV. Parylene Based Memristive Devices with Multilevel Resistive Switching for Neuromorphic Applications. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10800. [PMID: 31346245 PMCID: PMC6658497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the resistive switching and neuromorphic behaviour of memristive devices based on parylene, a polymer both low-cost and safe for the human body, is comprehensively studied. The Metal/Parylene/ITO sandwich structures were prepared by means of the standard gas phase surface polymerization method with different top active metal electrodes (Ag, Al, Cu or Ti of ~500 nm thickness). These organic memristive devices exhibit excellent performance: low switching voltage (down to 1 V), large OFF/ON resistance ratio (up to 104), retention (≥104 s) and high multilevel resistance switching (at least 16 stable resistive states in the case of Cu electrodes). We have experimentally shown that parylene-based memristive elements can be trained by a biologically inspired spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) mechanism. The obtained results have been used to implement a simple neuromorphic network model of classical conditioning. The described advantages allow considering parylene-based organic memristors as prospective devices for hardware realization of spiking artificial neuron networks capable of supervised and unsupervised learning and suitable for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey V Emelyanov
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 123182, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Lapkin
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 123182, Moscow, Russia.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina E Nikiruy
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 123182, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | | | - Vladimir V Rylkov
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 123182, Moscow, Russia.,Kotel'nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics RAS, 141190, Fryazino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav A Demin
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 123182, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Victor V Erokhin
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 123182, Moscow, Russia. .,CNR-IMEM (National Research Council, Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism), 43124, Parma, Italy.
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Gao S, Yi X, Shang J, Liu G, Li RW. Organic and hybrid resistive switching materials and devices. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1531-1565. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00614h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a timely and comprehensive summary of organic and hybrid materials for nonvolatile resistive switching memory applications in the “More than Moore” era, with particular attention on their designing principles for electronic property tuning and flexible memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Xiaohui Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Gang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
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10
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Wearable Intrinsically Soft, Stretchable, Flexible Devices for Memories and Computing. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020367. [PMID: 29382050 PMCID: PMC5855892 DOI: 10.3390/s18020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A recent trend in the development of high mass consumption electron devices is towards electronic textiles (e-textiles), smart wearable devices, smart clothes, and flexible or printable electronics. Intrinsically soft, stretchable, flexible, Wearable Memories and Computing devices (WMCs) bring us closer to sci-fi scenarios, where future electronic systems are totally integrated in our everyday outfits and help us in achieving a higher comfort level, interacting for us with other digital devices such as smartphones and domotics, or with analog devices, such as our brain/peripheral nervous system. WMC will enable each of us to contribute to open and big data systems as individual nodes, providing real-time information about physical and environmental parameters (including air pollution monitoring, sound and light pollution, chemical or radioactive fallout alert, network availability, and so on). Furthermore, WMC could be directly connected to human brain and enable extremely fast operation and unprecedented interface complexity, directly mapping the continuous states available to biological systems. This review focuses on recent advances in nanotechnology and materials science and pays particular attention to any result and promising technology to enable intrinsically soft, stretchable, flexible WMC.
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Lin CC, Liou HY, Chu SY, Huang CY, Hong CS. Diverse resistive switching behaviors of AlN thin films with different orientations. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00966j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films with different orientations (i.e., amorphous, (100)- and (002)-oriented) are deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates via the radio-frequency (RF) sputtering method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Mathematic and Physical Sciences
- R.O.C. Air Force Academy
- Kaohsiung 820
- Republic of China
| | - Huei-Yu Liou
- Department of Electrical Engineering
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan 701
- Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Chu
- Department of Electrical Engineering
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan 701
- Republic of China
- Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology
| | - Chih-Yu Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- National Kaohsiung Normal University
- Kaohsiung 802
- Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Shong Hong
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- National Kaohsiung Normal University
- Kaohsiung 802
- Republic of China
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Lee W, Jang J, Song Y, Cho K, Yoo D, Kim Y, Chung S, Lee T. Attachable and flexible aluminum oxide resistive non-volatile memory arrays fabricated on tape as the substrate. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:135201. [PMID: 28170344 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5f0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated 8 × 8 arrays of non-volatile resistive memory devices on commercially available Scotch® Magic™ tape as a flexible substrate. The memory devices consist of double active layers of Al2O3 with a structure of Au/Al2O3/Au/Al2O3/Al (50 nm/20 nm/20 nm/20 nm/50 nm) on attachable tape substrates. Because the memory devices were fabricated using only dry and low temperature processes, the tape substrate did not suffer from any physical or chemical damage during the fabrication. The fabricated memory devices were turned to the low resistance state at ∼3.5 V and turned to the high resistance state at ∼10 V with a negative differential resistance region after ∼5 V, showing typical unipolar non-volatile resistive memory behavior. The memory devices on the tape substrates exhibited reasonable electrical performances including a high ON/OFF ratio of 104, endurance over 200 cycles of reading/writing processes, and retention times of over 104 s in both the flat and bent configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woocheol Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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13
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Shih CC, Chung CY, Lam JY, Wu HC, Morimitsu Y, Matsuno H, Tanaka K, Chen WC. Transparent deoxyribonucleic acid substrate with high mechanical strength for flexible and biocompatible organic resistive memory devices. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13463-13466. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07648c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), with high mechanical strength, was employed as the substrate for a Ag nanowire (Ag NW) pattern and then used to fabricate flexible resistor-type memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chung Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Jeun-Yan Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Yuma Morimitsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Hisao Matsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
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