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Li G, Zakharov DN, Sikder S, Xu Y, Tong X, Dimitrakellis P, Boscoboinik JA. In Situ Monitoring of Non-Thermal Plasma Cleaning of Surfactant Encapsulated Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:290. [PMID: 38334560 PMCID: PMC10856489 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Surfactants are widely used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, as they have a remarkable ability to direct their growth to obtain well-defined shapes and sizes. However, their post-synthesis removal is a challenge, and the methods used often result in morphological changes that defeat the purpose of the initial controlled growth. Moreover, after the removal of surfactants, the highly active surfaces of nanomaterials may undergo structural reconstruction by exposure to a different environment. Thus, ex situ characterization after air exposure may not reflect the effect of the cleaning methods. Here, combining X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in situ infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, and environmental transmission electron microscopy measurements with CO probe experiments, we investigated different surfactant-removal methods to produce clean metallic Pt nanoparticles from surfactant-encapsulated ones. It was demonstrated that both ultraviolet-ozone (UV-ozone) treatment and room temperature O2 plasma treatment led to the formation of Pt oxides on the surface after the removal of the surfactant. On the other hand, when H2 was used for plasma treatment, both the Pt0 oxidation state and nanoparticle size distribution were preserved. In addition, H2 plasma treatment can reduce Pt oxides after O2-based treatments, resulting in metallic nanoparticles with clean surfaces. These findings provide a better understanding of the various options for surfactant removal from metal nanoparticles and point toward non-thermal plasmas as the best route if the integrity of the nanoparticle needs to be preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengnan Li
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; (D.N.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.X.); (X.T.)
| | - Dmitri N. Zakharov
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; (D.N.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.X.); (X.T.)
| | - Sayantani Sikder
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; (D.N.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.X.); (X.T.)
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Yixin Xu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; (D.N.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.X.); (X.T.)
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Xiao Tong
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; (D.N.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.X.); (X.T.)
| | - Panagiotis Dimitrakellis
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Jorge Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; (D.N.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.X.); (X.T.)
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2
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García-Martínez F, Rämisch L, Ali K, Waluyo I, Bodero RC, Pfaff S, Villar-García IJ, Walter AL, Hunt A, Pérez-Dieste V, Zetterberg J, Lundgren E, Schiller F, Ortega JE. Structure Matters: Asymmetric CO Oxidation at Rh Steps with Different Atomic Packing. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15363-15371. [PMID: 35960901 PMCID: PMC9413197 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Curved crystals are a simple but powerful approach to
bridge the
gap between single crystal surfaces and nanoparticle catalysts, by
allowing a rational assessment of the role of active step sites in
gas-surface reactions. Using a curved Rh(111) crystal, here, we investigate
the effect of A-type (square geometry) and B-type (triangular geometry)
atomic packing of steps on the catalytic CO oxidation on Rh at millibar
pressures. Imaging the crystal during reaction ignition with laser-induced
CO2 fluorescence demonstrates a two-step process, where
B-steps ignite at lower temperature than A-steps. Such fundamental
dissimilarity is explained in ambient pressure X-ray photoemission
(AP-XPS) experiments, which reveal partial CO desorption and oxygen
buildup only at B-steps. AP-XPS also proves that A-B step asymmetries
extend to the active stage: at A-steps, low-active O–Rh–O
trilayers buildup immediately after ignition, while highly active
chemisorbed O is the dominant species on B-type steps. We conclude
that B-steps are more efficient than A-steps for the CO oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Rämisch
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund 221 000, Sweden
| | - Khadiza Ali
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, Manuel Lardizábal 5, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Rodrigo Castrillo Bodero
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, Manuel Lardizábal 5, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Sebastian Pfaff
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund 221 000, Sweden
| | - Ignacio J Villar-García
- NAPP Station, CIRCE Beamline, ALBA synchrotron, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08290, Spain
| | - Andrew Leigh Walter
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Virginia Pérez-Dieste
- NAPP Station, CIRCE Beamline, ALBA synchrotron, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08290, Spain
| | | | - Edvin Lundgren
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund 221 000, Sweden
| | - Frederik Schiller
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, Manuel Lardizábal 5, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - J Enrique Ortega
- Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad del País Vasco, San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, Manuel Lardizábal 5, San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Centre, Manuel Lardizábal 4, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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3
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Boix V, Scardamaglia M, Gallo T, D’Acunto G, Strømsheim MD, Cavalca F, Zhu S, Shavorskiy A, Schnadt J, Knudsen J. Following the Kinetics of Undercover Catalysis with APXPS and the Role of Hydrogen as an Intercalation Promoter. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Boix
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Tamires Gallo
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Giulio D’Acunto
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie Døvre Strømsheim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Suyun Zhu
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22484 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Joachim Schnadt
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22484 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Knudsen
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22484 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
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4
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Garcia‐Martinez F, García‐Fernández C, Simonovis JP, Hunt A, Walter A, Waluyo I, Bertram F, Merte LR, Shipilin M, Pfaff S, Blomberg S, Zetterberg J, Gustafson J, Lundgren E, Sánchez‐Portal D, Schiller F, Ortega JE. Catalytic Oxidation of CO on a Curved Pt(111) Surface: Simultaneous Ignition at All Facets through a Transient CO‐O Complex**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garcia‐Martinez
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-, Materials Physics Center Manuel Lardizabal 5 20018 San Sebastian Spain
| | - Carlos García‐Fernández
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-, Materials Physics Center Manuel Lardizabal 5 20018 San Sebastian Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Simonovis
- National Synchrotron Light Source II Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National Synchrotron Light Source II Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Andrew Walter
- National Synchrotron Light Source II Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sara Blomberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering Lund University 221 000 Lund Sweden
| | | | | | - Edvin Lundgren
- Department of Physics Lund University 221 000 Lund Sweden
| | - Daniel Sánchez‐Portal
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-, Materials Physics Center Manuel Lardizabal 5 20018 San Sebastian Spain
| | - Frederik Schiller
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-, Materials Physics Center Manuel Lardizabal 5 20018 San Sebastian Spain
| | - J. Enrique Ortega
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-, Materials Physics Center Manuel Lardizabal 5 20018 San Sebastian Spain
- Departamento Física Aplicada I Universidad del País Vasco 20018 San Sebastian Spain
- Donostia International Physics Centre Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4 20018 San Sebastian Spain
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5
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Garcia-Martinez F, García-Fernández C, Simonovis JP, Hunt A, Walter A, Waluyo I, Bertram F, Merte LR, Shipilin M, Pfaff S, Blomberg S, Zetterberg J, Gustafson J, Lundgren E, Sánchez-Portal D, Schiller F, Ortega JE. Catalytic Oxidation of CO on a Curved Pt(111) Surface: Simultaneous Ignition at All Facets through a Transient CO-O Complex*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20037-20043. [PMID: 32701180 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic oxidation of CO on transition metals, such as Pt, is commonly viewed as a sharp transition from the CO-inhibited surface to the active metal, covered with O. However, we find that minor amounts of O are present in the CO-poisoned layer that explain why, surprisingly, CO desorbs at stepped and flat Pt crystal planes at once, regardless of the reaction conditions. Using near-ambient pressure X-ray photoemission and a curved Pt(111) crystal we probe the chemical composition at surfaces with variable step density during the CO oxidation reaction. Analysis of C and O core levels across the curved crystal reveals that, right before light-off, subsurface O builds up within (111) terraces. This is key to trigger the simultaneous ignition of the catalytic reaction at different Pt surfaces: a CO-Pt-O complex is formed that equals the CO chemisorption energy at terraces and steps, leading to the abrupt desorption of poisoning CO from all crystal facets at the same temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garcia-Martinez
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-, Materials Physics Center, Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Fernández
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-, Materials Physics Center, Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Simonovis
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Andrew Walter
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Florian Bertram
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 221 000, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lindsay R Merte
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 221 000, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Sebastian Pfaff
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 221 000, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Blomberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 221 000, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Gustafson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 221 000, Lund, Sweden
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 221 000, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Portal
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-, Materials Physics Center, Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Frederik Schiller
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-, Materials Physics Center, Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - J Enrique Ortega
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-, Materials Physics Center, Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018, San Sebastian, Spain.,Departamento Física Aplicada I, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018, San Sebastian, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Centre, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018, San Sebastian, Spain
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6
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Schnadt J, Knudsen J, Johansson N. Present and new frontiers in materials research by ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:413003. [PMID: 32438360 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab9565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this topical review we catagorise all ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy publications that have appeared between the 1970s and the end of 2018 according to their scientific field. We find that catalysis, surface science and materials science are predominant, while, for example, electrocatalysis and thin film growth are emerging. All catalysis publications that we could identify are cited, and selected case stories with increasing complexity in terms of surface structure or chemical reaction are discussed. For thin film growth we discuss recent examples from chemical vapour deposition and atomic layer deposition. Finally, we also discuss current frontiers of ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy research, indicating some directions of future development of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schnadt
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Knudsen
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Novotny Z, Tobler B, Artiglia L, Fischer M, Schreck M, Raabe J, Osterwalder J. Kinetics of the Thermal Oxidation of Ir(100) toward IrO 2 Studied by Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3601-3607. [PMID: 32302143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using time-lapsed ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we investigate the thermal oxidation of single-crystalline Ir(100) films toward rutile IrO2(110) in situ. We initially observe the formation of a carbon-free surface covered with a complete monolayer of oxygen, based on the binding energies of the Ir 4f and O 1s core level peaks. During a rather long induction period with nearly constant oxygen coverage, the work function of the surface changes continuously as sensed by the gas phase O 1s signal. The sudden and rapid formation of the IrO2 rutile phase with a thickness above 3 nm, manifested by distinct binding energy changes and substantiated by quantitative XPS analysis, provides direct evidence that the oxide film is formed via an autocatalytic growth mechanism that was previously proposed for PbO and RuO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbynek Novotny
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Tobler
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Martin Fischer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, D-86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schreck
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, D-86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Raabe
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Osterwalder
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Schiller F, Ilyn M, Pérez-Dieste V, Escudero C, Huck-Iriart C, Ruiz del Arbol N, Hagman B, Merte LR, Bertram F, Shipilin M, Blomberg S, Gustafson J, Lundgren E, Ortega JE. Catalytic Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide on a Curved Pd Crystal: Spatial Variation of Active and Poisoning Phases in Stationary Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16245-16252. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Schiller
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Max Ilyn
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018-San Sebastian, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Centre, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Virginia Pérez-Dieste
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Escudero
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristián Huck-Iriart
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara Blomberg
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | | | - Edvin Lundgren
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - J. Enrique Ortega
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018-San Sebastian, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Centre, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018-San Sebastian, Spain
- Departamento Física Aplicada I, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018-San Sebastian, Spain
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