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Ribetto FD, Deghi SE, Calvo HL, Bustos-Marún RA. A dynamical model for Brownian molecular motors driven by inelastic electron tunneling. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:164102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several artificial molecular motors driven and controlled by electric currents have been proposed. Similar to Brownian machines, these systems work by turning random inelastic tunneling events into a directional rotation of the molecule. Despite their importance as the ultimate component of future molecular machines, their modeling has not been sufficiently studied. Here, we develop a dynamical model to describe these systems. We illustrate the validity and usefulness of our model by applying it to a well-known molecular motor, showing that the obtained results are consistent with the available experimental data. Moreover, we demonstrate how to use our model to extract some difficult-to-access microscopic parameters. Finally, we include an analysis of the expected effects of current-induced forces (CIFs). Our analysis suggests that, although nonconservative contributions of the CIFs can be important in some scenarios, they do not seem important in the analyzed case. Despite this, the conservative contributions of CIFs could be strong enough to significantly alter the system’s dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico D. Ribetto
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (CONICET) and FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Sebastián E. Deghi
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (CONICET) and FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hernán L. Calvo
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (CONICET) and FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Raúl A. Bustos-Marún
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (CONICET) and FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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2
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Yu Z, Shi Q, Wang H, Shang J, Huang Q, Fukuda T. Controllable Melting and Flow of Ag in Self-Formed Amorphous Carbonaceous Shell for Nanointerconnection. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020213. [PMID: 35208338 PMCID: PMC8876346 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanointerconnection has been selected as a promising method in the post-Moore era to realize device miniaturization and integration. Even with many advances, the existing nanojoining methods still need further developments to meet the three-dimensional nanostructure construction requirements of the next-generation devices. Here, we proposed an efficient silver (Ag)-filled nanotube fabrication method and realized the controllable melting and ultrafine flow of the encapsulated silver at a subfemtogram (0.83 fg/s) level, which presents broad application prospects in the interconnection of materials in the nanometer or even subnanometer. We coated Ag nanowire with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to obtain core–shell nanostructures instead of the conventional well-established nanotube filling or direct synthesis technique, thus overcoming obstacles such as low filling rate, discontinuous metalcore, and limited filling length. Electromigration and thermal gradient force were figured out as the dominant forces for the controllable flow of molten silver. The conductive amorphous carbonaceous shell formed by pyrolyzing the insulative PVP layer was also verified by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), which enabled the continued outflow of the internal Ag. Finally, a reconfigurable nanointerconnection experiment was implemented, which opens the way for interconnection error correction in the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.S.); (H.W.); (Q.H.); (T.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Qing Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.S.); (H.W.); (Q.H.); (T.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huaping Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.S.); (H.W.); (Q.H.); (T.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junyi Shang
- School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Qiang Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.S.); (H.W.); (Q.H.); (T.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Toshio Fukuda
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.S.); (H.W.); (Q.H.); (T.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
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Deghi SE, Fernández-Alcázar LJ, Pastawski HM, Bustos-Marún RA. Current-induced forces in single-resonance systems. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:175303. [PMID: 33530077 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abe266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in nanoelectromechanical devices, current-driven quantum machines, and the mechanical effects of electric currents on nanoscale conductors. Here, we carry out a thorough study of the current-induced forces and the electronic friction of systems whose electronic effective Hamiltonian can be described by an archetypal model, a single energy level coupled to two reservoirs. Our results can help better understand the general conditions that maximize the performance of different devices modeled as a quantum dot coupled to two electronic reservoirs. Additionally, they can be useful to rationalize the role of current-induced forces in the mechanical deformation of one-dimensional conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián E Deghi
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola and Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Lucas J Fernández-Alcázar
- Wave Transport in Complex Systems Lab, Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT-06459, United States of America
| | - Horacio M Pastawski
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola and Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Raúl A Bustos-Marún
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola and Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
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Bejtka K, Milano G, Ricciardi C, Pirri CF, Porro S. TEM Nanostructural Investigation of Ag-Conductive Filaments in Polycrystalline ZnO-Based Resistive Switching Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:29451-29460. [PMID: 32508083 PMCID: PMC8008384 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Memristive devices based on a resistive switching mechanism are considered very promising for nonvolatile memory and unconventional computing applications, even though many details of the switching mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Here, we report a nanostructural study by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques of a Ag/ZnO/Pt memristive device. To ease the localization of the filament position for its characterization, we propose to use the guiding effect of regular perturbation arrays obtained by FIB technology to assist the filament formation. HRTEM and EDX were used to identify the composition and crystalline structure of the so-obtained conductive filaments and surrounding regions. It was determined that the conducting paths are composed mainly of monocrystalline Ag, which remains polycrystalline in some circumstances, including the zone where the switching occurs and at secondary filaments created at the grain boundaries of the polycrystalline ZnO matrix. We also observed that the ZnO matrix shows a degraded quality in the switching zone, while it remains unaltered in the rest of the memristive device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bejtka
- Center
for Sustainable Future Technologies @ POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, Turin 10144, Italy
| | - Gianluca Milano
- Center
for Sustainable Future Technologies @ POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, Turin 10144, Italy
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Carlo Ricciardi
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Candido F. Pirri
- Center
for Sustainable Future Technologies @ POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, Turin 10144, Italy
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Samuele Porro
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy
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Chatterjee A, Tegenkamp C, Pfnür H. Electromigration-induced directional steps towards the formation of single atomic Ag contacts. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:680-687. [PMID: 32395398 PMCID: PMC7188988 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Even though there have been many experimental attempts and theoretical approaches to understand the process of electromigration (EM), it has not been quantitatively understood for ultrathin structures and at grain boundaries. Nevertheless, we showed recently that it can be used reliably for the formation of single atomic point contacts after careful pre-structuring of the initial Ag nanostructures. The process of formation of nanocontacts by EM down to a single-atom point contact was investigated for ultrathin (5 nm) Ag structures at 100 K by measuring the conductance as a function of the time during EM. In this paper, we compare the process of thinning by EM of structures with constrictions below the average grain size of Ag layers (15 nm) with that of structures with much larger initial constrictions of around 150 nm having multiple grains at the centre constriction prior to the formation of a point contact. Even though clear morphological differences exist between both types of structures, quantized conductance plateaus showing the formation of single point contacts have been observed for both. Here we put emphasis on the thinning process by EM, just before a point contact is formed. To understand this thinning process, the semi-classical regime before the contact reaches the quantum regime was analyzed in detail. For this purpose, we used experimental conductance histograms in the range between 2G 0 and 15G 0 and their corresponding Fourier transforms (FTs). The FT analysis of the conductance histograms exhibits a clear preference for thinning along the [100] direction. Using well-established models, both atom-by-atom steps and ranges of stability, presumably caused by electronic shell effects, can be discriminated. Although the directional motion of atoms during EM leads to specific properties such as the instabilities mentioned, similarities to mechanically opened contacts with respect to cross-sectional stability were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atasi Chatterjee
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Laboratorium für Nano und Quantenengineering (LNQE), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Tegenkamp
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Laboratorium für Nano und Quantenengineering (LNQE), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Herbert Pfnür
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Laboratorium für Nano und Quantenengineering (LNQE), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Current-Induced Changes of Surface Morphology in Printed Ag Thin Wires. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12203288. [PMID: 31658627 PMCID: PMC6829400 DOI: 10.3390/ma12203288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current-induced changes of surface morphology in printed Ag thin wires were investigated by current stressing tests and numerical simulation. The samples were printed Ag thin wires on a flexible substrate with input and output pads. Different experimentalresults were obtainedthroughchangingthe current density after current supply and the mechanism of those phenomena were investigated by numerical simulations based on the method of atomic flux divergence. Good agreement between the simulations and experimental results was reached. It was found that electromigration was the main factor that caused the change of the surface morphology. The contribution of thermal migration can be ignored, and the Joule heating lead by the supplied current had a very significant accelerating effect on electromigration. Guidelines for effectively changing the Ag thin wire surface through providing predetermined current density was proposed, which were expected to be useful for improving the electrical reliability and lifetime of printed Ag thin wires in flexible electronic devices.
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Jiang N, Zhang L, Liu ZQ, Sun L, Long WM, He P, Xiong MY, Zhao M. Reliability issues of lead-free solder joints in electronic devices. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:876-901. [PMID: 31528239 PMCID: PMC6735330 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1640072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electronic products are evolving towards miniaturization, high integration, and multi-function, which undoubtedly puts forward higher requirements for the reliability of solder joints in electronic packaging. Approximately 70% of failure in electronic devices originates during the packaging process, mostly due to the failure of solder joints. With the improvement of environmental protection awareness, lead-free solder joints have become a hot issue in recent years. This paper reviews the research progress on the reliability of lead-free solder joints and discusses the influence of temperature, vibration, tin whisker and electromigration on the reliability of solder joints. In addition, the measures to improve the reliability of solder joints are analyzed according to the problems of solder joints themselves, which provides a further theoretical basis for the study of the reliability of solder joints of electronic products in service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Quan Liu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Helicopter Transmission, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Min Long
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Brazing Filler Metals and Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Yue Xiong
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
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Voigtländer B, Tegenkamp C. Special issue on multiprobe techniques. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:490301. [PMID: 30457111 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaee03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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