1
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Dorrian RM, Leonard AV, Lauto A. Millimetric devices for nerve stimulation: a promising path towards miniaturization. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1702-1706. [PMID: 38103235 PMCID: PMC10960286 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve stimulation is a rapidly developing field, demonstrating positive outcomes across several conditions. Despite potential benefits, current nerve stimulation devices are large, complicated, and are powered via implanted pulse generators. These factors necessitate invasive surgical implantation and limit potential applications. Reducing nerve stimulation devices to millimetric sizes would make these interventions less invasive and facilitate broader therapeutic applications. However, device miniaturization presents a serious engineering challenge. This review presents significant advancements from several groups that have overcome this challenge and developed millimetric-sized nerve stimulation devices. These are based on antennas, mini-coils, magneto-electric and opto-electronic materials, or receive ultrasound power. We highlight key design elements, findings from pilot studies, and present several considerations for future applications of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Dorrian
- Spinal Cord Injury Research Group, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna V. Leonard
- Spinal Cord Injury Research Group, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Antonio Lauto
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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2
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Woods JE, Singer AL, Alrashdan F, Tan W, Tan C, Sheth SA, Sheth SA, Robinson JT. Miniature battery-free epidural cortical stimulators. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn0858. [PMID: 38608028 PMCID: PMC11014439 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Miniaturized neuromodulation systems could improve the safety and reduce the invasiveness of bioelectronic neuromodulation. However, as implantable bioelectronic devices are made smaller, it becomes difficult to store enough power for long-term operation in batteries. Here, we present a battery-free epidural cortical stimulator that is only 9 millimeters in width yet can safely receive enough wireless power using magnetoelectric antennas to deliver 14.5-volt stimulation bursts, which enables it to stimulate cortical activity on-demand through the dura. The device has digitally programmable stimulation output and centimeter-scale alignment tolerances when powered by an external transmitter. We demonstrate that this device has enough power and reliability for real-world operation by showing acute motor cortex activation in human patients and reliable chronic motor cortex activation for 30 days in a porcine model. This platform opens the possibility of simple surgical procedures for precise neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. Woods
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Amanda L. Singer
- Motif Neurotech, 2450 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77021, USA
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Fatima Alrashdan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Wendy Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Neurology, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sunil A. Sheth
- Department of Neurology, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sameer A. Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jacob T. Robinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Motif Neurotech, 2450 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77021, USA
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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3
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Hosur S, Kashani Z, Karan SK, Priya S, Kiani M. MagSonic: Hybrid Magnetic-Ultrasonic Wireless Interrogation of Millimeter-Scale Biomedical Implants With Magnetoelectric Transducer. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2024; 18:383-395. [PMID: 37976195 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2023.3334166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Wireless interrogation (power and data transfer) of biomedical implants, miniaturized to millimeter (mm) dimensions, is critical for their chronic operation. Achieving simultaneous wireless power and data transfer at deep sites reliably within safety limits for closed-loop sensing/actuation functions of mm-sized implants is challenging. To enable this operation, a hybrid magnetic-ultrasonic interrogation approach (called MagSonic) is realized through a single magnetoelectric (ME) transducer at the implant that can generate and receive both magnetic field and ultrasound. The fabricated mm-sized bar-shaped ME transducer (5.2×2×1.6 mm3) operates at acoustic wave resonance, functioning at sub-MHz frequencies. For the first time, we demonstrate wireless power reception through one modality (magnetic field or ultrasound) and simultaneous uplink data transmission using the other. At 40 mm depth, the MagSonic link could achieve 100 kbps uplink data rate (bit error rate ≤ 10-5) using 190 pJ/bit transmitted energy and 8 mW delivered power in tissue. The robustness of the MagSonic interrogation link against power carrier interference and misalignments is also demonstrated.
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4
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Xue Y, Yan X, Li D, Dong S, Ping Y. Proinflammatory polarization of engineered heat-inducible macrophages reprogram the tumor immune microenvironment during cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2270. [PMID: 38491004 PMCID: PMC10943244 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The success of macrophage-based adoptive cell therapy is largely constrained by poor polarization from alternatively activated (M2-like) to classically activated (M1-like) phenotype in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we show that the engineered macrophage (eMac) with a heat-inducible genetic switch can induce both self-polarization of adoptively transferred eMac and re-polarization of tumour-associated macrophages in response to mild temperature elevation in a mouse model. The locoregional production of proinflammatory cytokines by eMac in the TME dose not only induces the strong polarization of macrophages into a classically activated phenotype, but also ensures that the side effects typical for systemically administrate proinflammatory cytokines are avoided. We also present a wearable warming device which is adaptable for human patients and can be remotely controlled by a smartphone. In summary, our work represents a safe and efficient adoptive transfer immunotherapy method with potential for human translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xue
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaojie Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Da Li
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Shurong Dong
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuan Ping
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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5
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Bhatia A, Hanna J, Stuart T, Kasper KA, Clausen DM, Gutruf P. Wireless Battery-free and Fully Implantable Organ Interfaces. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2205-2280. [PMID: 38382030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Advances in soft materials, miniaturized electronics, sensors, stimulators, radios, and battery-free power supplies are resulting in a new generation of fully implantable organ interfaces that leverage volumetric reduction and soft mechanics by eliminating electrochemical power storage. This device class offers the ability to provide high-fidelity readouts of physiological processes, enables stimulation, and allows control over organs to realize new therapeutic and diagnostic paradigms. Driven by seamless integration with connected infrastructure, these devices enable personalized digital medicine. Key to advances are carefully designed material, electrophysical, electrochemical, and electromagnetic systems that form implantables with mechanical properties closely matched to the target organ to deliver functionality that supports high-fidelity sensors and stimulators. The elimination of electrochemical power supplies enables control over device operation, anywhere from acute, to lifetimes matching the target subject with physical dimensions that supports imperceptible operation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basic building blocks of battery-free organ interfaces and related topics such as implantation, delivery, sterilization, and user acceptance. State of the art examples categorized by organ system and an outlook of interconnection and advanced strategies for computation leveraging the consistent power influx to elevate functionality of this device class over current battery-powered strategies is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Bhatia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jessica Hanna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Tucker Stuart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kevin Albert Kasper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - David Marshall Clausen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program (GIDP), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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6
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Ke Q, Zhang X, Yang Y, Chen Q, Su J, Tang Y, Fang L. Wearable Magnetoelectric Stimulation for Chronic Wound Healing by Electrospun CoFe 2O 4@CTAB/PVDF Dressings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9839-9853. [PMID: 38372569 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Magnetoelectric stimulation is a promising therapy for various disorders due to its high efficacy and safety. To explore its potential in chronic skin wound treatment, we developed a magnetoelectric dressing, CFO@CTAB/PVDF (CCP), by electrospinning cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified CoFe2O4 (CFO) particles with polyvinylidene fluoride. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) serves as a dispersion surfactant for CFO, with its quaternary ammonium cations imparting antibacterial and hydrophilic properties to the dressing. Electrospinning polarizes polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) molecules and forms a fibrous membrane with flexibility and breathability. With a wearable electromagnetic induction device, a dynamic magnetic field is established to induce magnetostrictive deformation of CFO nanoparticles. Consequently, a piezoelectric potential is generated on the surface of PVDF nanofibers to enhance the endogenous electrical field in the wound, achieving a cascade coupling of electric-magnetic-mechanical-electric effects. Bacteria and cell cultures show that 2% CTAB effectively balances antibacterial property and fibroblast activity. Under dynamic magnetoelectric stimulation, the CCP dressing demonstrates significant upregulation of TGF-β, FGF, and VEGF, promoting L929 cell adhesion and proliferation. Moreover, it facilitates the healing of diabetic rat skin wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus within 2 weeks. Histological and molecular biology evaluations confirm the anti-inflammatory effect of CTAB and the accelerated formation of collagen and vessel by electrical stimulation. This work provides insights into the application of magnetoelectric stimulation in the healing of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianyu Su
- China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, China-Singapore Smart Park, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510555, China
| | - Youhong Tang
- Medical Device Research Institute, Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Liming Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
- China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, China-Singapore Smart Park, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510555, China
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7
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Wang L, Liu S, Zhao W, Li J, Zeng H, Kang S, Sheng X, Wang L, Fan Y, Yin L. Recent Advances in Implantable Neural Interfaces for Multimodal Electrical Neuromodulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2303316. [PMID: 38323711 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Electrical neuromodulation plays a pivotal role in enhancing patient outcomes among individuals suffering from neurological disorders. Implantable neural interfaces are vital components of the electrical neuromodulation system to ensure desirable performance; However, conventional devices are limited to a single function and are constructed with bulky and rigid materials, which often leads to mechanical incompatibility with soft tissue and an inability to adapt to the dynamic and complex 3D structures of biological systems. In addition, current implantable neural interfaces utilized in clinical settings primarily rely on wire-based techniques, which are associated with complications such as increased risk of infection, limited positioning options, and movement restrictions. Here, the state-of-art applications of electrical neuromodulation are presented. Material schemes and device structures that can be employed to develop robust and multifunctional neural interfaces, including flexibility, stretchability, biodegradability, self-healing, self-rolling, or morphing are discussed. Furthermore, multimodal wireless neuromodulation techniques, including optoelectronics, mechano-electrics, magnetoelectrics, inductive coupling, and electrochemically based self-powered devices are reviewed. In the end, future perspectives are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shengnan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wentai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jiakun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Haoxuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shaoyang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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8
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Chen JC, Bhave G, Alrashdan F, Dhuliyawalla A, Hogan KJ, Mikos AG, Robinson JT. Self-rectifying magnetoelectric metamaterials for remote neural stimulation and motor function restoration. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:139-146. [PMID: 37814117 PMCID: PMC10972531 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoelectric materials convert magnetic fields into electric fields. These materials are often used in wireless electronic and biomedical applications. For example, magnetoelectrics could enable the remote stimulation of neural tissue, but the optimal resonance frequencies are typically too high to stimulate neural activity. Here we describe a self-rectifying magnetoelectric metamaterial for a precisely timed neural stimulation. This metamaterial relies on nonlinear charge transport across semiconductor layers that allow the material to generate a steady bias voltage in the presence of an alternating magnetic field. We generate arbitrary pulse sequences with time-averaged voltage biases in excess of 2 V. As a result, we can use magnetoelectric nonlinear metamaterials to wirelessly stimulate peripheral nerves to restore a sensory reflex in an anaesthetized rat model and restore signal propagation in a severed nerve with latencies of less than 5 ms. Overall, these results showing the rational design of magnetoelectric metamaterials support applications in advanced biotechnology and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gauri Bhave
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fatima Alrashdan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abdeali Dhuliyawalla
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katie J Hogan
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jacob T Robinson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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9
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Nair V, Dalrymple AN, Yu Z, Balakrishnan G, Bettinger CJ, Weber DJ, Yang K, Robinson JT. Miniature battery-free bioelectronics. Science 2023; 382:eabn4732. [PMID: 37943926 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn4732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Miniature wireless bioelectronic implants that can operate for extended periods of time can transform how we treat disorders by acting rapidly on precise nerves and organs in a way that drugs cannot. To reach this goal, materials and methods are needed to wirelessly transfer energy through the body or harvest energy from the body itself. We review some of the capabilities of emerging energy transfer methods to identify the performance envelope for existing technology and discover where opportunities lie to improve how much-and how efficiently-we can deliver energy to the tiny bioelectronic implants that can support emerging medical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Nair
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashley N Dalrymple
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Zhanghao Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gaurav Balakrishnan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J Bettinger
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Douglas J Weber
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Kim W, Tuppen CA, Alrashdan F, Singer A, Weirnick R, Robinson JT. Magnetoelectrics enables large power delivery to mm-sized wireless bioelectronics. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2023; 134:094103. [PMID: 37692260 PMCID: PMC10484622 DOI: 10.1063/5.0156015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
To maximize the capabilities of minimally invasive implantable bioelectronic devices, we must deliver large amounts of power to small implants; however, as devices are made smaller, it becomes more difficult to transfer large amounts of power without a wired connection. Indeed, recent work has explored creative wireless power transfer (WPT) approaches to maximize power density [the amount of power transferred divided by receiver footprint area (length × width)]. Here, we analyzed a model for WPT using magnetoelectric (ME) materials that convert an alternating magnetic field into an alternating voltage. With this model, we identify the parameters that impact WPT efficiency and optimize the power density. We find that improvements in adhesion between the laminated ME layers, clamping, and selection of material thicknesses lead to a power density of 3.1 mW/mm2, which is over four times larger than previously reported for mm-sized wireless bioelectronic implants at a depth of 1 cm or more in tissue. This improved power density allows us to deliver 31 and 56 mW to 10 and 27-mm2 ME receivers, respectively. This total power delivery is over five times larger than similarly sized bioelectronic devices powered by radiofrequency electromagnetic waves, inductive coupling, ultrasound, light, capacitive coupling, or previously reported magnetoelectrics. This increased power density opens the door to more power-intensive bioelectronic applications that have previously been inaccessible using mm-sized battery-free devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjune Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - C. Anne Tuppen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Fatima Alrashdan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Amanda Singer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Rachel Weirnick
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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11
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Kim W, Tuppen CA, Alrashdan F, Singer A, Weirnick R, Robinson JT. Magnetoelectrics Enables Large Power Delivery to mm-Sized Wireless Bioelectronics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.01.555944. [PMID: 37732216 PMCID: PMC10508743 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.555944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
To maximize the capabilities of minimally invasive implantable bioelectronic devices, we must deliver large amounts of power to small implants; however, as devices are made smaller, it becomes more difficult to transfer large amounts of power without a wired connection. Indeed, recent work has explored creative wireless power transfer (WPT) approaches to maximize power density (the amount of power transferred divided by receiver footprint area (length × width)). Here, we analyzed a model for WPT using magnetoelectric (ME) materials that convert an alternating magnetic field into an alternating voltage. With this model, we identify the parameters that impact WPT efficiency and optimize the power density. We find that improvements in adhesion between the laminated ME layers, clamping, and selection of material thicknesses lead to a power density of 3.1 mW/mm 2 , which is over 4 times larger than previously reported for mm-sized wireless bioelectronic implants at a depth of 1 cm or more in tissue. This improved power density allows us to deliver 31 mW and 56 mW to 10-mm 2 and 27-mm 2 ME receivers, respectively. This total power delivery is over 5 times larger than similarly sized bioelectronic devices powered by radiofrequency electromagnetic waves, inductive coupling, ultrasound, light, capacitive coupling, or previously reported magnetoelectrics. This increased power density opens the door to more power-intensive bioelectronic applications that have previously been inaccessible using mm-sized battery-free devices.
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12
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Abstract
Energy-efficient sensing with physically secure communication for biosensors on, around, and within the human body is a major area of research for the development of low-cost health care devices, enabling continuous monitoring and/or secure perpetual operation. When used as a network of nodes, these devices form the Internet of Bodies, which poses challenges including stringent resource constraints, simultaneous sensing and communication, and security vulnerabilities. Another major challenge is to find an efficient on-body energy-harvesting method to support the sensing, communication, and security submodules. Due to limitations in the amount of energy harvested, we require a reduction in energy consumed per unit information, making the use of in-sensor analytics and processing imperative. In this article, we review the challenges and opportunities of low-power sensing, processing, and communication with possible powering modalities for future biosensor nodes. Specifically, we analyze, compare, and contrast (a) different sensing mechanisms such as voltage/current domain versus time domain, (b) low-power, secure communication modalities including wireless techniques and human body communication, and (c) different powering techniques for wearable devices and implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baibhab Chatterjee
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Internet of Bodies (C-IoB), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Pedram Mohseni
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering and Institute for Smart, Secure, and Connected Systems (ISSACS), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shreyas Sen
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Internet of Bodies (C-IoB), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
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13
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DAS D, Xu Z, Nasrollahpour M, Martos-Repath I, Zaeimbashi M, Khalifa A, Mittal A, Cash SS, Sun NX, Shrivastava A, Onabajo M. Circuit-Level Modeling and Simulation of Wireless Sensing and Energy Harvesting With Hybrid Magnetoelectric Antennas for Implantable Neural Devices. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2023; 4:139-155. [PMID: 37829556 PMCID: PMC10569408 DOI: 10.1109/ojcas.2023.3259233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
A magnetoelectric antenna (ME) can exhibit the dual capabilities of wireless energy harvesting and sensing at different frequencies. In this article, a behavioral circuit model for hybrid ME antennas is described to emulate the radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting and sensing operations during circuit simulations. The ME antenna of this work is interfaced with a CMOS energy harvester chip towards the goal of developing a wireless communication link for fully integrated implantable devices. One role of the integrated system is to receive pulse-modulated power from a nearby transmitter, and another role is to sense and transmit low-magnitude neural signals. The measurements reported in this paper are the first results that demonstrate simultaneous low-frequency wireless magnetic sensing and high-frequency wireless energy harvesting at two different frequencies with one dual-mode ME antenna. The proposed behavioral ME antenna model can be utilized during design optimizations of energy harvesting circuits. Measurements were performed to validate the wireless power transfer link with an ME antenna having a 2.57 GHz resonance frequency connected to an energy harvester chip designed in 65nm CMOS technology. Furthermore, this dual-mode ME antenna enables concurrent sensing using a carrier signal with a frequency that matches the second 63.63 MHz resonance mode. A wireless test platform has been developed for evaluation of ME antennas as a tool for neural implant design, and this prototype system was utilized to provide first experimental results with the transmission of magnetically modulated action potential waveforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptashree DAS
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ziyue Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mehdi Nasrollahpour
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- MediaTek Inc., Woburn, MA 01801, USA
| | - Isabel Martos-Repath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mohsen Zaeimbashi
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Khalifa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ankit Mittal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nian X Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aatmesh Shrivastava
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marvin Onabajo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Kim HJ, Ho JS. Wireless interfaces for brain neurotechnologies. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210020. [PMID: 35658679 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wireless interfaces enable brain-implanted devices to remotely interact with the external world. They are critical components in modern research and clinical neurotechnologies and play a central role in determining their overall size, lifetime and functionality. Wireless interfaces use a wide range of modalities-including radio-frequency fields, acoustic waves and light-to transfer energy and data to and from an implanted device. These forms of energy interact with living tissue through distinct mechanisms and therefore lead to systems with vastly different form factors, operating characteristics, and safety considerations. This paper reviews recent advances in the development of wireless interfaces for brain neurotechnologies. We summarize the requirements that state-of-the-art brain-implanted devices impose on the wireless interface, and discuss the working principles and applications of wireless interfaces based on each modality. We also investigate challenges associated with wireless brain neurotechnologies and discuss emerging solutions permitted by recent developments in electrical engineering and materials science. This article is part of the theme issue 'Advanced neurotechnologies: translating innovation for health and well-being'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore
| | - John S Ho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore
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15
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A wireless millimetric magnetoelectric implant for the endovascular stimulation of peripheral nerves. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:706-716. [PMID: 35361934 PMCID: PMC9213237 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Implantable bioelectronic devices for the simulation of peripheral nerves could be used to treat disorders that are resistant to traditional pharmacological therapies. However, for many nerve targets, this requires invasive surgeries and the implantation of bulky devices (about a few centimetres in at least one dimension). Here we report the design and in vivo proof-of-concept testing of an endovascular wireless and battery-free millimetric implant for the stimulation of specific peripheral nerves that are difficult to reach via traditional surgeries. The device can be delivered through a percutaneous catheter and leverages magnetoelectric materials to receive data and power through tissue via a digitally programmable 1 mm × 0.8 mm system-on-a-chip. Implantation of the device directly on top of the sciatic nerve in rats and near a femoral artery in pigs (with a stimulation lead introduced into a blood vessel through a catheter) allowed for wireless stimulation of the animals’ sciatic and femoral nerves. Minimally invasive magnetoelectric implants may allow for the stimulation of nerves without the need for open surgery or the implantation of battery-powered pulse generators. An endovascular wireless and battery-free millimetric implant enables the stimulation of peripheral nerves that are difficult to reach via traditional surgeries.
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16
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Knoben R, Alosaimi F, Dominguez-Paredes D, Temel Y, Jahanshahi A. Nanomaterials in neuromodulation: what is the potential? Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:287-290. [PMID: 35311431 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2056447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rick Knoben
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Faisal Alosaimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Dominguez-Paredes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Khalifa A, Lee S, Molnar AC, Cash S. Injectable wireless microdevices: challenges and opportunities. Bioelectron Med 2021; 7:19. [PMID: 34937565 PMCID: PMC8697496 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-021-00080-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past three decades, we have witnessed unprecedented progress in wireless implantable medical devices that can monitor physiological parameters and interface with the nervous system. These devices are beginning to transform healthcare. To provide an even more stable, safe, effective, and distributed interface, a new class of implantable devices is being developed; injectable wireless microdevices. Thanks to recent advances in micro/nanofabrication techniques and powering/communication methodologies, some wireless implantable devices are now on the scale of dust (< 0.5 mm), enabling their full injection with minimal insertion damage. Here we review state-of-the-art fully injectable microdevices, discuss their injection techniques, and address the current challenges and opportunities for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Khalifa
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Sydney Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Hosur S, Sriramdas R, Karan SK, Liu N, Priya S, Kiani M. A Comprehensive Study on Magnetoelectric Transducers for Wireless Power Transfer Using Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:1079-1092. [PMID: 34623276 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3118981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoelectric (ME) transducers, comprising of layered magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials, are more efficient than inductive coils in converting low-frequency magnetic fields into electric fields, particularly in applications that require miniaturized devices such as biomedical implants. Therefore, ME transducers are an attractive candidate for wireless power transfer (WPT) using low-frequency magnetic fields, which are less harmful to the human body and can penetrate easily through different lossy media. The literature lacks a comprehensive study on the ME transducer as a power receiver in a WPT link. This paper studies the impact of different ME design parameters on the WPT link performance. An accurate analytical model of the ME transducer, operating in the longitudinal-transverse mode, is presented, describing both temporal and spatial deformations. Nine ME transducers with different sizes (ME volume: 5-150 mm3) were fabricated with Galfenol and PZT-5A as magnetostrictive and piezoelectric layers, respectively. Through the modeling and measurement of these ME transducers, the effects of the ME transducer dimension, DC bias magnetic field, loading (RL), and operation frequency on the resonance frequency, quality factor, and received power (PL) of the ME transducer are determined. In measurements, a 150 mm3 ME transducer achieved > 10-fold higher PL for a wide RL range of 500 Ω to 1 MΩ at 95.5 kHz, compared to an optimized coil with comparable size and operation frequency.
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