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Magaju D, Montgomery J, Franklin P, Baker C, Friedrich H. Machine learning based assessment of small-bodied fish tracking to evaluate spoiler baffle fish passage design. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116507. [PMID: 36270125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fish passage research is important to mitigate the adverse effects of fragmented river habitats caused by waterway structures. The scale at which this research is undertaken varies from small-scale laboratory prototype studies to in-situ observations at various fish passage structures and bottlenecks. Using DeepLabCut, we introduce and evaluate a machine learning based workflow to track small-bodied fish in order to facilitate improved fish passage management. We specifically studied the behaviour and kinematics of Galaxias maculatus, a widespread diadromous Southern Hemisphere fish species. Upstream fish passage was studied in the presence of three different patches of spoiler baffles at an average water velocity of 0.4 m/s. In semi-supervised mode, the fish locations were extracted, and fish behaviour, such as swimming pathways and resting locations, was analysed based on extracted positions and recorded kinematic parameters. Individual fish behaviour and kinematic parameters were then used to assess the suitability of the three different spoiler baffle designs for enhancing fish passage. Using this technique, we were able to demonstrate where different spoiler baffle configurations resulted in significant differences in fish passage success and behaviour. For example, medium-spaced smaller baffles provided more accessible and uniform resting locations, which were required for efficient upstream passage. Results are discussed in relation to fish passage management at small instream structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendra Magaju
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - John Montgomery
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Franklin
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Cindy Baker
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Heide Friedrich
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Morán-López R, Uceda Tolosa O. Biomechanics of fish swimming and leaping under waterfalls: a realistic field, image-based biophysical model with bioengineering implications. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2020; 15:056011. [PMID: 32521519 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab9b64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide river fragmentation by infrastructures is altering essential ecological processes including fish migrations. Unlike laboratory approaches, field methods and biophysical models have the potential to provide realistic representations of interacting fish-obstacle systems, furthering insights in behavioural and biomechanics science, and allowing better bioinspired engineering. We developed a new field, image-based method that integrates a biophysical mechanistic model to describe the swimming and leaping biomechanics of wild populations of fish in the non-lab ecological context where their reproductive migration takes place. A weir obstacle in natural riverine conditions where fish freely migrate upstream to their breeding grounds was filmed. A biophysical model including the relevant biomechanical and hydraulic forces and their interactions was parametrised and calibrated with the spatial coordinates of fish trajectories. The method was validated with independent empirical data under field conditions. The distribution of fish initial velocities and angle of emergence of the sample of filmed leaps were reliably quantified in field conditions. The distribution of burst swimming velocities underwater was differentiated from that of the initial leaping velocities associated with the thrust of hydraulic forces; fish behaviour while emerging from water was described. Fish approximated the optimum angle to negotiate the waterfall but did not reach the minimum velocity needed to negotiate the obstacle. The method demonstrated the ability to provide realistic, accurate and precise ecological data on field-based fish interactions with challenge zones during upstream reproductive migrations. The method is cost-effective as it is based on general purpose digital cameras, image analysis, and modelling equations in spreadsheets; all inexpensive and readily available. This new approach can be directly applied to solve scientific problems and bioengineering challenges in any freshwater ecosystem that has natural or artificial obstacles and migratory fish with leaping behaviour.
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McElroy EJ, Sustaita D, McBrayer LD. Applied Functional Biology: Linking Ecological Morphology to Conservation and Management. Integr Comp Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synopsis
Many researchers work at the interface of organisms and environment. Too often, the insights that organismal, or functional, biologists can bring to the understanding of natural history, ecology, and conservation of species are overlooked. Likewise, natural resource managers are frequently focused on the management of populations and communities, while ignoring key functional traits that might explain variation in abundance and shifts in species composition at these ecological levels. Our intention for this symposium is two-fold: (1) to bring to light current and future research in functional and ecological morphology applicable to concerns and goals of wildlife management and conservation and (2) to show how such studies can result in measurable benchmarks useful to regulatory agencies. Symposium topics reveal past, present, and future collaborations between functional morphologists/biomechanists and conservation/wildlife biologists. During the SICB 2020 Annual Meeting, symposium participants demonstrated how data gathered to address fundamental questions regarding the causes and consequences of organismal form and function can also help address issues of conservation and wildlife management. Here we review how these, and other, studies of functional morphology, biomechanics, ecological development morphology and performance can inform wildlife conservation and management, principally by identifying candidate functional traits that have clear fitness consequences and population level implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J McElroy
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Diego Sustaita
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Lance D McBrayer
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
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Atkinson EM, Bateman AW, Dill LM, Krkošek M, Reynolds JD, Godwin SC. Oust the louse: leaping behaviour removes sea lice from wild juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:263-271. [PMID: 29956312 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a manipulative field experiment to determine whether the leaping behaviour of wild juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka dislodges ectoparasitic sea lice Caligus clemensi and Lepeophtheirus salmonis by comparing sea-lice abundances between O. nerka juveniles prevented from leaping and juveniles allowed to leap at a natural frequency. Juvenile O. nerka allowed to leap had consistently fewer sea lice after the experiment than fish that were prevented from leaping. Combined with past research, these results imply potential costs due to parasitism and indicate that the leaping behaviour of juvenile O. nerka does, in fact, dislodge sea lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Atkinson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew W Bateman
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Salmon Coast Field Station, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lawrence M Dill
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Krkošek
- Salmon Coast Field Station, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sean C Godwin
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Fagen RM. Salmonid Jumping and Playing: Potential Cultural and Welfare Implications. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7060042. [PMID: 28556816 PMCID: PMC5483605 DOI: 10.3390/ani7060042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Salmonids jump from the water in nature and in confinement. These behaviors are economically important and relevant to fish welfare. In net pen culture, the need to control parasitic sea lice has motivated studies of salmonid jumping behavior. Some instances of jumping in salmon may be a form of play. Indigenous and institutional science, cultural wisdom, and direct observation can aid the understanding of these behaviors. Abstract Salmonids of several species and other fishes can jump into the air from the water. This behavior has been used in net pen culture applications to control parasitic sea lice. The reasons that salmonids jump remain a topic for speculation. Research on these behaviors has focused on Atlantic salmon in net pen culture in Northwest Europe. Jumping in salmonids is a heterogeneous behavioral category with diverse functional outcomes. Additional research is needed from broad perspectives spanning indigenous and institutional science, cultural wisdom, and ethological direct observation. In theory and in practice, it is interesting that some salmonid jumping behavior may be a form of play.
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Shih AM, Mendelson L, Techet AH. Archer fish jumping prey capture: kinematics and hydrodynamics. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1411-1422. [PMID: 28424312 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.145623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Smallscale archer fish, Toxotes microlepis, are best known for spitting jets of water to capture prey, but also hunt by jumping out of the water to heights of up to 2.5 body lengths. In this study, high-speed imaging and particle image velocimetry were used to characterize the kinematics and hydrodynamics of this jumping behavior. Jumping used a set of kinematics distinct from those of in-water feeding strikes and was segmented into three phases: (1) hovering to sight prey at the surface, (2) rapid upward thrust production and (3) gliding to the prey once out of the water. The number of propulsive tail strokes positively correlated with the height of the bait, as did the peak body velocity observed during a jump. During the gliding stage, the fish traveled ballistically; the kinetic energy when the fish left the water balanced with the change in potential energy from water exit to the maximum jump height. The ballistic estimate of the mechanical energy required to jump was comparable with the estimated mechanical energy requirements of spitting a jet with sufficient momentum to down prey and subsequently pursuing the prey in water. Particle image velocimetry showed that, in addition to the caudal fin, the wakes of the anal, pectoral and dorsal fins were of nontrivial strength, especially at the onset of thrust production. During jump initiation, these fins were used to produce as much vertical acceleration as possible given the spatial constraint of starting directly at the water's surface to aim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Shih
- Experimental Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leah Mendelson
- Experimental Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexandra H Techet
- Experimental Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Morán-López R, Uceda Tolosa O. Relative leaping abilities of native versus invasive cyprinids as criteria for selective barrier design. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Soares D, Bierman HS. Aerial jumping in the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata). PLoS One 2013; 8:e61617. [PMID: 23613883 PMCID: PMC3629028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fishes are able to jump out of the water and launch themselves into the air. Such behavior has been connected with prey capture, migration and predator avoidance. We found that jumping behavior of the guppy Poecilia reticulata is not associated with any of the above. The fish jump spontaneously, without being triggered by overt sensory cues, is not migratory and does not attempt to capture aerial food items. Here, we use high speed video imaging to analyze the kinematics of the jumping behavior P. reticulata. Fish jump from a still position by slowly backing up while using its pectoral fins, followed by strong body trusts which lead to launching into the air several body lengths. The liftoff phase of the jump is fast and fish will continue with whole body thrusts and tail beats, even when out of the water. This behavior occurs when fish are in a group or in isolation. Geography has had substantial effects on guppy evolution, with waterfalls reducing gene flow and constraining dispersal. We suggest that jumping has evolved in guppies as a behavioral phenotype for dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Soares
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.
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