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Carapito Â, Roque ACA, Carvalho F, Pinto J, Guedes de Pinho P. Exploiting volatile fingerprints for bladder cancer diagnosis: A scoping review of metabolomics and sensor-based approaches. Talanta 2024; 268:125296. [PMID: 37839328 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) represents a significant global health concern, for which early detection is essential to improve patient outcomes. This review evaluates the potential of the urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as biomarkers for detecting and staging BC. The methods used include gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics and electronic-nose (e-nose) sensors. The GC-MS studies that have been published reveal diverse results in terms of diagnostic performance. The sensitivities range from 27 % to an impressive 97 %, while specificities vary between 43 % and 94 %. Furthermore, the accuracies reported in these studies range from 80 to 89 %. In the urine of BC patients, a total of 80 VOCs were discovered to be significantly altered when compared to controls. These VOCs encompassed a variety of chemical classes such as alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, aromatic compounds, fatty acids, ketones, and terpenoids, among others. Conversely, e-nose-based studies displayed sensitivities from 60 to 100 %, specificities from 53 to 96 %, and accuracies from 65 to 97 %. Interestingly, conductive polymer-based sensors performed better, followed by metal oxide semiconductor and optical sensors. GC-MS studies have shown improved performance in detecting early stages and low-grade tumors, providing valuable insights into staging. Based on these findings, VOC-based diagnostic tools hold great promise for early BC detection and staging. Further studies are needed to validate biomarkers and their classification performance. In the future, advancements in VOC profiling technologies may significantly contribute to improving the overall survival and quality of life for BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Carapito
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Lab. of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Cecília A Roque
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Lab. of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Pinto
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Lab. of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Lab. of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Yang M, Jiang J, Hua L, Jiang D, Wang Y, Li D, Wang R, Zhang X, Li H. Rapid Detection of Volatile Organic Metabolites in Urine by High-Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometry for Breast Cancer Screening: A Pilot Study. Metabolites 2023; 13:870. [PMID: 37512577 PMCID: PMC10385751 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite surpassing lung cancer as the most frequently diagnosed cancer, female breast cancer (BC) still lacks rapid detection methods for screening that can be implemented on a large scale in practical clinical settings. However, urine is a readily available biofluid obtained non-invasively and contains numerous volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) that offer valuable metabolic information concerning the onset and progression of diseases. In this work, a rapid method for analysis of VOMs in urine by using high-pressure photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPPI-TOFMS) coupled with dynamic purge injection. A simple pretreatment process of urine samples by adding acid and salt was employed for efficient VOM sampling, and the numbers of metabolites increased and the detection sensitivity was improved after the acid (HCl) and salt (NaCl) addition. The established mass spectrometry detection method was applied to analyze a set of training samples collected from a local hospital, including 24 breast cancer patients and 27 healthy controls. Statistical analysis techniques such as principal component analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and the Mann-Whitney U test were used, and nine VOMs were identified as differential metabolites. Finally, acrolein, 2-pentanone, and methyl allyl sulfide were selected to build a metabolite combination model for distinguishing breast cancer patients from the healthy group, and the achieved sensitivity and specificity were 92.6% and 91.7%, respectively, according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The results demonstrate that this technology has potential to become a rapid screening tool for breast cancer, with significant room for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
- Center for Advanced Mass Spectrometry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Center for Advanced Mass Spectrometry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Center for Advanced Mass Spectrometry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Center for Advanced Mass Spectrometry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Depeng Li
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Center for Advanced Mass Spectrometry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Riccio G, Berenguer CV, Perestrelo R, Pereira F, Berenguer P, Ornelas CP, Sousa AC, Vital JA, Pinto MDC, Pereira JAM, Greco V, Câmara JS. Differences in the Volatilomic Urinary Biosignature of Prostate Cancer Patients as a Feasibility Study for the Detection of Potential Biomarkers. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:4904-4921. [PMID: 37232828 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30050370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be the second most common malignant tumour and the main cause of oncological death in men. Investigating endogenous volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) produced by various metabolic pathways is emerging as a novel, effective, and non-invasive source of information to establish the volatilomic biosignature of PCa. In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) was used to establish the urine volatilomic profile of PCa and identify VOMs that can discriminate between the two investigated groups. This non-invasive approach was applied to oncological patients (PCa group, n = 26) and cancer-free individuals (control group, n = 30), retrieving a total of 147 VOMs from various chemical families. This included terpenes, norisoprenoid, sesquiterpenes, phenolic, sulphur and furanic compounds, ketones, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, carboxylic acid, benzene and naphthalene derivatives, hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic hydrocarbons. The data matrix was subjected to multivariate analysis, namely partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Accordingly, this analysis showed that the group under study presented different volatomic profiles and suggested potential PCa biomarkers. Nevertheless, a larger cohort of samples is required to boost the predictability and accuracy of the statistical models developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Riccio
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Univesità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Unity of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina V Berenguer
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Ferdinando Pereira
- Serviço de Urologia, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, SESARAM, EPERAM-Serviço de Saúde da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Avenida Luís de Camões, nº57, 9004-514 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Pedro Berenguer
- Centro de Investigação Dra Maria Isabel Mendonça, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, SESARAM, EPERAM, Avenida Luís de Camões, nº57, 9004-514 Funchal, Portugal
- RO-RAM-Registo Oncológico da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, SESARAM, EPERAM, Avenida Luís de Camões, nº57, 9004-514 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Ornelas
- Centro de Saúde do Bom Jesus, SESARAM, EPERAM, Rua das Hortas, nº67, 9050-024 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Ana Célia Sousa
- Centro de Investigação Dra Maria Isabel Mendonça, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, SESARAM, EPERAM, Avenida Luís de Camões, nº57, 9004-514 Funchal, Portugal
| | - João Aragão Vital
- Serviço de Urologia, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, SESARAM, EPERAM-Serviço de Saúde da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Avenida Luís de Camões, nº57, 9004-514 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Maria do Carmo Pinto
- Serviço de Urologia, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, SESARAM, EPERAM-Serviço de Saúde da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Avenida Luís de Camões, nº57, 9004-514 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A M Pereira
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Viviana Greco
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Univesità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Unity of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
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Ordodi VL, Hădărugă NG, Hădărugă DI, Lukinich-Gruia AT, Mărgineanu M, Tatu CA, Păunescu V. Urine Metabolomic Signature of People Diagnosed with Balkan Endemic Nephropathy and Other Types of Chronic Kidney Disease Compared with Healthy Subjects in Romania. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050609. [PMID: 37233650 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic analysis methods were employed to determine biomarkers for various chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Modern analytical methods were developed and applied successfully to find a specific metabolomic profile in urine samples from CKD and Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) patients. The aim was to explore a specific metabolomic profile defined by feasible/easy-to-identify molecular markers. Urine samples were collected from patients with CKDs and BEN, and from healthy subjects from endemic and nonendemic areas in Romania. Metabolomic analysis of urine samples, extracted by the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method, was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The statistical exploration of the results was performed through a principal component analysis (PCA) evaluation. Urine samples were statistically analyzed using a classification based on six types of metabolites. Most urinary metabolites are distributed in the center of a loading plot, meaning that these compounds do not represent significant markers for BEN. One of the most frequent and higher-concentration urinary metabolites in BEN patients was p-Cresol, a phenolic compound that implies a severe injury of the renal filtration function. The presence of p-Cresol was associated with protein-bound uremic toxins, which have specific functional groups such as indole and phenyl. In prospective studies for future investigation, prevention, and disease treatment, we suggest a larger sample size, sample extraction using other methods, and analysis using other chromatography techniques coupled with mass spectrometry, which can generate a more significant data set for statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin L Ordodi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Organic and Natural Compounds Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Nicoleta G Hădărugă
- Department of Food Science, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daniel I Hădărugă
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Organic and Natural Compounds Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra T Lukinich-Gruia
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer-OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Mărgineanu
- Dialysis Center Fresenius NephroCare, 220012 Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Romania
| | - Călin A Tatu
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer-OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Păunescu
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer-OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Jodeh S, Chakir A, Hanbali G, Roth E, Eid A. Method Development for Detecting Low Level Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) among Workers and Residents from a Carpentry Work Shop in a Palestinian Village. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095613. [PMID: 37174133 PMCID: PMC10178486 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered a major public health concern in industrial location areas. The presence of exposure to (VOCs) has raised concern regarding the health effects caused by chronic human exposure as this will increase cancer diseases in the village. An analytical method has been developed and modified to help us detect 38 VOCs in the blood of 38 volunteers who are related to a carpentry shop at the parts-per-trillion level. To measure and evaluate the potential risk, several devices, such as portable passive monitors and air-collected samples, in addition to blood concentration, were used to study three different occupational groups. Ten of the volunteers are employees at the shop, 10 volunteers live very close to the shop, and 10 of them are students in an elementary school very close to the shop. In this study, we developed an automated analytical method using headspace (HS) together with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) connected to capillary gas chromatography (GC) equipped with quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS). The detection limits for the method used were measured in the range from 0.001 to 0.15 ng/L, using linear calibration curves that have three orders of magnitude. The detected concentrations ranged from 3 ng L-1 for trichloroethene to 91 ng L-1 for toluene and 270 ng L-1 for 2,4-diisocyanate, which was derived from the paint solvents used for the wood in the carpentry shop and the paints on the walls. More than half of all assessed species (80%) had mean concentration values less than 50 ng L-1, which is the maximum allowed for most VOCs. The major chemical types among the compounds quantified will be those we found in our previous study in the surrounding air of a carpentry workshop in Deir Ballout in Palestine, which were toluene diisocyanate and butyl cyanate. Some were found to be highly present air. Most of the measurements were below the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO). Despite the fact that this study only involved a small number of smokers, smoking was found to be connected with several blood and breath components. This group includes unsaturated hydrocarbons (1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2-butene), furans (2,5-dimethylfuran), and acetonitrile. The proposed classification of measured species into systemic (blood-borne) and exogenous volatiles is strictly hypothetical, as some species may have several origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehdeh Jodeh
- Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
| | - Abdelkhaleq Chakir
- Groupe de Spectrométrie Moléculaire et Atmosphérique GSMA, UMR CNRS 7331, Université de Reims, Moulin de la Housse B.P. 1039, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Ghadir Hanbali
- Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
| | - Estelle Roth
- Groupe de Spectrométrie Moléculaire et Atmosphérique GSMA, UMR CNRS 7331, Université de Reims, Moulin de la Housse B.P. 1039, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Abdelrahman Eid
- Department of Mathematics, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
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GC-MS Techniques Investigating Potential Biomarkers of Dying in the Last Weeks with Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021591. [PMID: 36675106 PMCID: PMC9867309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting when a patient with advanced cancer is dying is a challenge and currently no prognostic test is available. We hypothesised that a dying process from cancer is associated with metabolic changes and specifically with changes in volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We analysed urine from patients with lung cancer in the last weeks of life by headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Urine was acidified or alkalinised before analysis. VOC changes in the last weeks of life were identified using univariate, multivariate and linear regression analysis; 12 VOCs increased (11 from the acid dataset, 2 from the alkali dataset) and 25 VOCs decreased (23 from the acid dataset and 3 from the alkali dataset). A Cox Lasso prediction model using 8 VOCs predicted dying with an AUC of 0.77, 0.78 and 0.85 at 30, 20 and 10 days and stratified patients into a low (median 10 days), medium (median 50 days) or high risk of survival. Our data supports the hypothesis there are specific metabolic changes associated with the dying. The VOCs identified are potential biomarkers of dying in lung cancer and could be used as a tool to provide additional prognostic information to inform expert clinician judgement and subsequent decision making.
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Kuchmenko T, Menzhulina D, Shuba A. Noninvasive Detection of Bacterial Infection in Children Using Piezoelectric E-Nose. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8496. [PMID: 36366200 PMCID: PMC9658202 DOI: 10.3390/s22218496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Currently, antibiotics are often prescribed to children without reason due to the inability to quickly establish the presence of a bacterial etiology of the disease. One way to obtain additional diagnostic information quickly is to study the volatile metabolome of biosamples using arrays of sensors. The goal of this work was to assess the possibility of using an array of chemical sensors with various sensitive coatings to determine the presence of a bacterial infection in children by analyzing the equilibrium gas phase (EGP) of urine samples. The EGP of 90 urine samples from children with and without a bacterial infection (urinary tract infection, soft tissue infection) was studied on the "MAG-8" device with seven piezoelectric sensors in a hospital. General urine analysis with sediment microscopy was performed using a Uriscan Pro analyzer and using an Olympus CX31 microscope. After surgical removal of the source of inflammation, the microbiological studies of the biomaterial were performed to determine the presence and type of the pathogen. The most informative output data of an array of sensors have been established for diagnosing bacterial pathology. Regression models were built to predict the presence of a bacterial infection in children with an error of no more than 15%. An indicator of infection is proposed to predict the presence of a bacterial infection in children with a high sensitivity of 96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kuchmenko
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh 394000, Russia
| | - Daria Menzhulina
- Propaedeutics of Childhood Diseases and Polyclinic Pediatrics, Voronezh State Medical University Named after N. N. Burdenko, Voronezh 394000, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Shuba
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh 394000, Russia
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Giró Benet J, Seo M, Khine M, Gumà Padró J, Pardo Martnez A, Kurdahi F. Breast cancer detection by analyzing the volatile organic compound (VOC) signature in human urine. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14873. [PMID: 36050339 PMCID: PMC9435419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A rising number of authors are drawing evidence on the diagnostic capacity of specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) resulting from some body fluids. While cancer incidence in society is on the rise, it becomes clear that the analysis of these VOCs can yield new strategies to mitigate advanced cancer incidence rates. This paper presents the methodology implemented to test whether a device consisting of an electronic nose inspired by a dog’s olfactory system and olfactory neurons is significantly informative to detect breast cancer (BC). To test this device, 90 human urine samples were collected from control subjects and BC patients at a hospital. To test this system, an artificial intelligence-based classification algorithm was developed. The algorithm was firstly trained and tested with data resulting from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) urine readings, leading to a classification rate of 92.31%, sensitivity of 100.00%, and specificity of 85.71% (N = 90). Secondly, the same algorithm was trained and tested with data obtained with our eNose prototype hardware, and class prediction was achieved with a classification rate of 75%, sensitivity of 100%, and specificity of 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Giró Benet
- Center for Embedded Cyber-Physical Systems (CEPS), University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, 92697, USA.
| | - Minjun Seo
- Center for Embedded Cyber-Physical Systems (CEPS), University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Michelle Khine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Josep Gumà Padró
- South Catalonia Oncology Institute (IOCS), Sant Joan de Reus University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43204, Reus, Spain
| | - Antonio Pardo Martnez
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fadi Kurdahi
- Center for Embedded Cyber-Physical Systems (CEPS), University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, 92697, USA
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Lett L, George M, Slater R, De Lacy Costello B, Ratcliffe N, García-Fiñana M, Lazarowicz H, Probert C. Investigation of urinary volatile organic compounds as novel diagnostic and surveillance biomarkers of bladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:329-336. [PMID: 35352020 PMCID: PMC9296481 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis and surveillance of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) require cystoscopy. There is a need for biomarkers to reduce the frequency of cystoscopy in surveillance; urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis could fulfil this role. This cross-sectional study compared the VOC profiles of patients with and without UBC, to investigate metabolomic signatures as biomarkers. METHODS Urine samples were collected from haematuria clinic patients undergoing diagnostic cystoscopy and UBC patients undergoing surveillance. Urinary headspace sampling utilised solid-phase microextraction and VOC analysis applied gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; the output underwent metabolomic analysis. RESULTS The median participant age was 70 years, 66.2% were male. Of the haematuria patients, 21 had a new UBC diagnosis, 125 had no cancer. In the surveillance group, 75 had recurrent UBC, 84 were recurrence-free. A distinctive VOC profile was observed in UBC patients compared with controls. Ten VOCs had statistically significant abundances useful to classify patients (false discovery rate range 1.9 × 10-7-2.8 × 10-2). Two prediction models were evaluated using internal validation. An eight-VOC diagnostic biomarker panel achieved AUROC 0.77 (sensitivity 0.71, specificity 0.72). A six-VOC surveillance biomarker panel obtained AUROC 0.80 (sensitivity 0.71 and specificity 0.80). CONCLUSIONS Urinary VOC analysis could aid the diagnosis and surveillance of UBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Lett
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Michael George
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
- School of Medicine, Cedar House, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rachael Slater
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ben De Lacy Costello
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Marta García-Fiñana
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Henry Lazarowicz
- Department of Urology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Chris Probert
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
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Aasi A, Aasi E, Mehdi Aghaei S, Panchapakesan B. Green Phosphorene as a Promising Biosensor for Detection of Furan and p-Xylene as Biomarkers of Disease: A DFT Study. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093178. [PMID: 35590868 PMCID: PMC9103649 DOI: 10.3390/s22093178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Green Phosphorene (GP) monolayers are studied as an electronic sensing element for detecting prostate cancer biomarkers from human urine. The adsorption of furan, C8H10 (p-xylene), and H2O on pristine GP and S- and Si-doped GP are investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Furan and C8H10 molecules have been considered as important biomarkers of prostate cancer patients. First-principles DFT calculations are applied, and the results divulged that pristine GP could be a promising candidate for furan and C8H10 detection. It is manifested that furan and C8H10 are physisorbed on the S-, and Si-doped GP with small adsorption energy and negligible charge transfer. However, the calculations disclose that furan and C8H10 are chemically adsorbed on the pristine GP with adsorption energy of −0.73, and −1.46 eV, respectively. Moreover, we observe that a large charge is transferred from furan to the pristine GP with amount of −0.106 e. Additionally, pristine GP shows short recovery time of 1.81 s at room temperature under the visible light, which make it a reusable sensor device. Overall, our findings propose that the pristine GP sensor is a remarkable candidate for sensing of furan and other biomarkers of prostate cancer in the urine of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Aasi
- Small Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (S.M.A.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Erfan Aasi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Sadegh Mehdi Aghaei
- Small Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (S.M.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Balaji Panchapakesan
- Small Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (S.M.A.); (B.P.)
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11
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Kuchmenko TA, Shuba AA, Menzhulina DA, Volkova AA, Vecherkin VA, Tueros JVC. On a Correlation between the Results of In-Hospital Analysis of Biosamples from Children Performed Using Standard Methods and an Array of Piezosensors. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8968330 DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid procedure for obtaining information on changes in particular characteristics of urine as the most frequently taken biosample is presented. The relationship between the output data of an array of piezoelectric sensors based on different micro- and nanostructured phases and the standard characteristics of clinical urine analysis is discussed. Volatile organic compounds identified in an equilibrium headspace gas phase of the samples with deviations from normal characteristics of clinical urine analysis are considered. The tetrachoric correlation coefficients and associations between the parameters of a sensor array and standard characteristics were calculated. A minimum set of calculated parameters of an electronic nose for the rapid in-hospital monitoring of changes in the patient’s condition in the course of therapy or medical examination was recognized. A fast and economically affordable method was developed for the monitoring of body state characteristics using the profile of volatile urine compounds obtained with an electronic nose based on piezosensors. Two versions, a color scale and a table, were proposed for presenting the electronic nose data; they can be used even by specially untrained personnel for the rapid and easy assessment of the most important urine analysis data (protein, glucose, mucus, and bacteria). The method developed makes it possible to quickly (the time of a measurement is 120 s) perform the daily monitoring of patient’s condition to avoid an unnecessary burden on the laboratory and to increase the physician’s awareness of the dynamics of the patient’s condition and facilitate the choice of treatment tactics. This method can be used for clinical examinations in polyclinics and feldsher’s stations, and it will significantly shorten the time taken to obtain screening and diagnostic information on disruptions in the body, in particular, at the initial stages of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Kuchmenko
- Department of Ecology and Chemical Technology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394000 Voronezh, Russia
| | - A. A. Shuba
- Department of Ecology and Chemical Technology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394000 Voronezh, Russia
| | - D. A. Menzhulina
- Voronezh Pediatric Clinical Hospital, Burdenko State Medical University, 394000 Voronezh, Russia
- Pediatric Faculty, Burdenko State Medical University, 394000 Voronezh, Russia
| | - A. A. Volkova
- Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Voronezh Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital No. 2, 394024 Voronezh, Russia
| | - V. A. Vecherkin
- Pediatric Faculty, Burdenko State Medical University, 394000 Voronezh, Russia
- Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Voronezh Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital No. 2, 394024 Voronezh, Russia
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12
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Optimization of training and measurement protocol for eNose analysis of urine headspace aimed at prostate cancer diagnosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20898. [PMID: 34686703 PMCID: PMC8536694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
More than one million new cases of prostate cancer (PCa) were reported worldwide in 2020, and a significant increase of PCa incidence up to 2040 is estimated. Despite potential treatability in early stages, PCa diagnosis is challenging because of late symptoms' onset and limits of current screening procedures. It has been now accepted that cell transformation leads to release of volatile organic compounds in biologic fluids, including urine. Thus, several studies proposed the possibility to develop new diagnostic tools based on urine analysis. Among these, electronic noses (eNoses) represent one of the most promising devices, because of their potential to provide a non-invasive diagnosis. Here we describe the approach aimed at defining the experimental protocol for eNose application for PCa diagnosis. Our research investigates effects of sample preparation and analysis on eNose responses and repeatability. The dependence of eNose diagnostic performance on urine portion analysed, techniques involved for extracting urine volatiles and conditioning temperature were analysed. 192 subjects (132 PCa patients and 60 controls) were involved. The developed experimental protocol has resulted in accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 83% (CI95% 77-89), 82% (CI95% 73-88) and 87% (CI95% 75-94), respectively. Our findings define eNoses as valuable diagnostic tool allowing rapid and non-invasive PCa diagnosis.
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13
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Tang J, Poirier AC, Duytschaever G, Moreira LAA, Nevo O, Melin AD. Assessing urinary odours across the oestrous cycle in a mouse model using portable and benchtop gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210172. [PMID: 34540244 PMCID: PMC8411304 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
For female mammals, communicating the timing of ovulation is essential for reproduction. Olfactory communication via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can play a key role. We investigated urinary VOCs across the oestrous cycle using laboratory mice. We assessed the oestrous stage through daily vaginal cytology and analysed urinary VOCs using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), testing a portable GC-MS against a benchtop system. We detected 65 VOCs from 40 samples stored in VOC traps and analysed on a benchtop GC-MS, and 15 VOCs from 90 samples extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed on a portable GC-MS. Only three compounds were found in common between the two techniques. Urine collected from the fertile stages of the oestrous cycle had increased quantities of a few notable VOCs compared with urine from non-fertile stages. These VOCs may be indicators of fertility. However, we did not find significant differences in chemical composition among oestrous stages. It is possible that changes in VOC abundance were too small to be detected by our analytical methods. Overall, the use of VOC traps combined with benchtop GC-MS was the more successful of the two methods, yet portable GC-MS systems may still have utility for some in situ applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tang
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Alice C. Poirier
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Gwen Duytschaever
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Laís A. A. Moreira
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Omer Nevo
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Amanda D. Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
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14
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Drabińska N, Flynn C, Ratcliffe N, Belluomo I, Myridakis A, Gould O, Fois M, Smart A, Devine T, Costello BDL. A literature survey of all volatiles from healthy human breath and bodily fluids: the human volatilome. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33761469 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf1d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper comprises an updated version of the 2014 review which reported 1846 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified from healthy humans. In total over 900 additional VOCs have been reported since the 2014 review and the VOCs from semen have been added. The numbers of VOCs found in breath and the other bodily fluids are: blood 379, breath 1488, faeces 443, milk 290, saliva 549, semen 196, skin 623 and urine 444. Compounds were assigned CAS registry numbers and named according to a common convention where possible. The compounds have been included in a single table with the source reference(s) for each VOC, an update on our 2014 paper. VOCs have also been grouped into tables according to their chemical class or functionality to permit easy comparison. Careful use of the database is needed, as a number of the identified VOCs only have level 2-putative assignment, and only a small fraction of the reported VOCs have been validated by standards. Some clear differences are observed, for instance, a lack of esters in urine with a high number in faeces and breath. However, the lack of compounds from matrices such a semen and milk compared to breath for example could be due to the techniques used or reflect the intensity of effort e.g. there are few publications on VOCs from milk and semen compared to a large number for breath. The large number of volatiles reported from skin is partly due to the methodologies used, e.g. by collecting skin sebum (with dissolved VOCs and semi VOCs) onto glass beads or cotton pads and then heating to a high temperature to desorb VOCs. All compounds have been included as reported (unless there was a clear discrepancy between name and chemical structure), but there may be some mistaken assignations arising from the original publications, particularly for isomers. It is the authors' intention that this work will not only be a useful database of VOCs listed in the literature but will stimulate further study of VOCs from healthy individuals; for example more work is required to confirm the identification of these VOCs adhering to the principles outlined in the metabolomics standards initiative. Establishing a list of volatiles emanating from healthy individuals and increased understanding of VOC metabolic pathways is an important step for differentiating between diseases using VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Drabińska
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Cheryl Flynn
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Gould
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Fois
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Smart
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Devine
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ben De Lacy Costello
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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15
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Ligor T, Zawadzka J, Strączyński G, González Paredes RM, Wenda-Piesik A, Ratiu IA, Muszytowski M. Searching for Potential Markers of Glomerulopathy in Urine by HS-SPME-GC×GC TOFMS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071817. [PMID: 33804943 PMCID: PMC8036251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exiting in urine are potential biomarkers of chronic kidney diseases. Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was applied for extraction VOCs over the urine samples. Volatile metabolites were separated and identified by means of two-dimensional gas chromatography and time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC TOF MS). Patients with glomerular diseases (n = 27) and healthy controls (n = 20) were recruited in the study. Different VOCs profiles were obtained from patients and control. Developed methodology offers the opportunity to examine the metabolic profile associated with glomerulopathy. Four compounds found in elevated amounts in the patients group, i.e., methyl hexadecanoate; 9-hexadecen-1-ol; 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one and 2-pentanone were proposed as markers of glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Joanna Zawadzka
- Department of Nephrology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Rydygier Hospital, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (J.Z.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Rosa M. González Paredes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Anna Wenda-Piesik
- Department of Plant Growth Principles and Experimental Methods, UTP University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Ileana Andreea Ratiu
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele, RO-400239 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Marek Muszytowski
- Department of Nephrology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Rydygier Hospital, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (J.Z.); (M.M.)
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16
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Matsumoto K, Murakami Y, Shimizu Y, Hirayama T, Ishikawa W, Iwamura M. Electronic nose to distinguish bladder cancer by urinary odour feature: A pilot study. Cancer Biomark 2021; 28:33-39. [PMID: 32176623 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No study has yet investigated the use of electronic nose (eNose) technology to reveal pattern recognition of urological diseases, including bladder cancer. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the diagnostic performance of the eNose in recognizing urinary odour in patients with bladder cancer. METHODS The eNose is a commercially available model equipped with two sensors. The angle of the two sensors (θ) depends on the kinds of chemical substances, thus defining θ as the feature of odour. Quantity of odour is the number of θ detected during a measurement. Urine samples were from 36 untreated patients with bladder cancer, 29 with urolithiasis, 10 with urinary tract infection (UTI), and 27 healthy volunteers. RESULTS Based on ROC analysis of the quantity in patients with bladder cancer, an optimal cut-off value for θ of 49, 48, and 55 was applied to compare with samples from the healthy volunteer, urolithiasis and UTI groups, respectively. There were significantly differences between bladder cancer and the other conditions using these specific points (p< 0.0001, respectively). The resulting diagnostic sensitivity was 61.4%, 45.6%, and 60.8%, and specificity was 52.8%, 68.4%, and 90.2%, respectively. The AUC for bladder cancer was 0.565, 0.548, and 0.909, respectively. CONCLUSION The eNose is a small, portable, rapid, low cost, and noninvasive instrument for distinguishing bladder cancer from other benign conditions.
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17
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Aggarwal P, Baker J, Boyd MT, Coyle S, Probert C, Chapman EA. Optimisation of Urine Sample Preparation for Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Altering Sample pH, Sulphuric Acid Concentration and Phase Ratio. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120482. [PMID: 33255680 PMCID: PMC7760603 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Headspace-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) can be used to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human urine. However, there is no widely adopted standardised protocol for the preparation of urine samples for analysis resulting in an inability to compare studies reliably between laboratories. This paper investigated the effect of altering urine sample pH, volume, and vial size for optimising detection of VOCs when using HS-SPME-GC-MS. This is the first, direct comparison of H2SO4, HCl, and NaOH as treatment techniques prior to HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis. Altering urine sample pH indicates that H2SO4 is more effective at optimising detection of VOCs than HCl or NaOH. H2SO4 resulted in a significantly larger mean number of VOCs being identified per sample (on average, 33.5 VOCs to 24.3 in HCl or 12.2 in NaOH treated urine) and more unique VOCs, produced a more diverse range of classes of VOCs, and led to less HS-SPME-GC-MS degradation. We propose that adding 0.2 mL of 2.5 M H2SO4 to 1 mL of urine within a 10 mL headspace vial is the optimal sample preparation prior to HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis. We hope the use of our optimised method for urinary HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis will enhance our understanding of human disease and bolster metabolic biomarker identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Aggarwal
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (P.A.); (J.B.); (C.P.)
- School of Medicine, Cedar House, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - James Baker
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (P.A.); (J.B.); (C.P.)
- School of Medicine, Cedar House, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Mark T. Boyd
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK;
| | - Séamus Coyle
- Palliative Care Institute Liverpool, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK;
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Liverpool L7 8YA, UK
| | - Chris Probert
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (P.A.); (J.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Elinor A. Chapman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (P.A.); (J.B.); (C.P.)
- Palliative Care Institute Liverpool, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK;
- School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, UK
- Correspondence:
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18
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Drabińska N, Młynarz P, de Lacy Costello B, Jones P, Mielko K, Mielnik J, Persad R, Ratcliffe NM. An Optimization of Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Urinary Volatile and Semi-Volatile Compounds and Its Application for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Molecules 2020; 25:E3651. [PMID: 32796601 PMCID: PMC7463579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary volatile compounds (VCs) have been recently assessed for disease diagnoses. They belong to very diverse chemical classes, and they are characterized by different volatilities, polarities and concentrations, complicating their analysis via a single analytical procedure. There remains a need for better, lower-cost methods for VC biomarker discovery. Thus, there is a strong need for alternative methods, enabling the detection of a broader range of VCs. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to optimize a simple and reliable liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) procedure for the analysis of VCs in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), in order to obtain the maximum number of responses. Extraction parameters such as pH, type of solvent and ionic strength were optimized. Moreover, the same extracts were analyzed using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR), to evaluate the applicability of a single urine extraction for multiplatform purposes. After the evaluation of experimental conditions, an LLE protocol using 2 mL of urine in the presence of 2 mL of 1 M sulfuric acid and sodium sulphate extracted with dichloromethane was found to be optimal. The optimized method was validated with the external standards and was found to be precise and linear, and allowed for detection of >400 peaks in a single run present in at least 50% of six samples-considerably more than the number of peaks detected by solid-phase microextracton fiber pre-concentration-GC-MS (328 ± 6 vs. 234 ± 4). 1H-NMR spectroscopy of the polar and non-polar extracts extended the range to >40 more (mainly low volatility compounds) metabolites (non-destructively), the majority of which were different from GC-MS. The more peaks detectable, the greater the opportunity of assessing a fingerprint of several compounds to aid biomarker discovery. In summary, we have successfully demonstrated the potential of LLE as a cheap and simple alternative for the analysis of VCs in urine, and for the first time the applicability of a single urine solvent extraction procedure for detecting a wide range of analytes using both GC-MS and 1H-NMR analysis to enhance putative biomarker detection. The proposed method will simplify the transport between laboratories and storage of samples, as compared to intact urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Drabińska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, 10 Tuwima Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK;
| | - Piotr Młynarz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspianskiego, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.M.); (K.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Ben de Lacy Costello
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK;
| | | | - Karolina Mielko
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspianskiego, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.M.); (K.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Justyna Mielnik
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspianskiego, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.M.); (K.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Raj Persad
- Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5BN, UK;
| | - Norman Mark Ratcliffe
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK;
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19
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Zhu S, Huang Z, Nabi G. Fluorometric optical sensor arrays for the detection of urinary bladder cancer specific volatile organic compounds in the urine of patients with frank hematuria: a prospective case-control study. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1175-1185. [PMID: 32133241 PMCID: PMC7041448 DOI: 10.1364/boe.380629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study outlines a simple fluorometric optical sensor system for the sensitive, real time measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as biomarkers of urinary bladder cancer in patients presenting with frank hematuria and confirmed to have the disease on histopathology. Arrays of 24 sensor points based on fluorescence VOC sensitive materials were made. Urine samples of 38 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed bladder tumours and 41 age and gender matched healthy controls were recruited and analysed using this sensor array. This system correctly classified 68 out of 79 urine samples with 84.21% sensitivity and 87.80% specificity; the system also achieved 66.67% sensitivity and 75.00% specificity for classification of high-grade and low-grade bladder cancer patients. This study showed promising results in the detection of urinary bladder cancer as well as to classify high grade versus low grade bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simian Zhu
- Division of Imaging Science and Technology, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Zhihong Huang
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Division of Imaging Science and Technology, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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20
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The smell of longevity: a combination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) can discriminate centenarians and their offspring from age-matched subjects and young controls. GeroScience 2019; 42:201-216. [PMID: 31808027 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by dynamic changes at metabolic level that lead to modifications in the composition of the metabolome. Since the identification of biomarkers that can discriminate people of different age and health status has recently attracted a great interest, we wondered whether age-specific changes in the metabolome could be identified and serve as new and informative biomarkers of aging and longevity. In the last few years, a specific branch of metabonomics devoted to the study of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been developed. To date, little is known about the profile of specific VOCs in healthy aging and longevity in humans; therefore, we investigated the profile of VOCs in both urine and feces samples from 73 volunteers of different age including centenarians that represent useful "super-controls" to identify potential biomarkers of successful aging and footprints of longevity. To this purpose, we performed a discriminant analysis by which we were able to identify specific profiles of urinary and fecal VOCs. Such profiles can discriminate different age groups, from young to centenarians, and, even more interesting, centenarians' offspring from age-matched controls. Moreover, we were able to identify VOCs that are specific for the couples "centenarians - offspring" or the trios "centenarians - offspring - spouse," suggesting the possible existence of a familiar component also for VOCs profile.
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Chen X, Hua L, Jiang J, Hu F, Wan N, Li H. Multi-capillary column high-pressure photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and its application for online rapid analysis of flavor compounds. Talanta 2019; 201:33-39. [PMID: 31122430 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-pressure photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPPI-TOFMS) is a versatile and highly sensitive analytical technique for online and real-time analysis of trace volatile organic compounds in complex mixtures. However, discrimination of isomers is usually a great challenge for the soft ionization method, and matrix effect is also inevitable under high pressure in the HPPI source. In this work, we describe a first attempt to develop a two-dimensional (2D) hyphenated instrument by coupling of a multi-capillary column (MCC) with a HPPI-TOFMS to overcome these problems. The capability of the MCC-HPPI-TOFMS for discrimination of isomeric compounds and elimination of the matrix effect was demonstrated by analyzing flavor mixtures. With the merits of fast separation, soft ionization and high detection sensitivity, satisfactory effects in the 2D analysis were achieved, despite the relatively low chromatographic resolution of MCC. As a result, three isomers, eucalyptol, l-menthone and linalool, in a flavor mixture were successfully categorized within 90 s, and the matrix effect caused by solvent ethanol was significantly eliminated as well. The limits of detection (LODs) down to sub-ppbv level were achieved for the investigated five flavor compounds without any enrichment process, and an excellent repeatability was obtained with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of signal intensities ≤5%. The MCC-HPPI-TOFMS system was preliminarily applied for rapid and online analysis of flavor compounds in the exhaled gas of a volunteer after mouth rinsing with a gargle product. The rapid changes of the three flavor compounds, as well as the steady endogenous metabolite acetone, in the exhaled gas were successfully determined with a time-resolution of only 1.5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Hu
- Henan Province Medical Instrument Testing Institute, 79 Xiongerhe Road, Zhengzhou, 450018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningbo Wan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
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Leclaire S, Chatelain M, Pessato A, Buatois B, Frantz A, Gasparini J. Pigeon odor varies with experimental exposure to trace metal pollution. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:76-85. [PMID: 30506322 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-2001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals are chemical pollutants that have well-known noxious effects on wildlife and that are current major environmental issues in urban habitats. Previous studies have demonstrated their negative (e.g. lead) or positive (e.g. zinc) effects on body condition, immunity and reproductive success. Because of their effects on condition, trace metals are likely to influence the production of condition-dependent ornaments. The last decade has revealed that bird odors, like mammal odors, can convey information on individual quality and might be used as secondary sexual ornaments. Here, we used solid-phase microextraction headspace sampling with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate whether plumage scent varied with experimental supplementation in lead and/or zinc in feral pigeons. Zinc supplementation (alone or in combination with lead) changed the proportion of several volatiles, including an increase in the proportion of hydroxy-esters. The production of these esters, that most likely originate from preen gland secretions, may be costly and might thus be reduced by stress induced by zinc deficiency. Although lead is known to negatively impact pigeon condition, it did not statistically affect feather scent, despite most of the volatiles that increased with zinc exposure tended to be decreased in lead-supplemented pigeons. Further studies should evaluate the functions of plumage volatiles to predict how trace metals can impact bird fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Leclaire
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 (CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, ENFA), 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062, France.
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France.
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Marion Chatelain
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, 75005, Paris, France
- Wild Urban Evolution and Ecology Lab, Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland
| | - Anaïs Pessato
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Victoria, 3217, Australia
| | - Bruno Buatois
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Adrien Frantz
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Julien Gasparini
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, 75005, Paris, France
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Rossbach B, Kegel P, Letzel S. Urinary excretion of heptanones, heptanoles and 2,5-heptanedione after controlled acute exposure of volunteers to n-heptane. Toxicol Lett 2018; 298:81-90. [PMID: 29601860 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A lack of well-established parameters and assessment values currently impairs biomonitoring of n-heptane exposure. Using controlled inhalation experiments, we collected information on urinary n-heptane metabolite concentrations and the time course of metabolite excretion. Relationships between external and internal exposure were analysed to investigate the suitability of selected metabolites to reflect n-heptane uptake. Twenty healthy, non-smoking males (aged 19-38 years, median 25.5) were exposed for 3 h to 167, 333 and 500 ppm n-heptane, each. Spot urine samples of the volunteers, collected before exposure and during the following 24 h, were analysed for heptane-2-one, 3-one, 4-one, 2,5-dione, 1-ol, 2-ol, 3-ol, and 4-ol using headspace solid phase dynamic extraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-SPDE-GC/MS). Starting from median pre-exposure concentrations between <0.5 (3-one) and 82.9 μg/L (4-one), exposure increased the concentrations for all parameters except for 4-one. Median post-exposure concentrations ranged up to 840.4 μg/L (2-ol) and decreased with half-lifes <3 h after exposure. Non-parametric correlation analyses (n = 47, p < 0.05) revealed weak to moderate associations of volume related metabolite excretion with external exposure for 2-one, 3-one and 2,5-dione (R = 0.332-0.753). Heptanol excretion was moderately associated with exposure (R ≥ 0.509) only after creatinine adjustment. Lacking association with external exposure impedes the use of 4-one as heptane biomarker, whereas 2-ol and 3-ol turned out to be sensitive indicators of exposure if creatinine correction is applied. By providing fundamental data on a panel of eight potential heptane metabolites, our study can help to promote biological monitoring of n-heptane exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Rossbach
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Germany.
| | - Peter Kegel
- Institute of Teachers' Health at the Institute of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Letzel
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Germany; Institute of Teachers' Health at the Institute of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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24
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Drabińska N, Azeem HA, Krupa-Kozak U. A targeted metabolomic protocol for quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds in urine of children with celiac disease. RSC Adv 2018; 8:36534-36541. [PMID: 35558911 PMCID: PMC9088856 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07342b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in biological samples have gained popularity for disease monitoring and diagnosis. Celiac disease (CD) is one of the many prevalent health conditions which are challenging to diagnose. The aim of this study was to optimize a solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, for quantitative analysis of a wide range of VOCs in the urine of patients with CD. Multivariate design of experiment was used to optimize the extraction conditions for the analysis of 15 urinary VOCs. Based on the performed experiments, extraction using 2.98 g of sodium chloride and 21 μL of 6 M hydrochloric acid for 15 min at 30 °C, using a CAR/PDMS fiber in headspace mode was found to be the most effective procedure for the analysis of the selected biomarkers. It was also demonstrated that the proposed method could distinguish between children with CD and healthy children based on the profile of VOCs. It is believed that quantitative analysis of these biomarkers will extend our understanding of CD and could be used for monitoring in patients under treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Drabińska
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences Tuwima 10 Str. 10-748 Olsztyn Poland +48 89 524 01 24 +48 89 523 46 39
| | - Hafiz Abdul Azeem
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University Naturvetarvägen 14/Sölvegatan 39 A 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Urszula Krupa-Kozak
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences Tuwima 10 Str. 10-748 Olsztyn Poland +48 89 524 01 24 +48 89 523 46 39
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25
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Wang Y, Hua L, Jiang J, Xie Y, Hou K, Li Q, Wu C, Li H. High-pressure photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with dynamic purge-injection for rapid analysis of volatile metabolites in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1008:74-81. [PMID: 29420946 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule metabolites are widely used as biomarkers in the research field of metabolomics for disease diagnosis and exposure assessment. As a readily available biofluid containing plenty of volatile organic metabolites (VOMs), urine is ideal for non-invasive metabolomic analysis; however, there is still lack of rapid analysis method for VOMs in urine. Here we report a kind of rapid method for urine analysis by employing high-pressure photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPPI-TOFMS) combined with dynamic purge-injection. Various types of metabolites, such as ketones, alcohols, acids, sulfides, pyrroles and amines were detected directly by simple acidification or alkalization of urines. It is noteworthy that nitrogen-containing compounds, especially polar amines, could be ultrasensitively measured without any derivatization. The analytical capability of the direct HPPI-MS technique was demonstrated by analyzing five valuable metabolites, i.e., toluene, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole, trimethlyamine, styrene, and p-xylene, which exhibited relatively low limits of detection, wide linear range and satisfactory repeatability. Being highly sensitive and humidity-friendly, the whole analytical procedure is easily operated in less than 6 min. Interestingly, a new biomarker 2,5-dimethylpyrrole was exclusively found in the smoker's urine sample besides toluene. The work presents a novel tool for rapid nontarget disease biomarkers screening or target monitoring of specific compounds through the investigation of volatile metabolites in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Liu NY, Cay-Durgun P, Lai T, Sprowls M, Thomas L, Lind ML, Forzani E. A Handheld, Colorimetric Optoelectronic Dynamics Analyzer for Measuring Total Ammonia of Biological Samples. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE-JTEHM 2018; 6:2800610. [PMID: 30112251 PMCID: PMC6092083 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2018.2840678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces a wireless, solid-state, portable, and automated device capable of measuring the total ammonia [ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+)] levels of fluids, including biological samples. This device reliably measures the total ammonia of biological samples (e.g., urine) faster than the current ammonia quantification techniques. Medical professionals typically estimate NH4+ levels using error-prone indirect measurement techniques (i.e., urine anion gap), which are time-consuming and are seldom suitable for periodic measurements. Several instantaneous measurements of total ammonia levels in a patient urine could be utilized as an early warning for both acid-base and/or potassium disturbances. Given the device’s operation mechanism, it is able to quantify the total ammonia concentration within a biological sample in only 5 s and can simultaneously transmit data to other devices via Bluetooth. The analytical operation demonstrated high sensitivity, high specificity, fast reversibility, rapid response time, and has enabled the accurate determination of total ammonia concentration in urine samples produced by subjects who had consumed diets of variable protein compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Yuan Liu
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and EnergyArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA.,Center for Bioelectronics and BiosensorsThe Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA
| | - Pinar Cay-Durgun
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and EnergyArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA
| | - Tianmiao Lai
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and EnergyArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA.,Center for Bioelectronics and BiosensorsThe Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA
| | - Mark Sprowls
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and EnergyArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA.,Center for Bioelectronics and BiosensorsThe Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA
| | - Leslie Thomas
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and EnergyArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA.,Mayo Clinic in Arizona Division of NephrologyScottsdaleAZ85259USA
| | - Mary Laura Lind
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and EnergyArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA.,Center for Bioelectronics and BiosensorsThe Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA.,Mayo Clinic in Arizona Division of NephrologyScottsdaleAZ85259USA
| | - Erica Forzani
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and EnergyArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA.,Center for Bioelectronics and BiosensorsThe Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA.,Mayo Clinic in Arizona Division of NephrologyScottsdaleAZ85259USA
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27
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Bax C, Taverna G, Eusebio L, Sironi S, Grizzi F, Guazzoni G, Capelli L. Innovative Diagnostic Methods for Early Prostate Cancer Detection through Urine Analysis: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040123. [PMID: 29670060 PMCID: PMC5923378 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death among men. It is an asymptomatic and slow growing tumour, which starts occurring in young men, but can be detected only around the age of 40–50. Although its long latency period and potential curability make prostate cancer a perfect candidate for screening programs, the current procedure lacks in specificity. Researchers are rising to the challenge of developing innovative tools able of detecting the disease during its early stage that is the most curable. In recent years, the interest in characterisation of biological fluids aimed at the identification of tumour-specific compounds has increased significantly, since cell neoplastic transformation causes metabolic alterations leading to volatile organic compounds release. In the scientific literature, different approaches have been proposed. Many studies focus on the identification of a cancer-characteristic “odour fingerprint” emanated from biological samples through the application of sensorial or senso-instrumental analyses, others suggest a chemical characterisation of biological fluids with the aim of identifying prostate cancer (PCa)-specific biomarkers. This paper focuses on the review of literary studies in the field of prostate cancer diagnosis, in order to provide an overview of innovative methods based on the analysis of urine, thereby comparing them with the traditional diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bax
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Taverna
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Urology, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
| | - Lidia Eusebio
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Selena Sironi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Guazzoni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Urology, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Capelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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28
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Dutta D, Chong NS, Lim SH. Endogenous volatile organic compounds in acute myeloid leukemia: origins and potential clinical applications. J Breath Res 2018; 12:034002. [PMID: 29463782 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Not unlike many cancer types, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) exhibits many metabolic changes and reprogramming, causing changes in lipid metabolism. Some of the distinct molecular abnormalities associated with AML also modify the metabolic changes. Both processes result in changes in the production of endogenous volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The increasing availability of highly sensitive methods for detecting trace chemicals provides the opportunity to investigate the role of patient-specific VOC finger-prints as biomarkers for detecting early relapse or minimal residual disease in AML. Since VOC production is reliant on metabolic activities, when combined with currently available methods, VOC analysis may identify within a group of patients with flow cytometric or molecular evidence of residual disease those most at risk for disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Dutta
- Department of Professional Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States of America
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29
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Zou X, Lu Y, Xia L, Zhang Y, Li A, Wang H, Huang C, Shen C, Chu Y. Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in a Drop of Urine by Ultrasonic Nebulization Extraction Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2210-2215. [PMID: 29281786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human urine has potential application value in screening for disease and toxin exposure. However, the current technologies are too slow to detect the concentration of VOCs in fresh urine. In this study, we developed a novel ultrasonic nebulization extraction proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (UNE-PTR-MS) technology. The urinary VOCs can be rapidly extracted to gaseous VOCs using the UNE system and then delivered using a carrier gas to the PTR-MS instrument for rapid detection. The carrier gas flow and sample size were optimized to 100 mL/min and 100 μL, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) and response time of the UNE-PTR-MS were evaluated by detecting three VOCs that are common in human urine: methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone. The LODs determined for methanol (4.47 μg/L), acetaldehyde (1.98 μg/L), and acetone (3.47 μg/L) are 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than the mean concentrations of that in healthy human urine. The response time of the UNE-PTR-MS is 34 s and only 0.66 mL of urine is required for a full scan. The repeatability of this UNE-PTR-MS was evaluated, and the relative standard deviations of 5 independent determinations were between 4.62% and 5.21%. Lastly, the UNE-PTR-MS was applied for detection of methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone in real human urine to test matrix effects, yielding relative recoveries of between 88.39% and 94.54%. These results indicate the UNE-PTR-MS can be used for the rapid detection of VOCs in a drop of urine and has practical potential for diagnosing disease or toxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Aiyue Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Chengyin Shen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yannan Chu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
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30
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Liu D, Zhao N, Wang M, Pi X, Feng Y, Wang Y, Tong H, Zhu L, Wang C, Li E. Urine volatile organic compounds as biomarkers for minimal change type nephrotic syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 496:58-63. [PMID: 29291407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profiling has recently received considerable attention because it can be obtained noninvasively and conveniently while it can be successfully used in a variety of diseases and can provide unique biomarkers. The aim of current study was to investigate potential biomarkers between minimal change type nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) and normal. Urinary samples were collected from 38 minimal change type nephrotic syndrome patients and 15 healthy controls. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) and chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analysis the urinary metabolites. To deal with the final data, the statistical methods principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLSDA) were performed. Six specific VOC biomarkers were present at abnormal levels in the urine of MCNS patients. These VOCs included trans-2,2-dimethyl-4-decene; pyrrole; carbamic acid, monoammonium salt; 1-butyne, 3,3-dimethyl-; diisopropylamine; and 4-heptanone. These biomarkers may be useful as a new diagnostic method and for monitoring the prognosis for MCNS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Nana Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Mingao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Xin Pi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Hongshuang Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Changsong Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Enyou Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Development of sampling method and chromatographic analysis of volatile organic compounds emitted from human skin. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1465-1475. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The studies on volatile organic compounds emitted from skin are an interest for chemists, biologists and physicians due to their role in development of different scientific areas, including medical diagnostics, forensic medicine and the perfume design. This paper presents a proposal of two sampling methods applied to skin odor collection: the first one uses a bag of cellulose film, the second one, using cellulose sachets filled with active carbon. Materials & methods: Volatile organic compounds were adsorbed on carbon sorbent, removed via thermal desorption and analyzed using gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer. Results: The first sampling method allowed identification of more compounds (52) comparing to the second one (30). Quantitative analyses for acetone, butanal, pentanal and hexanal were done. Conclusion: The skin odor sampling method using a bag of cellulose film, allowed the identification of many more compounds when compared with the method using a sachet filled with active carbon.
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Hall G, Alenljung S, Forsgren-Brusk U. Identification of Key Odorants in Used Disposable Absorbent Incontinence Products. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2017; 44:269-276. [PMID: 28328644 PMCID: PMC5417576 DOI: 10.1097/won.0000000000000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify key odorants in used disposable absorbent incontinence products. DESIGN Descriptive in vitro study SUBJECTS AND SETTING:: Samples of used incontinence products were collected from 8 residents with urinary incontinence living in geriatric nursing homes in the Gothenburg area of Sweden. Products were chosen from a larger set of products that had previously been characterized by descriptive odor analysis. METHODS Pieces of the used incontinence products were cut from the wet area, placed in glass bottles, and kept frozen until dynamic headspace sampling of volatile compounds was completed. Gas chromatography-olfactometry was used to identify which compounds contributed most to the odors in the samples. Compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Twenty-eight volatiles were found to be key odorants in the used incontinence products. Twenty-six were successfully identified. They belonged to the following classes of chemical compounds: aldehydes (6); amines (1); aromatics (3); isothiocyanates (1); heterocyclics (2); ketones (6); sulfur compounds (6); and terpenes (1). CONCLUSION Nine of the 28 key odorants were considered to be of particular importance to the odor of the used incontinence products: 3-methylbutanal, trimethylamine, cresol, guaiacol, 4,5-dimethylthiazole-S-oxide, diacetyl, dimethyl trisulfide, 5-methylthio-4-penten-2-ol, and an unidentified compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Hall
- Gunnar Hall, PhD, Sensory and Flavor Science, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Food and Bioscience, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Susanne Alenljung, MSc, Hygiene and Odor, SCA Hygiene Products AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Ulla Forsgren-Brusk, MSc, Hygiene and Odor, SCA Hygiene Products AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanne Alenljung
- Correspondence: Susanne Alenljung, MSc, Hygiene and Odor, SCA Hygiene Products AB, SE-405 03 Gothenburg, Sweden ()
| | - Ulla Forsgren-Brusk
- Gunnar Hall, PhD, Sensory and Flavor Science, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Food and Bioscience, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Susanne Alenljung, MSc, Hygiene and Odor, SCA Hygiene Products AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Ulla Forsgren-Brusk, MSc, Hygiene and Odor, SCA Hygiene Products AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wang M, Xie R, Jia X, Liu R. Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds as Potential Biomarkers in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. Med Princ Pract 2017; 26. [PMID: 28633145 PMCID: PMC5768119 DOI: 10.1159/000478782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN) and normal controls, and to examine whether or not urinary VOCs can act as biomarkers for the diagnosis of iMN independent of renal biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to assess the urine collected from 63 iMN patients and 15 normal controls. The statistical methods of principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed to process the final data in Common Data Format which were converted from GC/MS data. RESULTS Six VOCs in the urine samples of iMN patients exhibited significant differences from those of normal controls: carbamic acid monoammonium salt, 2-pentanone, 2,4-dimethyl-pentanal, hydrogen azide, thiourea, and 4-heptanone were significantly higher than in controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Six urinary VOCs were isolated from patients with iMN using GC/MS. The analysis of urinary VOCs using GC/MS could be developed into a non-invasive method for the detection of iMN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruichan Liu
- *Ruichan Liu, Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001 (China), E-Mail
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Scheffler L, Sauermann Y, Heinlein A, Sharapa C, Buettner A. Detection of Volatile Metabolites Derived from Garlic (Allium sativum) in Human Urine. Metabolites 2016; 6:E43. [PMID: 27916960 PMCID: PMC5192449 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism and excretion of flavor constituents of garlic, a common plant used in flavoring foods and attributed with several health benefits, in humans is not fully understood. Likewise, the physiologically active principles of garlic have not been fully clarified to date. It is possible that not only the parent compounds present in garlic but also its metabolites are responsible for the specific physiological properties of garlic, including its influence on the characteristic body odor signature of humans after garlic consumption. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate potential garlic-derived metabolites in human urine. To this aim, 14 sets of urine samples were obtained from 12 volunteers, whereby each set comprised one sample that was collected prior to consumption of food-relevant concentrations of garlic, followed by five to eight subsequent samples after garlic consumption that covered a time interval of up to 26 h. The samples were analyzed chemo-analytically using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O), as well as sensorially by a trained human panel. The analyses revealed three different garlic-derived metabolites in urine, namely allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), allyl methyl sulfoxide (AMSO) and allyl methyl sulfone (AMSO₂), confirming our previous findings on human milk metabolite composition. The excretion rates of these metabolites into urine were strongly time-dependent with distinct inter-individual differences. These findings indicate that the volatile odorant fraction of garlic is heavily biotransformed in humans, opening up a window into substance circulation within the human body with potential wider ramifications in view of physiological effects of this aromatic plant that is appreciated by humans in their daily diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scheffler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Sauermann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Anja Heinlein
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Constanze Sharapa
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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35
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Capelli L, Taverna G, Bellini A, Eusebio L, Buffi N, Lazzeri M, Guazzoni G, Bozzini G, Seveso M, Mandressi A, Tidu L, Grizzi F, Sardella P, Latorre G, Hurle R, Lughezzani G, Casale P, Meregali S, Sironi S. Application and Uses of Electronic Noses for Clinical Diagnosis on Urine Samples: A Review. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16101708. [PMID: 27754437 PMCID: PMC5087496 DOI: 10.3390/s16101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The electronic nose is able to provide useful information through the analysis of the volatile organic compounds in body fluids, such as exhaled breath, urine and blood. This paper focuses on the review of electronic nose studies and applications in the specific field of medical diagnostics based on the analysis of the gaseous headspace of human urine, in order to provide a broad overview of the state of the art and thus enhance future developments in this field. The research in this field is rather recent and still in progress, and there are several aspects that need to be investigated more into depth, not only to develop and improve specific electronic noses for different diseases, but also with the aim to discover and analyse the connections between specific diseases and the body fluids odour. Further research is needed to improve the results obtained up to now; the development of new sensors and data processing methods should lead to greater diagnostic accuracy thus making the electronic nose an effective tool for early detection of different kinds of diseases, ranging from infections to tumours or exposure to toxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Capelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Taverna
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
- Ospedale Humanitas Mater Domini, Via Gerenzano 2, Castellanza, Varese 21053, Italy.
| | - Alessia Bellini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Lidia Eusebio
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Niccolò Buffi
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
| | - Massimo Lazzeri
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Guazzoni
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Bozzini
- Ospedale Humanitas Mater Domini, Via Gerenzano 2, Castellanza, Varese 21053, Italy.
| | - Mauro Seveso
- Ospedale Humanitas Mater Domini, Via Gerenzano 2, Castellanza, Varese 21053, Italy.
| | - Alberto Mandressi
- Ospedale Humanitas Mater Domini, Via Gerenzano 2, Castellanza, Varese 21053, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Tidu
- Italian Ministry of Defense's, Military Veterinary Center, CEMIVET, Via Provinciale Castiglionese, 201, Grosseto 58100, Italy.
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
| | - Paolo Sardella
- Italian Ministry of Defense's, Military Veterinary Center, CEMIVET, Via Provinciale Castiglionese, 201, Grosseto 58100, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Latorre
- Italian Ministry of Defense's, Military Veterinary Center, CEMIVET, Via Provinciale Castiglionese, 201, Grosseto 58100, Italy.
| | - Rodolfo Hurle
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Lughezzani
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
| | - Paolo Casale
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
| | - Sara Meregali
- Ospedale Humanitas Mater Domini, Via Gerenzano 2, Castellanza, Varese 21053, Italy.
| | - Selena Sironi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
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Batty CA, Cauchi M, Hunter JO, Woolner J, Baglin T, Turner C. Differences in microbial metabolites in urine headspace of subjects with Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) detected by volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis and metabolomics. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 461:61-8. [PMID: 27475979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
ITP is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder characterised by a low platelet count whose cause is uncertain. A possible factor is food intolerance, although much of the information linking this with ITP is anecdotal. The role of food intolerance in ITP was studied by replacing a normal diet with an elemental diet (E028), but this did not increase platelet counts. Clear differences, however, were apparent between the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urine headspace of patients with ITP and those present in healthy volunteers, which leads to speculation that abnormal metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiome may be a factor causing ITP. However, further work is needed to confirm this. There were also differences between the VOCs of patients on a normal diet and those on the elemental diet, and in this case, the VOCs involved are very likely to be of bacterial origin, as their production is affected by dietary manipulation. Many of these VOCs are known to be toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Batty
- Dept. Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cauchi
- Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - J O Hunter
- Gastroenterology Research Dept., Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Woolner
- Gastroenterology Research Dept., Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Baglin
- Dept. of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Turner
- Dept. Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
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Pérez Antón A, Ramos ÁG, Del Nogal Sánchez M, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM, Pozas ÁPC. Headspace-programmed temperature vaporization-mass spectrometry for the rapid determination of possible volatile biomarkers of lung cancer in urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5239-46. [PMID: 27178559 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We propose a new method for the rapid determination of five volatile compounds described in the literature as possible biomarkers of lung cancer in urine samples. The method is based on the coupling of a headspace sampler, a programmed temperature vaporizer in solvent-vent injection mode, and a mass spectrometer (HS-PTV-MS). This configuration is known as an electronic nose based on mass spectrometry. Once the method was developed, it was used for the analysis of urine samples from lung cancer patients and healthy individuals. Multivariate calibration models were employed to quantify the biomarker concentrations in the samples. The detection limits ranged between 0.16 and 21 μg/L. For the assignment of the samples to the patient group or the healthy individuals, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used, comparing the concentrations obtained with the median of a reference set of healthy individuals. To date, this is the first time that multivariate calibration and non-parametric methods have been combined to classify biological samples from profile signals obtained with an electronic nose. When significant differences in the concentration of one or more biomarkers were found with respect to the reference set, the sample is considered as a positive one and a new analysis was performed using a chromatographic method (HS-PTV-GC/MS) to confirm the result. The main advantage of the proposed HS-PTV-MS methodology is that no prior chromatographic separation and no sample manipulation are required, which allows an increase of the number of samples analyzed per hour and restricts the use of time-consuming techniques to only when necessary. Graphical abstract Schematic diagram of the developed methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pérez Antón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Álvaro García Ramos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Del Nogal Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bernardo Moreno Cordero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel Pedro Crisolino Pozas
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS. Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43:596-611. [PMID: 26806034 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests an important role of gut microbial dysbiosis in IBD, and this may be associated with changes in faecal volatile organic metabolites (VOMs). AIM To describe the changes in the faecal VOMs of patients with IBD and establish their diagnostic potential as non-invasive biomarkers. METHODS Faecal samples were obtained from 117 people with Crohn's disease (CD), 100 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 109 healthy controls. Faecal VOMs were extracted using solid-phase micro-extraction and analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Data analysis was carried out using partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) to determine class membership based on distinct metabolomic profiles. RESULTS The PLS-DA model showed clear separation of active CD from inactive disease and healthy controls (P < 0.001). Heptanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-piperidinone and 6-methyl-2-heptanone were up-regulated in the active CD group [variable important in projection (VIP) score 2.8, 2.7, 2.6 and 2.4, respectively], while methanethiol, 3-methyl-phenol, short-chain fatty acids and ester derivatives were found to be less abundant (VIP score of 3.5, 2.6, 1.5 and 1.2, respectively). The PLS-DA model also separated patients with small bowel CD from healthy controls and those with colonic CD from UC (P < 0.001). In contrast, less distinct separation was observed between active UC, inactive UC and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of faecal volatile organic metabolites can provide an understanding of gut metabolomic changes in IBD. It has the potential to provide a non-invasive means of diagnosing IBD, and can differentiate between UC and CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ahmed
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R Greenwood
- Department of Research and Development, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK
| | - B Costello
- Institute of Biosensing Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - N Ratcliffe
- Institute of Biosensing Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - C S Probert
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Aggio RBM, Mayor A, Coyle S, Reade S, Khalid T, Ratcliffe NM, Probert CSJ. Freeze-drying: an alternative method for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in the headspace of urine samples using solid phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Chem Cent J 2016; 10:9. [PMID: 26933445 PMCID: PMC4772446 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be intermediates of metabolic pathways and their levels in biological samples may provide a better understanding about diseases in addition to potential methods for diagnosis. Headspace analysis of VOCs in urine samples using solid phase micro extraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is one of the most used techniques. However, it generally produces a limited profile of VOCs if applied to fresh urine. Sample preparation methods, such as addition of salt, base or acid, have been developed to improve the headspace-SPME-GC-MS analysis of VOCs in urine samples. These methods result in a richer profile of VOCs, however, they may also add potential contaminants to the urine samples, result in increased variability introduced by manually processing the samples and promote degradation of metabolites due to extreme pH levels. Here, we evaluated if freeze-drying can be considered an alternative sample preparation method for headspace-SPME-GC-MS analysis of urine samples. RESULTS We collected urine from three volunteers and compared the performances of freeze-drying, addition of acid (HCl), addition of base (NaOH), addition of salt (NaCl), fresh urine and frozen urine when identifying and quantifying metabolites in 4 ml samples. Freeze-drying and addition of acid produced a significantly higher number of VOCs identified than any other method, with freeze-drying covering a slightly higher number of chemical classes, showing an improved repeatability and reducing siloxane impurities. CONCLUSION In this work we compared the performance of sample preparation methods for the SPME-GC-MS analysis of urine samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the potential of freeze-dry as an alternative sample preparation method. Our results indicate that freeze-drying has potential to be used as an alternative method for the SPME-GC-MS analysis of urine samples. Additional studies using internal standard, synthetic urine and calibration curves will allow a more precise quantification of metabolites and additional comparisons between methods.Graphical abstractEnhancing VOC profiling from urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael B M Aggio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L693BX Liverpool, UK
| | - Arno Mayor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L693BX Liverpool, UK
| | - Séamus Coyle
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Institute Liverpool, University of Liverpool, London Road, L39TA Liverpool, UK
| | - Sophie Reade
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L693BX Liverpool, UK
| | - Tanzeela Khalid
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L693BX Liverpool, UK ; Department of Surgery and Cancer, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, SW72AZ London, UK
| | - Norman M Ratcliffe
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Frenchay Campus, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, BS161QY Bristol, UK
| | - Chris S J Probert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L693BX Liverpool, UK
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Esfahani S, Sagar NM, Kyrou I, Mozdiak E, O'Connell N, Nwokolo C, Bardhan KD, Arasaradnam RP, Covington JA. Variation in Gas and Volatile Compound Emissions from Human Urine as It Ages, Measured by an Electronic Nose. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:bios6010004. [PMID: 26821055 PMCID: PMC4810396 DOI: 10.3390/bios6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The medical profession is becoming ever more interested in the use of gas-phase biomarkers for disease identification and monitoring. This is due in part to its rapid analysis time and low test cost, which makes it attractive for many different clinical arenas. One technology that is showing promise for analyzing these gas-phase biomarkers is the electronic nose—an instrument designed to replicate the biological olfactory system. Of the possible biological media available to “sniff”, urine is becoming ever more important as it is easy to collect and to store for batch testing. However, this raises the question of sample storage shelf-life, even at −80 °C. Here we investigated the effect of storage time (years) on stability and reproducibility of total gas/vapour emissions from urine samples. Urine samples from 87 patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were collected over a four-year period and stored at −80 °C. These samples were then analyzed using FAIMS (field-asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry—a type of electronic nose). It was discovered that gas emissions (concentration and diversity) reduced over time. However, there was less variation in the initial nine months of storage with greater uniformity and stability of concentrations together with tighter clustering of the total number of chemicals released. This suggests that nine months could be considered a general guide to a sample shelf-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Esfahani
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Nidhi M Sagar
- School of Medicine, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK.
| | - Ella Mozdiak
- School of Medicine, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Nicola O'Connell
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
| | - Chuka Nwokolo
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
| | - Karna D Bardhan
- Rotherham General Hospital, Rotherham, S60 2UD, UK.
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
| | - Ramesh P Arasaradnam
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
| | - James A Covington
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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41
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Mochalski P, Unterkofler K. Quantification of selected volatile organic compounds in human urine by gas chromatography selective reagent ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-SRI-TOF-MS) coupled with head-space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Analyst 2016; 141:4796-803. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00825a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Selective reagent ionization time of flight mass spectrometry with NO+as the reagent ion in conjunction with gas chromatography and head-space solid-phase microextraction was used to determine 16 volatiles in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck
- A-6850 Dornbirn
- Austria
| | - Karl Unterkofler
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck
- A-6850 Dornbirn
- Austria
- Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences
- A-6850 Dornbirn
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Khalid T, Aggio R, White P, De Lacy Costello B, Persad R, Al-Kateb H, Jones P, Probert CS, Ratcliffe N. Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds for the Detection of Prostate Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143283. [PMID: 26599280 PMCID: PMC4657998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from urine samples to determine whether they can be used to classify samples into those from prostate cancer and non-cancer groups. Participants were men referred for a trans-rectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy because of an elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) level or abnormal findings on digital rectal examination. Urine samples were collected from patients with prostate cancer (n = 59) and cancer-free controls (n = 43), on the day of their biopsy, prior to their procedure. VOCs from the headspace of basified urine samples were extracted using solid-phase micro-extraction and analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Classifiers were developed using Random Forest (RF) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) classification techniques. PSA alone had an accuracy of 62–64% in these samples. A model based on 4 VOCs, 2,6-dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol, pentanal, 3-octanone, and 2-octanone, was marginally more accurate 63–65%. When combined, PSA level and these four VOCs had mean accuracies of 74% and 65%, using RF and LDA, respectively. With repeated double cross-validation, the mean accuracies fell to 71% and 65%, using RF and LDA, respectively. Results from VOC profiling of urine headspace are encouraging and suggest that there are other metabolomic avenues worth exploring which could help improve the stratification of men at risk of prostate cancer. This study also adds to our knowledge on the profile of compounds found in basified urine, from controls and cancer patients, which is useful information for future studies comparing the urine from patients with other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeela Khalid
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael Aggio
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul White
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ben De Lacy Costello
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Raj Persad
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Huda Al-Kateb
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jones
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chris S. Probert
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Mochalski P, Unterkofler K, Teschl G, Amann A. Potential of volatile organic compounds as markers of entrapped humans for use in urban search-and-rescue operations. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Trace detection of endogenous human volatile organic compounds for search, rescue and emergency applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mochalski P, Unterkofler K, Španěl P, Smith D, Amann A. Product ion distributions for the reactions of NO(+) with some physiologically significant volatile organosulfur and organoselenium compounds obtained using a selective reagent ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1683-1690. [PMID: 24975248 PMCID: PMC4142009 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The reactions of NO(+) with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Selective Reagent Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (SRI-TOF-MS) reactors are relatively poorly known, inhibiting their use for trace gas analysis. The rationale for this product ion distribution study was to identify the major product ions of the reactions of NO(+) ions with 13 organosulfur compounds and 2 organoselenium compounds in an SRI-TOF-MS instrument and thus to prepare the way for their analysis in exhaled breath, in skin emanations and in the headspace of urine, blood and cell and bacterial cultures. METHODS Product ion distributions have been investigated by a SRI-TOF-MS instrument at an E/N in the drift tube reactor of 130 Td for both dry air and humid air (4.9% absolute humidity) used as the matrix gas. The investigated species were five monosulfides (dimethyl sulfide, ethyl methyl sulfide, methyl propyl sulfide, allyl methyl sulfide and methyl 5-methyl-2-furyl sulfide), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, thiophene, 2-methylthiophene, 3-methylthiophene, methanethiol, allyl isothiocyanate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and two selenium compounds - dimethyl selenide and dimethyl diselenide. RESULTS Charge transfer was seen to be the dominant reaction mechanism in all reactions under study forming the M(+) cations. For methanethiol and allyl isothiocyanate significant fractions were also observed of the stable adduct ions NO(+) M, formed by ion-molecule association, and [M-H](+) ions, formed by hydride ion transfer. Several other minor product channels are seen for most reactions indicating that the nascent excited intermediate (NOM)(+) * adduct ions partially fragment along other channels, most commonly by the elimination of neutral CH3 , CH4 and/or C2 H4 species that are probably bound to an NO molecule. Humidity had little effect on the product ion distributions. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study are of particular importance for data interpretation in studies of volatile organosulfur and volatile organoselenium compounds employing SRI-TOF-MS in the NO(+) mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute of the University of InnsbruckRathausplatz 4, A-6850, Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Karl Unterkofler
- Breath Research Institute of the University of InnsbruckRathausplatz 4, A-6850, Dornbirn, Austria
- Vorarlberg University of Applied SciencesHochschulstr. 1, A-6850, Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicDolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Medical School, Keele UniversityThornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute of the University of InnsbruckRathausplatz 4, A-6850, Dornbirn, Austria
- Univ.-Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical UniversityAnichstr, 35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Mochalski P, Unterkofler K, Španěl P, Smith D, Amann A. Product ion distributions for the reactions of NO + with some physiologically significant aldehydes obtained using a SRI-TOF-MS instrument. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 363:23-31. [PMID: 25844049 PMCID: PMC4375723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Product ion distributions for the reactions of NO+ with 22 aldehydes involved in human physiology have been determined under the prevailing conditions of a selective reagent ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SRI-TOF-MS) at an E/N in the flow/drift tube reactor of 130 Td. The chosen aldehydes were fourteen alkanals (the C2-C11 n-alkanals, 2-methyl propanal, 2-methyl butanal, 3-methyl butanal, and 2-ethyl hexanal), six alkenals (2-propenal, 2-methyl 2-propenal, 2-butenal, 3-methyl 2-butenal, 2-methyl 2-butenal, and 2-undecenal), benzaldehyde, and furfural. The product ion fragmentations patterns were determined for both dry air and humid air (3.5% absolute humidity) used as the matrix buffer/carrier gas in the drift tube of the SRI-TOF-MS instrument. Hydride ion transfer was seen to be a common ionization mechanism in all these aldehydes, thus generating (M-H)+ ions. Small fractions of the adduct ion, NO+M, were also seen for some of the unsaturated alkenals, in particular 2-undecenal, and heterocyclic furfural for which the major reactive channel was non-dissociative charge transfer generating the M+ parent ion. Almost all of the reactions resulted in partial fragmentation of the aldehyde molecules generating hydrocarbon ions; specifically, the alkanal reactions resulted in multiple product ions, whereas, the alkenals reactions produced only two or three product ions, dissociation of the nascent excited product ion occurring preferentially at the 2-position. The findings of this study are of particular importance for data interpretation in studies of aldehydes reactions employing SRI-TOF-MS in the NO+ mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 512 503 24636; fax: +43 512 504 6724636.
| | - Karl Unterkofler
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Hochschulstr. 1, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institut of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Medical School, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Univ.-Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Corresponding author at: Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria. Tel.: +43 512 503 24636; fax: +43 512 504 6724636.
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Breath analysis of ammonia, volatile organic compounds and deuterated water vapor in chronic kidney disease and during dialysis. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:843-57. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The volatile metabolites present in trace amounts in exhaled breath of healthy individuals and patients, for example those with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), can now be detected and quantified by sensitive analytical techniques. In this review, special attention is given to the major retention metabolites resulting from dialysis-dependent CKD stage 5 and especially ammonia, as a potential estimator of the severity of uremia. However, other biomarkers are important, including the hydrocarbons isoprene, ethane and pentane, in that they are likely to indicate tissue injury associated with the dialysis treatment itself. Evaluation of over-hydration, a serious complication of CKD stage5 can be improved by analysis of deuterium in exhaled water vapor after ingestion of a known amount of deuterated water, so providing total body water measurements at the bedside to support clinical management of volume status.
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Khalid T, White P, De Lacy Costello B, Persad R, Ewen R, Johnson E, Probert CS, Ratcliffe N. A pilot study combining a GC-sensor device with a statistical model for the identification of bladder cancer from urine headspace. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69602. [PMID: 23861976 PMCID: PMC3704674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to reduce the number of cystoscopies on patients with haematuria. Presently there are no reliable biomarkers to screen for bladder cancer. In this paper, we evaluate a new simple in–house fabricated, GC-sensor device in the diagnosis of bladder cancer based on volatiles. Sensor outputs from 98 urine samples were used to build and test diagnostic models. Samples were taken from 24 patients with transitional (urothelial) cell carcinoma (age 27-91 years, median 71 years) and 74 controls presenting with urological symptoms, but without a urological malignancy (age 29-86 years, median 64 years); results were analysed using two statistical approaches to assess the robustness of the methodology. A two-group linear discriminant analysis method using a total of 9 time points (which equates to 9 biomarkers) correctly assigned 24/24 (100%) of cancer cases and 70/74 (94.6%) controls. Under leave-one-out cross-validation 23/24 (95.8%) of cancer cases were correctly predicted with 69/74 (93.2%) of controls. For partial least squares discriminant analysis, the correct leave-one-out cross-validation prediction values were 95.8% (cancer cases) and 94.6% (controls). These data are an improvement on those reported by other groups studying headspace gases and also superior to current clinical techniques. This new device shows potential for the diagnosis of bladder cancer, but the data must be reproduced in a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeela Khalid
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul White
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ben De Lacy Costello
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Raj Persad
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Ewen
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Johnson
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chris S. Probert
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Kumano S, Sugiyama M, Yamada M, Nishimura K, Hasegawa H, Morokuma H, Inoue H, Hashimoto Y. Development of a Portable Mass Spectrometer Characterized by Discontinuous Sample Gas Introduction, a Low-Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Source, and a Vacuumed Headspace Technique. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5033-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kumano
- Hitachi, Ltd., Central Research Laboratory, Kokubunji, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Hitachi, Ltd., Central Research Laboratory, Kokubunji, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan
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Mochalski P, King J, Klieber M, Unterkofler K, Hinterhuber H, Baumann M, Amann A. Blood and breath levels of selected volatile organic compounds in healthy volunteers. Analyst 2013; 138:2134-45. [PMID: 23435188 DOI: 10.1039/c3an36756h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) was used to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds in the blood and breath of healthy individuals. Blood and breath volatiles were pre-concentrated using headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and needle trap devices (NTDs), respectively. The study involved a group of 28 healthy test subjects and resulted in the quantification of a total of 74 compounds in both types of samples. The concentrations of the species under study varied between 0.01 and 6700 nmol L(-1) in blood and between 0.02 and 2500 ppb in exhaled air. Limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.01 to 270 nmol L(-1) for blood compounds and from 0.01 to 0.7 ppb for breath species. Relative standard deviations for both measurement regimes varied from 1.5 to 14%. The predominant chemical classes among the compounds quantified were hydrocarbons (24), ketones (10), terpenes (8), heterocyclic compounds (7) and aromatic compounds (7). Twelve analytes were found to be highly present in both blood and exhaled air (with incidence rates higher than 80%) and for 32 species significant differences (Wilcoxon signed-rank test) between room air and exhaled breath were observed. By comparing blood, room air and breath levels in parallel, a tentative classification of volatiles into endogenous and exogenous compounds can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria.
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