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Yokoyama TD, Takahashi H, Koshiya S, Murano T, Terauchi M. Analytical Technique for Self-Absorption Structure of Iron L-emission Spectra Obtained by Soft X-ray Emission Spectrometer. Microscopy (Oxf) 2022; 71:169-174. [PMID: 35294008 PMCID: PMC9169537 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The method deriving the L self-absorption spectrum from Lα,β emission spectra obtained at different accelerating voltages has been optimized for analyzing the chemical state of Fe in solid materials. Fe Lα,β emission spectra obtained are fitted using Pseudo-Voigt functions and normalized by the integrated intensity of each Fe Ll line, which is not affected by L2,3 absorption edge. The self-absorption spectrum is calculated by dividing the normalized intensity profile collected at low accelerating voltage by that collected at a higher accelerating voltage. The obtained profile is referred to as soft X-ray self-absorption structure (SX-SAS). This method is applied to six Fe-based materials (Fe metal, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, FeS and FeS2) to observe different chemical states of Fe in those materials. By comparing the self-absorption spectra of iron oxides, one can observe the L3 absorption peak structure shows a shift to the higher energy side as ferric (3+) Fe increases with respect to ferrous (+2) Fe. The intensity profiles of self-absorption spectra of metallic Fe and FeS2 shows shoulder structures between the L3 and L2 absorption peaks, which were not observed in spectra of Fe oxides. These results indicate that the SX-SAS technique is useful to examine X-ray absorption structure as a means to understand the chemical states of transition metal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shogo Koshiya
- JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima-city 196-8558, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Murano
- JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima-city 196-8558, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Terauchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Japan
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Oliveira MLS, Neckel A, Silva LFO, Dotto GL, Maculan LS. Environmental aspects of the depreciation of the culturally significant Wall of Cartagena de Indias - Colombia. Chemosphere 2021; 265:129119. [PMID: 33280849 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Among the diverse archeological relics of the past, the Cartagena de Indias Wall is one of the greatest representations of European cultural architecture in South America. To assess the implication of contamination on the depreciation of the culturally significant Wall of Cartagena de Indias - Colombia, a detailed, multi-analytical approach was conducted on components of the wall. Accumulated ultra-fine particles (UFPs) and superficial nano-particles (NPs) containing hazardous elements (HEs) on the wall were identified in an attempt to understand whether atmospheric pollution is hastening the depreciation of the structure itself. Mortar which at one point held the stones together is now weak and has fallen away in places. Irreparable damage is being done by salt spray, acid rain and the site's tropical humid climate. Several HEs and organic compounds found within the local environment are also contributing to the gradual deterioration of the construction. In this study, advanced microscopy analyses have been applied to understand the properties of UFPs and NPs deposited onto the wall's weathered external walls through exposure to atmospheric pollution. Several materials identified by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) can be detected using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The presence of anglesite, gypsum, hematite containing HEs, and several organic compounds modified due to moisture and contamination was found. Black crusts located on the structure could potentially serve as a source of HEs pollution and a probable hazard to not only to the ecosystem but also to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L S Oliveira
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia; Faculdade Meridional, IMED, 304, Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil; Universidad de Lima, Departamento de Ingeniería civil y Arquitectura, Avenida Javier Prado Este 4600, Santiago de Surco, 1503, Peru
| | - Alcindo Neckel
- Faculdade Meridional, IMED, 304, Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil.
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Guilherme L Dotto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Chemistry Department, Avenida Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Rudinsky S, Wilson NC, MacRae CM, Yuan Y, Demers H, Gibson MA, Gauvin R. The Impact of Chemical Bonding on Mass Absorption Coefficients of Soft X-rays. Microsc Microanal 2020; 26:741-749. [PMID: 32406368 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620001579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate elemental quantification of materials by X-ray detection techniques in electron microscopes or microprobes can only be carried out if the appropriate mass absorption coefficients (MACs) are known. With continuous advancements in experimental techniques, databases of MACs must be expanded in order to account for new detection limits. Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy (SXES) is a characterization technique that can detect emitted X-rays whose energies are in the range of 10 eV to 2 keV by using a varied-line-spaced grating. Transitions producing soft X-rays can be detected and accurate MACs are required for use in quantification. This work uses Monte Carlo modeling coupled with multivoltage SXES measurements in an electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) to compute MACs for the L2,3-M and Li Kα transitions in a variety of aluminum alloys. Electron depth distribution curves obtained by the software MC X-ray are used in a parametrized fitting equation. The MACs are calculated using a least-squares regression analysis. It is shown that X-ray distribution cross-sections at such low energies need to take into account additional contributions, such as Coster–Kronig transitions, Auger yields, and wave function effects in order to be accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Rudinsky
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University, Montreal, CanadaH2T 2X1
| | - Nicholas C Wilson
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Bayview Avenue, Clayton3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin M MacRae
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Bayview Avenue, Clayton3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University, Montreal, CanadaH2T 2X1
| | - Hendrix Demers
- Hydro-Québec Center of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, 1800 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, CanadaJ3X 1S1
| | - Mark A Gibson
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Raynald Gauvin
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University, Montreal, CanadaH2T 2X1
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Aoki M, Omachi A, Smaran KS, Ohama A, Uchino Y, Uosaki K, Kondo T. Electrochemical Lithiation and Delithiation of Si(100) Single-crystal Surface. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Aoki
- Graduate School of Sciences and Humanities, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Asami Omachi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Humanities, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Kumar Sai Smaran
- Graduate School of Sciences and Humanities, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Ayano Ohama
- Graduate School of Sciences and Humanities, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Yukina Uchino
- Graduate School of Sciences and Humanities, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Kohei Uosaki
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN) and Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (Greater GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kondo
- Graduate School of Sciences and Humanities, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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Shah FA, Ruscsák K, Palmquist A. 50 years of scanning electron microscopy of bone-a comprehensive overview of the important discoveries made and insights gained into bone material properties in health, disease, and taphonomy. Bone Res 2019; 7:15. [PMID: 31123620 PMCID: PMC6531483 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is an architecturally complex system that constantly undergoes structural and functional optimisation through renewal and repair. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is among the most frequently used instruments for examining bone. It offers the key advantage of very high spatial resolution coupled with a large depth of field and wide field of view. Interactions between incident electrons and atoms on the sample surface generate backscattered electrons, secondary electrons, and various other signals including X-rays that relay compositional and topographical information. Through selective removal or preservation of specific tissue components (organic, inorganic, cellular, vascular), their individual contribution(s) to the overall functional competence can be elucidated. With few restrictions on sample geometry and a variety of applicable sample-processing routes, a given sample may be conveniently adapted for multiple analytical methods. While a conventional SEM operates at high vacuum conditions that demand clean, dry, and electrically conductive samples, non-conductive materials (e.g., bone) can be imaged without significant modification from the natural state using an environmental scanning electron microscope. This review highlights important insights gained into bone microstructure and pathophysiology, bone response to implanted biomaterials, elemental analysis, SEM in paleoarchaeology, 3D imaging using focused ion beam techniques, correlative microscopy and in situ experiments. The capacity to image seamlessly across multiple length scales within the meso-micro-nano-continuum, the SEM lends itself to many unique and diverse applications, which attest to the versatility and user-friendly nature of this instrument for studying bone. Significant technological developments are anticipated for analysing bone using the SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan A. Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Krisztina Ruscsák
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hochella MF, Mogk DW, Ranville J, Allen IC, Luther GW, Marr LC, McGrail BP, Murayama M, Qafoku NP, Rosso KM, Sahai N, Schroeder PA, Vikesland P, Westerhoff P, Yang Y. Natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials and their impacts on the Earth system. Science 2019; 363:363/6434/eaau8299. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are critical components in the Earth system’s past, present, and future characteristics and behavior. They have been present since Earth’s origin in great abundance. Life, from the earliest cells to modern humans, has evolved in intimate association with naturally occurring nanomaterials. This synergy began to shift considerably with human industrialization. Particularly since the Industrial Revolution some two-and-a-half centuries ago, incidental nanomaterials (produced unintentionally by human activity) have been continuously produced and distributed worldwide. In some areas, they now rival the amount of naturally occurring nanomaterials. In the past half-century, engineered nanomaterials have been produced in very small amounts relative to the other two types of nanomaterials, but still in large enough quantities to make them a consequential component of the planet. All nanomaterials, regardless of their origin, have distinct chemical and physical properties throughout their size range, clearly setting them apart from their macroscopic equivalents and necessitating careful study. Following major advances in experimental, computational, analytical, and field approaches, it is becoming possible to better assess and understand all types and origins of nanomaterials in the Earth system. It is also now possible to frame their immediate and long-term impact on environmental and human health at local, regional, and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Hochella
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Subsurface Science and Technology Group, Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - David W. Mogk
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3480, USA
| | - James Ranville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - George W. Luther
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
| | - Linsey C. Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - B. Peter McGrail
- Applied Functional Materials Group, Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Mitsu Murayama
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Reactor Materials and Mechanical Design Group, Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan
| | - Nikolla P. Qafoku
- Subsurface Science and Technology Group, Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Kevin M. Rosso
- Geochemistry Group, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Nita Sahai
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3909, USA
| | | | - Peter Vikesland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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MacRae CM, Hughes AE, Laird JS, Glenn AM, Wilson NC, Torpy A, Gibson MA, Zhou X, Birbilis N, Thompson GE. An Examination of the Composition and Microstructure of Coarse Intermetallic Particles in AA2099-T8, Including Li Detection. Microsc Microanal 2018; 24:325-341. [PMID: 29911517 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electron and proton microprobes, along with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis were used to study the microstructure of the contemporary Al-Cu-Li alloy AA2099-T8. In electron probe microanalysis, wavelength and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry were used in parallel with soft X-ray emission spectroscopy (SXES) to characterize the microstructure of AA2099-T8. The electron microprobe was able to identify five unique compositions for constituent intermetallic (IM) particles containing combinations of Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. A sixth IM type was found to be rich in Ti and B (suggesting TiB2), and a seventh IM type contained Si. EBSD patterns for the five constituent IM particles containing Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn indicated that they were isomorphous with four phases in the 2xxx series aluminium alloys including Al6(Fe, Mn), Al13(Fe, Mn)4 (two slightly different compositions), Al37Cu2Fe12 and Al7Cu2Fe. SXES revealed that Li was present in some constituent IM particles. Al SXES mapping revealed an Al-enriched (i.e., Cu, Li-depleted) zone in the grain boundary network. From the EBSD analysis, the kernel average misorientation map showed higher levels of localized misorientation in this region, suggesting greater deformation or stored energy. Proton-induced X-ray emission revealed banding of the TiB2 IM particles and Cu inter-band enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M MacRae
- 1CSIRO,Mineral Resources,Bayview Ave,Clayton,3169, Victoria,Australia
| | - Anthony E Hughes
- 1CSIRO,Mineral Resources,Bayview Ave,Clayton,3169, Victoria,Australia
| | - James S Laird
- 1CSIRO,Mineral Resources,Bayview Ave,Clayton,3169, Victoria,Australia
| | - A M Glenn
- 1CSIRO,Mineral Resources,Bayview Ave,Clayton,3169, Victoria,Australia
| | - Nicholas C Wilson
- 1CSIRO,Mineral Resources,Bayview Ave,Clayton,3169, Victoria,Australia
| | - Aaron Torpy
- 1CSIRO,Mineral Resources,Bayview Ave,Clayton,3169, Victoria,Australia
| | - Mark A Gibson
- 3Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Monash University,Clayton, VIC3800,Australia
| | - Xiaorong Zhou
- 5Corrosion and Protection Centre,School of Materials,The University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,England,UK
| | - Nick Birbilis
- 3Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Monash University,Clayton, VIC3800,Australia
| | - George E Thompson
- 5Corrosion and Protection Centre,School of Materials,The University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,England,UK
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Tanaka Y, Yamashita T, Nagoshi M. Quantitative FE-EPMA measurement of formation and inhibition of carbon contamination on Fe for trace carbon analysis. Microscopy (Oxf) 2017; 66:68-77. [PMID: 27836989 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrocarbon contamination introduced during point, line and map analyses in a field emission electron probe microanalysis (FE-EPMA) was investigated to enable reliable quantitative analysis of trace amounts of carbon in steels. The increment of contamination on pure iron in point analysis is proportional to the number of iterations of beam irradiation, but not to the accumulated irradiation time. A combination of a longer dwell time and single measurement with a liquid nitrogen (LN2) trap as an anti-contamination device (ACD) is sufficient for a quantitative point analysis. However, in line and map analyses, contamination increases with irradiation time in addition to the number of iterations, even though the LN2 trap and a plasma cleaner are used as ACDs. Thus, a shorter dwell time and single measurement are preferred for line and map analyses, although it is difficult to eliminate the influence of contamination. While ring-like contamination around the irradiation point grows during electron-beam irradiation, contamination at the irradiation point increases during blanking time after irradiation. This can explain the increment of contamination in iterative point analysis as well as in line and map analyses. Among the ACDs, which are tested in this study, specimen heating at 373 K has a significant contamination inhibition effect. This technique makes it possible to obtain line and map analysis data with minimum influence of contamination. The above-mentioned FE-EPMA data are presented and discussed in terms of the contamination-formation mechanisms and the preferable experimental conditions for the quantification of trace carbon in steels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tanaka
- Steel Research Laboratory, JFE Steel Corporation, 1, Kawasaki-cho, Chuo-ku 260-0835, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takako Yamashita
- Steel Research Laboratory, JFE Steel Corporation, 1, Kawasaki-cho, Chuo-ku 260-0835, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayasu Nagoshi
- Steel Research Laboratory, JFE Steel Corporation, 1-1, Minamiwatarida-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0855, Japan
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