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Ricci A, Di Pierro E, Marcacci M, Ventura P. Mechanisms of Neuronal Damage in Acute Hepatic Porphyrias. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122205. [PMID: 34943446 PMCID: PMC8700611 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrias are a group of congenital and acquired diseases caused by an enzymatic impairment in the biosynthesis of heme. Depending on the specific enzyme involved, different types of porphyrias (i.e., chronic vs. acute, cutaneous vs. neurovisceral, hepatic vs. erythropoietic) are described, with different clinical presentations. Acute hepatic porphyrias (AHPs) are characterized by life-threatening acute neuro-visceral crises (acute porphyric attacks, APAs), featuring a wide range of neuropathic (central, peripheral, autonomic) manifestations. APAs are usually unleashed by external "porphyrinogenic" triggers, which are thought to cause an increased metabolic demand for heme. During APAs, the heme precursors δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) accumulate in the bloodstream and urine. Even though several hypotheses have been developed to explain the protean clinical picture of APAs, the exact mechanism of neuronal damage in AHPs is still a matter of debate. In recent decades, a role has been proposed for oxidative damage caused by ALA, mitochondrial and synaptic ALA toxicity, dysfunction induced by relative heme deficiency on cytochromes and other hemeproteins (i.e., nitric oxide synthases), pyridoxal phosphate functional deficiency, derangements in the metabolic pathways of tryptophan, and other factors. Since the pathway leading to the biosynthesis of heme is inscribed into a complex network of interactions, which also includes some fundamental processes of basal metabolism, a disruption in any of the steps of this pathway is likely to have multiple pathogenic effects. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the current evidence regarding the mechanisms of neuronal damage in AHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ricci
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Elena Di Pierro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCSS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Matteo Marcacci
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Paolo Ventura
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-4225-542
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Alsharabasy AM, Pandit A, Farràs P. Recent Advances in the Design and Sensing Applications of Hemin/Coordination Polymer-Based Nanocomposites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003883. [PMID: 33217074 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of biomimetic catalysts as substituents for enzymes is of critical interest in the field due to the problems associated with the extraction, purification, and storage of enzymes in sensing applications. Of these mimetics, hemin/coordination polymer-based nanocomposites, mainly hemin/metal-organic frameworks (MOF), have been developed for various biosensing applications because of the unique properties of each component, while trying to mimic the normal biological functions of heme within the protein milieu of enzymes. This critical review first discusses the different catalytic functions of heme in the body in the form of enzyme/protein structures. The properties of hemin dimerization are then elucidated with the supposed models of hemin oxidation. After that, the progress in the fabrication of hemin/MOF nanocomposites for the sensing of diverse biological molecules is discussed. Finally, the challenges in developing this type of composites are examined as well as possible proposals for future directions to enhance the sensing performance in this field further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir M Alsharabasy
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91W2TY, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91W2TY, Ireland
| | - Pau Farràs
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91W2TY, Ireland
- School of Chemistry, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91CF50, Ireland
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Lo Vasco VR, Leopizzi M, Di Maio V, Della Rocca C. U-73122 reduces the cell growth in cultured MG-63 ostesarcoma cell line involving Phosphoinositide-specific Phospholipases C. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:156. [PMID: 27026853 PMCID: PMC4766154 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The definition of the number and nature of the signal transduction pathways involved in the pathogenesis and the identification of the molecules promoting metastasis spread might improve the knowledge of the natural history of osteosarcoma, also allowing refine the prognosis and opening the way to novel therapeutic strategies. Phosphatydil inositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PIP2), belonging to the Phosphoinositide (PI) signal transduction pathway, was related to the regulation of ezrin, an ezrin-radixin-moesin protein involved in metastatic osteosarcoma spread. The levels of PIP2 are regulated by means of the PI-specific Phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes. Recent literature data suggested that in osteosarcoma the panel of expression of PLC isoforms varies in a complex and unclear manner and is related to ezrin, probably networking with Ras GTPases, such as RhoA and Rac1. We analyzed the expression and the subcellular localization of PLC enzymes in cultured human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells, commonly used as an experimental model for human osteoblasts, using U-73122 PLC inhibitor, U-73343 inactive analogue, and by silencing ezrin. The treatment with U-73122 significantly reduces the number of MG-63 viable cells and contemporarily modifies the expression and the subcellular localization of selected PLC isoforms. U-73122 reduces the cell growth in cultured MG-63 ostesarcoma cell line involving PI-specific Phospholipases C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Rita Lo Vasco
- />Sensory Organs Department, Policlinico Umberto I, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, viale dell’Università, 33, 00157 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Leopizzi
- />Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology Department, Polo Pontino- Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Valeria Di Maio
- />Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology Department, Polo Pontino- Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Carlo Della Rocca
- />Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology Department, Polo Pontino- Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
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4
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Wang H, Wu M, Zhan C, Ma E, Yang M, Yang X, Li Y. Neurofilament proteins in axonal regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:620-6. [PMID: 25745454 PMCID: PMC4346988 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofilament protein is a component of the mature neuronal cytoskeleton, and it interacts with the zygosome, which is mediated by neurofilament-related proteins. Neurofilament protein regulates enzyme function and the structure of linker proteins. In addition, neurofilament gene expression plays an important role in nervous system development. Previous studies have shown that neurofilament gene transcriptional regulation is crucial for neurofilament protein expression, especially in axonal regeneration and degenerative diseases. Post-transcriptional regulation increased neurofilament protein gene transcription during axonal regeneration, ultimately resulting in a pattern of neurofilament protein expression. An expression imbalance of post-transcriptional regulatory proteins and other disorders could lead to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or other neurodegenerative diseases. These findings indicated that after transcription, neurofilament protein regulated expression of related proteins and promoted regeneration of damaged axons, suggesting that regulation disorders could lead to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Minfei Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chuanjun Zhan
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Enyuan Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beihua University Affiliated Hospital, Jilin 132000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Maoguang Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yingpu Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
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Wang H, Pan S, Yang X, Zhu B, Wang D. Oxidative phosphorylated neurofilament protein M protects spinal cord against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1672-7. [PMID: 25374588 PMCID: PMC4211187 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.141803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that neurofilament protein M expression is upregulated in the early stage of spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury, indicating that this protein may play a role in the injury process. In the present study, we compared protein expression in spinal cord tissue of rabbits after 25 minutes of ischemia followed by 0, 12, 24, or 48 hours of reperfusion with that of sham operated rabbits, using proteomic two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. In addition, the nerve repair-related neurofilament protein M with the unregulated expression was detected with immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry showed that, compared with the sham group, upregulation of protein expression was most significant in the spinal cords of rabbits that had undergone ischemia and 24 hours of reperfusion. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that neurofilament protein M was located in the membrane and cytoplasm of neuronal soma and axons at each time point after injury. Western blot analysis showed that neurofilament protein M expression increased with reperfusion time until it peaked at 24 hours and returned to baseline level after 48 hours. Furthermore, neurofilament protein M is phosphorylated under oxidative stress, and expression changes were parallel for the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms. Neurofilament protein M plays an important role in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury, and its functions are achieved through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China
| | - Su Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Benqing Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Dalin Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China
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Chiabrando D, Vinchi F, Fiorito V, Mercurio S, Tolosano E. Heme in pathophysiology: a matter of scavenging, metabolism and trafficking across cell membranes. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:61. [PMID: 24782769 PMCID: PMC3986552 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme (iron-protoporphyrin IX) is an essential co-factor involved in multiple biological processes: oxygen transport and storage, electron transfer, drug and steroid metabolism, signal transduction, and micro RNA processing. However, excess free-heme is highly toxic due to its ability to promote oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, thus leading to membrane injury and, ultimately, apoptosis. Thus, heme metabolism needs to be finely regulated. Intracellular heme amount is controlled at multiple levels: synthesis, utilization by hemoproteins, degradation and both intracellular and intercellular trafficking. This review focuses on recent findings highlighting the importance of controlling intracellular heme levels to counteract heme-induced oxidative stress. The contributions of heme scavenging from the extracellular environment, heme synthesis and incorporation into hemoproteins, heme catabolism and heme transport in maintaining adequate intracellular heme content are discussed. Particular attention is put on the recently described mechanisms of heme trafficking through the plasma membrane mediated by specific heme importers and exporters. Finally, the involvement of genes orchestrating heme metabolism in several pathological conditions is illustrated and new therapeutic approaches aimed at controlling heme metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Vinchi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Fiorito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Sonia Mercurio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
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7
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Heme, an essential nutrient from dietary proteins, critically impacts diverse physiological and pathological processes. Nutrients 2014; 6:1080-102. [PMID: 24633395 PMCID: PMC3967179 DOI: 10.3390/nu6031080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme constitutes 95% of functional iron in the human body, as well as two-thirds of the average person’s iron intake in developed countries. Hence, a wide range of epidemiological studies have focused on examining the association of dietary heme intake, mainly from red meat, with the risks of common diseases. High heme intake is associated with increased risk of several cancers, including colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer. Likewise, the evidence for increased risks of type-2 diabetes and coronary heart disease associated with high heme intake is compelling. Furthermore, recent comparative metabolic and molecular studies of lung cancer cells showed that cancer cells require increased intracellular heme biosynthesis and uptake to meet the increased demand for oxygen-utilizing hemoproteins. Increased levels of hemoproteins in turn lead to intensified oxygen consumption and cellular energy generation, thereby fueling cancer cell progression. Together, both epidemiological and molecular studies support the idea that heme positively impacts cancer progression. However, it is also worth noting that heme deficiency can cause serious diseases in humans, such as anemia, porphyrias, and Alzheimer’s disease. This review attempts to summarize the latest literature in understanding the role of dietary heme intake and heme function in diverse diseases.
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Larsen R, Gouveia Z, Soares MP, Gozzelino R. Heme cytotoxicity and the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:77. [PMID: 22586395 PMCID: PMC3343703 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme, iron (Fe) protoporphyrin IX, functions as a prosthetic group in a range of hemoproteins essential to support life under aerobic conditions. The Fe contained within the prosthetic heme groups of these hemoproteins can catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species. Presumably for this reason, heme must be sequestered within those hemoproteins, thereby shielding the reactivity of its Fe-heme. However, under pathologic conditions associated with oxidative stress, some hemoproteins can release their prosthetic heme groups. While this heme is not necessarily damaging per se, it becomes highly cytotoxic in the presence of a range of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor. This can lead to tissue damage and, as such, exacerbate the pathologic outcome of several immune-mediated inflammatory conditions. Presumably, targeting “free heme” may be used as a therapeutic intervention against these diseases.
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Khan AA, Quigley JG. Control of intracellular heme levels: heme transporters and heme oxygenases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1813:668-82. [PMID: 21238504 PMCID: PMC3079059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heme serves as a co-factor in proteins involved in fundamental biological processes including oxidative metabolism, oxygen storage and transport, signal transduction and drug metabolism. In addition, heme is important for systemic iron homeostasis in mammals. Heme has important regulatory roles in cell biology, yet excessive levels of intracellular heme are toxic; thus, mechanisms have evolved to control the acquisition, synthesis, catabolism and expulsion of cellular heme. Recently, a number of transporters of heme and heme synthesis intermediates have been described. Here we review aspects of heme metabolism and discuss our current understanding of heme transporters, with emphasis on the function of the cell-surface heme exporter, FLVCR. Knockdown of Flvcr in mice leads to both defective erythropoiesis and disturbed systemic iron homeostasis, underscoring the critical role of heme transporters in mammalian physiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A. Khan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL-60612
| | - John G. Quigley
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL-60612
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Yao X, Balamurugan P, Arvey A, Leslie C, Zhang L. Heme controls the regulation of protein tyrosine kinases Jak2 and Src. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 403:30-5. [PMID: 21036157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases play key roles in many molecular and cellular processes in diverse living organisms. Their proper functioning is crucial for the normal growth, development, and health in humans, whereas their dysfunction can cause serious diseases, including various cancers. As such, intense studies have been performed to understand the molecular mechanisms by which the activities of protein tyrosine kinases are regulated in mammalian cells. Particularly, small molecules that can modulate the activity of tyrosine kinases are of great importance for discovering therapeutic drug candidates for numerous diseases. Notably, heme cannot only serve as a prosthetic group for hemoglobins and enzymes, but it also is a small signaling molecule that can control the activity of diverse signaling and regulatory proteins. Using a computational search, we found that a group of non-membrane spanning tyrosine kinases contains one or more CP motifs that can potentially bind to heme and mediate heme regulation. We then used experimental approaches to determine whether heme can affect the activity of any of these tyrosine kinases. We found that heme indeed affects the phosphorylation of key tyrosine residues in Jak2 and Src, and is therefore able to modulate Jak2 and Src activity. Further experiments showed that Jak2 and Src bind to heme and that the presence of heme alters the sensitivity of Jak2 and Src to trypsin digestion. These results suggest that heme actively interacts with Jak2 and Src and alters their conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Mail Stop FO31, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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Li L, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Tan J, Huang H, Huang B, Lu J. Sodium butyrate-induced upregulation of p18( INK4C ) gene affects K562 cell G (0)/G (1) arrest and differentiation. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 319:9-15. [PMID: 18642058 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate (NaBu) can induce G(0)/G(1) arrest and erythroid differentiation in K562 cells, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are unclear. Here we show that both p18( INK4C ) mRNA and protein levels were upregulated during K562 cell erythroid differentiation induced by NaBu. Moreover, the NaBu activation of p18( INK4C ) was dependent on the integrity of Sp1 clusters in the promoter. NaBu caused hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4 on endogenous p18( INK4C ) promoter and enhanced binding of transcription factor Sp1 in vivo. Also, overexpression of p18( INK4C ) in K562 cells resulted in G(0)/G(1) arrest and partial erythroid differentiation. Our results suggested that NaBu-mediated p18( INK4C ) regulation played a role in cell cycle arrest and erythroid differentiation in K562 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Lee KS, Raymond LD, Schoen B, Raymond GJ, Kett L, Moore RA, Johnson LM, Taubner L, Speare JO, Onwubiko HA, Baron GS, Caughey WS, Caughey B. Hemin Interactions and Alterations of the Subcellular Localization of Prion Protein. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36525-33. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705620200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Chen L, Maures TJ, Jin H, Huo JS, Rabbani SA, Schwartz J, Carter-Su C. SH2B1beta (SH2-Bbeta) enhances expression of a subset of nerve growth factor-regulated genes important for neuronal differentiation including genes encoding urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and matrix metalloproteinase 3/10. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:454-76. [PMID: 17947375 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work showed that the adapter protein SH2B adapter protein 1beta (SH2B1) (SH2-B) binds to the activated form of the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor TrkA and is critical for both NGF-dependent neurite outgrowth and maintenance. To identify SH2B1beta-regulated genes critical for neurite outgrowth, we performed microarray analysis of control PC12 cells and PC12 cells stably overexpressing SH2B1beta (PC12-SH2B1beta) or the dominant-negative SH2B1beta(R555E) [PC12-SH2B1beta(R555E)]. NGF-induced microarray expression of Plaur and Mmp10 genes was greatly enhanced in PC12-SH2B1beta cells, whereas NGF-induced Plaur and Mmp3 expression was substantially depressed in PC12-SH2B1beta(R555E) cells. Plaur, Mmp3, and Mmp10 are among the 12 genes most highly up-regulated after 6 h of NGF. Their protein products [urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), and MMP10] lie in the same pathway of extracellular matrix degradation; uPAR has been shown previously to be critical for NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed SH2B1beta enhancement of NGF induction of all three genes and the suppression of NGF induction of all three when endogenous SH2B1 was reduced using short hairpin RNA against SH2B1 and in PC12-SH2B1beta(R555E) cells. NGF-induced levels of uPAR and MMP3/10 and neurite outgrowth through Matrigel (MMP3-dependent) were also increased in PC12-SH2B1beta cells. These results suggest that SH2B1beta stimulates NGF-induced neuronal differentiation at least in part by enhancing expression of a specific subset of NGF-sensitive genes, including Plaur, Mmp3, and/or Mmp10, required for neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0622, USA
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Keller MA, Addya S, Vadigepalli R, Banini B, Delgrosso K, Huang H, Surrey S. Transcriptional regulatory network analysis of developing human erythroid progenitors reveals patterns of coregulation and potential transcriptional regulators. Physiol Genomics 2006; 28:114-28. [PMID: 16940433 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00055.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular basis for human erythropoiesis should yield information benefiting studies of the hemoglobinopathies and other erythroid disorders. We used an in vitro erythroid differentiation system to study the developing red blood cell transcriptome derived from adult CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. mRNA expression profiling was used to characterize developing erythroid cells at six time points during differentiation (days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11). Eleven thousand seven hundred sixty-three genes (20,963 Affymetrix probe sets) were expressed on day 1, and 1,504 genes, represented by 1,953 probe sets, were differentially expressed (DE) with 537 upregulated and 969 downregulated. A subset of the DE genes was validated using real-time RT-PCR. The DE probe sets were subjected to a cluster metric and could be divided into two, three, four, five, or six clusters of genes with different expression patterns in each cluster. Genes in these clusters were examined for shared transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) in their promoters by comparing enrichment of each TFBS relative to a reference set using transcriptional regulatory network analysis. The sets of TFBS enriched in genes up- and downregulated during erythropoiesis were distinct. This analysis identified transcriptional regulators critical to erythroid development, factors recently found to play a role, as well as a new list of potential candidates, including Evi-1, a potential silencer of genes upregulated during erythropoiesis. Thus this transcriptional regulatory network analysis has yielded a focused set of factors and their target genes whose role in differentiation of the hematopoietic stem cell into distinct blood cell lineages can be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Keller
- Cardeza Foundation of Hematologic Research, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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15
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Mense SM, Zhang L. Heme: a versatile signaling molecule controlling the activities of diverse regulators ranging from transcription factors to MAP kinases. Cell Res 2006; 16:681-92. [PMID: 16894358 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7310086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme (iron protoporphyrin IX) is an essential molecule for numerous living organisms. Not only does it serve as a prosthetic group in enzymes, it also acts as a signaling molecule that controls diverse molecular and cellular processes ranging from signal transduction to protein complex assembly. Deficient heme synthesis or function impacts the hematopoietic, hepatic and nervous systems in humans. Recent studies have revealed a series of heme-regulated transcription factors and signal transducers including Hap1, a heme-activated transcription factor that mediates the effects of oxygen on gene transcription in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Bach1, a transcriptional repressor that is negatively regulated by heme in mammalian cells; IRR, an iron regulatory protein that mediates the iron-dependant regulation of heme synthesis in the bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum; and heme-regulated inhibitor, an eucaryotic initiation factor 2alpha kinase that coordinates protein synthesis with heme availability in reticulocytes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about how heme controls the activity of these transcriptional regulators and signal transducers, and discuss diseases associated with defective heme synthesis, degradation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Mense
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Shinjyo N, Kita K. Up-Regulation of Heme Biosynthesis during Differentiation of Neuro2a Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 139:373-81. [PMID: 16567402 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Heme is an iron-containing tetrapyrrole molecule that functions as a prosthetic group for proteins such as mitochondrial respiratory enzymes. Several studies have suggested that heme has essential functions in the construction and maintenance of the nervous system. In this study, the contents of three biologically important forms of heme (types a, b, and c) and the expression of heme biosynthetic enzymes were examined in differentiating Neuro2a cells. During neuronal differentiation, there were increases in the cellular heme levels and increases in the mRNA levels for the rate-limiting enzymes of heme biosynthesis, such as aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS; EC 2.3.1.37) and coproporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.3). With respect to heme contents, heme b increased in the late phase of differentiation, but no apparent increase in heme a or b was observed in the early phase. In contrast, heme c (cytochrome c) markedly increased during the early phase of differentiation. This change preceded the increase in heme b and the up-regulation of the mRNA levels for heme biosynthetic enzymes. This study suggests the up-regulation of heme biosynthesis and differential regulation of the heme a, b, and c levels during neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shinjyo
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
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Tahara T, Sun J, Igarashi K, Taketani S. Heme-dependent up-regulation of the α-globin gene expression by transcriptional repressor Bach1 in erythroid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:77-85. [PMID: 15464985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional factor Bach1 forms a heterodimer with small Maf family, and functions as a repressor of the Maf recognition element (MARE) in vivo. To investigate the involvement of Bach1 in the heme-dependent regulation of the expression of the alpha-globin gene, human erythroleukemia K562 cells were cultured with succinylacetone (SA), a heme biosynthetic inhibitor, and the level of alpha-globin mRNA was examined. A decrease of alpha-globin mRNA was observed in SA-treated cells, which was restored by the addition of hemin. The heme-dependent expression of alpha-globin occurred at the transcriptional level since the expression of human alpha-globin gene promoter-reporter gene containing hypersensitive site-40 (HS-40) was decreased when K562 cells were cultured with SA. Hemin treatment restored the decrease of the promoter activity by SA. The regulation of the HS-40 activity by heme was dependent on the NF-E2/AP-1 (NA) site, which is similar to MARE. The NA site-binding activity of Bach1 in K562 increased upon SA-treatment, and the increase was diminished by the addition of hemin. The transient expression of Bach1 and mutated Bach1 lacking CP motifs suppressed the HS-40 activity, and cancellation of the repressor activity by hemin was observed when wild-type Bach1 was expressed. The expression of NF-E2 strengthened the restoration of the Bach1-effect by hemin. Interestingly, nuclear localization of Bach1 increased when cells were treated with SA, while hemin induced the nuclear export of Bach1. These results indicated that heme plays an important role in the induction of alpha-globin gene expression through disrupting the interaction of Bach1 and the NA site in HS-40 enhancer in erythroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tahara
- Department of Biotechnology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Akins R, McLaughlin T, Boyce R, Gilmour L, Gratton K. Exogenous metalloporphyrins alter the organization and function of cultured neonatal rat heart cells via modulation of heme oxygenase activity. J Cell Physiol 2004; 201:26-34. [PMID: 15281086 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO), the enzyme responsible for heme catabolism, has been associated with the function of both skeletal and smooth muscle cells and with protection of the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Exposure of skeletal muscle cultures to heme, the physiological substrate for HO, has been shown to improve differentiation and aerobic metabolism. Little is known, however, about the roles that heme and heme metabolism play in cardiac muscle, and the present study was conducted to examine the effects of exogenous heme on cultured heart cells in the presence or absence of modulators of HO activity. Treatment of neonatal rat ventricular cells with heme resulted in increases in four key indicators: (1) the activity of metabolic enzymes, (2) the rate of spontaneous contraction, (3) the level of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expressed, and (4) the amount of actin organized as filaments. Treatment with heme while metabolically inhibiting increased HO activity altered these effects such that: (1) increases in enzyme activities were attenuated, (2) spontaneous beating ceased, (3) the level of MyHC was reduced, and (4) the amount of filamentous actin was severely decreased to the point where myofibrils were no longer evident. These results suggest that heme and its catabolites act to modulate aspects of cardiac cell function and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Akins
- Department of Biomedical Research, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
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Ye W, Zhang L. Heme deficiency causes apoptosis but does not increase ROS generation in HeLa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:1065-71. [PMID: 15194476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria provide cellular energy supply via respiration and are the major sites for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondria also play a fundamental role in apoptosis. Heme is a key factor in mitochondrial function. Defective heme synthesis or altered heme metabolism is associated with numerous diseases. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism by which heme promotes HeLa cell growth and survival. We found that heme deficiency-induced apoptosis involves the release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase 3. However, heme deficiency-induced apoptosis appears to occur by a unique mechanism distinct from those known to mediate mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. Specifically, our data show that heme deficiency causes apoptosis in a pathway that is independent of ROS generation and the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential. These results provide insights into how defective heme synthesis or altered heme metabolism causes diseases and how heme may control cell growth and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Ye
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Avenue, B-1, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Kaasik K, Lee CC. Reciprocal regulation of haem biosynthesis and the circadian clock in mammals. Nature 2004; 430:467-71. [PMID: 15269772 DOI: 10.1038/nature02724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock is the central timing system that controls numerous physiological processes. In mammals, one such process is haem biosynthesis, which the clock controls through regulation of the rate-limiting enzyme aminolevulinate synthase 1 (Alas1). Several members of the core clock mechanism are PAS domain proteins, one of which, neuronal PAS 2 (NPAS2), has a haem-binding motif. Indeed, haem controls activity of the BMAL1-NPAS2 transcription complex in vitro by inhibiting DNA binding in response to carbon monoxide. Here we show that haem differentially modulates expression of the mammalian Period genes mPer1 and mPer2 in vivo by a mechanism involving NPAS2 and mPER2. Further experiments show that mPER2 positively stimulates activity of the BMAL1-NPAS2 transcription complex and, in turn, NPAS2 transcriptionally regulates Alas1. Vitamin B12 and haem compete for binding to NPAS2 and mPER2, but they have opposite effects on mPer2 and mPer1 expression in vivo. Our data show that the circadian clock and haem biosynthesis are reciprocally regulated and suggest that porphyrin-containing molecules are potential targets for therapy of circadian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Kaasik
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Ye W, Zhang L. Heme controls the expression of cell cycle regulators and cell growth in HeLa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:546-54. [PMID: 14975735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Heme plays a central role in oxygen utilization and in the generation of cellular energy. Here we examined the effect of heme and heme deficiency on cell cycle progression and the expression of key regulators in HeLa cells. We found that inhibition of heme synthesis causes cell cycle arrest and induces the expression of molecular markers associated with senescence and apoptosis, such as increased formation of PML nuclear bodies. Our data show that succinyl acetone-induced heme deficiency increases the protein levels of the tumor suppressor gene product p53 and CDK inhibitor p21, and decreases the protein levels of Cdk4, Cdc2, and cyclin D2. Further, we found that heme deficiency diminishes the activation/phosphorylation of Raf, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2-components of the MAP kinase signaling pathway. Our results show that heme is a versatile molecule that can effectively control cell growth and survival by acting on multiple regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Ye
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Avenue, B-1 New York, NY 10032, USA
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Lee HC, Hon T, Lan C, Zhang L. Structural environment dictates the biological significance of heme-responsive motifs and the role of Hsp90 in the activation of the heme activator protein Hap1. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:5857-66. [PMID: 12897155 PMCID: PMC166322 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.16.5857-5866.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme-responsive motifs (HRMs) mediate heme regulation of diverse regulatory proteins. The heme activator protein Hap1 contains seven HRMs, but only one of them, HRM7, is essential for heme activation of Hap1. To better understand the molecular basis underlying the biological significance of HRMs, we examined the effects of various mutations of HRM7 on Hap1. We found that diverse mutations of HRM7 significantly diminished the extent of Hap1 activation by heme and moderately enhanced the interaction of Hap1 with Hsp90. Furthermore, deletions of nonregulatory sequences completely abolished heme activation of Hap1 and greatly enhanced the interaction of Hap1 with Hsp90. These results show that the biological functions of HRMs and Hsp90 are highly sensitive to structural changes. The unique role of HRM7 in heme activation stems from its specific structural environment, not its mere presence. Likewise, the role of Hsp90 in Hap1 activation is dictated by the conformational or structural state of Hap1, not by the mere strength of Hap1-Hsp90 interaction. It appears likely that HRM7 and Hsp90 act together to promote the Hap1 conformational changes that are necessary for Hap1 activation. Such fundamental mechanisms of HRM-Hsp90 cooperation may operate in diverse regulatory systems to mediate signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Chul Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Smith A. Homeostasis of heme in health and disease: current aspects of the structural biology of heme-protein interactions and of gene regulation. DNA Cell Biol 2002; 21:245-9. [PMID: 12042064 DOI: 10.1089/104454902753759663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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