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Bodei L, Herrmann K, Schöder H, Scott AM, Lewis JS. Radiotheranostics in oncology: current challenges and emerging opportunities. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:534-550. [PMID: 35725926 PMCID: PMC10585450 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Structural imaging remains an essential component of diagnosis, staging and response assessment in patients with cancer; however, as clinicians increasingly seek to noninvasively investigate tumour phenotypes and evaluate functional and molecular responses to therapy, theranostics - the combination of diagnostic imaging with targeted therapy - is becoming more widely implemented. The field of radiotheranostics, which is the focus of this Review, combines molecular imaging (primarily PET and SPECT) with targeted radionuclide therapy, which involves the use of small molecules, peptides and/or antibodies as carriers for therapeutic radionuclides, typically those emitting α-, β- or auger-radiation. The exponential, global expansion of radiotheranostics in oncology stems from its potential to target and eliminate tumour cells with minimal adverse effects, owing to a mechanism of action that differs distinctly from that of most other systemic therapies. Currently, an enormous opportunity exists to expand the number of patients who can benefit from this technology, to address the urgent needs of many thousands of patients across the world. In this Review, we describe the clinical experience with established radiotheranostics as well as novel areas of research and various barriers to progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bodei
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Herrmann
- German Cancer Consortium, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Heiko Schöder
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY, USA.
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Roy I, Krishnan S, Kabashin AV, Zavestovskaya IN, Prasad PN. Transforming Nuclear Medicine with Nanoradiopharmaceuticals. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5036-5061. [PMID: 35294165 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine is expected to make major advances in cancer diagnosis and therapy; tumor-targeted radiopharmaceuticals preferentially eradicate tumors while causing minimal damage to healthy tissues. The current scope of nuclear medicine can be significantly expanded by integration with nanomedicine, which utilizes nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and therapy by capitalizing on the increased surface area-to-volume ratio, the passive/active targeting ability and high loading capacity, the greater interaction cross section with biological tissues, the rich surface properties of nanomaterials, the facile decoration of nanomaterials with a plethora of functionalities, and the potential for multiplexing several functionalities within one construct. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of nuclear nanomedicine using tumor-targeted nanoparticles for cancer radiation therapy with either pre-embedded radionuclides or nonradioactive materials which can be extrinsically triggered using various external nuclear particle sources to produce in situ radioactivity. In addition, it describes the prospect of combining nuclear nanomedicine with other modalities to enable synergistically enhanced combination therapies. The review also discusses advances in the fabrication of radionuclides as well as describes laser ablation technologies for producing nanoradiopharmaceuticals, which combine the ease of production with exceptional purity and rapid biodegradability, along with additional imaging or therapeutic functionalities. From a practical standpoint, these attributes of nanoradiopharmaceuticals may provide distinct advantages in diagnostic/therapeutic sensitivity and specificity, imaging resolution, and scalability of turnkey platforms. Coupling image-guided targeted radiation therapy with the possibility of in situ activation of nanomaterials as well as combining with other therapeutic modalities using a multifunctional nanoplatform could herald an era of exciting technological and therapeutic advances to radically transform the landscape of nuclear medicine. The review concludes with a discussion of current challenges and presents the authors' views on future opportunities to stimulate further research in this rewarding field of high societal impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States
| | - Andrei V Kabashin
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LP3, Campus de Luminy - Case 917, 13288 Marseille, France
- MEPhI, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina N Zavestovskaya
- MEPhI, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), 115409 Moscow, Russia
- Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics Department, LPI of RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Paras N Prasad
- MEPhI, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), 115409 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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3
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Reissig F, Runge R, Naumann A, Kotzerke J. Cisplatin - A more Efficient Drug in Combination with Radionuclides? Nuklearmedizin 2022; 61:325-332. [PMID: 35388443 DOI: 10.1055/a-1759-1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The combination of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs with radionuclides or external radiation is discussed for a long period of time. The major advantage of a successful combination therapy is the reduction of severe side effects by decreasing the needed dose and simultaneously increasing therapeutic efficiency. METHODS In this study, pUC19 plasmid DNA was incubated with the cytostatic drug cisplatin and additionally irradiated with 99mTc, 188Re and 223Ra. To verify the contribution of possibly excited platinum atoms to the emission of Auger electrons we determined DNA damages, such as single- and double strand breaks. RESULTS The threshold concentration value of cisplatin, which was tolerated by pUC19 plasmid DNA was determined to be 18-24 nM. Nevertheless, even at higher dose values (>100 Gy) and simultaneous incubation of cisplatin to 200 ng plasmid DNA, no significant increase in the number of induced single- and double-strand breaks was obtained, compared to the damage solely caused by the radionuclides. CONCLUSION We thereby conclude that there is no direct dependence of the mechanism of strand break induction to the absence or presence of platinum atoms attached to the DNA. Reported increasing DNA damages in therapy approaches on a cellular level strongly depend on the study design and are mainly influenced by repair mechanisms in living cells. Nevertheless, the use of radioactive cisplatin, containing the Auger electron emitter 191Pt, 193mPt or 195mPt, is a bright prospect for future therapy by killing tumor cells combining two operating principles: a cytostatic drug and a radiopharmaceutical at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falco Reissig
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roswitha Runge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital/ Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Naumann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital/ Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Kotzerke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital/ Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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4
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Principles and Applications of Auger-Electron Radionuclide Therapy. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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5
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Heinke R, Chevallay E, Chrysalidis K, Cocolios TE, Duchemin C, Fedosseev VN, Hurier S, Lambert L, Leenders B, Marsh BA, van der Meulen NP, Sprung P, Stora T, Tosato M, Wilkins SG, Zhang H, Talip Z. Efficient Production of High Specific Activity Thulium-167 at Paul Scherrer Institute and CERN-MEDICIS. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:712374. [PMID: 34712674 PMCID: PMC8546370 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.712374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thulium-167 is a promising radionuclide for nuclear medicine applications with potential use for both diagnosis and therapy ("theragnostics") in disseminated tumor cells and small metastases, due to suitable gamma-line as well as conversion/Auger electron energies. However, adequate delivery methods are yet to be developed and accompanying radiobiological effects to be investigated, demanding the availability of 167Tm in appropriate activities and quality. We report herein on the production of radionuclidically pure 167Tm from proton-irradiated natural erbium oxide targets at a cyclotron and subsequent ion beam mass separation at the CERN-MEDICIS facility, with a particular focus on the process efficiency. Development of the mass separation process with studies on stable 169Tm yielded 65 and 60% for pure and erbium-excess samples. An enhancement factor of thulium ion beam over that of erbium of up to several 104 was shown by utilizing laser resonance ionization and exploiting differences in their vapor pressures. Three 167Tm samples produced at the IP2 irradiation station, receiving 22.8 MeV protons from Injector II at Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), were mass separated with collected radionuclide efficiencies between 11 and 20%. Ion beam sputtering from the collection foils was identified as a limiting factor. In-situ gamma-measurements showed that up to 45% separation efficiency could be fully collected if these limits are overcome. Comparative analyses show possible neighboring mass suppression factors of more than 1,000, and overall 167Tm/Er purity increase in the same range. Both the actual achieved collection and separation efficiencies present the highest values for the mass separation of external radionuclide sources at MEDICIS to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Heinke
- Institute for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Chevallay
- European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Charlotte Duchemin
- Institute for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Sophie Hurier
- Institute for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Laura Lambert
- European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benji Leenders
- Institute for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium
- Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruce A. Marsh
- European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P. van der Meulen
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Sprung
- Analytic Radioactive Materials, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Stora
- European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Tosato
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Shane G. Wilkins
- European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hui Zhang
- Division Large Research Facilities, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Zeynep Talip
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
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Osytek KM, Blower PJ, Costa IM, Smith GE, Abbate V, Terry SYA. In vitro proof of concept studies of radiotoxicity from Auger electron-emitter thallium-201. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:63. [PMID: 34224019 PMCID: PMC8257813 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00802-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auger electron-emitting radionuclides have potential in targeted treatment of small tumors. Thallium-201 (201Tl), a gamma-emitting radionuclide used in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, decays by electron capture, releasing around 37 Auger and Coster-Kronig electrons per decay. However, its therapeutic and toxic effects in cancer cells remain largely unexplored. Here, we assess 201Tl in vitro kinetics, radiotoxicity and potential for targeted molecular radionuclide therapy, and aim to test the hypothesis that 201Tl is radiotoxic only when internalized. METHODS Breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and prostate cancer DU145 cells were incubated with 200-8000 kBq/mL [201Tl]TlCl. Potassium concentration varied between 0 and 25 mM to modulate cellular uptake of 201Tl. Cell uptake and efflux rates of 201Tl were measured by gamma counting. Clonogenic assays were used to assess cell survival after 90 min incubation with 201Tl. Nuclear DNA damage was measured with γH2AX fluorescence imaging. Controls included untreated cells and cells treated with decayed [201Tl]TlCl. RESULTS 201Tl uptake in both cell lines reached equilibrium within 90 min and washed out exponentially (t1/2 15 min) after the radioactive medium was exchanged for fresh medium. Cellular uptake of 201Tl in DU145 cells ranged between 1.6 (25 mM potassium) and 25.9% (0 mM potassium). Colony formation by both cell lines decreased significantly as 201Tl activity in cells increased, whereas 201Tl excluded from cells by use of high potassium buffer caused no significant toxicity. Non-radioactive TlCl at comparable concentrations caused no toxicity. An estimated average 201Tl intracellular activity of 0.29 Bq/cell (DU145 cells) and 0.18 Bq/cell (MDA-MB-231 cells) during 90 min exposure time caused 90% reduction in clonogenicity. 201Tl at these levels caused on average 3.5-4.6 times more DNA damage per nucleus than control treatments. CONCLUSIONS 201Tl reduces clonogenic survival and increases nuclear DNA damage only when internalized. These findings justify further development and evaluation of 201Tl therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Osytek
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ines M Costa
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth E Smith
- Theragnostics Limited, 2 Arlington Square, Bracknell, RG12 1WA, UK
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Samantha Y A Terry
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Divgi C, Carrasquillo JA, Meredith R, Seo Y, Frey EC, Bolch WE, Zimmerman BE, Akabani G, Jacobson DA, Brown B, Davern SM, Hobbs RF, Humm J, Moros EG, Morse D, Papineni R, Zanzonico P, Benedict SH, Sgouros G. Overcoming Barriers to Radiopharmaceutical Therapy (RPT): An Overview From the NRG-NCI Working Group on Dosimetry of Radiopharmaceutical Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 109:905-912. [PMID: 33309909 PMCID: PMC8399328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) continues to demonstrate tremendous potential in improving the therapeutic gains in radiation therapy by specifically delivering radiation to tumors that can be well assessed in terms of dosimetry and imaging. Dosimetry in external beam radiation therapy is standard practice. This is not the case, however, in RPT. This NRG (acronym formed from the first letter of the 3 original groups: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, and the Gynecologic Oncology Group)-National Cancer Institute Working Group review describes some of the challenges to improving RPT. The main priorities for advancing the field include (1) developing and adopting best practice guidelines for incorporating patient-specific dosimetry for RPT that can be used at both large clinics with substantial resources and more modest clinics that have limited resources, (2) establishing and improving strategies for introducing new radiopharmaceuticals for clinical investigation, (3) developing approaches to address the radiophobia that is associated with the administration of radioactivity for cancer therapy, and (4) solving the financial and logistical issues of expertise and training in the developing field of RPT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge A Carrasquillo
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ruby Meredith
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric C Frey
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wesley E Bolch
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brian E Zimmerman
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Gamal Akabani
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Daniel A Jacobson
- Isotope and Fuel Cycle Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Ben Brown
- Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Sandra M Davern
- Isotope and Fuel Cycle Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Robert F Hobbs
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Humm
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Eduardo G Moros
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - David Morse
- Department of Cancer Physiology and Small Animal Imaging Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida; Departments of Oncologic Sciences and Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Rao Papineni
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Family Medicine Research Division, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; PACT and Health, Branford, Connecticut; Precision X-Ray Inc, North Branford, Connecticut
| | - Pat Zanzonico
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Stanley H Benedict
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - George Sgouros
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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8
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Ferris T, Carroll L, Jenner S, Aboagye EO. Use of radioiodine in nuclear medicine—A brief overview. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 64:92-108. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Ferris
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus London UK
| | - Laurence Carroll
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore Maryland USA
| | | | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus London UK
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Abstract
Radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) is emerging as a safe and effective targeted approach to treating many types of cancer. In RPT, radiation is systemically or locally delivered using pharmaceuticals that either bind preferentially to cancer cells or accumulate by physiological mechanisms. Almost all radionuclides used in RPT emit photons that can be imaged, enabling non-invasive visualization of the biodistribution of the therapeutic agent. Compared with almost all other systemic cancer treatment options, RPT has shown efficacy with minimal toxicity. With the recent FDA approval of several RPT agents, the remarkable potential of this treatment is now being recognized. This Review covers the fundamental properties, clinical development and associated challenges of RPT. Radiopharmaceutical therapy is emerging as a safe and effective approach for the treatment of cancer, offering several advantages over existing therapeutic strategies. Here, Sgouros and colleagues provide an overview of the fundamental properties of radiopharmaceutical therapy, discuss agents in use and in clinical development and highlight the associated translational challenges.
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10
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Carrasco-Hernández J, Ramos-Méndez J, Faddegon B, Jalilian AR, Moranchel M, Ávila-Rodríguez MA. Monte Carlo track-structure for the radionuclide Copper-64: characterization of S-values, nanodosimetry and quantification of direct damage to DNA. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:155005. [PMID: 32303013 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab8aaa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
TOPAS-nBio was used to simulate, collision-to-collision, the complete trajectories of electrons in water generated during the explicit simulation of 64Cu decay. S-values and direct damage to the DNA were calculated representing the cell (C) and the cell nucleus (N) with concentric spheres of 5 μm and 4 μm in radius, respectively. The considered 'target'←'source' configurations, including the cell surface (Cs) and cytoplasm (Cy), were: C←C, C←Cs, N←N, N←Cy and N←Cs. Ionization cluster size distributions were also calculated in a cylinder immersed in water corresponding to a DNA segment of 10 base-pairs in length (diameter 2.3 nm, length 3.4 nm), modeling a radioactive point source moving from the central axis to the edge of the cylinder. For that, the first moment (M1) and cumulative probability of having a cluster size of 2 or more ionizations in the cylindrical volume (F2) were obtained. Finally, the direct damage to the DNA was estimated by quantifying double-strand breaks (DSBs) using the clustering algorithm DBSCAN. The S-values obtained with TOPAS-nBio for 64Cu were 7.879 × 10-4 ± 5 × 10-7, 4.351 × 10-4 ± 6 × 10-7, 1.442 × 10-3 ± 1 × 10-6, 2.596 × 10-4 ± 8 × 10-7, 1.127 × 10-4 ± 4 × 10-7 Gy Bq-s-1 for the configurations C←C, C←Cs, N←N, N←Cy and N←Cs, respectively. The difference of these values, compared with previously reported S-values for 64Cu with the code MNCP and software MIRDCell, ranged from -4% to -25% for the configurations N←N and N←Cs, respectively. On the other hand, F2 was maximum with the source at the center of the cylinder 0.373 ± 0.001, and monotonically decreased until reaching a value of 0.058 ± 0.001 at 2.3 nm. The same behavior was observed for M1 with values ranging from 2.188 ± 0.004 to 0.242 ± 0.002. Finally, the DBSCAN algorithm showed that the mean number of DNA DSBs per decay were 0.187 ± 0.001, 0.0317 ± 0.0005, and 0.0125 ± 0.0002 DSB-(Bq-s)-1 for the configurations N←N, N←Cs, and N←Cy, respectively. In conclusion, the results of the S-values show that the absorbed dose strongly depends on the distribution of the radionuclide in the cell, the dose being higher when 64Cu is internalized in the cell nucleus, which is reinforced by the nanodosimetric study by the presence of DNA DSBs attributable to the Auger electrons emitted during the decay of 64Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carrasco-Hernández
- Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, México
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11
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Czerwińska M, Bilewicz A, Kruszewski M, Wegierek-Ciuk A, Lankoff A. Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Prostate Cancer-From Basic Research to Clinical Perspectives. Molecules 2020; 25:E1743. [PMID: 32290196 PMCID: PMC7181060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Western civilization. Although localized prostate cancer can be treated effectively in different ways, almost all patients progress to the incurable metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Due to the significant mortality and morbidity rate associated with the progression of this disease, there is an urgent need for new and targeted treatments. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in research on identification of prostate tissue-specific antigens for targeted therapy, generation of highly specific and selective molecules targeting these antigens, availability of therapeutic radionuclides for widespread medical applications, and recent achievements in the development of new-generation small-molecule inhibitors and antibody-based strategies for targeted prostate cancer therapy with alpha-, beta-, and Auger electron-emitting radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Czerwińska
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Aleksander Bilewicz
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.K.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Wegierek-Ciuk
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 24-406 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.K.)
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 24-406 Kielce, Poland;
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Shen CJ, Minn I, Hobbs RF, Chen Y, Josefsson A, Brummet M, Banerjee SR, Brayton CF, Mease RC, Pomper MG, Kiess AP. Auger radiopharmaceutical therapy targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen in a micrometastatic model of prostate cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2888-2896. [PMID: 32194842 PMCID: PMC7053212 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Auger radiopharmaceutical therapy is a promising strategy for micrometastatic disease given high linear energy transfer and short range in tissues, potentially limiting normal tissue toxicities. We previously demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy of a small-molecule Auger electron emitter targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), 2-[3-[1-carboxy-5-(4-[125I]iodo-benzoylamino)-pentyl]-ureido]-pentanedioic acid), or 125I-DCIBzL, in a mouse xenograft model. Here, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy, long-term toxicity, and biodistribution of 125I-DCIBzL in a micrometastatic model of prostate cancer (PC). Methods: To test the therapeutic efficacy of 125I-DCIBzL in micrometastatic PC, we used a murine model of human metastatic PC in which PSMA+ PC3-ML cells expressing firefly luciferase were injected intravenously in NSG mice to form micrometastatic deposits. One week later, 0, 0.37, 1.85, 3.7, 18.5, 37, or 111 MBq of 125I-DCIBzL was administered (intravenously). Metastatic tumor burden was assessed using bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Long-term toxicity was evaluated via serial weights and urinalysis of non-tumor-bearing mice over a 12-month period, as well as final necropsy. Results: In the micrometastatic PC model, activities of 18.5 MBq 125I-DCIBzL and above significantly delayed development of detectable metastatic disease by BLI and prolonged survival in mice. Gross metastases were detectable in control mice and those treated with 0.37-3.7 MBq 125I-DCIBzL at a median of 2 weeks post-treatment, versus 4 weeks for those treated with 18.5-111 MBq 125I-DCIBzL (P<0.0001 by log-rank test). Similarly, treatment with ≥18.5 MBq 125I-DCIBzL yielded a median survival of 11 weeks, compared with 6 weeks for control mice (P<0.0001). At 12 months, there was no appreciable toxicity via weight, urinalysis, or necropsy evaluation in mice treated with any activity of 125I-DCIBzL, which represents markedly less toxicity than the analogous PSMA-targeted α-particle emitter. Macro-to-microscale dosimetry modeling demonstrated lower absorbed dose in renal cell nuclei versus tumor cell nuclei due to lower levels of drug uptake and cellular internalization in combination with the short range of Auger emissions. Conclusion: PSMA-targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy with the Auger emitter 125I-DCIBzL significantly delayed development of detectable metastatic disease and improved survival in a micrometastatic model of PC, with no long-term toxicities noted at 12 months, suggesting a favorable therapeutic ratio for treatment of micrometastatic PC.
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Delivery systems exploiting natural cell transport processes of macromolecules for intracellular targeting of Auger electron emitters. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 80-81:45-56. [PMID: 31810828 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Auger electrons (AE) among the decay products of a number of radionuclides makes these radionuclides an attractive means for treating cancer because these short-range electrons can cause significant damage in the immediate vicinity of the decomposition site. Moreover, the extreme locality of the effect provides a potential for selective eradication of cancer cells with minimal damage to adjacent normal cells provided that the delivery of the AE emitter to the most vulnerable parts of the cell can be achieved. Few cellular compartments have been regarded as the desired target site for AE emitters, with the cell nucleus generally recognized as the preferred site for AE decay due to the extreme sensitivity of nuclear DNA to direct damage by radiation of high linear energy transfer. Thus, the advantages of AE emitters for cancer therapy are most likely to be realized by their selective delivery into the nucleus of the malignant cells. To achieve this goal, delivery systems must combine a challenging complex of properties that not only provide cancer cell preferential recognition but also cell entry followed by transport into the cell nucleus. A promising strategy for achieving this is the recruitment of natural cell transport processes of macromolecules, involved in each of the aforementioned steps. To date, a number of constructs exploiting intracellular transport systems have been proposed for AE emitter delivery to the nucleus of a targeted cell. An example of such a multifunctional vehicle that provides smart step-by-step delivery is the so-called modular nanotransporter, which accomplishes selective recognition, binding, internalization, and endosomal escape followed by nuclear import of the delivered radionuclide. The current review will focus on delivery systems utilizing various intracellular transport pathways and their combinations in order to provide efficient targeting of AE to the cancer cell nucleus.
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14
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Grudzinski J, Marsh I, Titz B, Jeffery J, Longino M, Kozak K, Lange K, Larrabee J, Weichmann A, Moser A, Bednarz B. CLR 125 Auger Electrons for the Targeted Radiotherapy of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 33:87-95. [PMID: 29641256 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2017.2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Auger electrons emitted by radioisotopes such as 125I have a high linear energy transfer and short mean-free path in tissue (<10 μm), making them suitable for treating micrometastases while sparing normal tissues. The authors developed and subsequently investigated a cancer cell-selective small molecule phospholipid ether analog to deliver 125I to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells in vivo. METHODS A Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) method to radiolabel 125I-CLR1404 (CLR 125) with >95% radiochemical purity was established. To estimate CLR 125 in vivo dosimetry and identify dose-limiting organs, the biodistribution of the analog compound 124I-CLR1404 (CLR 124) was investigated using micro-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in conjunction with a Monte Carlo dosimetry platform to estimate CLR 125 dosimetry. In vivo antitumor efficacy was tested by injecting nude mice bearing either MDA-MB-231-luc orthotopic xenografts or lung metastases with 74 MBq (3.7 GBq/kg) of CLR 125 or an equivalent mass amount of nonradiolabeled CLR 125. Longitudinal tumor measurements using calipers and bioluminescence imaging were obtained for the xenografts and lung metastases, respectively. RESULTS Dosimetry analysis estimated that CLR 125 would impart the largest absorbed dose to the tumor per injected activity (0.261 ± 0.023 Gy/MBq) while the bone marrow, which is generally the dose-limiting organ for CLR1404, appears to have the lowest (0.063 ± 0.005 Gy/MBq). At administered activities of up to 74 MBq (3.7 GBq/kg), mice did not experience signs of toxicity. In addition, a single dose of CLR 125 reduced the volume of orthotopic primary TNBC xenografts by ∼60% compared to control vehicle (p < 0.001) and significantly extended survival. In addition, CLR 125 was efficacious against preclinical metastatic TNBC models by inhibiting the progression of micrometastases (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Targeted radionuclide therapy with CLR 125 displayed significant antitumor efficacy in vivo, suggesting promise for treatment of TNBC micrometastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Grudzinski
- 1 Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ian Marsh
- 1 Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Justin Jeffery
- 3 University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Marc Longino
- 2 Cellectar Biosciences, Inc. , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kevin Kozak
- 2 Cellectar Biosciences, Inc. , Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Ashley Weichmann
- 3 University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amy Moser
- 3 University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center , Madison, Wisconsin.,4 Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bryan Bednarz
- 1 Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,3 University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center , Madison, Wisconsin.,4 Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
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Alexeev CS, Kulikova IV, Gavryushov S, Tararov VI, Mikhailov SN. Quantitative Prediction of Yield in Transglycosylation Reaction Catalyzed by Nucleoside Phosphorylases. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril S. Alexeev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Irina V. Kulikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sergei Gavryushov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st. Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Vitali I. Tararov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sergey N. Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
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16
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Ma J, Luo J, Gu J, Liu Q, Liu L, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Yan Z. Malignant obstructive jaundice treated with intraluminal placement of Iodine-125 seed strands and metal stents: An analysis of long-term outcomes and prognostic features. Brachytherapy 2018; 17:689-695. [PMID: 29748084 DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze the long-term outcomes, including safety, efficacy, and prognostic features, of intraluminal brachytherapy with Iodine-125 (125I) seed strand and stent placement for treatment of patients with malignant obstructive jaundice (MOJ). METHODS AND MATERIALS From January 2009 to December 2013, 107 consecutive patients with MOJ were treated with intraluminal placement of 125I seed strands and metal stents. A retrospective evaluation of therapeutic outcomes, including overall survival (OS), stent patency rate, complications, and prognostic features, was conducted in 101 patients. RESULTS 125I seed strands and stents were all successfully implanted. The median followup time was 231 (45-1015) days, and the median OS was 394.0 (95% confidence interval: 319.1-468.9) days. The cumulative OS rates at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were 95%, 77%, 53%, and 20%, respectively. The median stent patency period was 278.0 (95% confidence interval: 164.1-391.9) days, and cumulative patency rates at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were 92%, 69%, 45%, and 13%, respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that the serum conjugated/total bilirubin ≥88% before procedure (p = 0.032) and whether the patient receiving further treatment (p = 0.041) appear to be the prognostic factors of OS. There is no statistical prognostic factor for stent patency. CONCLUSIONS The intraluminal placement of 125I seed strands and stents appears to be a safe and efficient therapy on MOJ. The patient with serum conjugated/total bilirubin ≥88% before procedure and receiving further treatment seems to live longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqin Ma
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institution of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Luo
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institution of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junying Gu
- Shanghai Institution of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China; Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Imaging, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qingxin Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institution of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxiao Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institution of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institution of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institution of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiping Yan
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institution of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
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17
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Blanco VM, Chu Z, LaSance K, Gray BD, Pak KY, Rider T, Greis KD, Qi X. Optical and nuclear imaging of glioblastoma with phosphatidylserine-targeted nanovesicles. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32866-75. [PMID: 27096954 PMCID: PMC5078058 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal tumor imaging with targeted nanoparticles potentially offers both enhanced specificity and sensitivity, leading to more precise cancer diagnosis and monitoring. We describe the synthesis and characterization of phenol-substituted, lipophilic orange and far-red fluorescent dyes and a simple radioiodination procedure to generate a dual (optical and nuclear) imaging probe. MALDI-ToF analyses revealed high iodination efficiency of the lipophilic reporters, achieved by electrophilic aromatic substitution using the chloramide 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3α,6α-diphenyl glycoluril (Iodogen) as the oxidizing agent in an organic/aqueous co-solvent mixture. Upon conjugation of iodine-127 or iodine-124-labeled reporters to tumor-targeting SapC-DOPS nanovesicles, optical (fluorescent) and PET imaging was performed in mice bearing intracranial glioblastomas. In addition, tumor vs non-tumor (normal brain) uptake was compared using iodine-125. These data provide proof-of-principle for the potential value of SapC-DOPS for multimodal imaging of glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Blanco
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Zhengtao Chu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Kathleen LaSance
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Brian D Gray
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, USA
| | - Koon Yan Pak
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, USA
| | - Therese Rider
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Kenneth D Greis
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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18
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Reijonen V, Kanninen LK, Hippeläinen E, Lou YR, Salli E, Sofiev A, Malinen M, Paasonen T, Yliperttula M, Kuronen A, Savolainen S. Multicellular dosimetric chain for molecular radiotherapy exemplified with dose simulations on 3D cell spheroids. Phys Med 2017; 40:72-78. [PMID: 28736283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Absorbed radiation dose-response relationships are not clear in molecular radiotherapy (MRT). Here, we propose a voxel-based dose calculation system for multicellular dosimetry in MRT. We applied confocal microscope images of a spherical cell aggregate i.e. a spheroid, to examine the computation of dose distribution within a tissue from the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals. METHODS A confocal microscope Z-stack of a human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 spheroid was segmented using a support-vector machine algorithm and a watershed function. Heterogeneity in activity uptake was simulated by selecting a varying amount of the cell nuclei to contain 111In, 125I, or 177Lu. Absorbed dose simulations were carried out using vxlPen, a software application based on the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE. RESULTS We developed a schema for radiopharmaceutical dosimetry. The schema utilizes a partially supervised segmentation method for cell-level image data together with a novel main program for voxel-based radiation dose simulations. We observed that for 177Lu, radiation cross-fire enabled full dose coverage even if the radiopharmaceutical had accumulated to only 60% of the spheroid cells. This effect was not found with 111In and 125I. Using these Auger/internal conversion electron emitters seemed to guarantee that only the cells with a high enough activity uptake will accumulate a lethal amount of dose, while neighboring cells are spared. CONCLUSIONS We computed absorbed radiation dose distributions in a 3D-cultured cell spheroid with a novel multicellular dosimetric chain. Combined with pharmacological studies in different tissue models, our cell-level dosimetric calculation method can clarify dose-response relationships for radiopharmaceuticals used in MRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vappu Reijonen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.
| | - Liisa K Kanninen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Hippeläinen
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Yan-Ru Lou
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Salli
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Alexey Sofiev
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melina Malinen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Paasonen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Kuronen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sauli Savolainen
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Vultos F, Fernandes C, Mendes F, Marques F, Correia JDG, Santos I, Gano L. A Multifunctional Radiotheranostic Agent for Dual Targeting of Breast Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2017. [PMID: 28628723 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward synthetic route for a new multifunctional 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) derivative is described. To demonstrate the versatility of this pro-chelator for the preparation of radiolabeled hybrid compounds containing two different biological targeting moieties, an antitumor agent (e.g., a DNA-intercalating agent) and an estrogen receptor (ER) ligand (e.g., LXXLL-based peptide) were regiospecifically conjugated to the DOTA derivative. The bifunctional probe was radiolabeled with the auger electron emitter indium-111, and the resulting radioconjugate was demonstrated to induce DNA damage in vitro, which, along with the nuclear internalization exhibited in breast cancer cells, might enhance its therapeutic activity. This favorable in vitro performance suggests that these hybrid compounds could be attractive probes for theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Vultos
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela, LRS, Portugal
| | - Célia Fernandes
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela, LRS, Portugal
| | - Filipa Mendes
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela, LRS, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela, LRS, Portugal
| | - João D G Correia
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela, LRS, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santos
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela, LRS, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Gano
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela, LRS, Portugal
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Rezaee M, Hill RP, Jaffray DA. The Exploitation of Low-Energy Electrons in Cancer Treatment. Radiat Res 2017; 188:123-143. [PMID: 28557630 DOI: 10.1667/rr14727.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Given the distinct characteristics of low-energy electrons (LEEs), particularly at energies less than 30 eV, they can be applied to a wide range of therapeutic modalities to improve cancer treatment. LEEs have been shown to efficiently produce complex molecular damage resulting in substantial cellular toxicities. Since LEEs are produced in copious amounts from high-energy radiation beam, including photons, protons and ions; the control of LEE distribution can potentially enhance the therapeutic radio of such beams. LEEs can play a substantial role in the synergistic effect between radiation and chemotherapy, particularly halogenated and platinum-based anticancer drugs. Radiosensitizing entities containing atoms of high atomic number such as gold nanoparticles can be a source of LEE production if high-energy radiation interacts with them. This can provide a high local density of LEEs in a cell and produce cellular toxicity. Auger-electron-emitting radionuclides also create a high number of LEEs in each decay, which can induce lethal damage in a cell. Exploitation of LEEs in cancer treatment, however, faces a few challenges, such as dosimetry of LEEs and selective delivery of radiosensitizing and chemotherapeutic molecules close to cellular targets. This review first discusses the rationale for utilizing LEEs in cancer treatment by explaining their mechanism of action, describes theoretical and experimental studies at the molecular and cellular levels, then discusses strategies for achieving modification of the distribution and effectiveness of LEEs in cancerous tissue and their associated clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rezaee
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Hill
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Jaffray
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Xia L, Peng H, Zhiqiang L, Xiaoli Z. Gefitinib enhances radiotherapeutic effects of 131I-hEGF targeted to EGFR by increasing tumor uptake of hEGF in tumor xenografts. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 48:63-68. [PMID: 28254656 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gefitinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor which has been proven effective for cancer treatment. In this study, we sought to determine whether gefitinib could increase the in vivo tumor uptake of human 131I-EGF (131I-hEGF), thereby enhancing the potential of hEGF as a vehicle for EGFR-targeted radionuclide therapy. Western blot analysis was conducted to detect the effects of gefitinib on EGFR expression in human head and neck squamous carcinoma cell line UM-SCC-22B. Nude mice bearing UM-SCC-22B tumor xenografts were pretreated via i.p. injection of gefitinib or DMSO (vehicle control), followed by i.v. injection of 125I-hEGF; the animals were then subjected to ex vivo biodistribution or injection of 131I-hEGF for planar γ-imaging using SPECT, respectively. Targeted radionuclide therapy using 131I-hEGF combined with gefitinib as a vehicle targeting EGFR was also performed in UM-SCC-22B tumor xenografts. The EGFR level was unchangeable in cells pretreated with gefitinib, but after gefitinib pretreatment, the uptake of 125I-hEGF in 22B tumor xenografts increased substantially while the uptake of 125I-hEGF in normal organs was effectively unchanged. 131I-hEGF as a vehicle for EGFR-targeting therapy combined with gefitinib therefore showed strong therapeutic effects against 22B tumor xenografts tolerant to gefitinib. The uptake of hEGF to EGFR-positive tumors was enhanced significantly after gefitinib pretreatment, suggesting that 131I-hEGF is a potential vehicle for EGFR-targeting radionuclide therapy when combined with gefitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - He Peng
- Medical Isotopes Research Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Zhiqiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Clinical Hospital of Lanzhou University, China
| | - Zhang Xiaoli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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22
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Dong P, Cai H, Chen L, Li Y, Yuan C, Wu X, Shen G, Zhou H, Zhang W, Li L. Biodistribution and evaluation of 131 I-labeled neuropilin-binding peptide for targeted tumor imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2016; 11:467-474. [PMID: 27527756 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) is overexpressed in several kinds of cancer cell and contributes to tumor aggressiveness. Recently, the arginine/lysine-rich peptide with C-terminal motifs (R/K)XX(R/K) indicated promising penetrating and transporting capability into NRP-1 positive cancer cells. In the present study, we describe a 131 I-labeled C-end rule motif peptide conjugate, Tyr-tLyp-1, for NRP-1 positive tumor targeting and imaging properties. Briefly, a truncated Lyp-1 peptide was designed to expose its C-end motif and conjugated to tyrosine for radiolabeling after structural modification. The peptide indicated specific binding to A549 cancer cells at 2 μM concentration, and its binding was dependent on NRP-1 expression and could be inhibited by other NRP-1-binding peptides. In vivo imaging of 131 I-labeled Tyr-tLyp-1peptide showed that a subcutaneous A549 xenograft tumor could be visualized using a SPECT/CT scanner. The tumor uptake of 131 I-Tyr-tLyp-1 was 4.77 times higher than the uptake in muscles by SPECT/CT software quantification at 6 h post injection. Together, this study indicated that truncated Lyp-1 peptide could specifically localize in NRP-1 positive tumors and successfully mediate the 131 I radionuclide diagnosis, indicating promising targeted imaging capability for NRP-1 positive tumors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Dong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalun Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Cen Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoai Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Shen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Pillai MRA, Nanabala R, Joy A, Sasikumar A, Russ Knapp FF. Radiolabeled enzyme inhibitors and binding agents targeting PSMA: Effective theranostic tools for imaging and therapy of prostate cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:692-720. [PMID: 27589333 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because of the broad incidence, morbidity and mortality associated with prostate-derived cancer, the development of more effective new technologies continues to be an important goal for the accurate detection and treatment of localized prostate cancer, lymphatic involvement and metastases. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA; Glycoprotein II) is expressed in high levels on prostate-derived cells and is an important target for visualization and treatment of prostate cancer. Radiolabeled peptide targeting technologies have rapidly evolved over the last decade and have focused on the successful development of radiolabeled small molecules that act as inhibitors to the binding of the N-acetyl-l-aspartyl-l-glutamate (NAAG) substrate to the PSMA molecule. A number of radiolabeled PSMA inhibitors have been described in the literature and labeled with SPECT, PET and therapeutic radionuclides. Clinical studies with these agents have demonstrated the improved potential of PSMA-targeted PET imaging agents to detect metastatic prostate cancer in comparison with conventional imaging technologies. Although many of these agents have been evaluated in humans, by far the most extensive clinical literature has described use of the 68Ga and 177Lu agents. This review describes the design and development of these agents, with a focus on the broad clinical introduction of PSMA targeting motifs labeled with 68Ga for PET-CT imaging and 177Lu for therapy. In particular, because of availability from the long-lived 68Ge (T1/2=270days)/68Ga (T1/2=68min) generator system and increasing availability of PET-CT, the 68Ga-labeled PSMA targeted agent is receiving widespread interest and is one of the fastest growing radiopharmaceuticals for PET-CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raviteja Nanabala
- KIMS DDNMRC PET Scans, KIMS Hospital, Trivandrum, Kerala, India, 691601
| | - Ajith Joy
- Molecular Group of Companies, Puthuvype, Ernakulam, Kerala, 682508, India
| | - Arun Sasikumar
- KIMS DDNMRC PET Scans, KIMS Hospital, Trivandrum, Kerala, India, 691601
| | - Furn F Russ Knapp
- Emeritus, Medical Radioisotope Program, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 37830
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Kumar C, Shetake N, Desai S, Kumar A, Samuel G, Pandey BN. Relevance of radiobiological concepts in radionuclide therapy of cancer. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:173-86. [PMID: 26917443 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1144944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radionuclide therapy (RNT) is a rapidly growing area of clinical nuclear medicine, wherein radionuclides are employed to deliver cytotoxic dose of radiation to the diseased cells/tissues. During RNT, radionuclides are either directly administered or delivered through biomolecules targeting the diseased site. RNT has been clinically used for diverse range of diseases including cancer, which is the focus of the review. CONCLUSIONS The major emphasis in RNT has so far been given towards developing peptides/antibodies and other molecules to conjugate a variety of therapeutic radioisotopes for improved targeting/delivery of radiation dose to the tumor cells. Despite that, many of the RNT approaches have not achieved their desired therapeutic success probably due to poor knowledge about complex and dynamic (i) fate of radiolabeled molecules; (ii) radiation dose delivered; (iii) cellular heterogeneity in tumor mass; and (iv) cellular radiobiological response. Based on understanding gathered during recent years, it may be stated that besides the absorbed dose, the net radiobiological response of tumor/normal cells also determines the clinical response of radiotherapeutic modalities including RNT. The radiosensitivity of tumor/normal cells is governed by radiobiological phenomenon such as radiation-induced bystander effect, genomic instability, adaptive response and low dose hyper-radiosensitivity. These concepts have been well investigated in the context of external beam radiotherapy, but their clinical implications during RNT have received meagre attention. In this direction, a few studies performed using in vitro and in vivo models envisage the possibilities of exploiting the radiobiological knowledge for improved therapeutic outcome of RNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kumar
- a Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Section , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai
| | - Neena Shetake
- b Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai
| | - Sejal Desai
- b Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai ;,d Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai , India
| | - Amit Kumar
- b Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai ;,d Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai , India
| | - Grace Samuel
- c Isotope Production and Applications Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai
| | - Badri N Pandey
- b Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai ;,d Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai , India
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Kiess AP, Minn I, Chen Y, Hobbs R, Sgouros G, Mease RC, Pullambhatla M, Shen CJ, Foss CA, Pomper MG. Auger Radiopharmaceutical Therapy Targeting Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1401-1407. [PMID: 26182968 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.155929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Auger electron emitters such as (125)I have a high linear energy transfer and short range of emission (<10 μm), making them suitable for treating micrometastases while sparing normal tissues. We used a highly specific small molecule targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) to deliver (125)I to prostate cancer cells. METHODS The PSMA-targeting Auger emitter 2-[3-[1-carboxy-5-(4-(125)I-iodo-benzoylamino)-pentyl]-ureido]-pentanedioic acid ((125)I-DCIBzL) was synthesized. DNA damage (via phosphorylated H2A histone family member X staining) and clonogenic survival were tested in PSMA-positive (PSMA+) PC3 PIP and PSMA-negative (PSMA-) PC3 flu human prostate cancer cells after treatment with (125)I-DCIBzL. Subcellular drug distribution was assessed with confocal microscopy using a related fluorescent PSMA-targeting compound YC-36. In vivo antitumor efficacy was tested in nude mice bearing PSMA+ PC3 PIP or PSMA- PC3 flu flank xenografts. Animals were administered (intravenously) 111 MBq (3 mCi) of (125)I-DCIBzL, 111 MBq (3 mCi) of (125)I-NaI, an equivalent amount of nonradiolabeled DCIBzL, or saline. RESULTS After treatment with (125)I-DCIBzL, PSMA+ PC3 PIP cells exhibited increased DNA damage and decreased clonogenic survival when compared with PSMA- PC3 flu cells. Confocal microscopy of YC-36 showed drug distribution in the perinuclear area and plasma membrane. Animals bearing PSMA+ PC3 PIP tumors had significant tumor growth delay after treatment with (125)I-DCIBzL, with only 1 mouse reaching 5 times the initial tumor volume by 60 d after treatment, compared with a median time to 5 times volume of less than 15 d for PSMA- PC3 flu tumors and all other treatment groups (P = 0.002 by log-rank test). CONCLUSION PSMA-targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy with the Auger emitter (125)I-DCIBzL yielded highly specific antitumor efficacy in vivo, suggesting promise for treatment of prostate cancer micrometastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Kiess
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Il Minn
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ying Chen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert Hobbs
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - George Sgouros
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ronnie C Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mrudula Pullambhatla
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Colette J Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Catherine A Foss
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Rezaee M, Hunting DJ, Sanche L. Correlation between energy deposition and molecular damage from Auger electrons: A case study of ultra-low energy (5-18 eV) electron interactions with DNA. Med Phys 2014; 41:072502. [PMID: 24989405 PMCID: PMC4623756 DOI: 10.1118/1.4881329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study introduces a new method to establish a direct correlation between biologically related physical parameters (i.e., stopping and damaging cross sections, respectively) for an Auger-electron emitting radionuclide decaying within a target molecule (e.g., DNA), so as to evaluate the efficacy of the radionuclide at the molecular level. These parameters can be applied to the dosimetry of Auger electrons and the quantification of their biological effects, which are the main criteria to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Auger-electron emitting radionuclides. METHODS Absorbed dose and stopping cross section for the Auger electrons of 5-18 eV emitted by(125)I within DNA were determined by developing a nanodosimetric model. The molecular damages induced by these Auger electrons were investigated by measuring damaging cross section, including that for the formation of DNA single- and double-strand breaks. Nanoscale films of pure plasmid DNA were prepared via the freeze-drying technique and subsequently irradiated with low-energy electrons at various fluences. The damaging cross sections were determined by employing a molecular survival model to the measured exposure-response curves for induction of DNA strand breaks. RESULTS For a single decay of(125)I within DNA, the Auger electrons of 5-18 eV deposit the energies of 12.1 and 9.1 eV within a 4.2-nm(3) volume of a hydrated or dry DNA, which results in the absorbed doses of 270 and 210 kGy, respectively. DNA bases have a major contribution to the deposited energies. Ten-electronvolt and high linear energy transfer 100-eV electrons have a similar cross section for the formation of DNA double-strand break, while 100-eV electrons are twice as efficient as 10 eV in the induction of single-strand break. CONCLUSIONS Ultra-low-energy electrons (<18 eV) substantially contribute to the absorbed dose and to the molecular damage from Auger-electron emitting radionuclides; hence, they should be considered in the dosimetry calculation of such radionuclides. Moreover, absorbed dose is not an appropriate physical parameter for nanodosimetry. Instead, stopping cross section, which describes the probability of energy deposition in a target molecule can be an appropriate nanodosimetric parameter. The stopping cross section is correlated with a damaging cross section (e.g., cross section for the double-strand break formation) to quantify the number of each specific lesion in a target molecule for each nuclear decay of a single Auger-electron emitting radionuclide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rezaee
- Groupe en Sciences des Radiations, Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Darel J. Hunting
- Groupe en Sciences des Radiations, Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Léon Sanche
- Groupe en Sciences des Radiations, Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Ram R, Chakravarty R, Dash A. Usefulness of nano-zirconia for purification and concentration of 125I solution for medical applications. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 82:351-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The compound class of 3-carboranyl thymidine analogues (3CTAs) are boron delivery agents for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), a binary treatment modality for cancer. Presumably, these compounds accumulate selectively in tumor cells via intracellular trapping, which is mediated by hTK1. Favorable in vivo biodistribution profiles of 3CTAs led to promising results in preclinical BNCT of rats with intracerebral brain tumors. This review presents an overview on the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of first- and second-generation 3CTAs. Boronated nucleosides developed prior to 3CTAs for BNCT and non-boronated N3-substituted thymidine conjugates for other areas of cancer therapy and imaging are also described. In addition, basic features of carborane clusters, which are used as boron moieties in the design and synthesis of 3CTAs, and the biological and structural features of TK1-like enzymes, which are the molecular targets of 3CTAs, are discussed.
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Vanpouille-Box C, Hindré F. Nanovectorized radiotherapy: a new strategy to induce anti-tumor immunity. Front Oncol 2012; 2:136. [PMID: 23087900 PMCID: PMC3467457 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental findings show that activation of the host immune system is required for the success of chemo- and radiotherapy. However, clinically apparent tumors have already developed multiple mechanisms to escape anti-tumor immunity. The fact that tumors are able to induce a state of tolerance and immunosuppression is a major obstacle in immunotherapy. Hence, there is an overwhelming need to develop new strategies that overcome this state of immune tolerance and induce an anti-tumor immune response both at primary and metastatic sites. Nanovectorized radiotherapy that combines ionizing radiation and nanodevices, is one strategy that could boost the quality and magnitude of an immune response in a predictable and designable fashion. The potential benefits of this emerging treatment may be based on the unique combination of immunostimulatory properties of nanoparticles with the ability of ionizing radiation to induce immunogenic tumor cell death. In this review, we will discuss available data and propose that the nanovectorized radiotherapy could be a powerful new strategy to induce anti-tumor immunity required for positive patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vanpouille-Box
- LUNAM Université, Université d'Angers Angers, France ; INSERM U1066 Micro et Nanomedecines Biomimétiques Angers, France
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Ibrahim IT, Waly MA, El-Tawoosy M. Synthesis, labeling, and biological evaluation of 2-{[benzyl(cyanomethyl)amino]methyl}-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide in ascites bearing mice. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362212040157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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El-Zaria ME, Janzen N, Blacker M, Valliant JF. Synthesis, Characterisation, and Biodistribution of Radioiodinated C-Hydroxy-Carboranes. Chemistry 2012; 18:11071-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Joshi PV, Jagadeesan KC, Manolkar RB, Mathakar AR, Chirayil V, Thakare SV, Dash A, Pillai M. Production of 125I from Neutron Irradiation of Natural Xe Gas and a Wet Distillation Process for Radiopharmaceutical Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301063h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. V. Joshi
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - K. C. Jagadeesan
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - R. B. Manolkar
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - A. R. Mathakar
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Viju Chirayil
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - S. V. Thakare
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Ashutosh Dash
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - M.R.A. Pillai
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
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Hoang B, Reilly RM, Allen C. Block copolymer micelles target Auger electron radiotherapy to the nucleus of HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:455-65. [PMID: 22191486 DOI: 10.1021/bm201479t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of Auger electron emitting radionuclides to perinuclear and nuclear regions of cells is critical to realizing their full therapeutic potential. In the present study, block copolymer micelles (BCMs) were labeled with the Auger electron emitter indium-111 ((111)In) and loaded with the radiosensitizer methotrexate. HER2 specific antibodies (trastuzumab fab) and nuclear localization signal (NLS; CGYGPKKKRKVGG) peptides were conjugated to the surface of the BCMs to direct uptake in HER2 expressing cells and subsequent localization in the cell nucleus. Cell uptake and intracellular distribution of the multifunctional BCMs were evaluated in a panel of breast cancer cell lines with different levels of HER2 expression. Indeed cell uptake was found to be HER2 density dependent, confirming receptor-mediated internalization of the BCMs. Importantly, conjugation of NLS peptides to the surface of BCMs was found to result in a significant increase in nuclear uptake of the radionuclide (111)In. Successful nuclear targeting was shown to improve the antipoliferative effect of the Auger electrons as measured by clonogenic assays. In addition, a significant radiation enhancement effect was observed by concurrent delivery of low-dose MTX and (111)In in all breast cancer cell lines evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Hoang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
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Auger Emitting Radiopharmaceuticals for Cancer Therapy. RADIATION DAMAGE IN BIOMOLECULAR SYSTEMS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2564-5_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Tiwari R, Toppino A, Agarwal HK, Huo T, Byun Y, Gallucci J, Hasabelnaby S, Khalil A, Goudah A, Baiocchi RA, Darby MV, Barth RF, Tjarks W. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and radioiodination of halogenated closo-carboranylthymidine analogues. Inorg Chem 2011; 51:629-39. [PMID: 22175713 DOI: 10.1021/ic202150b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and initial biological evaluation of 3-carboranylthymidine analogues (3CTAs) that are (radio)halogenated at the closo-carborane cluster are described. Radiohalogenated 3CTAs have the potential to be used in the radiotherapy and imaging of cancer because they may be selectively entrapped in tumor cells through monophosphorylation by human thymidine kinase 1 (hTK1). Two strategies for the synthesis of a (127)I-labeled form of a specific 3CTA, previously designated as N5, are described: (1) direct iodination of N5 with iodine monochloride and aluminum chloride to obtain N5-(127)I and (2) initial monoiodination of o-carborane to 9-iodo-o-carborane followed by its functionalization to N5-(127)I. The former strategy produced N5-(127)I in low yields along with di-, tri-, and tetraiodinated N5 as well as decomposition products, whereas the latter method produced only N5-(127)I in high yields. N5-(127)I was subjected to nucleophilic halogen- and isotope-exchange reactions using Na(79/81)Br and Na(125)I, respectively, in the presence of Herrmann's catalyst to obtain N5-(79/81)Br and N5-(125)I, respectively. Two intermediate products formed using the second strategy, 1-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-9-iodo-o-carborane and 1-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-12-iodo-o-carborane, were subjected to X-ray diffraction studies to confirm that substitution at a single carbon atom of 9-iodo-o-carborane resulted in the formation of two structural isomers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of halogen- and isotope-exchange reactions of B-halocarboranes that have been conjugated to a complex biomolecule. Human TK1 phosphorylation rates of N5, N5-(127)I, and N5-(79/81)Br ranged from 38.0% to 29.6% relative to that of thymidine, the endogenous hTK1 substrate. The in vitro uptake of N5, N5-(127)I, and N5-(79/81)Br in L929 TK1(+) cells was 2.0, 1.8, and 1.4 times greater than that in L929 TK1(-) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Tiwari
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Goffredo V, Paradiso A, Ranieri G, Gadaleta CD. Yttrium-90 (90Y) in the principal radionuclide therapies: an efficacy correlation between peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, radioimmunotherapy and transarterial radioembolization therapy. Ten years of experience (1999-2009). Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 80:393-410. [PMID: 21388824 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of the pure beta emitter (90)Y constitutes a fundamental advancement in non-invasive medicine. Nowadays, mainly three oncological therapies exploit the intrinsic emissive characteristic of (90)Y. Radionuclide therapies include peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) in neuroendocrine tumour (NET) treatment, radioimmunotherapy (RIT) in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) treatment and transarterial radioembolization therapy (TARET) in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treatment. The last ten years of clinical experience from E-PubMed research have been reviewed and an efficacy correlation between (90)Y-therapies has shown a better objective response rate for RIT (ORR 80±15%; range 53-100) compared to PRRT (ORR 23.5±14%; range 9-50), and TARET (ORR for mCRC, 40±25%; range 19-91, and ORR for HCC, 42±20%; range 20-82). This review reports on the state of the art of the efficacy of (90)Y-therapies from the last decade and discusses new perspectives of therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Goffredo
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II of Bari, Via Hahnemann 10, Bari, Italy.
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Balhorn R, Hok S, DeNardo S, Natarajan A, Mirick G, Corzett M, Denardo G. Hexa-arginine enhanced uptake and residualization of selective high affinity ligands by Raji lymphoma cells. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:25. [PMID: 19383174 PMCID: PMC2680800 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A variety of arginine-rich peptide sequences similar to those found in viral proteins have been conjugated to other molecules to facilitate their transport into the cytoplasm and nucleus of targeted cells. The selective high affinity ligand (SHAL) (DvLPBaPPP)2LLDo, which was developed to bind only to cells expressing HLA-DR10, has been conjugated to one of these peptide transduction domains, hexa-arginine, to assess the impact of the peptide on SHAL uptake and internalization by Raji cells, a B-cell lymphoma. Results An analog of the SHAL (DvLPBaPPP)2LLDo containing a hexa-arginine peptide was created by adding six D-arginine residues sequentially to a lysine inserted in the SHAL's linker. SHAL binding, internalization and residualization by Raji cells expressing HLA-DR10 were examined using whole cell binding assays and confocal microscopy. Raji cells were observed to bind two fold more 111In-labeled hexa-arginine SHAL analog than Raji cells treated with the parent SHAL. Three fold more hexa-arginine SHAL remained associated with the Raji cells after washing, suggesting that the peptide also enhanced residualization of the 111In transported into cells. Confocal microscopy showed both SHALs localized in the cytoplasm of Raji cells, whereas a fraction of the hexa-arginine SHAL localized in the nucleus. Conclusion The incorporation of a hexa-D-arginine peptide into the linker of the SHAL (DvLPBaPPP)2LLDo enhanced both the uptake and residualization of the SHAL analog by Raji cells. In contrast to the abundant cell surface binding observed with Lym-1 antibody, the majority of (DvLPBaPPP)2LArg6AcLLDo and the parent SHAL were internalized. Some of the internalized hexa-arginine SHAL analog was also associated with the nucleus. These results demonstrate that several important SHAL properties, including uptake, internalization, retention and possibly intracellular distribution, can be enhanced or modified by conjugating the SHALs to a short polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Balhorn
- University of California, Department of Applied Science, Hertz Hall, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
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Rebischung C, Hoffmann D, Stefani L, Desruet MD, Wang K, Adelstein SJ, Artignan X, Vincent F, Gauchez AS, Zhang H, Fagret D, Vuillez J, Kassis AI, Balosso J. First human treatment of resistant neoplastic meningitis by intrathecal administration of MTX plus (125)IUdR. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 84:1123-9. [PMID: 19061137 DOI: 10.1080/09553000802395535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neoplastic meningitis is often the final outcome of disseminated cancer and is rapidly lethal. Its limited treatment relies on systemic or intrathecal chemotherapy with methotrexate (MTX) or thiotepa. When 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine labeled with (125)I ((125)IUdR) is incorporated into the DNA of mitotic tumor cells, the Auger electrons emitted during iodine decay are highly cytotoxic. The radiotherapeutic efficacy of (125)IUdR administered intrathecally has also been established in animals bearing spinal cord tumors, and MTX is known to potentiate the response. This approach has not been tested in the clinic. METHODS A 44-year-old woman, with locally advanced pancreatic cancer, was treated for three years with complete systemic remission, but then relapsed with cytologically proven neoplastic meningitis. The patient was given four successive intrathecal injections of MTX (10 mg) every 12 h and, with the fourth dose, 1850 MBq (125)IUdR, followed by four additional MTX doses. The response was monitored by cytology and CA19.9 (carbohydrate antigen 19.9) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as by clinical status of the patient. RESULTS The follow-up of cytology and CA19.9 levels in the CSF showed dramatic improvement within 26 days followed by a biological relapse on Day +36. There was no evidence of local central nervous system toxicity. Three months later, neoplastic meningitis recurred and meningeal tumor infiltration was observed on magnetic resonance imaging. Six months after MTX-(125)IUdR treatment, the patient died. CONCLUSION (125)IUdR treatment proved to be feasible without acute neurological toxicity and seemed to have produced a biological response. This attempt provides the basis for designing prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rebischung
- Department of Oncology, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble cedex 9, France
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Bodei L, Ferone D, Grana CM, Cremonesi M, Signore A, Dierckx RA, Paganelli G. Peptide receptor therapies in neuroendocrine tumors. J Endocrinol Invest 2009; 32:360-9. [PMID: 19636207 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are relatively rare tumors, mainly originating from the digestive system, able to produce bioactive amines and hormones. NETs tend to be slow growing and are often diagnosed when metastatic. The localization of a NETs and the assessment of the extent of disease are crucial for management. Commonly used diagnostic techniques include morphological imaging (ultrasound, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance), and functional imaging (somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, positron emission tomography techniques). Treatment is multidisciplinary and should be individualized according to the tumor type, burden, and symptoms. Therapeutic tools include surgery, interventional radiology, and medical treatments such as somatostatin analogues, interferon, chemotherapy, new targeted drugs and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with radiolabeled somatostatin analogues. NETs usually over-express somatostatin receptors, thus enabling the therapeutic use of somatostatin analogues, one of the basic tools, able to reduce signs and symptoms of hormone hypersecretion, improve quality of life, and slow tumor growth. PRRT with somatostatin analogues 90Y-DOTATOC and 177Lu-DOTATATE has been explored in NETs for more than a decade. Present knowledge and clinical studies indicate that it is possible to deliver high-absorbed doses to tumors expressing sst2 receptors, with partial and complete objective responses in up to 30% of patients. Side effects, involving the kidney and the bone marrow, are mild if adequate renal protection is used. Moreover, a consistent survival benefit is reported. As NETs may also express cholecystokinin 2, bombesin, neuropeptide Y or vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors even simultaneously, the potential availability and biological stability of radio-analogues will improve the multireceptor targeting of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bodei
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti, 435 - 20141 Milan, Italy.
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El-Kawy OA, Hashem AM, Amin MA, El-Wetery AS. Labeling, biodistribution and evaluation of [125I] gemcitabine: a potential agent for tumor diagnosis and radiotherapy. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Eberle AN, Mild G. Receptor-mediated tumor targeting with radiopeptides. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2009; 29:1-37. [DOI: 10.1080/10799890902732823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Monte Carlo simulation of Auger-electron spectra. Appl Radiat Isot 2009; 67:192-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Juzenas P, Chen W, Sun YP, Coelho MAN, Generalov R, Generalova N, Christensen IL. Quantum dots and nanoparticles for photodynamic and radiation therapies of cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1600-14. [PMID: 18840487 PMCID: PMC2695009 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots and nanoparticles composed of metals, lipids or polymers have emerged with promising applications for early detection and therapy of cancer. Quantum dots with unique optical properties are commonly composed of cadmium contained semiconductors. Cadmium is potentially hazardous, and toxicity of such quantum dots to living cells, and humans, is not yet systematically investigated. Therefore, search for less toxic materials with similar targeting and optical properties is of further interest. Whereas, the investigation of luminescence nanoparticles as light sources for cancer therapy is very interesting. Despite advances in neurosurgery and radiotherapy the prognosis for patients with malignant gliomas has changed little for the last decades. Cancer treatment requires high accuracy in delivering ionizing radiation to reduce toxicity to surrounding tissues. Recently some research has been focused in developing photosensitizing quantum dots for production of radicals upon absorption of visible light. In spite of the fact that visible light is safe, this approach is suitable to treat only superficial tumours. Ionizing radiation (X-rays and gamma rays) penetrate much deeper thus offering a big advantage in treating patients with tumours in internal organs. Such concept of using quantum dots and nanoparticles to yield electrons and radicals in photodynamic and radiation therapies as well their combination is reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petras Juzenas
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Grau Carles A. Simulation of the relative damaging effects of Auger cascades with gel scintillators. Int J Radiat Biol 2008; 84:1057-62. [PMID: 19061130 DOI: 10.1080/09553000802460156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this work is to study the relative damaging effects of DNA-incorporated radionuclides by analyzing the behavior of the liquid-scintillation counting efficiency in volumes of nanometer size. METHODS A liquid scintillation counter can detect changes in the micelle size when different percentages of an aqueous solution containing an Auger-electron-emitting radionuclide are incorporated to a gel scintillator. The counting efficiency can be used as an indicator of the nature of the stochastic processes occurring within the micelle structure. RESULTS Because a large variation in the micelle size only perturbates the counting efficiency slightly, the accuracy of the method is poor. The application of tracing methods, which involve the calculation of the Auger cascades and the deposition of energy within nanometric spheres, can improve the accuracy of the results. CONCLUSIONS Some steps in the complete simulation of the damaging efficiency can be obviated with the use of a tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Grau Carles
- Departamento de Fisica Atomica, Molecular y de Agregados, Instituto de Matematicas y Fisica Fundamental, Madrid, Spain.
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Boyd M, Sorensen A, McCluskey AG, Mairs RJ. Radiation quality-dependent bystander effects elicited by targeted radionuclides. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60:951-8. [PMID: 18644188 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.8.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of radiotherapy may be partly dependent on indirect effects, which can sterilise malignant cells that are not directly irradiated. However, little is known of the influence of these effects in targeted radionuclide treatment of cancer. We determined bystander responses generated by the uptake of radioiodinated iododeoxyuridine ([*I]IUdR) and radiohaloanalogues of meta-iodobenzylguanidine ([*I]MIBG) by noradrenaline transporter (NAT) gene-transfected tumour cells. NAT specifically accumulates MIBG. Multicellular spheroids that consisted of 5% of NAT-expressing cells, capable of the active uptake of radiopharmaceutical, were sterilised by treatment with 20 kBqmL(-1) of the alpha-emitter meta-[211At]astatobenzylguanidine ([211At]MABG). Similarly, in nude mice, retardation of the growth of tumour xenografts containing 5% NAT-positivity was observed after treatment with [131I]MIBG. To determine the effect of subcellular localisation of radiolabelled drugs, we compared the bystander effects resulting from the intracellular concentration of [131I]MIBG and [131I]IUdR (low linear energy transfer (LET) beta-emitters) as well as [123I]MIBG and [123I]IUdR (high LET Auger electron emitters). [*I]IUdR is incorporated in DNA whereas [*I]MIBG accumulates in extranuclear sites. Cells exposed to media from [131I]MIBG- or [131I]IUdR-treated cells demonstrated a dose-response relationship with respect to clonogenic cell death. In contrast, cells receiving media from cultures treated with [123I]MIBG or [123I]IUdR exhibited dose-dependent toxicity at low dose but elimination of cytotoxicity with increasing radiation dose (i.e. U-shaped survival curves). Therefore radionuclides emitting high LET radiation may elicit toxic or protective effects on neighbouring untargeted cells at low and high dose respectively. It is concluded that radiopharmaceutical-induced bystander effects may depend on LET of the decay particles but are independent of site of intracellular concentration of radionuclide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Boyd
- Targeted Therapy Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow University, Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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Carles AG. Analysis and simulation of the relative lethality of Auger-electron-emitting radionuclides with a liquid-scintillation counter. Int J Radiat Biol 2007; 83:617-23. [PMID: 17654103 DOI: 10.1080/09553000701523062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficiency of strand-break induction and the counting efficiency of a liquid-scintillation counter can both be described similarly in terms of Poisson statistics. The aim of this work is to relate these two concepts, developing a simple method to simulate with a liquid-scintillation counter the relative biological effects between two different electron-emitting radionuclides. METHODS A gel scintillator can be used to confine the decaying nuclei into nanoscale structures of liquid water (micelles). Because the fluorescing agents of the gel lay outside the micelle structure, the low-energy electrons emitted by the decaying nucleus lose part of their energy within the micelle structure before being detected, resulting in a negative increment of the counting efficiency. The difference in the counting efficiency between two gels with micelles of different characteristic sizes is applied to simulate the relative lethality of the radionuclides. RESULTS The results are only qualitatively successful. A better accuracy cannot be achieved for commercial liquid-scintillation spectrometers, which have two photomultiplier tubes of identical gain. Also the comparison cannot be extended to low-Z Auger-electron-emitting radionuclides such as (55)Fe, since the micelle size effect is significantly increased by the interference of the L-Auger electrons. CONCLUSIONS A liquid-scintillation counter with a gain decreased by a factor of 2.5 in one of the two photomultiplier tubes would be necessary to improve the simulation of the damaging efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grau Carles
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y de Agregados, Instituto de Matemáticas y Física Fundamental, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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DeNardo GL, Sysko VV, DeNardo SJ. Cure of incurable lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66:S46-56. [PMID: 16979440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 05/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The most potent method for augmenting the cytocidal power of monoclonal antibody (MAb) treatment is to conjugate radionuclides to the MAb to deliver systemic radiotherapy (radioimmunotherapy; RIT). The antigen, MAb, and its epitope can make a difference in the performance of the drug. Additionally, the radionuclide, radiochemistry, chelator for radiometals and the linker between the MAb and chelator can have a major influence on the performance of drugs (radiopharmaceuticals) for RIT. Smaller radionuclide carriers, such as antibody fragments and mimics, and those used for pretargeting strategies, have been described and evaluated. All of these changes in the drugs and strategies for RIT have documented potential for improved performance and patient outcomes. RIT is a promising new therapy that should be incorporated into the management of patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) soon after these patients have proven incurable. Predictable improvements using better drugs, strategies, and combinations with other drugs seem certain to make RIT integral to the management of patients with NHL, and likely lead to cure of currently incurable NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald L DeNardo
- Radiodiagnosis and Therapy, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Buchegger F, Perillo-Adamer F, Dupertuis YM, Delaloye AB. Auger radiation targeted into DNA: a therapy perspective. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 33:1352-63. [PMID: 16896663 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-006-0187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auger electron emitters that can be targeted into DNA of tumour cells represent an attractive systemic radiation therapy goal. In the situation of DNA-associated decay, the high linear energy transfer (LET) of Auger electrons gives a high relative biological efficacy similar to that of alpha particles. In contrast to alpha radiation, however, Auger radiation is of low toxicity when decaying outside the cell nucleus, as in cytoplasm or outside cells during blood transport. The challenge for such therapies is the requirement to target a high percentage of all cancer cells. An overview of Auger radiation therapy approaches of the past decade shows several research directions and various targeting vehicles. The latter include hormones, peptides, halogenated nucleotides, oligonucleotides and internalising antibodies. DISCUSSION Here, we will discuss the basic principles of Auger electron therapy as compared with vector-guided alpha and beta radiation. We also review some radioprotection issues and briefly present the main advantages and disadvantages of the different targeting modalities that are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Buchegger
- Service of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne CHUV, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Grafström G, Jönsson BA, El Hassan AM, Tennvall J, Strand SE. Rat testis as a radiobiological in vivo model for radionuclides. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2006; 118:32-42. [PMID: 16046556 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The radiobiological effect of intracellularly localised radionuclides emitting low energy electrons (Auger electrons) has received much attention. Most in vivo studies reported have been performed in the mouse testis. We have investigated the rat testis as an in vivo radiobiological model, with sperm-head survival, testis weight loss and also alteration in the blood plasma hormone levels of FSH and LH as radiobiological endpoints. Validation of the rat testis model was evaluated by using mean absorbed doses of up to 10 Gy from intratesticularly (i.t.) injected (111)In oxine or local X-ray irradiation. Biokinetics of the i.t. injected radionuclide was analysed by scintillation camera imaging and used in the absorbed dose estimation. By the analysis of the autoradiographs, the activity distribution was revealed. Cell fractionation showed (111)In to be mainly associated with the cell nuclei. External irradiations were monitored by thermoluminescence dosimeters. The sperm-head survival was the most sensitive radiobiological parameter correlated to the mean absorbed dose, with a D(37) of 2.3 Gy for (111)In oxine and 1.3 Gy for X rays. The levels of plasma pituitary gonadal hormones FSH and LH were elevated for absorbed doses >7.7 Gy. This investigation shows that the radiobiological model based on the rat testis has several advantages compared with the previously commonly used mouse testis model. The model is appropriate for further investigations of basic phenomena such as radiation geometry, intracellular kinetics and heterogeneity, crucial for an understanding of the biological effect of low-energy electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grafström
- Departament of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Eberle AN, Mild G, Froidevaux S. Receptor-Mediated Tumor Targeting with Radiopeptides. Part 1. General Concepts and Methods: Applications to Somatostatin Receptor-Expressing Tumors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2004; 24:319-455. [PMID: 15648449 DOI: 10.1081/rrs-200040939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled peptides have become important tools in nuclear oncology, both as diagnostics and more recently also as therapeutics. They represent a distinct sector of the molecular targeting approach, which in many areas of therapy will implement the old "magic bullet" concept by specifically directing the therapeutic agent to the site of action. In this three-part review, we present a comprehensive overview of the literature on receptor-mediated tumor targeting with the different radiopeptides currently studied. Part I summarizes the general concepts and methods of targeting, the selection of radioisotopes, chelators, and the criteria of peptide ligand development. Then, the >400 studies on the application to somatostatin/somatostatin-release inhibiting factor receptor-mediated tumor localization and treatment will be reviewed, demonstrating that peptide radiopharmaceuticals have gained an important position in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N Eberle
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Research, University Hospital and University Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
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