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Laure T, Engels RCME, Remmerswaal D, Spruijt-Metz D, Konigorski S, Boffo M. Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e46603. [PMID: 37889525 PMCID: PMC10638637 DOI: 10.2196/46603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many university students experience mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. To support their mental health, a transdiagnostic mobile app intervention has been developed. The intervention provides short exercises rooted in various approaches (eg, positive psychology, mindfulness, self-compassion, and acceptance and commitment therapy) that aim to facilitate adaptive emotion regulation (ER) to help students cope with the various stressors they encounter during their time at university. OBJECTIVE The goals of this study are to investigate whether the intervention and its components function as intended and how participants engage with them. In addition, this study aims to monitor changes in distress symptoms and ER skills and identify relevant contextual factors that may moderate the intervention's impact. METHODS A sequential explanatory mixed methods design combining a microrandomized trial and semistructured interviews will be used. During the microrandomized trial, students (N=200) will be prompted via the mobile app twice a day for 3 weeks to evaluate their emotional states and complete a randomly assigned intervention (ie, an exercise supporting ER) or a control intervention (ie, a health information snippet). A subsample of participants (21/200, 10.5%) will participate in interviews exploring their user experience with the app and the completed exercises. The primary outcomes will be changes in emotional states and engagement with the intervention (ie, objective and subjective engagement). Objective engagement will be evaluated through log data (eg, exercise completion time). Subjective engagement will be evaluated through exercise likability and helpfulness ratings as well as user experience interviews. The secondary outcomes will include the distal outcomes of the intervention (ie, ER skills and distress symptoms). Finally, the contextual moderators of intervention effectiveness will be explored (eg, the time of day and momentary emotional states). RESULTS The study commenced on February 9, 2023, and the data collection was concluded on June 13, 2023. Of the 172 eligible participants, 161 (93.6%) decided to participate. Of these 161 participants, 137 (85.1%) completed the first phase of the study. A subsample of participants (18/172, 10.5%) participated in the user experience interviews. Currently, the data processing and analyses are being conducted. CONCLUSIONS This study will provide insight into the functioning of the intervention and identify areas for improvement. Furthermore, the findings will shed light on potential changes in the distal outcomes of the intervention (ie, ER skills and distress symptoms), which will be considered when designing a follow-up randomized controlled trial evaluating the full-scale effectiveness of this intervention. Finally, the results and data gathered will be used to design and train a recommendation algorithm that will be integrated into the app linking students to relevant content. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05576883; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05576883. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/46603.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajda Laure
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rutger C M E Engels
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Danielle Remmerswaal
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Donna Spruijt-Metz
- Dornsife Center for Economic & Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stefan Konigorski
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Digital Health Center, Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marilisa Boffo
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Kingery JN, Bodenlos JS, Schneider TI, Peltz JS, Sindoni MW. Dispositional mindfulness predicting psychological adjustment among college students: the role of rumination and gender. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:1584-1595. [PMID: 34437827 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1943411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined rumination as a mediator of the relationship between dispositional mindfulness (DM) and depression, loneliness, and anxiety, while considering gender as a moderator of these mediation models. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred and nineteen undergraduate students (49.5% female; M = 18.90 years) participated with data collected from January 2018 to April 2019. METHODS Self-report measures of DM, rumination, symptoms of anxiety and depression, loneliness, and social support were completed. RESULTS Males scored significantly higher than females on DM, while females scored significantly higher than males on rumination and psychological distress. Rumination mediated the relationship between DM and all adjustment variables. The mediation model predicting depression was moderated by gender, showing stronger effects for females than males. CONCLUSION Results support rumination as a mechanism underlying the association between DM and psychological adjustment and suggest that targeting both DM and rumination could maximize the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for college students' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Newman Kingery
- Department of Psychological Science, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - Jamie S Bodenlos
- Department of Psychological Science, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - Travis I Schneider
- Department of Psychological Science, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - Jack S Peltz
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Daemen College, Amherst, New York, USA
| | - Mara W Sindoni
- Department of Psychological Science, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York, USA
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Burger JW, Bantjes J, Derman W, Whitesman S, Gomez-Ezeiza J. Associations between psychological distress and facets of mindfulness: Implications for campus-based university wellness services. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:1074-1083. [PMID: 34242527 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1920601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate associations between components of psychological distress and five facets of mindfulness (i.e. observing; describing; acting with awareness; non-reactivity; non-judging). PARTICIPANTS Students from a university in South Africa (n = 174). METHODS This cross-sectional study assessed psychological distress and mindfulness using the K10 and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Multivariate regression analysis identified associations between psychological distress and facets of mindfulness, controlling for demographics. RESULTS Prevalence of psychological distress was 56.9% (95% CI 49.2%-64.4%). Acting with awareness, non-reactivity, and non-judging predicted significantly lower psychological distress, whereas observing and describing did not. Acting with awareness was the only facet of mindfulness that consistently predicted lower levels of negative affect, fatigue, nervousness, and agitation. CONCLUSIONS Acting with awareness appears to be a key component of psychological wellbeing. To advance theory and practice, future research should consider why and how various facets of mindfulness predict lower psychological distress and its components among university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Burger
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jason Bantjes
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- IOC Research Center, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simon Whitesman
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Institute for Mindfulness South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Josu Gomez-Ezeiza
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- IOC Research Center, Cape Town, South Africa
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Kim H, Li N, Broyles A, Musoka L, Correa-Fernández V. Validity of the 15-item five-facet mindfulness questionnaire among an ethnically diverse sample of university students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:450-459. [PMID: 33760716 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1892700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines the psychometrics of the 15-item version of the Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-15). PARTICIPANTS An ethnically diverse sample of 538 college students participated in this study. METHODS The factor structure was evaluated through confirmatory factor analyses fitting 64 alternative models with and without method factors. Model fit as well as valid interpretations of the model parameters were considered in selecting the final model. Utilizing the final selected model, the relationship between mindfulness and the mindfulness facets with two related constructs, psychological inflexibility and emotional distress tolerance was examined. RESULTS The five-facet second-order model with a single-method factor best fitted to the data and provided sound, interpretable estimates. After accounting for the single-method effect, overall mindfulness was positively correlated with emotional distress tolerance and negatively correlated with psychological inflexibility. CONCLUSIONS The FFMQ-15 was a valid measure of mindfulness among university students when accounting for the method factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjoe Kim
- Psychological, Health and Learning Sciences Department, College of Education, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nan Li
- Psychological, Health and Learning Sciences Department, College of Education, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda Broyles
- Psychological, Health and Learning Sciences Department, College of Education, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lena Musoka
- Psychological, Health and Learning Sciences Department, College of Education, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Virmarie Correa-Fernández
- Psychological, Health and Learning Sciences Department, College of Education, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Cushman GK, West KB, Davis M, LaMotte J, Eaton CK, Gutierrez-Colina AM, Suveg C, Blount RL. The role of executive functioning, healthcare management, and self-efficacy in college students' health-related quality of life. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:2356-2364. [PMID: 33400895 PMCID: PMC8255329 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1862128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Examine how executive functioning (EF), healthcare management, and self-efficacy relate to college students' health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Participants: Undergraduates completed questionnaires at baseline (Time 1; n = 387) and 18-24 months later (Time 2; n = 102). Methods: Participants reported on their EF and healthcare management skills at Time 1 and self-efficacy and mental and physical HRQOL at Time 2. Results: Students with fewer EF problems reported higher mental and physical HRQOL at both timepoints and those with higher healthcare management skills had higher mental and physical HRQOL at Time 1. Higher self-efficacy mediated the relation between EF and mental HRQOL, and the relation between healthcare management and mental HRQOL. Conclusions: Findings illustrate two potential pathways by which self-management, in healthcare settings or daily living, contributes to mental HRQOL during emerging adulthood. Assessing EF and healthcare management could help identify those at risk of low HRQOL and provide information that can inform interventions in college settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kara B West
- The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Molly Davis
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julia LaMotte
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cyd K Eaton
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Mindfulness practice correlates with reduced exam-induced stress and improved exam performance in preclinical medical students with the "acting with awareness", "non-judging" and "non-reacting" facets of mindfulness particularly associated with improved exam performance. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:41. [PMID: 35197111 PMCID: PMC8864822 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medical students demonstrate higher levels of psychological distress compared with the general population and other student groups, especially at exam times. Mindfulness interventions show promise in stress reduction for this group, and in the reduction of cortisol, an established clinical marker of the body’s stress response. This study investigated the relationship of mindfulness to exam-induced stress, salivary cortisol and exam performance in undergraduate medical students.
Methods A controlled pre-post analysis design with within-groups comparisons. 67 medical students completed the five facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) and provided saliva samples, from which cortisol was extracted, during group work (control/baseline) and immediately prior to end of year 2 examinations (experimental). Academic performance data was extracted for comparison with measures. Results Exam-induced salivary cortisol concentration showed a significant negative relation with exam performance. Total FFMQ score showed a significant positive relation with exam performance and a significant negative relation with exam-induced salivary cortisol. The specific mindfulness facets of acting with awareness, non-judging and non-reacting also showed a positive correlation with exam performance. Conclusions This study suggests that there exists an important relationship between mindfulness and the physiological biomarker of stress, cortisol, and this manifests into improved assessment outcomes potentially through healthier, more adaptive coping and stress management strategies. In particular, this study identifies the acting with awareness, non-judging and non-reacting facets of mindfulness to be significantly associated with exam performance suggesting that these may be important facets for clinical educators to target when helping students with mindfulness practice.
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Karing C, Oeltjen L, Beelmann A. Relationships Between Mindfulness Facets and Mental and Physical Health in Meditating and Nonmeditating University Students. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Background: Little is known about the relations of the mindfulness facets to mental and physical health among meditators and nonmeditators. Aim: The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the mindfulness facets and mental as well as physical health of university students with and without meditation experience using attentional control, body awareness, nonattachment, and emotion regulation as mediators. Method: Data were collected from a sample of 508 university students (meditators: n = 195, nonmeditators n = 313). Path analysis models were used to examine the associations between the mindfulness facets, all candidate mediators and the outcome variables mental and physical health complaints. Additionally, a bootstrapping procedure was used to test the significance of the indirect effects. Results: Results showed that the associations between the mindfulness facets, the proposed mediators, and mental and physical health complaints were similar between students with and without meditation experience. Nonattachment and body awareness were the most important mediators. Limitations: Only self-report questionnaires were used in the study, and the majority of the sample was women and enrolled in health and social science studies. Conclusion: The results indicated that the investigation of mindfulness at the facet level is worthwhile. The study helps to clarify the associations between the mindfulness facets and mental as well as physical health among students with and without meditation experience. Further, mindfulness mediators should be examined in intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Karing
- Department of Research Synthesis, Intervention and Evaluation, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
| | - Lara Oeltjen
- Department of Methodology and Evaluation Research, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Beelmann
- Department of Research Synthesis, Intervention and Evaluation, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
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8
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Dong Y, Dang L, Li S, Yang X. Effects of Facets of Mindfulness on College Adjustment Among First-Year Chinese College Students: The Mediating Role of Resilience. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:1101-1109. [PMID: 34321938 PMCID: PMC8313109 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s319145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction College life is a challenging stage for students to transition from adolescence to early adulthood. College students need to adjust to various problems, including those related to learning, campus life, interpersonal relationships, career selection, emotions, and self. The aim of this study was to test the associations between different facets of mindfulness, resilience, and college adjustment, as well as the mediation effect of resilience between mindfulness and college adjustment among first-year college students. Methods This survey study recruited 765 first-year college students in China. The psychological variables were assessed by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Chinese College Student Adjustment Scale. Results It has been showed in the current study that mindfulness and resilience were positively correlated with college adjustment. Resilience significantly mediated the associations between four dimensions of mindfulness (ie, describing, acting with awareness, observing and non-reactivity) and college adjustment. Conclusion The findings support the potential importance of enhancing mindfulness and resilience to facilitate adjustment among first-year college students. Limitations and implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Dong
- Faculty of Teacher Education, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Dang
- Faculty of Teacher Education, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglan Li
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, People's Republic of China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, People's Republic of China.,Normal College, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.,The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
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Hatton-Bowers H, Lombardi CM, Kemp B, Decker KB, Virmani EA, Brophy-Herb HE, Vallotton CD. Risks and resources for college students' mental health: ACEs, attachment, and mindfulness. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021:1-12. [PMID: 34242546 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1942007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To examine associations between risks and resources in predicting college students' depressive symptoms at the beginning of one semester and change over the semester. Participants: Participants were undergraduate students taking human development courses at one of 11 universities in the U.S. (N = 854). Methods: Survey data were collected at the beginning and end of the semester. Results: Experiencing more direct abusive or neglectful adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and attachment preoccupation were associated with higher depressive symptoms at the beginning of the semester. Conversely, greater mindful awareness and attachment security were associated with lower initial depressive symptoms. Experiences of ACEs were associated with increases in depressive symptoms, as were higher levels of attachment dismissiveness. Greater mindful acceptance was associated with decreases in depressive symptoms. In most analyses, resources did not moderate the associations between ACEs and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Results may inform instructors and counselors in supporting students' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Hatton-Bowers
- Child, Youth, and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Blakelee Kemp
- Sociology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kalli B Decker
- Health & Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Elita Amini Virmani
- Early Childhood Studies, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | - Holly E Brophy-Herb
- Human Development & Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Claire D Vallotton
- Human Development & Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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The Role of Mindfulness in the Intimate Relationships and Psychological Wellbeing in Emerging Adulthood. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci10070259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of mindfulness on psychological wellbeing, anxiety, and avoidance in couple relationships. In emerging adulthood, intimate relationships are associated with life satisfaction and changes that can cause psychological maladjustment. This study seeks to determine if dispositional mindfulness acts as a protective variable between psychological wellbeing, anxiety, and avoidance and identify the factors that are protectors. A sample was obtained of 391 young university students between 18 and 25 years old. The Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, the Ryff Scales of Psychological Wellbeing, and the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale were used. The results show that the highest levels of dispositional mindfulness are associated with greater psychological wellbeing. Dispositional mindfulness cannot act as a protective variable against anxiety and avoidance, and values were non-significant in intimate relationships. It is necessary to continue investigating the most protective facets of mindfulness for both anxiety and avoidance.
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Karing C. Prevalence and predictors of anxiety, depression and stress among university students during the period of the first lockdown in Germany. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021; 5:100174. [PMID: 34642682 PMCID: PMC8497174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbates the risk for mental health issues of university students. The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence of anxiety, depression and stress among university students during the period of the first lockdown in Germany, and the associations of possible risk and protective factors with all three outcome variables. METHODS A total of 2.548 university students were included in the study. The study took place during the period of the first lockdown in Germany. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to explore the role of demographic variables, personality traits, psychological capital variables, mindfulness, COVID-19 related variables, and coping strategies on anxiety, depression and stress. RESULTS Results showed on average mild depressive and anxiety symptoms, and moderate perceived stress among the students. Alarmingly, 35.9% of the students showed a moderate-to-severe level of depression, 27.7% reported moderate to severe symptoms of anxiety, and 25.1% perceived high stress. Mindfulness and optimism were the most relevant protective factors against depression, anxiety and stress, whereas COVID-related stressors (e.g., worries about study and financial problems, being stressed by the Corona-pandemic and media reporting, quarantine experience) as well as personal characteristics (e.g., neuroticism, older age, being female) were risk factors for increasing mental health issues and/ or stress. CONCLUSION The pandemic has negatively affected the mental health of students. The results emphasize the importance of both professional help for students with mental health problems and effective prevention programs on university campuses that promote coping skills, and mental health during the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Karing
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Jena, Germany
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12
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Bodenlos JS, Hawes ES, Burstein SM, Arroyo KM. Association of cognitive fusion with domains of health. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Testing the Intermediary Role of Perceived Stress in the Relationship between Mindfulness and Burnout Subtypes in a Large Sample of Spanish University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17197013. [PMID: 32992782 PMCID: PMC7579009 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The burnout syndrome is the consequence of chronic stress that overwhelms an individual’s resources to cope with occupational or academic demands. Frenetic, under-challenged, and worn-out are different burnout subtypes. Mindfulness has been recognized to reduce stress, comprising five facets (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience). This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the relationship between mindfulness facets, perceived stress, and burnout subtypes in a sample of 1233 students of Education, Nursing, and Psychology degrees from different universities of Valencia (Spain). Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was computed showing an adequate fit (Chi-square, CFI, TLI, RMSEA, and SRMR). Four mindfulness facets (all but observing) significantly correlated with general second-order mindfulness. Unexpected results were found: Acting with awareness facet was positively associated with frenetic subtype, while the non-reacting facet was positively associated with frenetic and under-challenged subtype. Ultimately, mindfulness facets negatively predicted the perceived stress levels, which in turn, predicted burnout. However, mindfulness plays different roles in the early stages of burnout syndrome (i.e., frenetic and under-challenged).
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Wrench JS, Punyanunt-Carter NM, Garcia AJ. Understanding College Students' Perceptions Regarding Mindfulness: The Impact on Intellectual Humility, Faith Development, Religious Communication Apprehension, and Religious Communication. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2020; 59:1794-1809. [PMID: 31203496 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the investigation was to test the impact of mindfulness on intellectual humility, faith development, religious communication apprehension, and religious communication. A new scale was developed to measure religious communication. Results revealed (a) mindfulness predicted faith development, intellectual arrogance, and openness; (b) mindfulness predicted less religious communication apprehension, (c) mindfulness did not predict religious communication. Findings help support the notion that greater mindfulness favorably impacts humble faith development. Mindfulness also seemed to buffer less anxiety but with no significant increase in religious communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Wrench
- Department of Communication, SUNY New Paltz, Coykendall Science Building 51, New Paltz, NY, 12561, USA
| | | | - Adolfo J Garcia
- Department of Communication, SUNY New Paltz, Coykendall Science Building 49, New Paltz, NY, 12561, USA
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Linden B, Stuart H. Post-Secondary Stress and Mental Well-Being: A Scoping Review of the Academic Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.7870/cjcmh-2020-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Post-secondary students have been identified as an at-risk population for chronic stress and poor mental health. We conducted a scoping review of the academic literature surrounding student stress and mental well-being as the first phase of research in the development of Canada’s National Standard for the Psychological Health and Safety of Post-Secondary Students. Major thematic findings included student stress, resilience through effective coping and help-seeking, and programs or strategies to improve campus mental health. Recommendations include a call for increased mental health promotion and mental illness prevention activities that are sensitive to diverse cultures, ethnicities, religions, and sexualities.
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Kingery JN, Bodenlos JS, Lathrop JA. Facets of dispositional mindfulness versus sources of social support predicting college students' psychological adjustment. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2020; 68:403-410. [PMID: 30908172 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1574801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study examined the relative contribution of five dispositional mindfulness (DM) facets and two aspects of social support along with sex in predicting psychological adjustment. Participants: Three hundred fifty-three undergraduates (72% female; M = 18.82 years) participated with data collected from September 2014 through March 2016. Methods: Self-report measures of DM, social support, perceived stress, and emotional well-being were completed. Results: Sex and higher scores on specific mindfulness facets (ie, nonreactivity, nonjudging) predicted lower stress and greater emotional well-being. Higher family support predicted lower stress, whereas friend support predicted greater emotional well-being. The mindfulness facets were stronger predictors of adjustment than the social support domains. Females reported higher perceived stress and lower emotional well-being than males, and males scored significantly higher on total mindfulness, nonjudging, and nonreactivity. Conclusions: Results have implications for mindfulness-based interventions with college students such that focusing on the nonjudging and nonreactivity facets may enhance effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Newman Kingery
- Department of Psychology, Hobart & William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - Jamie S Bodenlos
- Department of Psychology, Hobart & William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - Jessica A Lathrop
- Department of Psychology, Hobart & William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York, USA
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Valikhani A, Kashani VO, Rahmanian M, Sattarian R, Rahmati Kankat L, Mills PJ. Examining the mediating role of perceived stress in the relationship between mindfulness and quality of life and mental health: testing the mindfulness stress buffering model. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2020; 33:311-325. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1723006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Valikhani
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vali Ollah Kashani
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Rafat Sattarian
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Leila Rahmati Kankat
- Faculty of Humanities, Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Arak, Arak, Iran
| | - Paul J. Mills
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Vinci C, Malkhasyan L, Simmons VN, Correa-Fernandez V. The relationship of mindfulness and mindfulness-related practices with alcohol use among Hispanics/Latinx. Psychiatry Res 2020; 285:112774. [PMID: 32035378 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hispanics/Latinx (H/Ls) are the largest ethnic minority group in the U.S., and three of the four leading causes of death are associated with problematic alcohol use. This study examined the relationship between mindfulness and alcohol use among H/Ls and whether differences emerged by sub-ethnicity. Participants (N = 341; 49.7% female; average age=28.57) were H/Ls currently living in the U.S. Survey questions were answered online in English or Spanish. Participants primarily endorsed engaging in informal mindfulness practices (47.5%), spiritual practices (25.2%), and mindfulness meditation (24.6%). No significant differences emerged among H/L sub-ethnicities. Spiritual practices and higher mindfulness were associated with less problematic alcohol use among the entire sample. Similar results were found among drinkers-only. Findings shed light on commonly used mindfulness practices and indicate that very few differences emerge among H/L sub-ethnicities on mindfulness practices and general mindfulness. The delivery/tailoring of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) may not need to differ amongst H/L sub-ethnicities in the U.S. Aspects of mindfulness appear protective regarding problematic alcohol use, suggesting that future MBIs that increase mindfulness should be explored for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Vinci
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Health Outcomes and Behavior, 4115 E Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33617, United States; University of South Florida, Departments of Psychology and Interdisciplinary Oncology, United States.
| | - Lauren Malkhasyan
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Health Outcomes and Behavior, 4115 E Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33617, United States
| | - Vani N Simmons
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Health Outcomes and Behavior, 4115 E Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33617, United States
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Irie T, Yokomitsu K, Sakano Y. Relationship between cognitive behavioral variables and mental health status among university students: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223310. [PMID: 31560719 PMCID: PMC6764683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for improving mental health problems among university students. However, intervention components have different effects on mental health problems. This paper is a meta-analysis of the data concerning the relationship between cognitive behavioral variables and mental health status among university students. A total of five electronic databases were reviewed, and 876 articles met the initial selection criteria. Reviewers applied standardized coding schemes to extract the correlational relationship between cognitive behavioral variables and mental health status. A total of 55 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Correlations were found for three cognitive behavioral variables (attention, thought, and behavior) across nine mental health domains (negative affect, positive affect, happiness, social function, stress response, psychological symptom, quality of life, well-being, and general health). Across each cognitive behavioral process and all mental health domains, the estimated mean correlation was medium (r = .32 - .46), and varied by the domain of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Irie
- School of Education and Culture, Hokusho University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Graduate School of Psychological Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kengo Yokomitsu
- College of Comprehensive Psychology, Ritsumeikan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Sakano
- School of Psychological Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
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Sala M, Rochefort C, Lui PP, Baldwin AS. Trait mindfulness and health behaviours: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2019; 14:345-393. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2019.1650290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Sala
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - P. Priscilla Lui
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Austin S. Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
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21
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Examining the Mediating Role of Stress in the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Depression and Anxiety: Testing the Mindfulness Stress-Buffering Model. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-019-00321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Lyzwinski LN, Caffery L, Bambling M, Edirippulige S. The Mindfulness App Trial for Weight, Weight-Related Behaviors, and Stress in University Students: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7:e12210. [PMID: 30969174 PMCID: PMC6479283 DOI: 10.2196/12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background University students are at risk of weight gain during their studies. Key factors related to weight gain in this population include unhealthy weight-related behaviors because of stress. Mindfulness holds promise for weight management. However, there has not been any previous trial that has explored the effectiveness of a student-tailored mindfulness app for stress, weight-related behaviors, and weight. There is limited evidence that current mindfulness apps use evidence-based mindfulness techniques. A novel app was developed that combined evidence-based, mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindful eating (ME) techniques that were tailored to university students, with student-relevant themes for targeting weight behaviors, weight, and stress. Objectives The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility of a student-tailored mindfulness app for weight, weight-related behaviors, and stress. Testing this app in a rigorous randomized controlled trial (RCT) for these outcomes is a novelty and contribution to this emerging field. Methods A 2-arm RCT of an 11-week duration was undertaken at the University of Queensland. Students were either randomized to the mindfulness app (n=45) or to a behavioral self-monitoring electronic diary (e-diary; n=45) for diet and exercise. Analysis of covariance was used to compare differences in weight, stress, mindfulness, ME, physical activity, and eating behaviors between both groups. Results Neither the mindfulness app group nor the e-diary group lost weight and there were no differences between the groups at follow-up. The mindfulness app group had significantly lower stress levels (P=.02) (adherers only), lower emotional eating (P=.02), and uncontrolled eating (P=.02) as well as higher mindfulness (P≤.001) and ME levels overall (P≤.001). The e-diary group had higher metabolic equivalents of moderate activity levels (P≤.01). However, the effect sizes were small. Regular adherence to mindfulness exercises in the app was low in the group. The majority of students (94%) liked the app and found it to be acceptable. Compared with other exercises, the most helpful reported meditation was the short breathing exercise observing the breath (39.4% [13/33] preferred it). This was the first RCT that tested a mindfulness app for weight and weight-related behaviors in students. The modest level of user adherence likely contributes to the lack of effect on weight loss. However, there was a small, albeit promising, effect on weight-related eating behavior and stress. Conclusions A mindfulness app demonstrated effectiveness for stress, eating behaviors, mindfulness, and ME, but the effect sizes were small. Future studies should be conducted over longer periods of time and with greater participant compliance. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Trial Registry ACTRN12616001349437; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=371370 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/761cc2K6ft)
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liam Caffery
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Centre for Online Health, Woloongabba, Australia
| | - Matthew Bambling
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Centre for Online Health, Woloongabba, Australia
| | - Sisira Edirippulige
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Centre for Online Health, Woloongabba, Australia
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Lu J, Mumba MN, Lynch S, Li C, Hua C, Allen RS. Nursing students' trait mindfulness and psychological stress: A correlation and mediation analysis. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2019; 75:41-46. [PMID: 30703621 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nursing students face a great amount of psychological stress during their nursing education. Mindfulness-based training has received increased recognition from nurse educators regarding its effect on reducing students' psychological stress. Study evidence has supported that cultivation of trait mindfulness through Mindfulness-based training was the key to this effect. However, there is a lack of research that focuses on intricate relationships between various facets of trait mindfulness and psychological stress. OBJECTIVE Examining the relationships between various trait mindfulness facets and psychological stress. DESIGN A cross-sectional design was used to collect data on trait mindfulness facets and psychological stress. PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 99 undergraduate nursing students from a Bachelor of Nursing program completed this study. SETTING This study was conducted in a university in the south-eastern United States. METHOD Participants completed an online questionnaire, which collected their demographic information, trait mindfulness (the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire), and psychological stress (the Perceived Stress Scale-10). Correlation and mediation analyses were applied. RESULTS Other than the trait mindfulness facet of observing, the remaining three facets (acting with awareness, non-judging, and non-reactivity) were negatively correlated with psychological stress. Observing had little to low correlations with non-judging and acting with awareness, but attained a moderately positive correlation with non-reactivity. Moreover, observing could indirectly predict psychological stress, when non-reactivity served as a mediator. Finally, non-judging partially mediated the relationship between acting with awareness and psychological stress. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study can help nurse educators better understand the intricate relationships between various facets of trait mindfulness and psychological stress. Specifically, facets of acting with awareness, non-judging, and non-reactivity are directly relevant to the reduction of psychological stress. Therefore, regardless of formal or informal practices of mindfulness, nurse educators ought to assist students in cultivating these facets as means toward stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Lu
- Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology and Counseling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
| | - Mercy N Mumba
- Capstone College of Nursing, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
| | - Shrehan Lynch
- Secondary Teacher Education, The University of East London, London, England, UK.
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Counseling and Human Services, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
| | - Cheng Hua
- Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology and Counseling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
| | - Rebecca S Allen
- Alabama Research Institute on Aging and the Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
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Lu F, Xu Y, Yu Y, Peng L, Wu T, Wang T, Liu B, Xie J, Xu S, Li M. Moderating Effect of Mindfulness on the Relationships Between Perceived Stress and Mental Health Outcomes Among Chinese Intensive Care Nurses. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:260. [PMID: 31057445 PMCID: PMC6482227 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the potential moderating effect of mindfulness and its facets on the relationships among perceived stress and mental health outcomes (burnout, depression, anxiety, and subjective well-being) among Chinese intensive care nurses. A total of 500 Chinese intensive care nurses completed self-report measures of mindfulness, burnout syndromes, perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and subjective well-being. Correlation and hierarchical multiple regressions were applied for data analysis. Mindfulness moderated the effects of perceived stress on emotional exhaustion (the core component of burnout syndrome), depression, anxiety, positive affect, and negative affect but not on the other two dimensions of burnout and life satisfaction. Further analyses indicated that the ability to act with awareness was particularly crucial in improving the effects of perceived stress on depression. These results further broaden our understanding of the relationships between perceived stress and burnout, depression, anxiety, and subjective well-being by demonstrating that mindfulness may serve as a protective factor that alleviates or eliminates the negative effects of perceived stress on depression, anxiety, burnout syndrome, and subjective well-being and may instigate further research into targeted mindfulness interventions for Chinese intensive care nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lu
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,School of Nursing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongju Yu
- Department of Sociology, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Peng
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Botao Liu
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junpeng Xie
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Xu
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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25
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Positive personality: Relationships among mindful and grateful personality traits with quality of life and health outcomes. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-0080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Lui PP, Vidales CA, Rollock D. Personality and the Social Environment: Contributions to Psychological Adjustment Among Asian and Euro American Students. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2018.37.9.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Although personality and sociocultural experiences shape how people adapt to changing life circumstances, these factors’ contributions to psychological adjustment outcomes may differ across ethnic groups. Previous research has shown that personality traits predict psychological distress and wellbeing, and people's comfort with their social environments and interpersonal relationships also can be instrumental in understanding their psychological adjustment. Research on personality and on environmental characteristics have tended to focus on Euro Americans and on people of color, respectively; the extent to which campus climate and ethnic group contact predict psychological adjustment above and beyond personality remains understudied and unclear. Method: Relative influences of Big 5 personality and environmental characteristics at a predominantly White college were tested as predictors of psychological adjustment among Asian (N = 412; 48.5% women, Mage = 19.60) and Euro American (N = 277; 47.7% women, Mage = 19.46) students. Results: Measurement invariance tests showed that only a subset of the NEO Five Factor Inventory was equivalent across groups. Hierarchical multiple regressions showed that personality contributed to depression and anxiety symptoms for both groups, but comfort with campus environment and ethnic social comfort were distinctively important predictors of Asians’ psychological adjustment. Discussion: Implications for research, professional services, and university practices are discussed.
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Lyzwinski LN, Caffery L, Bambling M, Edirippulige S. Relationship Between Mindfulness, Weight, and Weight-Related Behaviors in College Students: A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/act.2018.29182.lnl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette Nathalie Lyzwinski
- Lynnette Lyzwinski, MPhil, is a PhD candidate at the Centre for Online Health, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia, and the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liam Caffery
- Liam Caffery, PhD, is a senior researcher at the Centre for Online Health, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, and director of telehealth technology
| | - Matthew Bambling
- Matthew Bambling, PhD, is a clinical psychologist, researcher, and director of postgraduate coursework in medicine at the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and is affiliated with the Centre for Online Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sisira Edirippulige
- Sisira Edirippulige, PhD, is a lecturer on e-health and researcher at the Centre for Online Health, School of Medicine, University of Queensland
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Finkelstein-Fox L, Park CL, Riley KE. Mindfulness and emotion regulation: promoting well-being during the transition to college. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2018; 31:639-653. [PMID: 30189751 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2018.1518635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Managing stress is very important for first-year college students adjusting to undergraduate life. Aspects of emotion regulation, including mindfulness and the ability to regulate distressing emotion adaptively, often correlate positively with well-being. However, little research has examined overlapping and/or distinct effects of these constructs in predicting changes in adjustment over a stressful transition. Thus, the present study examined the contributions of mindfulness and adaptive emotion regulation abilities in maintaining well-being during the transition to college. We further examined experience with mind-body practices, which may promote mindfulness and positive adjustment. DESIGN Online surveys were administered to 158 undergraduates near the beginning and end of their first semester. METHODS Near semester start and end, students reported levels of mindfulness, adaptive emotion regulation abilities, emotional and spiritual well-being, and experience with mind-body practices. RESULTS Compared to mindfulness, adaptive emotion regulation abilities largely demonstrated stronger cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with well-being. However, mindfulness uniquely protected against changes in depression for students with greater emotion regulation difficulties. Over half of participants reported having tried mind-body practices, but just 1% reported current use. CONCLUSIONS Promoting mindfulness practices and adaptive emotion regulation abilities at the start of college may build resilience in undergraduate students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Finkelstein-Fox
- a Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Crystal L Park
- a Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Kristen E Riley
- a Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , NY , USA
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Zapolski TCB, Faidley MT, Beutlich M. The Experience of Racism on Behavioral Health Outcomes: The Moderating Impact of Mindfulness. Mindfulness (N Y) 2018; 10:168-178. [PMID: 30854146 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-018-0963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research shows that racial discrimination results in adverse behavioral health outcomes for African American young adults, including risk for depression, anxiety, and substance use. Although high levels of mindfulness have been shown to reduce risk for such health outcomes, it is unknown whether mindfulness can reduce risk as a consequence of racial discrimination, particularly among African Americans. Three-hundred and eighty-eight African American young adults between the ages of 18-24 (M=20.6, 62% female) completed measures assessing past year experiences of racial discrimination, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, alcohol use, and trait mindfulness. A positive correlation was found between racial discrimination and the behavioral health outcomes, as well as a negative correlation between mindfulness and the behavioral health outcomes. Moreover, mindfulness was found to significantly moderate the effect of racial discrimination on mood symptoms. Although mindfulness was found to lessen the effect of racial discrimination on alcohol use, this difference was not statistically significant. In line with previous literature, racial discrimination was shown to have a negative impact on behavioral health outcomes among African Americans. Moreover, our findings provide support for the buffering effect of mindfulness on mood symptoms as a consequence discrimination. This suggests that increasing mindfulness may be an effective strategy to include in interventions targeting improvement in mood symptoms for African American young adults. However, alternative strategies may be more appropriate to address outcomes, such as alcohol use, as a consequence of racial discrimination.
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F. Wong K, A. A. Massar S, Chee MWL, Lim J. Towards an Objective Measure of Mindfulness: Replicating and Extending the Features of the Breath-Counting Task. Mindfulness (N Y) 2018; 9:1402-1410. [PMID: 30294387 PMCID: PMC6153891 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-017-0880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite calls for objective measures of mindfulness to be adopted in the field, such practices have not yet become established. Recently, a breath-counting task (BCT) was proposed as a reliable and valid candidate for such an instrument. In this study, we show that the psychometric properties of the BCT are reproducible in a sample of 127 Asian undergraduates. Specifically, accuracy on the BCT was associated with everyday lapses and sustained attention, and weakly associated with subjectively measured mindfulness. BCT metrics also showed good test-retest reliability. Extending the use of the paradigm, we further found that two different types of task errors-miscounts and resets-were correlated with different aspects of cognition. Miscounts, or errors made without awareness, were associated with attentional lapses, whereas resets, or self-caught errors, were associated with mind-wandering. The BCT may be a suitable candidate for the standardized measurement of mindfulness that could be used in addition to mindfulness questionnaires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian F. Wong
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, #02-21, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Stijn A. A. Massar
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, #02-21, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Michael W. L. Chee
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, #02-21, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Julian Lim
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, #02-21, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
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Abstract
Interest in the influence of dispositional mindfulness (DM) on psychological health has been gathering pace over recent years. Despite this, a systematic review of this topic has not been conducted. A systematic review can benefit the field by identifying the terminology and measures used by researchers and by highlighting methodological weaknesses and empirical gaps. We systematically reviewed non-interventional, quantitative papers on DM and psychological health in non-clinical samples published in English up to June 2016, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search was conducted using PsycINFO, PubMED, Medline and Embase, and 93 papers met the inclusion criteria. Within these, three main themes emerged, depicting the relationship between DM and psychological health: (1) DM appears to be inversely related to psychopathological symptoms such as depressive symptoms, (2) DM is positively linked to adaptive cognitive processes such as less rumination and pain catastrophizing and (3) DM appears to be associated with better emotional processing and regulation. These themes informed the creation of a taxonomy. We conclude that research has consistently shown a positive relationship between DM and psychological health. Suggestions for future research and conceptual and methodological limitations within the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve R. Tomlinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, 10W 3.51, Bath, UK
| | - Omar Yousaf
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, 10W 3.51, Bath, UK
| | - Axel D. Vittersø
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, 10W 3.51, Bath, UK
| | - Lauraine Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, 10W 3.51, Bath, UK
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32
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Miller CJ, Brooker B. Mindfulness programming for parents and teachers of children with ADHD. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2017; 28:108-115. [PMID: 28779917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents and teachers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at-risk for a range of suboptimal psychosocial outcomes, including mental health difficulties and heightened stress, problems perhaps ameliorated through mindfulness-based programming. OBJECTIVE To show pilot data from an investigation of the outcomes of a purpose-built mindfulness training for parents and teachers of children with ADHD (N = 26). METHODS The program represents a purpose-driven modification of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) curriculum. Namely, we reduced participant time commitment and added psychoeducation about ADHD with brief parent training. The measurement protocol included measures of stress, anxiety, depression, and mindfulness. RESULTS Following the 8-week program, parents and teachers reported reduced perceived stress, reduced self-reported anxiety, and improvements in some facets of mindfulness. CONCLUSION The work highlights the promise of specialized mindfulness-based interventions in promoting positive psychosocial outcomes in specific at-risk groups, such as the carers of children with ADHD.
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McArthur M, Mansfield C, Matthew S, Zaki S, Brand C, Andrews J, Hazel S. Resilience in Veterinary Students and the Predictive Role of Mindfulness and Self-Compassion. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 44:106-115. [PMID: 28206835 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.0116-027r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Resilience is a dynamic and multifaceted process in which individuals draw on personal and contextual resources. In difficult situations, resilient people use specific strategies to learn from the situation without being overcome by it. As stressors are inherent to veterinary work, including long work hours, ethical dilemmas, and challenging interactions with clients, resilience is an important component of professional quality of life. However, while resilience in other health professionals has received attention, it has received little in the veterinary field. In this cross-sectional study, veterinary students from six veterinary schools in Australia completed an online survey, with 193 responses (23%). Very few veterinary students (6%) reached the threshold to be considered highly resilient using the Brief Resilience Scale, and approximately one third classified as having low levels of resilience. In the final linear multiple regression model, predictors of resilience included nonjudgmental and nonreactive mindfulness (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire) and self-compassion (Neff Self-Compassion Scale). Students with higher nonjudgmental and nonreactive mindfulness and self-compassion had higher resilience scores. These findings indicate that fostering these qualities of mindfulness and self-compassion may be aligned with strengthening veterinary student resilience. Importantly, if the factors that help veterinary students develop a capacity for resilience can be identified, intervention programs can be targeted to educate future veterinary professionals with a high quality of life, both professional and personal.
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