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Wen J, Sun J, Tang Y, Zhao J, Su X. Cholinergic α7 nAChR signaling suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection and inflammation in lung epithelial cells. J Mol Cell Biol 2024; 15:mjad048. [PMID: 37491690 PMCID: PMC10901198 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yanhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Abaquita TAL, Damulewicz M, Tylko G, Pyza E. The dual role of heme oxygenase in regulating apoptosis in the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1060175. [PMID: 36860519 PMCID: PMC9969482 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1060175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from mammalian studies suggests the dual-faced character of heme oxygenase (HO) in oxidative stress-dependent neurodegeneration. The present study aimed to investigate both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of heme oxygenase after the ho gene chronic overexpression or silencing in neurons of Drosophila melanogaster. Our results showed early deaths and behavioral defects after pan-neuronal ho overexpression, while survival and climbing in a strain with pan-neuronal ho silencing were similar over time with its parental controls. We also found that HO can be pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic under different conditions. In young (7-day-old) flies, both the cell death activator gene (hid) expression and the initiator caspase Dronc activity increased in heads of flies when ho expression was changed. In addition, various expression levels of ho produced cell-specific degeneration. Dopaminergic (DA) neurons and retina photoreceptors are particularly vulnerable to changes in ho expression. In older (30-day-old) flies, we did not detect any further increase in hid expression or enhanced degeneration, however, we still observed high activity of the initiator caspase. In addition, we used curcumin to further show the involvement of neuronal HO in the regulation of apoptosis. Under normal conditions, curcumin induced both the expression of ho and hid, which was reversed after exposure to high-temperature stress and when supplemented in flies with ho silencing. These results indicate that neuronal HO regulates apoptosis and this process depends on ho expression level, age of flies, and cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Al L. Abaquita
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Milena Damulewicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Tylko
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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Choline and trimethylamine N-oxide impair metabolic activation of and platelet response to clopidogrel through activation of the NOX/ROS/Nrf2/CES1 pathway. JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS : JTH 2023; 21:117-132. [PMID: 36695375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbe-generated metabolite, elicits thrombotic events by enhancing platelet reactivity; however, no studies have reported the effects of TMAO on the metabolism of and response to clopidogrel. OBJECTIVES To determine whether choline and TMAO could significantly impair metabolic activation of and platelet response to clopidogrel in choline- or TMAO-fed mice and the mechanisms involved. METHODS Male mice were fed with vehicle control (Ctrl), TMAO, choline alone or in combination with 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or ML385 for 14 days and then treated with Ctrl or a single oral dose of clopidogrel. Plasma TMAO, protein levels of clopidogrel-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, plasma concentrations of clopidogrel and its metabolites, and adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and activation were measured. In addition, HepG2 cells were treated with Ctrl or TMAO alone or in combination with N-acetyl-L-cysteine, ML385, or apocynin, and CES1, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Nrf2 protein levels were measured, respectively. RESULTS TMAO significantly increased Ces1 protein expression and activity and clopidogrel hydrolysis in the liver as well as intracellular ROS and CES1 levels and Nrf2 nucleus translocation in HepG2 cells but decreased the formation of clopidogrel active metabolite and impaired platelet response to clopidogrel. Furthermore, concomitant use of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or ML385 effectively reversed choline- or TMAO-induced impairment of inhibition of platelet aggregation by clopidogrel in mice, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Choline and TMAO impair the metabolic activation of and platelet response to clopidogrel through the activation of the NOX-dependent ROS/Nrf2/CES1 pathway, suggesting novel strategies for overcoming clopidogrel resistance from bench to bedside.
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Basova LV, Vien W, Bortell N, Najera JA, Marcondes MCG. Methamphetamine signals transcription of IL1β and TNFα in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner and interacts with HIV-1 Tat to decrease antioxidant defense mechanisms. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:911060. [PMID: 36060276 PMCID: PMC9434488 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.911060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse is a common HIV co-morbidity that is linked to aggravated Central Nervous System (CNS) inflammation, which accentuates HIV- associated neurological disorders, triggered both directly or indirectly by the drug. We used the well-established human innate immune macrophage cell line system (THP1) to demonstrate that Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) immediately induced by Meth play a role in the increased transcription of inflammatory genes, in interaction with HIV-1 Tat peptide. Meth and Tat, alone and together, affect early events of transcriptional activity, as indicated by changes in RNA polymerase (RNAPol) recruitment patterns throughout the genome, via ROS-dependent and -independent mechanisms. IL1β (IL1β) and TNF α (TNFα), two genes with defining roles in the inflammatory response, were both activated in a ROS-dependent manner. We found that this effect occurred via the activation of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) comprising cFOS and cJUN transcription factors and regulated by the SRC kinase. HIV-1 Tat, which was also able to induce the production of ROS, did not further impact the effects of ROS in the context of Meth, but promoted gene activity independently from ROS, via additional transcription factors. For instance, HIV-1 Tat increased NFkB activation and activated gene clusters regulated by Tata box binding peptide, ING4 and IRF2. Importantly, HIV-1 Tat decreased the expression of anti-oxidant genes, where its suppression of the detoxifying machinery may contribute to the aggravation of oxidative stress induced by ROS in the context of Meth. Our results provide evidence of effects of Meth via ROS and interactions with HIV Tat that promote the transcription of inflammatory genes such as IL1β and TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana V. Basova
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Whitney Vien
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nikki Bortell
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Maria Cecilia Garibaldi Marcondes
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Maria Cecilia Garibaldi Marcondes,
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5
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Immediate Early Gene c-fos in the Brain: Focus on Glial Cells. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060687. [PMID: 35741573 PMCID: PMC9221432 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-fos gene was first described as a proto-oncogene responsible for the induction of bone tumors. A few decades ago, activation of the protein product c-fos was reported in the brain after seizures and other noxious stimuli. Since then, multiple studies have used c-fos as a brain activity marker. Although it has been attributed to neurons, growing evidence demonstrates that c-fos expression in the brain may also include glial cells. In this review, we collect data showing that glial cells also express this proto-oncogene. We present evidence demonstrating that at least astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia express this immediate early gene (IEG). Unlike neurons, whose expression changes used to be associated with depolarization, glial cells seem to express the c-fos proto-oncogene under the influence of proliferation, differentiation, growth, inflammation, repair, damage, plasticity, and other conditions. The collected evidence provides a complementary view of c-fos as an activity marker and urges the introduction of the glial cell perspective into brain activity studies. This glial cell view may provide additional information related to the brain microenvironment that is difficult to obtain from the isolated neuron paradigm. Thus, it is highly recommended that detection techniques are improved in order to better differentiate the phenotypes expressing c-fos in the brain and to elucidate the specific roles of c-fos expression in glial cells.
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Wu YH, Hsieh HL. Roles of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Neuroinflammation and Brain Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050923. [PMID: 35624787 PMCID: PMC9137505 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme oxygenase (HO) system is believed to be a crucial mechanism for the nervous system under stress conditions. HO degrades heme to carbon monoxide, iron, and biliverdin. These heme degradation products are involved in modulating cellular redox homeostasis. The first identified isoform of the HO system, HO-1, is an inducible protein that is highly expressed in peripheral organs and barely detectable in the brain under normal conditions, whereas HO-2 is a constitutive protein that is highly expressed in the brain. Several lines of evidence indicate that HO-1 dysregulation is associated with brain inflammation and neurodegeneration, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. In this review, we summarize the essential roles that the HO system plays in ensuring brain health and the molecular mechanism through which HO-1 dysfunction leads to neurodegenerative diseases and disruption of nervous system homeostasis. We also provide a summary of the herbal medicines involved in the regulation of HO-1 expression and explore the current situation regarding herbal remedies and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Wu
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-211-8999 (ext. 5421)
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7
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rhamnetin on Bradykinin-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression and Cell Migration in Rat Brain Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020609. [PMID: 35054789 PMCID: PMC8776117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) has been shown to induce matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression and participate in neuroinflammation. The BK/MMP-9 axis can be a target for managing neuroinflammation. Our previous reports have indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activity is involved in BK-induced MMP-9 expression in rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1). Rhamnetin (RNT), a flavonoid compound, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, we proposed RNT could attenuate BK-induced response in RBA-1. This study aims to approach mechanisms underlying RNT regulating BK-stimulated MMP-9 expression, especially ROS and NF-κB. We used pharmacological inhibitors and siRNAs to dissect molecular mechanisms. Western blotting and gelatin zymography were used to evaluate protein and MMP-9 expression. Real-time PCR was used for gene expression. Wound healing assay was applied for cell migration. 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) were used for ROS generation and NOX activity, respectively. Promoter luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay were applied to detect gene transcription. Our results showed that RNT inhibits BK-induced MMP-9 protein and mRNA expression, promoter activity, and cell migration in RBA-1 cells. Besides, the levels of phospho-PKCδ, NOX activity, ROS, phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-p65, and NF-κB p65 binding to MMP-9 promoter were attenuated by RNT. In summary, RNT attenuates BK-enhanced MMP-9 upregulation through inhibiting PKCδ/NOX/ROS/ERK1/2-dependent NF-κB activity in RBA-1.
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8
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Sasaki S, Negishi T, Tsuzuki T, Yukawa K. Diphenylarsinic acid induced activation of MAP kinases, transcription factors, and oxidative stress-responsive factors and hypersecretion of cytokines in cultured normal human cerebellar astrocytes. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:196-207. [PMID: 34883095 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) is a non-natural pentavalent organic arsenic and was detected in well water in Kamisu, Ibaraki, Japan in 2003. Individuals that had consumed this arsenic-contaminated water developed cerebellar symptoms such as myoclonus. We previously revealed that DPAA exposure in rats in vitro and in vivo specifically affected astrocytes rather than neurons among cerebellar cells. Here, we evaluated adverse effects of DPAA in cultured normal human cerebellar astrocytes (NHA), which were compared with those in normal rat cerebellar astrocytes (NRA) exposed to DPAA at 10 μM for 96 h, focusing on aberrant activation of astrocytes; increase in cell viability, activation of MAP kinases (ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and SAPK/JNK) and transcription factors (CREB, c-Jun, and c-Fos), upregulation of oxidative stress-responsive factors (Nrf2, HO-1, and Hsp70), and also hypersecretion of brain cytokines (MCP-1, adrenomedullin, FGF-2, CXCL1, and IL-6) as reported in NRA. While DPAA exposure at 10 μM for 96 h had little effect on NHA, a higher concentration (50 μM for 96 h) and longer exposure (10 μM for 288 h) induced similar aberrant activation. Moreover, exposure to DPAA at 50 μM for 96 h or 10 μM for 288 h in NHA induced hypersecretion of cytokines induced in DPAA-exposed NRA (MCP-1, adrenomedullin, FGF-2, CXCL1, and IL-6), and IL-8 besides into culture medium. These results suggested that aberrantly activated human astrocytes by DPAA exposure might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cerebellar symptoms, affecting adjacent neurons, microglia, brain blood vessels, or astrocyte itself through these brain cytokines in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoto Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Takayuki Negishi
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Takamasa Tsuzuki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yukawa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
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9
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Mu Q, Zhang Y, Gu L, Gerner ST, Qiu X, Tao Q, Pang J, Dipritu G, Zhang L, Yin S, Jiang Y, Peng J. Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals the Antiapoptosis and Antioxidant Stress Effects of Fos in Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:728984. [PMID: 34744970 PMCID: PMC8566985 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.728984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is considered the most prevalent risk factor for stroke. Both pathophysiologic and clinical data previously acquired suggest a strong correlation between the hemodynamic nature of arterial hypertension and an increase in the risk of ischemic insult to tissues. However, the knowledge of specific molecular interactions between hypertension and ischemic stroke (IS) is limited. In this study, we performed systematic bioinformatics analysis of stroke-prone spontaneous hypertensive brain tissue samples of rats (GSE41452), middle cerebral artery occlusion of brain tissue samples of rats (GSE97537), and peripheral blood array data of IS patients (GSE22255). We identified that Fos, an immediate-early gene (IEG) that responds to alterations in arterial blood pressure, has a strong correlation with the occurrence and prognosis of IS. To further evaluate the potential function of Fos, the oxygen–glucose deprivation model and RNA sequencing of HT22 neuronal cells were performed. Consistent with the sequencing results, real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot indicate that Fos was elevated at 3 h and returned to normal levels at 6 h after oxygen–glucose deprivation. Knock-down of Fos by lentivirus significantly increased the oxidative stress level, neuronal apoptosis, and inhibited the mitochondrial function. In conclusion, Fos acts as an important link between hypertension and IS. Furthermore, Fos can be used as a potential biomarker for target therapy in the prevention of stroke among hypertensive patients and also potential treatment targeting apoptosis and oxidative stress after its onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiancheng Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Long Gu
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xiancheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qianke Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ghosh Dipritu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shigang Yin
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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10
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Brennan A, Leech JT, Kad NM, Mason JM. Selective antagonism of cJun for cancer therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:184. [PMID: 32917236 PMCID: PMC7488417 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The activator protein-1 (AP-1) family of transcription factors modulate a diverse range of cellular signalling pathways into outputs which can be oncogenic or anti-oncogenic. The transcription of relevant genes is controlled by the cellular context, and in particular by the dimeric composition of AP-1. Here, we describe the evidence linking cJun in particular to a range of cancers. This includes correlative studies of protein levels in patient tumour samples and mechanistic understanding of the role of cJun in cancer cell models. This develops an understanding of cJun as a focal point of cancer-altered signalling which has the potential for therapeutic antagonism. Significant work has produced a range of small molecules and peptides which have been summarised here and categorised according to the binding surface they target within the cJun-DNA complex. We highlight the importance of selectively targeting a single AP-1 family member to antagonise known oncogenic function and avoid antagonism of anti-oncogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Brennan
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - James T Leech
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Neil M Kad
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Jody M Mason
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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11
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Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and PEDF 335 Peptide, 67LR Activators, Attenuate Vasogenic Edema, and Astroglial Degeneration Following Status Epilepticus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090854. [PMID: 32933011 PMCID: PMC7555521 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-integrin 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR) is involved in cell adherence to the basement membrane, and it regulates the interactions between laminin and other receptors. The dysfunction of 67LR leads to serum extravasation via blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Polyphenol (–)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) bind to 67LR and inhibit neovascularization. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of EGCG and NU335, a PEDF-derive peptide, on BBB integrity and their possible underlying mechanisms against vasogenic edema formation induced by status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity). Following SE, both EGCG and NU335 attenuated serum extravasation and astroglial degeneration in the rat piriform cortex (PC). Both EGCG and NU335 reversely regulated phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT–eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) mediated BBB permeability and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression in endothelial cells and astrocytes through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathways, respectively. Furthermore, EGCG and NU335 decreased p47Phox (a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunit) expression in astrocytes under physiological and post-SE conditions. Therefore, we suggest that EGCG and PEDF derivatives may activate 67LR and its downstream effectors, and they may be considerable anti-vasogenic edema agents.
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12
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Lin CC, Hsiao LD, Cho RL, Yang CM. Carbon Monoxide Releasing Molecule-2-Upregulated ROS-Dependent Heme Oxygenase-1 Axis Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Airway Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133157. [PMID: 31261663 PMCID: PMC6651427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is mediated through nicotinamaide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (Nox) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which could provide cytoprotection against inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms of carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (CORM)-2-induced HO-1 expression in human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs) remain unknown. Here, we found that pretreatment with CORM-2 attenuated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) expression and leukocyte count through the up-regulation of HO-1 in mice, which was revealed by immunohistochemistrical staining, Western blot, real-time PCR, and cell count. The inhibitory effects of HO-1 by CORM-2 were reversed by transfection with HO-1 siRNA. Next, Western blot, real-time PCR, and promoter activity assay were performed to examine the HO-1 induction in HTSMCs. We found that CORM-2 induced HO-1 expression via the activation of protein kinase C (PKC)α and proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2), which was mediated through Nox-derived ROS generation using pharmacological inhibitors or small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs). CORM-2-induced HO-1 expression was mediated through Nox-(1, 2, 4) or p47phox, which was confirmed by transfection with their own siRNAs. The Nox-derived ROS signals promoted the activities of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Subsequently, c-Fos and c-Jun-activator protein-1 (AP-1) subunits-were up-regulated by activated ERK1/2, which turned on transcription of the HO-1 gene by regulating the HO-1 promoter. These results suggested that in HTSMCs, CORM-2 activates PKCα/Pyk2-dependent Nox/ROS/ERK1/2/AP-1, leading to HO-1 up-regulation, which suppresses the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Ling Cho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan.
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13
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Sakurada R, Odagiri K, Hakamata A, Kamiya C, Wei J, Watanabe H. Calcium Release from Endoplasmic Reticulum Involves Calmodulin-Mediated NADPH Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071644. [PMID: 30987055 PMCID: PMC6480165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies demonstrated that calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) activates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX). In endothelial cells, the elevation of intracellular Ca2+ level consists of two components: Ca2+ mobilization from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the subsequent store-operated Ca2+ entry. However, little is known about which component of Ca2+ increase is required to activate NOX in endothelial cells. Here, we investigated the mechanism that regulates NOX-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) production via a Ca2+/CaM-dependent pathway. Methods: We measured ROS production using a fluorescent indicator in endothelial cells and performed phosphorylation assays. Results: Bradykinin (BK) increased NOX-derived cytosolic ROS. When cells were exposed to BK with either a nominal Ca2+-free or 1 mM of extracellular Ca2+ concentration modified Tyrode’s solution, no difference in BK-induced ROS production was observed; however, chelating of cytosolic Ca2+ by BAPTA/AM or the depletion of ER Ca2+ contents by thapsigargin eliminated BK-induced ROS production. BK-induced ROS production was inhibited by a CaM inhibitor; however, a Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitor did not affect BK-induced ROS production. Furthermore, BK stimulation did not increase phosphorylation of NOX2, NOX4, and NOX5. Conclusions: BK-induced NOX-derived ROS production was mediated via a Ca2+/CaM-dependent pathway; however, it was independent from NOX phosphorylation. This was strictly regulated by ER Ca2+ contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryugo Sakurada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Odagiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Akio Hakamata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Kamiya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Jiazhang Wei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
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CO-Releasing Molecule-2 Induces Nrf2/ARE-Dependent Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression Suppressing TNF-α-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8040436. [PMID: 30934992 PMCID: PMC6517967 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by the carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (CORM)-2 may be mediated through the activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases [Nox] and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which could provide cytoprotection against various cellular injuries. However, the detailed mechanisms of CORM-2-induced HO-1 expression in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs) remain largely unknown. Therefore, we dissected the mechanisms underlying CORM-2-induced HO-1 expression in HPAEpiCs. We found that the administration of mice with CORM-2 attenuated the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and leukocyte count as revealed by immunohistochemical staining, western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and cell count. Furthermore, TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression associated with monocyte adhesion to HPAEpiCs was attenuated by infection with adenovirus (adv)-HO-1 or incubation with CORM-2. These inhibitory effects of HO-1 were reversed by pretreatment with hemoglobin (Hb). Moreover, CORM-2-induced HO-1 expression was mediated via the phosphorylation of p47phox, c-Src, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Akt, and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which were inhibited by their pharmacological inhibitors, including diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) or apocynin (APO), ROS [N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)], PP1, AG1478, PI3K (LY294002), or Akt (SH-5), and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). CORM-2-enhanced Nrf2 expression, and anti-oxidant response element (ARE) promoter activity was also inhibited by these pharmacological inhibitors. The interaction between Nrf2 and AREs was confirmed with a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. These findings suggest that CORM-2 increases the formation of the Nrf2 and AREs complex and binds with ARE-binding sites via Src, EGFR, and PI3K/Akt, which further induces HO-1 expression in HPAEpiCs. Thus, the HO-1/CO system might suppress TNF-α-mediated inflammatory responses and exert a potential therapeutic strategy in pulmonary diseases.
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15
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Polydatin ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by decreasing oxidative stress and apoptosis partially via Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 64:256-263. [PMID: 30218952 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation, oxidative stress and epithelial barrier dysfunction have been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathology. The targeted inhibition of these features may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for IBD. Polydatin is an effective natural antioxidant that possesses strong antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. Thus, we studied the protective effects of polydatin treatments on a mouse model of experimental colitis. METHODS Acute colitis was experimentally induced by adding 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to the drinking water provided to mice for 7 days and by administering different doses of polydatin (15, 30, or 45 mg/kg) during the same period. Mice were also treated with the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway inhibitor cyclopamine to estimate the efficacy of polydatin and Shh inhibitors on colitis. The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histology, levels of oxidative and apoptotic mediators and levels of Shh pathway components were evaluated. RESULTS The polydatin treatment significantly attenuated the DAI, colon shortening and histological damage. In addition, polydatin administration effectively decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Polydatin also inhibited apoptosis in mice with colitis by downregulating the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 3 and increasing the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Furthermore, polydatin modulated Shh signaling pathway activation. After polydatin treatment, the main components of the Shh pathway, including Shh, Patched (Ptc), Smoothened (Smo), and glioblastoma-1 (Gli1), were upregulated at the mRNA and protein levels. Blockade of the Shh pathway using cyclopamine abolished the effects of polydatin on mice with colitis. CONCLUSION Based on these observations, polydatin may suppress experimental colitis at least partially by regulating the Shh signaling pathway.
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16
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Aguilera G, Colín-González AL, Rangel-López E, Chavarría A, Santamaría A. Redox Signaling, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1626-1651. [PMID: 28467722 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is part of the defense system that mostly microglia and macrophages display to induce normal signaling to counteract the deleterious actions of invading pathogens in the brain. Also, redox activity in the central nervous system (CNS) constitutes an integral part of the metabolic processes needed by cells to exert their normal molecular and biochemical functions. Under normal conditions, the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and the following oxidative activity encounter a healthy balance with immunological responses to preserve cell functions in the brain. However, under different pathological conditions, inflammatory responses recruit pro-oxidant signals and vice versa. The aim of this article is to review the basic concepts about the triggering of inflammatory and oxidative responses in the CNS. Recent Advances: Diverse concurrent toxic pathways are described to provide a solid mechanistic scope for considering intervention at the experimental and clinical levels that are aimed at diminishing the harmful actions of these two contributing factors to nerve cell damage. Critical Issues and Future Directions: The main conclusion supports the existence of a narrow cross-talk between pro-inflammatory and oxidative signals that can lead to neuronal damage and subsequent neurodegeneration. Further investigation about critical pathways crosslinking oxidative stress and inflammation will strength our knowlegde on this topic. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1626-1651.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aguilera
- 1 Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Colín-González
- 1 Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Rangel-López
- 1 Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anahí Chavarría
- 2 Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abel Santamaría
- 1 Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Nokkari A, Abou-El-Hassan H, Mechref Y, Mondello S, Kindy MS, Jaffa AA, Kobeissy F. Implication of the Kallikrein-Kinin system in neurological disorders: Quest for potential biomarkers and mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 165-167:26-50. [PMID: 29355711 PMCID: PMC6026079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent major health concerns in terms of comorbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite a tremendous increase in our understanding of the pathophysiological processes involved in disease progression and prevention, the accumulated knowledge so far resulted in relatively moderate translational benefits in terms of therapeutic interventions and enhanced clinical outcomes. Aiming at specific neural molecular pathways, different strategies have been geared to target the development and progression of such disorders. The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is among the most delineated candidate systems due to its ubiquitous roles mediating several of the pathophysiological features of these neurological disorders as well as being implicated in regulating various brain functions. Several experimental KKS models revealed that the inhibition or stimulation of the two receptors of the KKS system (B1R and B2R) can exhibit neuroprotective and/or adverse pathological outcomes. This updated review provides background details of the KKS components and their functions in different neurological disorders including temporal lobe epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and glioma. Finally, this work will highlight the putative roles of the KKS components as potential neurotherapeutic targets and provide future perspectives on the possibility of translating these findings into potential clinical biomarkers in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaly Nokkari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mark S Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ayad A Jaffa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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18
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Lee CW, Hsu LF, Lee MH, Lee IT, Liu JF, Chiang YC, Tsai MH. Extracts of Artocarpus communis Induce Mitochondria-Associated Apoptosis via Pro-oxidative Activity in Human Glioblastoma Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:411. [PMID: 29770114 PMCID: PMC5941989 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an extremely aggressive and devastating malignant tumor in the central nervous system. Its incidence is increasing and the prognosis is poor. Artocarpin is a natural prenylated flavonoid with various anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Studies have shown that artocarpin is associated with cell death of primary glioblastoma cells. However, the in vivo effects and the cellular and molecular mechanisms modulating the anticancer activities of artocarpin remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that treating the glioblastoma cell lines U87 and U118 cells with artocarpin induced apoptosis. Artocarpin-induced apoptosis is associated with caspase activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and is mediated by the mitochondrial pathway. This is associated with mitochondrial depolarization, mitochondrial-derived reactive oxidative species (ROS) production, cytochrome c release, Bad and Bax upregulations, and Bcl-2 downregulation. Artocarpin induced NADPH oxidase/ROS generation plays an important role in the mitochondrial pathway activation. Furthermore, we found artocarpin-induced ROS production in mitochondria is associated with Akt- and ERK1/2 activation. After treatment with artocarpin, ROS causes PI3K/Akt/ERK1/2-induced cell death of these tumor cells. These observations were further verified by the results from the implantation of both U87 and U118 cells into in vivo mouse. In conclusion, our findings suggest that artocarpin induces mitochondria-associated apoptosis of glioma cells, suggesting that artocarpine can be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for future GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-Wen Lee
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Fen Hsu
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsueh Lee
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- The Center of Translational Medicine, Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Fang Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chiang
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Horng Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Yunlin Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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19
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Tsai MH, Liu JF, Chiang YC, Hu SCS, Hsu LF, Lin YC, Lin ZC, Lee HC, Chen MC, Huang CL, Lee CW. Artocarpin, an isoprenyl flavonoid, induces p53-dependent or independent apoptosis via ROS-mediated MAPKs and Akt activation in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28342-28358. [PMID: 28423703 PMCID: PMC5438654 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Artocarpin has been shown to exhibit cytotoxic effects on different cancer cells, including non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC, A549). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we explore both p53-dependent and independent apoptosis pathways in artocarpin-treated NSCLC cells. Our results showed that artocarpin rapidly induced activation of cellular protein kinases including Erk1/2, p38 and AktS473. Inhibition of these protein kinases prevented artocarpin-induced cell death. Moreover, artocarpin-induced phosphorylation of these protein kinases and apoptosis were mediated by induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as pretreatment with NAC (a ROS scavenger) and Apocynin (a Nox-2 inhibitor) blocked these events. Similarly, transient transfection of p47Phox or p91Phox siRNA attenuated artocarpin-induced NADPH oxidase activity and cell death. In addition, p53 dependent apoptotic proteins including PUMA, cytochrome c, Apaf-1 and caspase 3 were activated by artocarpin, and these effects can be abolished by antioxidants, MAPK inhibitors (U0126 and SB202190), but not by PI3K inhibitor (LY294002). Furthermore, we found that artocarpin-induced Akt phosphorylation led to increased NF-κB activity, which may act as an upstream regulator in the c-Myc and Noxa pathway. Therefore, we propose that enhancement of both ERK/ p38/ p53-dependent or independent AktS473/NF-κB/c-Myc/Noxa cascade by Nox-derived ROS generation plays an important role in artocarpin-induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Horng Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Fang Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chiang
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Stephen Chu-Sung Hu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Fen Hsu
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi Campus, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi Campus, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Chan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chuan Chen
- Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Liang Huang
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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20
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Lin CC, Chiang YC, Cho RL, Lin WN, Yang CC, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. Up-regulation of PYK2/PKCα-dependent haem oxygenase-1 by CO-releasing molecule-2 attenuates TNF-α-induced lung inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:456-468. [PMID: 29139546 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) could provide cytoprotection against various inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of CO-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2)-induced HO-1 expression against TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs) remain unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CORM-2-induced HO-1 protein and mRNA expression, and signalling pathways were determined by Western blot and real-time PCR, coupled with respective pharmacological inhibitors or transfection with siRNAs. The effect of CORM-2 on TNF-α-induced increase in leukocyte counts in BAL fluid and VCAM-1 expression in lung was determined by cell counting and Western blot analysis. KEY RESULTS CORM-2 attenuated the TNF-α-induced pulmonary haematoma, VCAM-1 expression and increase in leukocytes through an up-regulation of HO-1 in mice; this effect of CORM-2 was reversed by the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX. Furthermore, CORM-2 increased HO-1 protein and mRNA expression as well as the phosphorylation of PYK2, PKCα and ERK1/2 (p44/p42 MAPK) in HPAEpiCs; these effects were attenuated by their respective pharmacological inhibitors or transfection with siRNAs. Inhibition of PKCα by Gö6976 or Gö6983 attenuated CORM-2-induced stimulation of PKCα and ERK1/2 phosphorylation but had no effect on PYK2 phosphorylation. Moreover, inhibition of PYK2 by PF431396 reduced the phosphorylation of all three protein kinases. Finally, PYK2/PKCα/ERK1/2-mediated stimulation of activator protein 1 was shown to play a key role in CORM-2-induced HO-1 expression via an up-regulation of c-Fos mRNA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CORM-2 activates a PYK2/PKCα/ERK1/2/AP-1 pathway leading to HO-1 expression in HPAEpiCs. This HO-1/CO system might have potential as a therapeutic target in pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anaesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo and Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chiang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Ling Cho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Tao-Yuan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Anaesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo and Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Anaesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo and Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Research Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Centre for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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21
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Lin CC, Yang CC, Hsiao LD, Chen SY, Yang CM. Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction by Carbon Monoxide Releasing Molecule-3 Suppresses Interleukin-1β-Mediated Neuroinflammation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:387. [PMID: 29209167 PMCID: PMC5701945 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders and brain damage are initiated by excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to tissue injury, cellular death and inflammation. In cellular anti-oxidant systems, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an oxidative-sensor protein induced by ROS generation or carbon monoxide (CO) release. CO releasing molecules (CORMs), including CORM-3, exert anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the molecular mechanisms of CORM-3-induced HO-1 expression and protection against interleukin (IL)-1β-induced inflammatory responses have not been fully elucidated in rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1). To study the regulation of CORM-3-induced HO-1 expression, signaling pathways, promoter activity, mRNA and protein expression were assessed following treatment with pharmacological inhibitors and gene-specific siRNA knockdown. We found that CORM-3 mediated HO-1 induction via transcritional and translational processes. Furthermore, CORM-3-induced HO-1 expression was mediated by phosphorylation of several protein kinases, such as c-Src, Pyk2, protein kinase Cα (PKCα) and p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which were inhibited by respective pharmacological inhibitors or by gene-specific knockdown with siRNA transfections. Next, we found that CORM-3 sequentially activated the c-Src/Pyk2/PKCα/p42/p44 MAPK pathway, thereby up-regulating mRNA for the activator protein (AP)-1 components c-Jun and c-Fos; these effects were attenuated by an AP-1 inhibitor (Tanshinone IIA; TSIIA) and other relevant inhibitors. Moreover, CORM-3-induced upregulation of HO-1 attenuated the IL-1β-induced cell migration and matrix metallopeptidase-9 mRNA expression in RBA-1 cells. These effects were reversed by an matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2/9 inhibitor or by transfection with HO-1 siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Yu Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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22
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Kim YE, Hwang CJ, Lee HP, Kim CS, Son DJ, Ham YW, Hellström M, Han SB, Kim HS, Park EK, Hong JT. Inhibitory effect of punicalagin on lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and memory impairment via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Anti-apoptotic effects of Sonic hedgehog signalling through oxidative stress reduction in astrocytes co-cultured with excretory-secretory products of larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41574. [PMID: 28169282 PMCID: PMC5294578 DOI: 10.1038/srep41574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, is an important aetiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis in humans. Co-culturing astrocytes with soluble antigens of A. cantonensis activated the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling pathway and inhibited the apoptosis of astrocytes via the activation of Bcl-2. This study was conducted to determine the roles of the Shh signalling pathway, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in astrocytes after treatment with excretory-secretory products (ESP) from A. cantonensis fifth-stage larvae. Although astrocyte viability was significantly decreased after ESP treatment, the expression of Shh signalling pathway related proteins (Shh, Ptch-1 and Gli-1) was significantly increased. However, apoptosis in astrocytes was significantly decreased after activation of the Shh signalling pathway. Moreover, superoxide and hydrogen superoxide levels in astrocytes were significantly reduced after the activation of Shh pathway signalling due to increasing levels of the antioxidants catalase and superoxide dismutase. These findings indicate that the anti-apoptotic effects of the Shh signalling pathway in the astrocytes of mice infected with A. cantonensis are due to reduced levels of oxidative stress caused by the activation of antioxidants.
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24
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Wang Y, Fan X, Tang T, Fan R, Zhang C, Huang Z, Peng W, Gan P, Xiong X, Huang W, Huang X. Rhein and rhubarb similarly protect the blood-brain barrier after experimental traumatic brain injury via gp91 phox subunit of NADPH oxidase/ROS/ERK/MMP-9 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37098. [PMID: 27901023 PMCID: PMC5128794 DOI: 10.1038/srep37098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress chiefly contributes to the disruption of the BBB following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The Chinese herbal medicine rhubarb is a promising antioxidant in treating TBI. Here we performed in vivo and in vitro experiments to determine whether rhubarb and its absorbed bioactive compound protected the BBB after TBI by increasing ZO-1 expression through inhibition of gp91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase/ROS/ERK/MMP-9 pathway. Rats were subjected to the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model, and primary rat cortical astrocytes were exposed to scratch-wound model. The liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method showed that rhein was the compound absorbed in the brains of CCI rats after rhubarb administration. The wet-dry weights and Evans blue measurements revealed that rhubarb and rhein ameliorated BBB damage and brain edema in CCI rats. Western blots showed that rhubarb and rhein downregulated GFAP in vitro. RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, Western blot and dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate analysis indicated that rhubarb prevented activation of gp91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase induced ROS production, subsequently inhibited ERK/MMP-9 pathway in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, rhein and rhubarb similarly protected the BBB by inhibiting this signaling cascade. The results provide a novel herbal medicine to protect BBB following TBI via an antioxidative molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Xuegong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Chunhu Zhang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Zebing Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Weijun Peng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
| | - Pingping Gan
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Xingui Xiong
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
- Institute of TCM-related Depressive Comorbidity, Nanjing University of Chinese medicine, 210046 Nanjing, China
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25
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Signaling pathways involved in HSP32 induction by hyperbaric oxygen in rat spinal neurons. Redox Biol 2016; 10:108-118. [PMID: 27721085 PMCID: PMC5054266 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disease, effective prevention measures are in desperate need. Our previous work found that hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) preconditioning significantly protected rats from SCI after stimulated diving, and in vitro study further testified that HBO protected primary cultured rat spinal neurons from oxidative insult and oxygen glucose deprivation injury via heat shock protein (HSP) 32 induction. In this study, underlying molecular mechanisms were further investigated. The results showed that a single exposure to HBO significantly increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and activated MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, CREB, Bach1 and Nrf2. The induction of HSP32 by HBO was significantly reversed by pretreatment neurons with ROS scavenger N-Acetyl-L-cysteine, p38 MAPK inhibitor or Nrf2 gene knockdown, enhanced by MEK1/2 inhibitors or gene knockdown but not by ERK1/2 inhibitor. CREB knockdown did not change the expression of HSP32 induced by HBO. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine significantly inhibited the activation of MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and Nrf2. Activation of Nrf2 was significantly inhibited by p38 MAPK inhibitor and the nuclear export of Bach1 was significantly enhanced by MEK1/2 inhibitor. The results demonstrated that HBO induces HSP32 expression through a ROS/p38 MAPK/Nrf2 pathway and the MEK1/2/Bach1 pathway contributes to negative regulation in the process. More importantly, as we know, this is the first study to delineate that ERK1/2 is not the only physiological substrates of MEK1/2. HBO induces HSP32 through ROS/p38 MAPK/Nrf2 pathway in rat spinal neurons. ROS but not RNS participates in HBO induced HSP32 expression. MEK1/2/Bach1 contributes to negative regulation in HBO induced HSP32 expression. MEK1/2 acts through pathways other than ERK1/2.
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26
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Therapeutic Strategies for Oxidative Stress-Related Cardiovascular Diseases: Removal of Excess Reactive Oxygen Species in Adult Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2483163. [PMID: 27668035 PMCID: PMC5030421 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2483163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that acute and chronic uncontrolled overproduction of oxidative stress-related factors including reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Moreover ROS mediate various signaling pathways underlying vascular inflammation in ischemic tissues. With respect to stem cell-based therapy, several studies clearly indicate that modulating antioxidant production at cellular levels enhances stem/progenitor cell functionalities, including proliferation, long-term survival in ischemic tissues, and complete differentiation of transplanted cells into mature vascular cells. Recently emerging therapeutic strategies involving adult stem cells, including endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), for treating ischemic CVDs have highlighted the need to control intracellular ROS production, because it critically affects the replicative senescence of ex vivo expanded therapeutic cells. Better understanding of the complexity of cellular ROS in stem cell biology might improve cell survival in ischemic tissues and enhance the regenerative potentials of transplanted stem/progenitor cells. In this review, we will discuss the nature and sources of ROS, drug-based therapeutic strategies for scavenging ROS, and EPC based therapeutic strategies for treating oxidative stress-related CVDs. Furthermore, we will discuss whether primed EPCs pretreated with natural ROS-scavenging compounds are crucial and promising therapeutic strategies for vascular repair.
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27
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Lee CW, Lin ZC, Hu SCS, Chiang YC, Hsu LF, Lin YC, Lee IT, Tsai MH, Fang JY. Urban particulate matter down-regulates filaggrin via COX2 expression/PGE2 production leading to skin barrier dysfunction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27995. [PMID: 27313009 PMCID: PMC4911555 DOI: 10.1038/srep27995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the regulation of filaggrin, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression induced by urban particulate matter (PM) in human keratinocytes. In addition, we investigated the signaling pathways involved in PM-induced effects on COX2/PGE2 and filaggrin. PMs induced increases in COX2 expression and PGE2 production, and decreased filaggrin expression. These effects were attenuated by pretreatment with COX2 inhibitor and PGE2 receptor antagonist, or after transfection with siRNAs of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), gp91phox and p47phox. Furthermore, PM-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NADPH oxidase activity was attenuated by pretreatment with an AhR antagonist (AhRI) or antioxidants. Moreover, Nox-dependent ROS generation led to phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK, which then activated the downstream molecules NF-κB and AP-1, respectively. In vivo studies in PMs-treated mice showed that AhRI and apocynin (a Nox2 inhibitor) had anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing COX2 and increasing filaggrin expression. Our results reveal for the first time that PMs-induced ROS generation is mediated through the AhR/p47 phox/NADPH oxidase pathway, which in turn activates ERK1/2, p38/NF-κB and JNK/AP-1, and which ultimately induces COX2 expression and filaggrin downregulation. Up-regulated expression of COX2 and production of PGE2 may lead to impairment of skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Chan Lin
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Stephen Chu-Sung Hu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chiang
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Fen Hsu
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi Campus, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi Campus, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Horng Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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28
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Cheng T, Wang W, Li Q, Han X, Xing J, Qi C, Lan X, Wan J, Potts A, Guan F, Wang J. Cerebroprotection of flavanol (-)-epicatechin after traumatic brain injury via Nrf2-dependent and -independent pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 92:15-28. [PMID: 26724590 PMCID: PMC4769660 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), which leads to disability, dysfunction, and even death, is a prominent health problem worldwide with no effective treatment. A brain-permeable flavonoid named (-)-epicatechin (EC) modulates redox/oxidative stress and has been shown to be beneficial for vascular and cognitive function in humans and for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in rodents. Here we examined whether EC is able to protect the brain against TBI-induced brain injury in mice and if so, whether it exerts neuroprotection by modulating the NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) pathway. We used the controlled cortical impact model to mimic TBI. EC was administered orally at 3h after TBI and then every 24h for either 3 or 7 days. We evaluated lesion volume, brain edema, white matter injury, neurologic deficits, cognitive performance and emotion-like behaviors, neutrophil infiltration, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and a variety of injury-related protein markers. Nrf2 knockout mice were used to determine the role of the Nrf2 signaling pathway after EC treatment. In wild-type mice, EC significantly reduced lesion volume, edema, and cell death and improved neurologic function on days 3 and 28; cognitive performance and depression-like behaviors were also improved with EC administration. In addition, EC reduced white matter injury, heme oxygenase-1 expression, and ferric iron deposition after TBI. These changes were accompanied by attenuation of neutrophil infiltration and oxidative insults, reduced activity of matrix metalloproteinase 9, decreased Keap 1 expression, increased Nrf2 nuclear accumulation, and increased expression of superoxide dismutase 1 and quinone 1. However, EC did not significantly reduce lesion volume or improve neurologic deficits in Nrf2 knockout mice after TBI. Our results show that EC protects the TBI brain by activating the Nrf2 pathway, inhibiting heme oxygenase-1 protein expression, and reducing iron deposition. The latter two effects could represent an Nrf2-independent mechanism in this model of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wenzhu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xiaoning Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jing Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cunfang Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jieru Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alexa Potts
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fangxia Guan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China.
| | - Jian Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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29
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Yang CM, Lin CC, Hsieh HL. High-Glucose-Derived Oxidative Stress-Dependent Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression from Astrocytes Contributes to the Neuronal Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:470-483. [PMID: 26742524 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An elevated level of glucose has been found in the blood of hyperglycemia and diabetes patients associated with several central nervous system (CNS) complications. These disorders may be due to the up-regulation of many neurotoxic mediators by host cells triggered by high glucose (HG). Moreover, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays a crucial role in tissue pathological changes such as brain injuries. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HG-induced HO-1 expression in brain cells remain poorly defined. Thus, we use the rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1) as a model to investigate the signaling mechanisms of HO-1 induction by HG and its effects on neuronal cells. We demonstrated that HG induced HO-1 expression via a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent signaling pathway. NADPH oxidase (Nox)- and mitochondrion-dependent ROS generation led to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and then activated the downstream transcriptional factors nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and c-Fos/activator protein 1 (AP-1), respectively. Subsequently, the activated NF-κB and AP-1 turned on transcription of HO-1 gene. These results indicated that in brain astrocytes, activation of MAPK-mediated NF-κB and c-Fos/AP-1 cascades by Nox/ROS and mitoROS-dependent events is essential for HO-1 up-regulation induced by HG. Moreover, we found that HG-induced extracellular ROS increase and HO-1 expression from astrocytes resulted in neuronal apoptosis. These results offers new insights into the mechanisms and effects of the action of HG, supporting that HG may cause brain disorders in the development of diabetes- and hyperglycemia-induced CNS complications such as neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gui-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gui-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Gui-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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30
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Ansari MA, Roberts KN, Scheff SW. A time course of NADPH-oxidase up-regulation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation in the hippocampus following neurotrauma. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:21-9. [PMID: 25224032 PMCID: PMC4313124 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH-oxidase; NOX) is a complex enzyme responsible for increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide (O2(•-)). NOX-derived O2(•-) is a key player in oxidative stress and inflammation-mediated multiple secondary injury cascades (SIC) following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The O2(•-) reacts with nitric oxide (NO), produces various reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and contributes to apoptotic cell death. Following a unilateral cortical contusion, young adult rats were killed at various times postinjury (1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h). Fresh tissue from the hippocampus was analyzed for NOX activity, and level of O2(•-). In addition we evaluated the translocation of cytosolic NOX proteins (p67(Phox), p47(Phox), and p40(Phox)) to the membrane, along with total NO and the activation (phosphorylation) of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS). Results show that both enzymes and levels of O2(•-) and NO have time-dependent injury effects in the hippocampus. Translocation of cytosolic NOX proteins into membrane, NOX activity, and O2(•-) were also increased in a time-dependent fashion. Both NOX activity and O2(•-) were increased at 6 h. Levels of p-eNOS increased within 1h, with significant elevation of NO at 12h post-TBI. Levels of NO failed to show a significant association with p-eNOS, but did associate with O2(•-). NOX up-regulation strongly associated with both the levels of O2(•-) and the total NO. The initial 12 h post-TBI are very important as a possible window of opportunity to interrupt SIC. It may be important to selectively target the translocation of cytosolic subunits for the modulation of NOX function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubeen A Ansari
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA.
| | - Kelly N Roberts
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA.
| | - Stephen W Scheff
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA; Spinal Cord Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA.
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31
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Dibutyltin promotes oxidative stress and increases inflammatory mediators in BV-2 microglia cells. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:177-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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32
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Yang CM, Hsieh HL, Yu PH, Lin CC, Liu SW. IL-1β Induces MMP-9-Dependent Brain Astrocytic Migration via Transactivation of PDGF Receptor/NADPH Oxidase 2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Signals. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:303-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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33
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Zhu J, Wang H, Fan Y, Hu Y, Ji X, Sun Q, Liu H. Knockdown of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 by lentivirus induces differentiation of glioma stem-like cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1170-8. [PMID: 25017049 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are key in the progression and recurrence of glioblastoma. Inducing the differentiation of GSCs is an important therapeutic target for glioblastoma. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been reported to be important in maintaining the stem cell status of GSCs; however, its association with differentiation has not been studied. Herein, we knocked down Nrf2 from GSCs to investigate the role of Nrf2 in the differentiation of GSCs. First, Nrf2 expression was observed at different stages of differentiation; then, Nrf2 was knocked down and the association of Nrf2 with differentiation degree was observed in vitro. Finally, GSCs were planted in nude mice to study the association of Nrf2 with differentiation in vivo. The expression of Nrf2 decreased with the differentiation process. Following Nrf2 knockdown, the proportion of sphere-like colonies decreased and the dendritic cells in spheres increased; the expression of Nrf2 significantly decreased while the expression of differentiation marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and βIII-tubulin increased both at the protein and the gene level. In the xenografts of nude mice, the differentiation of tumor cells was improved. These results suggest that Nrf2 is a key factor inhibiting the differentiation of GSCs, and knockdown of Nrf2 may promote the differentiation process, providing a therapy target for GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Youwu Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yangchun Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Huandong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Ferreira APO, Rodrigues FS, Della-Pace ID, Mota BC, Oliveira SM, de Campos Velho Gewehr C, Bobinski F, de Oliveira CV, Brum JS, Oliveira MS, Furian AF, de Barros CSL, dos Santos ARS, Ferreira J, Fighera MR, Royes LFF. HOE-140, an antagonist of B2 receptor, protects against memory deficits and brain damage induced by moderate lateral fluid percussion injury in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1935-48. [PMID: 24202114 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3336-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There are evidences indicating the role of kinins in pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury, but little is known about their action on memory deficits. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to establish the role of bradykinin receptors B₁ (B₁R) and B₂ (B₂R) on the behavioral, biochemical, and histologic features elicited by moderate lateral fluid percussion injury (mLFPI) in mice. METHODS The role of kinin B₁ and B₂ receptors in brain damage, neuromotor, and cognitive deficits induced by mLFPI, was evaluated by means of subcutaneous injection of B₂R antagonist (HOE-140; 1 or 10 nmol/kg) or B₁R antagonist (des-Arg9-[Leu8]-bradykinin (DAL-Bk; 1 or 10 nmol/kg) 30 min and 24 h after brain injury. Brain damage was evaluated in the cortex, being considered as lesion volume, inflammatory, and oxidative damage. The open field and elevated plus maze tests were performed to exclude the nonspecific effects on object recognition memory test. RESULTS Our data revealed that HOE-140 (10 nmol/kg) protected against memory impairment. This treatment attenuated the brain edema, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitric oxide metabolites content elicited by mLFPI. Accordingly, HOE-140 administration protected against the increase of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity, thiobarbituric-acid-reactive species, protein carbonylation generation, and Na⁺ K⁺ ATPase inhibition induced by trauma. Histologic analysis showed that HOE-140 reduced lesion volume when analyzed 7 days after brain injury. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests the involvement of the B₂ receptor in memory deficits and brain damage caused by mLFPI in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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Up-regulation of ROS-Dependent Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 from High-Glucose-Challenged Astrocytes Contributes to the Neuronal Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:520-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Role of redox signaling in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:484613. [PMID: 24455696 PMCID: PMC3884773 DOI: 10.1155/2013/484613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a redox signal, are produced by various enzymatic reactions and chemical processes, which are essential for many physiological functions and act as second messengers. However, accumulating evidence has implicated the pathogenesis of several human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders related to increased oxidative stress. Under pathological conditions, increasing ROS production can regulate the expression of diverse inflammatory mediators during brain injury. Elevated levels of several proinflammatory factors including cytokines, peptides, pathogenic structures, and peroxidants in the central nervous system (CNS) have been detected in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). These proinflammatory factors act as potent stimuli in brain inflammation through upregulation of diverse inflammatory genes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and adhesion molecules. To date, the intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying the expression of target proteins regulated by these factors are elusive. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the intracellular signaling pathways, especially ROS, involved in the expression of several inflammatory proteins induced by proinflammatory factors in brain resident cells. Understanding redox signaling transduction mechanisms involved in the expression of target proteins and genes may provide useful therapeutic strategies for brain injury, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Yen FL, Tsai MH, Yang CM, Liang CJ, Lin CC, Chiang YC, Lee HC, Ko HH, Lee CW. Curcumin nanoparticles ameliorate ICAM-1 expression in TNF-α-treated lung epithelial cells through p47 (phox) and MAPKs/AP-1 pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63845. [PMID: 23671702 PMCID: PMC3650060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) involves adhesions between both circulating and resident leukocytes and the human lung epithelial cells during lung inflammatory reactions. We have previously demonstrated that curcumin-loaded polyvinylpyrrolidone nanoparticles (CURN) improve the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of curcumin in hepatocytes. In this study, we focused on the effects of CURN on the expression of ICAM-1 in TNF-α-treated lung epithelial cells and compared these to the effects of curcumin water preparation (CURH). TNF-αinduced ICAM-1 expression, ROS production, and cell-cell adhesion were significantly attenuated by the pretreatment with antioxidants (DPI, APO, or NAC) and CURN, but not by CURH, as revealed by western blot analysis, RT-PCR, promoter assay, and ROS detection and adhesion assay. In addition, treatment of TNF-α-treated cells with CURN and antioxidants also resulted in an inhibition of activation of p47 (phox) and phosphorylation of MAPKs, as compared to that using CURH. Our findings also suggest that phosphorylation of MAPKs may eventually lead to the activation of transcription factors. We also observed that the effects of TNF-α treatment for 30 min, which includes a significant increase in the binding activity of AP-1 and phosphorylation of c-jun and c-fos genes, were reduced by CURN treatment. In vivo studies have revealed that CURN improved the anti-inflammation activities of CURH in the lung epithelial cells of TNF-α-treated mice. Our results indicate that curcumin-loaded polyvinylpyrrolidone nanoparticles may potentially serve as an anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lin Yen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Horng Tsai
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Jung Liang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chiang
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Lee
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Huey Ko
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
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Multiple factors from bradykinin-challenged astrocytes contribute to the neuronal apoptosis: involvement of astroglial ROS, MMP-9, and HO-1/CO system. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:1020-33. [PMID: 23307413 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) has been shown to induce the expression of several inflammatory mediators, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in brain astrocytes. These mediators may contribute to neuronal dysfunction and death in various neurological disorders. However, the effects of multiple inflammatory mediators released from BK-challenged astrocytes on neuronal cells remain unclear. Here, we found that multiple factors were released from brain astrocytes (RBA-1) exposed to BK in the conditioned culture media (BK-CM), including ROS, MMP-9, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/carbon monoxide (CO), leading to neuronal cell (SK-N-SH) death. Exposure of SK-N-SH cells to BK-CM or H2O2 reduced cell viability and induced cell apoptosis which were attenuated by N-acetyl cysteine, indicating a role of ROS in these responses. The effect of BK-CM on cell viability and cell apoptosis was also reversed by immunoprecipitation of BK-CM with anti-MMP-9 antibody (MMP-9-IP-CM) or MMP2/9 inhibitor, suggesting the involvement of MMP-9 in BK-CM-mediated responses. Astroglial HO-1/CO in BK-CM induced cell apoptosis and reduced cell viability which was reversed by hemoglobin. Consistently, the involvement of CO in these cellular responses was revealed by incubation with a CO donor CO-RM2 which was reversed by hemoglobin. The role of HO-1 in BK-CM-induced responses was confirmed by overexpression of HO-1 in SK-N-SH infected with Adv-HO-1. BK-CM-induced cell apoptosis was due to the activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP. Together, we demonstrate that BK-induced several neurotoxic factors, including ROS, MMP-9, and CO released from astrocytes, may induce neuronal death through a caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pathway.
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Albert-Weißenberger C, Sirén AL, Kleinschnitz C. Ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury: the role of the kallikrein-kinin system. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 101-102:65-82. [PMID: 23274649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury are a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Due to the paucity of therapies, there is a pressing clinical demand for new treatment options. Successful therapeutic strategies for these conditions must target multiple pathophysiological mechanisms occurring at different stages of brain injury. In this respect, the kallikrein-kinin system is an ideal target linking key pathological hallmarks of ischemic and traumatic brain damage such as edema formation, inflammation, and thrombosis. In particular, the kinin receptors, plasma kallikrein, and coagulation factor XIIa are highly attractive candidates for pharmacological development, as kinin receptor antagonists or inhibitors of plasma kallikrein and coagulation factor XIIa are neuroprotective in animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury. Nevertheless, conflicting preclinical evaluation as well as limited and inconclusive data from clinical trials suggest caution when transferring observations made in animals into the human situation. This review summarizes current evidence on the pathological significance of the kallikrein-kinin system during ischemic and traumatic brain damage, with a particular focus on experimental data derived from animal models. Experimental findings are also compared with human data if available, and potential therapeutic implications are discussed.
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Lin CC, Hsieh HL, Shih RH, Chi PL, Cheng SE, Chen JC, Yang CM. NADPH oxidase 2-derived reactive oxygen species signal contributes to bradykinin-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and cell migration in brain astrocytes. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:35. [PMID: 23176293 PMCID: PMC3518199 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a crucial role in pathological processes of brain inflammation, injury, and neurodegeneration. Moreover, bradykinin (BK) induces the expression of several inflammatory proteins in brain astrocytes. Recent studies have suggested that increased oxidative stress is implicated in the brain inflammation and injury. However, whether BK induced MMP-9 expression mediated through oxidative stress remains virtually unknown. Herein we investigated the role of redox signals in BK-induced MMP-9 expression in rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1 cells). Results In the study, we first demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a crucial role in BK-induced MMP-9 expression in cultured brain astrocytes (in vitro) and animal brain tissue (in vivo) models. Next, BK-induced MMP-9 expression is mediated through a Ca2+-mediated PKC-α linking to p47phox/NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2)/ROS signaling pathway. Nox2-dependent ROS generation led to activation and up-regulation of the downstream transcriptional factor AP-1 (i.e. c-Fos and c-Jun), which bound to MMP-9 promoter region, and thereby turned on transcription of MMP-9 gene. Functionally, BK-induced MMP-9 expression enhanced astrocytic migration. Conclusions These results demonstrated that in RBA-1 cells, activation of AP-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) by the PKC-α-mediated Nox2/ROS signals is essential for up-regulation of MMP-9 and cell migration enhanced by BK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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Hsieh HL, Lin CC, Shih RH, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. NADPH oxidase-mediated redox signal contributes to lipoteichoic acid-induced MMP-9 upregulation in brain astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:110. [PMID: 22643046 PMCID: PMC3391180 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a component of gram-positive bacterial cell walls and may be elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from meningitis. Among matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-9 has been observed in patients with brain inflammatory diseases and may contribute to the pathology of brain diseases. Moreover, several studies have suggested that increased oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of brain inflammation and injury. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LTA-induced redox signal and MMP-9 expression in brain astrocytes remain unclear. OBJECTIVE Herein we explored whether LTA-induced MMP-9 expression was mediated through redox signals in rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1 cells). METHODS Upregulation of MMP-9 by LTA was evaluated by zymographic and RT-PCR analyses. Next, the MMP-9 regulatory pathways were investigated by pretreatment with pharmacological inhibitors or transfection with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Western blotting, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR and promoter activity reporter assays. Moreover, we determined the cell functional changes by migration assay. RESULTS These results showed that LTA induced MMP-9 expression via a PKC(α)-dependent pathway. We further demonstrated that PKCα stimulated p47phox/NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2)-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and then activated the ATF2/AP-1 signals. The activated-ATF2 bound to the AP-1-binding site of MMP-9 promoter, and thereby turned on MMP-9 gene transcription. Additionally, the co-activator p300 also contributed to these responses. Functionally, LTA-induced MMP-9 expression enhanced astrocytic migration. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that in RBA-1 cells, activation of ATF2/AP-1 by the PKC(α)-mediated Nox(2)/ROS signals is essential for upregulation of MMP-9 and cell migration enhanced by LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Arsenic modulates heme oxygenase-1, interleukin-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in endothelial cells: roles of ROS, NF-κB, and MAPK pathways. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:879-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Reddy NM, Vegiraju S, Irving A, Paun BC, Luzina IG, Atamas SP, Biswal S, Ana NA, Mitzner W, Reddy SP. Targeted deletion of Jun/AP-1 in alveolar epithelial cells causes progressive emphysema and worsens cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:562-74. [PMID: 22265050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease appears to occur slowly and progressively over many years, with both genetic factors and environmental modifiers contributing to its pathogenesis. Although the c-Jun/activator protein 1 transcriptional factor regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses, its role in lung pathogenesis is largely unknown. In this study, we report decreased expression levels of c-Jun mRNA and protein in the lung tissues of patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the genetic deletion of c-Jun specifically in alveolar epithelial cells causes progressive emphysema with lung inflammation and alveolar air space enlargement, which are cardinal features of emphysema. Although mice lacking c-Jun specifically in lung alveolar epithelial cells appear normal at the age of 6 weeks, when exposed to long-term cigarette smoke, c-Jun-mutant mice display more lung inflammation with perivascular and peribronchiolar infiltrates compared with controls. These results demonstrate that the c-Jun/activator protein 1 pathway is critical for maintaining lung alveolar cell homeostasis and that loss of its expression can contribute to lung inflammation and progressive emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsa M Reddy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lee YJ, Choi DY, Choi IS, Kim KH, Kim YH, Kim HM, Lee K, Cho WG, Jung JK, Han SB, Han JY, Nam SY, Yun YW, Jeong JH, Oh KW, Hong JT. Inhibitory effect of 4-O-methylhonokiol on lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis and memory impairment via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB in vitro and in vivo models. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:35. [PMID: 22339795 PMCID: PMC3323460 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is important in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer disease (AD). Previously, we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation caused memory impairments. In the present study, we investigated the possible preventive effects of 4-O-methylhonokiol, a constituent of Magnolia officinalis, on memory deficiency caused by LPS, along with the underlying mechanisms. Methods We investigated whether 4-O-methylhonokiol (0.5 and 1 mg/kg in 0.05% ethanol) prevents memory dysfunction and amyloidogenesis on AD model mice by intraperitoneal LPS (250 μg/kg daily 7 times) injection. In addition, LPS-treated cultured astrocytes and microglial BV-2 cells were investigated for anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic effect of 4-O-methylhonkiol (0.5, 1 and 2 μM). Results Oral administration of 4-O-methylhonokiol ameliorated LPS-induced memory impairment in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, 4-O-methylhonokiol prevented the LPS-induced expression of inflammatory proteins; inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as well as activation of astrocytes (expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFAP) in the brain. In in vitro study, we also found that 4-O-methylhonokiol suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 as well as the production of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β in the LPS-stimulated cultured astrocytes. 4-O-methylhonokiol also inhibited transcriptional and DNA binding activity of NF-κB via inhibition of IκB degradation as well as p50 and p65 translocation into nucleus of the brain and cultured astrocytes. Consistent with the inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation, 4-O-methylhonokiol inhibited LPS-induced Aβ1-42 generation, β- and γ-secretase activities, and expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), BACE1 and C99 as well as activation of astrocytes and neuronal cell death in the brain, in cultured astrocytes and in microglial BV-2 cells. Conclusion These results suggest that 4-O-methylhonokiol inhibits LPS-induced amyloidogenesis via anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Thus, 4-O-methylhonokiol can be a useful agent against neuroinflammation-associated development or the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 12, Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Korea
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Su JD, Yen JH, Li S, Weng CY, Lin MH, Ho CT, Wu MJ. 3',4'-didemethylnobiletin induces phase II detoxification gene expression and modulates PI3K/Akt signaling in PC12 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:126-41. [PMID: 22064360 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered a major cause of neurodegenerative disorders. In this work, we investigated the cytoprotective effects and mechanisms of the citrus flavonoid nobiletin (NOB) and its metabolite, 3',4'-didemethylnobiletin (3',4'-dihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone; DTF), in PC12 cells. Both NOB and DTF exhibited strong potency in attenuating serum withdrawal- and H(2)O(2)-caused cell death and increased intracellular GSH level via upregulation of both catalytic and modifier subunits of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL). However, only DTF suppressed intracellular ROS accumulation in H(2)O(2)-treated cells, induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and enhanced nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) binding to the ARE. Nevertheless, DTF-mediated HO-1 upregulation was independent of Nrf2 activation because knockdown of Nrf2 expression by siRNA did not affect its expression. DTF suppressed NF-κB activation, and addition of NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or Bay 11-7082, synergistically enhanced DTF-mediated HO-1 expression, indicating that HO-1 induction is associated with NF-κB suppression. NOB and DTF also activated the ERK, JNK, and Akt pathways in PC12 cells that had undergone serum starvation. Addition of pharmacological kinase inhibitors, U0126, SP600125, and LY294002, caused cytotoxicity and the last significantly attenuated NOB- and DTF-mediated antiapoptotic actions, indicating the involvement of PI3K/Akt signaling in their cytoprotective effects. In conclusion, HO-1 and GCL upregulation and intrinsic ROS-scavenging activity may contribute to DTF-mediated cytoprotection. Furthermore, modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling is involved in channeling the DTF stimulus for cell survival against oxidative insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Dian Su
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Ghouleh IA, Khoo NK, Knaus UG, Griendling KK, Touyz RM, Thannickal VJ, Barchowsky A, Nauseef WM, Kelley EE, Bauer PM, Darley-Usmar V, Shiva S, Cifuentes-Pagano E, Freeman BA, Gladwin MT, Pagano PJ. Oxidases and peroxidases in cardiovascular and lung disease: new concepts in reactive oxygen species signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1271-88. [PMID: 21722728 PMCID: PMC3205968 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. Increasing evidence implicates ROS as signaling molecules involved in the propagation of cellular pathways. The NADPH oxidase (Nox) family of enzymes is a major source of ROS in the cell and has been related to the progression of many diseases and even environmental toxicity. The complexity of this family's effects on cellular processes stems from the fact that there are seven members, each with unique tissue distribution, cellular localization, and expression. Nox proteins also differ in activation mechanisms and the major ROS detected as their product. To add to this complexity, mounting evidence suggests that other cellular oxidases or their products may be involved in Nox regulation. The overall redox and metabolic status of the cell, specifically the mitochondria, also has implications on ROS signaling. Signaling of such molecules as electrophilic fatty acids has an impact on many redox-sensitive pathologies and thus, as anti-inflammatory molecules, contributes to the complexity of ROS regulation. This review is based on the proceedings of a recent international Oxidase Signaling Symposium at the University of Pittsburgh's Vascular Medicine Institute and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and encompasses further interaction and discussion among the presenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Al Ghouleh
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nicholas K.H. Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ulla G. Knaus
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathy K. Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - William M. Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
- Department of Microbiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
| | - Eric E. Kelley
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Phillip M. Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eugenia Cifuentes-Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mark T. Gladwin
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Patrick J. Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Bajo-Grañeras R, Ganfornina MD, Martín-Tejedor E, Sanchez D. Apolipoprotein D mediates autocrine protection of astrocytes and controls their reactivity level, contributing to the functional maintenance of paraquat-challenged dopaminergic systems. Glia 2011; 59:1551-66. [PMID: 21688324 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The study of glial derived factors induced by injury and degeneration is important to understand the nervous system response to deteriorating conditions. We focus on Apolipoprotein D (ApoD), a Lipocalin expressed by glia and strongly induced upon aging, injury or neurodegeneration. Here we study ApoD function in the brain of wild type and ApoD-KO mice by combining in vivo experiments with astrocyte cultures. Locomotor performance, dopamine concentration, and gene expression levels in the substantia nigra were assayed in mice treated with paraquat (PQ). The regulation of ApoD transcription, a molecular screening of oxidative stress (OS)-related genes, cell viability and oxidation status, and the effects of adding human ApoD were tested in astrocyte cultures. We demonstrate that (1) ApoD is required for an adequate locomotor performance, modifies the gene expression profile of PQ-challenged nigrostriatal system, and contributes to its functional maintenance; (2) ApoD expression in astrocytes is controlled by the OS-responsive JNK pathway; (3) ApoD contributes to an autocrine protecting mechanism in astrocytes, avoiding peroxidated lipids accumulation and altering the PQ transcriptional response of genes involved in ROS managing and the inflammatory response to OS; (4) Addition of human ApoD to ApoD-KO astrocytes promotes survival through a mechanism accompanied by protein internalization and modulation of astroglial reactivity. Our data support that ApoD contributes to the endurance of astrocytes and decreases their reactivity level in vitro and in vivo. ApoD function as a maintenance factor for astrocytes would suffice to explain the observed protection by ApoD of OS-vulnerable dopaminergic circuits in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bajo-Grañeras
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
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Lee C, Park GH, Jang JH. Cellular antioxidant adaptive survival response to 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nitrosative cell death in C6 glioma cells. Toxicology 2011; 283:118-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Simmons SO, Fan CY, Yeoman K, Wakefield J, Ramabhadran R. NRF2 Oxidative Stress Induced by Heavy Metals is Cell Type Dependent. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2011; 5:1-12. [PMID: 21643505 PMCID: PMC3106370 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301105010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to metallic environmental toxicants has been demonstrated to induce a variety of oxidative stress responses in mammalian cells. The transcription factor Nrf2 is activated in response to oxidative stress and coordinates the expression of antioxidant gene products. In this study, we describe the development of an Nrf2-specific reporter gene assay that can be used to study the oxidative stress response in multiple cell types. Using five different cell lines, the Nrf2-activating potency of twenty metals was assessed across a range of concentrations. While ten of the metals tested (cadmium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, sodium arsenite and zinc) stimulated Nrf2-dependent transcriptional activity in at least three of the engineered cell lines, only three (cadmium, copper and sodium arsenite) were active in all five cell lines. A comparison of metal-induced Nrf2 transcriptional activation revealed significant differences in the absolute magnitude of activation as well as the relative potencies between the cell lines tested. However, there was no direct correlation between activity and potency. Taken together, these results show that the capacity to stimulate Nrf2 activity and relative potencies of these test compounds are highly dependent on the cell type tested. Since oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the mode of action of many toxicological studies, this observation may inform the design of paradigms for toxicity testing for toxicant prioritization and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven O Simmons
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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50
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Lee YJ, Choi IS, Park MH, Lee YM, Song JK, Kim YH, Kim KH, Hwang DY, Jeong JH, Yun YP, Oh KW, Jung JK, Han SB, Hong JT. 4-O-Methylhonokiol attenuates memory impairment in presenilin 2 mutant mice through reduction of oxidative damage and inactivation of astrocytes and the ERK pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:66-77. [PMID: 20974250 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin 2 (PS2) mutation increases Aβ generation and neuronal cell death in the brains of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. In a previous study, we showed that increased oxidative damage and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were associated with Aβ generation and neuronal cell death in neuronal cells expressing mutant PS2. In this study, we show that oral treatment with 4-O-methylhonokiol, a novel compound isolated from Magnolia officinalis, for 3 months (1.0mg/kg) prevented PS2 mutation-induced memory impairment and neuronal cell death accompanied by a reduction in Aβ(1-42) accumulation. We also found that 4-O-methylhonokiol inhibited PS2 mutation-induced activation of ERK and β-secretase, and oxidative protein and lipid damage, but recovered glutathione levels in the cortex and hippocampus of PS2 mutant mice. Additionally, 4-O-methylhonokiol prevented PS2 mutation-induced activation of astrocytes as well as production of TNF-α, IL-1β, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) in neurons. Generation of TNF-α, IL-1β, ROS, and NO and ERK activation in cultured astrocytes treated with lipopolysaccharide (1μg/ml) were also prevented by 4-O-methylhonokiol in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the improving effects of 4-O-methylhonokiol on memory function may be associated with a suppression of the activation of ERK and astrocytes as well as a reduction in oxidative damage. Thus, 4-O-methylhonokiol may be useful in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Korea
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