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Wang J, Jiang C, Zhang K, Lan X, Chen X, Zang W, Wang Z, Guan F, Zhu C, Yang X, Lu H, Wang J. Melatonin receptor activation provides cerebral protection after traumatic brain injury by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:345-355. [PMID: 30553970 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a principal cause of death and disability worldwide. Melatonin, a hormone made by the pineal gland, is known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, using a weight-drop model of TBI, we investigated the protective effects of ramelteon, a melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist, and its underlying mechanisms of action. Administration of ramelteon (10 mg/kg) daily at 10:00 a.m. alleviated TBI-induced early brain damage on day 3 and long-term neurobehavioral deficits on day 28 in C57BL/6 mice. Ramelteon also increased the protein levels of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase and reduced the protein levels of IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor, and malondialdehyde in brain tissue and serum on days 1, 3, and 7 post-TBI. Similarly, ramelteon attenuated microglial and astrocyte activation in the perilesional cortex on day 3. Furthermore, ramelteon decreased Keap 1 expression, promoted nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear accumulation, and increased levels of downstream proteins, including SOD-1, heme oxygenase-1, and NQO1 on day 3 post-TBI. However, in Nrf2 knockout mice with TBI, ramelteon did not decrease the lesion volume, neuronal degeneration, or myelin loss on day 3; nor did it mitigate depression-like behavior or most motor behavior deficits on day 28. Thus, timed ramelteon treatment appears to prevent inflammation and oxidative stress via the Nrf2-antioxidant response element pathway and might represent a potential chronotherapeutic strategy for treating TBI.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Brain Edema/drug therapy
- Brain Edema/genetics
- Brain Edema/metabolism
- Brain Edema/pathology
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/drug therapy
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/genetics
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/pathology
- Cerebral Cortex/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glutathione Peroxidase/genetics
- Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism
- Indenes/pharmacology
- Inflammation
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1/genetics
- Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Superoxide Dismutase/genetics
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Changlian Zhu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg 40530, Sweden
| | - Xiuli Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Huang CS, Chen HW, Lin TY, Lin AH, Lii CK. Shikonin upregulates the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters in primary rat hepatocytes. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 216:18-25. [PMID: 29414119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shikonin, a naphthoquinone pigment abundant in the root of the Chinese herb Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has been widely used to treat inflammatory diseases for thousands of years. Whether shikonin changes drug metabolism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated whether shikonin modulates the expression of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters as well as the possible mechanisms of this action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary hepatocytes isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 0-2 μM shikonin and the protein and mRNA levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters as well as the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were determined. RESULTS Shikonin dose-dependently increased the protein and RNA expression of phase I enzymes, i.e., cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1/2, CYP3A2, CYP2D1, and CYP2C6; phase II enzymes, i.e., glutathione S-transferase (GST), NADP(H) quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1A1; and phase III drug transporters, i.e., P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2/3, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, and OATP2B1. Immunoblot analysis and EMSA revealed that shikonin increased AhR and Nrf2 nuclear contents and DNA binding activity. AhR and Nrf2 knockdown by siRNA attenuated the ability of shikonin to induce drug-metabolizing enzyme expression. In addition, shikonin increased p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and inhibitors of the respective kinases inhibited shikonin-induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation. CONCLUSIONS Shikonin effectively upregulates the transcription of CYP isozymes, phase II detoxification enzymes, and phase III membrane transporters and this function is at least partially through activation of AhR and Nrf2. Moreover, Nrf2 activation is dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/agonists
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Biotransformation
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/enzymology
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Male
- Membrane Transport Proteins/drug effects
- Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
- Naphthoquinones/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Primary Cell Culture
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/agonists
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Shiu Huang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Haw-Wen Chen
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Kuei Lii
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Jang HJ, Hong EM, Kim M, Kim JH, Jang J, Park SW, Byun HW, Koh DH, Choi MH, Kae SH, Lee J. Simvastatin induces heme oxygenase-1 via NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation through ERK and PI3K/Akt pathway in colon cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46219-46229. [PMID: 27323826 PMCID: PMC5216792 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Statin has been known not only as their cholesterol-lowering action but also on their pleiotropic effects including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant as well as anti-cancer effect. Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) is a transcription factor to activate cellular antioxidant response to oxidative stress. There are little known whether statins affect activation of Nrf2 and Nrf2 signaling pathway in colon cancer cells. We investigated whether simvastatin stimulates the expression of Nrf2 and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and which signal pathway is involved in the expression of Nrf2 and antioxidant enzymes. We investigated the effect of simvastatin on the expression of Nrf2 and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in two human colon cancer cell lines, HT-29 and HCT 116 through cell proliferation assay, Western blotting and immunocytochemical analysis. We evaluated which signal pathway such as ERK or PI3K pathway affect Nrf2 activation and whether simvastatin induces antioxidant enzymes (heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), γ-glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC)). We demonstrated simvastatin-induced dose-dependent up-regulation of Nrf2 expression and stimulated Nrf2 nuclear translocation in colon cancer cells. We also demonstrated that simvastatin-induced anti-oxidant enzymes (HO-1, NQO1, and GCLC) in HT-29 and HCT 116 cells. PI3K/Akt inhibitor (LY294002) and ERK inhibitor (PD98059) suppressed simvastatin-induced Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in both HT-29 and HCT 116 cells. This study shows that simvastatin induces the activation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and the expression of various anti-oxidant enzymes via ERK and PI3K/Akt pathway in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi do, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi do, Korea
| | - Mikang Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi do, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi do, Korea
| | - Juah Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi do, Korea
| | - Se Woo Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi do, Korea
| | - Hyun Wu Byun
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hee Koh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi do, Korea
| | - Min Ho Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi do, Korea
| | - Sea Hyub Kae
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi do, Korea
| | - Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi do, Korea
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Cheng T, Wang W, Li Q, Han X, Xing J, Qi C, Lan X, Wan J, Potts A, Guan F, Wang J. Cerebroprotection of flavanol (-)-epicatechin after traumatic brain injury via Nrf2-dependent and -independent pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 92:15-28. [PMID: 26724590 PMCID: PMC4769660 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), which leads to disability, dysfunction, and even death, is a prominent health problem worldwide with no effective treatment. A brain-permeable flavonoid named (-)-epicatechin (EC) modulates redox/oxidative stress and has been shown to be beneficial for vascular and cognitive function in humans and for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in rodents. Here we examined whether EC is able to protect the brain against TBI-induced brain injury in mice and if so, whether it exerts neuroprotection by modulating the NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) pathway. We used the controlled cortical impact model to mimic TBI. EC was administered orally at 3h after TBI and then every 24h for either 3 or 7 days. We evaluated lesion volume, brain edema, white matter injury, neurologic deficits, cognitive performance and emotion-like behaviors, neutrophil infiltration, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and a variety of injury-related protein markers. Nrf2 knockout mice were used to determine the role of the Nrf2 signaling pathway after EC treatment. In wild-type mice, EC significantly reduced lesion volume, edema, and cell death and improved neurologic function on days 3 and 28; cognitive performance and depression-like behaviors were also improved with EC administration. In addition, EC reduced white matter injury, heme oxygenase-1 expression, and ferric iron deposition after TBI. These changes were accompanied by attenuation of neutrophil infiltration and oxidative insults, reduced activity of matrix metalloproteinase 9, decreased Keap 1 expression, increased Nrf2 nuclear accumulation, and increased expression of superoxide dismutase 1 and quinone 1. However, EC did not significantly reduce lesion volume or improve neurologic deficits in Nrf2 knockout mice after TBI. Our results show that EC protects the TBI brain by activating the Nrf2 pathway, inhibiting heme oxygenase-1 protein expression, and reducing iron deposition. The latter two effects could represent an Nrf2-independent mechanism in this model of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wenzhu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xiaoning Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jing Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cunfang Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jieru Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alexa Potts
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fangxia Guan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China.
| | - Jian Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Taddei ML, Giannoni E, Comito G, Chiarugi P. Microenvironment and tumor cell plasticity: an easy way out. Cancer Lett 2013; 341:80-96. [PMID: 23376253 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo genetic changes allowing their adaptation to environmental changes, thereby obtaining an advantage during the long metastatic route, disseminated of several changes in the surrounding environment. In particular, plasticity in cell motility, mainly due to epigenetic regulation of cancer cells by environmental insults, engage adaptive strategies aimed essentially to survive in hostile milieu, thereby escaping adverse sites. This review is focused on tumor microenvironment as a collection of structural and cellular elements promoting plasticity and adaptive programs. We analyze the role of extracellular matrix stiffness, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, acidity, as well as different cell populations of tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Taddei
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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