1
|
Brill SA, Thamm DH. There and back again: Translating adoptive cell therapy to canine cancer and improving human treatment. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:420-427. [PMID: 34169631 PMCID: PMC9310446 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is a burgeoning therapeutic modality within human immuno-oncology. Novel approaches towards ACT are being developed in the pre-clinical setting faster than they can be evaluated in human clinical trials. Many of the therapeutic approaches used in human medicine have already been evaluated to some degree in canine patients. While this form of immunotherapy in veterinary medicine is still in its infancy, as these approaches develop, canine ACT will become a tool for both the veterinary oncologist and the translational researcher. This review details canine ACT trials to date, with attention given to the precedents provided by human oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Brill
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Douglas H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Developmental Therapeutics Program, University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Agarwal P, Gammon EA, Sandey M, Lindley SS, Koehler JW, Matz BM, Smith AN, Kashentseva EA, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Smith BF. Evaluation of tumor immunity after administration of conditionally replicative adenoviral vector in canine osteosarcoma patients. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06210. [PMID: 33615011 PMCID: PMC7881234 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one among the most common neoplasms in dogs. Current treatments show limited efficacy and fail to prevent metastasis. Conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAd) replicate exclusively in targeted tumor cells and release new virus particles to infect additional cells. We proposed that OC-CAVE1 (CAV2 with the E1A promoter replaced with the osteocalcin promotor) may also enhance existing immunity against tumors by overcoming immune tolerance via exposure of new epitopes and cytokine signaling. Eleven client-owned dogs with spontaneously occurring osteosarcomas were enrolled in a pilot study. All dogs were injected with OC-CAVE1 following amputation of the affected limb or limb-sparing surgery. Dogs were monitored for viremia and viral shedding. There was minimal virus shedding in urine and feces by the 6th day and no virus was present in blood after 4 weeks. CAV-2 antibody-titers increased in all of the patients, post-CRAd injection. Immunological assays were performed to monitor 1) humoral response against tumors, 2) levels of circulatory CD11c + cells, 3) levels of regulatory T cells, and 4) cytotoxic activity of tumor specific T cells against autologous tumor cells between pre-CRAd administration and 4 weeks post-CRAd administration samples. Administration of the CRAd OC-CAVE1 resulted in alteration of some immune response parameters but did not appear to result in increased survival duration. However, 2 dogs in the study achieved survival times in excess of 1 year. Weak replication of OC-CAVE1 in metastatic cells and delay of chemotherapy following CRAd treatment may contribute to the lack of immune response and improvement in survival time of the clinical patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Payal Agarwal
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Gammon
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Maninder Sandey
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Stephanie S Lindley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Jey W Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Brad M Matz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Annette N Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA
| | - Bruce F Smith
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gingrich AA, Modiano JF, Canter RJ. Characterization and Potential Applications of Dog Natural Killer Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111802. [PMID: 31717876 PMCID: PMC6912828 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells of the innate immune system are a key focus of research within the field of immuno-oncology based on their ability to recognize and eliminate malignant cells without prior sensitization or priming. However, barriers have arisen in the effective translation of NK cells to the clinic, in part because of critical species differences between mice and humans. Companion animals, especially dogs, are valuable species for overcoming many of these barriers, as dogs develop spontaneous tumors in the setting of an intact immune system, and the genetic and epigenetic factors that underlie oncogenesis appear to be similar between dogs and humans. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge for dog NK cells, including cell surface marker phenotype, key NK genes and genetic regulation, similarities and differences of dog NK cells to other mammals, especially human and mouse, expression of canonical inhibitory and activating receptors, ex vivo expansion techniques, and current and future clinical applications. While dog NK cells are not as well described as those in humans and mice, the knowledge of the field is increasing and clinical applications in dogs can potentially advance the field of human NK biology and therapy. Better characterization is needed to truly understand the similarities and differences of dog NK cells with mouse and human. This will allow for the canine model to speed clinical translation of NK immunotherapy studies and overcome key barriers in the optimization of NK cancer immunotherapy, including trafficking, longevity, and maximal in vivo support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A. Gingrich
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, 2221 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Jaime F. Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Robert J. Canter
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, 2221 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hutchison S, Sahay B, de Mello SC, Sayour EJ, Lejeune A, Szivek A, Livaccari AM, Fox-Alvarez S, Salute M, Powers L, Milner RJ. Characterization of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and cytokines GM-CSF, IL-10 and MCP-1 in dogs with malignant melanoma receiving a GD3-based immunotherapy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 216:109912. [PMID: 31446208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma in humans and canines is an aggressive and highly metastatic cancer. The mucosal forms in both species share genetic and histopathologic features, making dogs a valuable spontaneous disease animal model. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells of myeloid origin with immunosuppressive capabilities, which are increased in many human cancers and contribute to tumor immune evasion. They are a possible target to improve immunotherapy outcomes. Current information regarding MDSCs in canines is minimal, limiting their use as translational model for the study of MDSCs. The objective of this study was to characterize major MDSCs subsets (monocytic and polymorphonuclear) and the cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in canines with malignant melanoma and to evaluate changes in MDSCs and the cytokines over time in response to a GD3-based active immunotherapy. Whole blood and serum collected from 30 healthy controls and 33 patients enrolled in the University of Florida melanoma vaccine trial were analyzed by flow cytometry with canine specific CD11b, MHCII and anti-human CD14 antibodies to assess ostensibly polymorphonuclear-MDSC (CD11b+ MHCII- CD14-) and monocytic-MDSC (CD11b+ MHCII- CD14+) subsets. IL-10, MCP-1 and both MDSCs subsets were significantly elevated in melanoma dogs versus controls. Both MDSCs subsets decreased significantly following GD3-based immunotherapy administration but no significant changes in cytokines were seen over time. To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting increased monocytic-MDSCs in canine melanoma. This is consistent with human malignant melanoma data, supporting dogs as a valuable model for therapeutic intervention studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hutchison
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - B Sahay
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Souza Ch de Mello
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - E J Sayour
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A Lejeune
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A Szivek
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A M Livaccari
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S Fox-Alvarez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M Salute
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L Powers
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - R J Milner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maeta N, Tamura K, Takemitsu H, Miyabe M. Lymphokine-activated killer cell transplantation after anti-cancer treatment in two aged cats. Open Vet J 2019; 9:147-150. [PMID: 31360654 PMCID: PMC6626148 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy improves both survival and remission rates after cancer surgery in humans, but its veterinary use has been limited. We determined the safety and feasibility of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell transplantation in two aged cats that had undergone surgery for malignancy. Case 1 involved an 18-year-old male Japanese domestic cat. The cat exhibited appetite loss and poor physical activity after the surgical excision of oral squamous cell carcinoma followed by four sessions of radiotherapy, and the owner strongly requested immunotherapy for preventing further deterioration in the animal’s quality of life (QOL). We subsequently administered LAK cells three times during a 2-month period. Case 2 involved a 20-year-old female Japanese domestic cat who had undergone mammectomy after a diagnosis of breast adenocarcinoma. The owner strongly requested immunotherapy for QOL maintenance. We administered LAK cells four times over a period of 5 months. Autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) fractionated using density gradient centrifugation were cultured in the media containing a high concentration of interleukin-2 and supplemented with 2.5% fetal calf serum. The derived LAK cells were centrifuged, suspended in 10 ml of saline containing 1% of the subject’s own blood, and infused into the cephalic vein of the cats over 30 min. The composition ratios of CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD21 were evaluated by flow cytometry. Bacterial culture and endotoxin testing for a sample of LAK cells showed negative results in both the cases. The leukocyte and erythrocyte counts and the body temperature were assessed on days 7, 14, and 21 after the transfusion. No abnormal signs were observed in either case, which confirmed the safety of the procedure. QOL scores showed no significant changes after the treatment, and the body temperature remained steady throughout the treatment. The findings from these cases suggest that the transplantation of LAK cells derived from PBMCs may be safe and feasible for use in cats, regardless of their age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Maeta
- Aikouishida Animal Hospital, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | - Masahiro Miyabe
- Aikouishida Animal Hospital, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bujak JK, Pingwara R, Nelson MH, Majchrzak K. Adoptive cell transfer: new perspective treatment in veterinary oncology. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:60. [PMID: 30305130 PMCID: PMC6180494 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is recently considered the most promising treatment for human patients with advanced tumors and could be effectively combined with conventional therapies such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Patients with hematological malignancies and melanoma have benefited greatly from immunotherapies such as, adoptive cell transfer therapy, experiencing durable remissions and prolonged survival. In the face of increasing enthusiasm for immunotherapy, particularly for the administration of tumor-specific T lymphocytes, the question arises whether this method could be employed to improve treatment outcomes for canine patients. It is warranted to determine whether veterinary clinical trials could support comparative oncology research and thus facilitate the development of new cell-based therapies for humans. Herein, we discuss adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes and lymphokine-activated cells for application in veterinary oncology, in the context of human medicine achievements. Furthermore, we discuss potential benefits of using domestic dog as a model for immunotherapy and its advantages for translational medicine. We also focus on an emerging genome-editing technology as a useful tool to improve a T cells’ phenotype.
Collapse
|
7
|
Canter RJ, Grossenbacher SK, Foltz JA, Sturgill IR, Park JS, Luna JI, Kent MS, Culp WTN, Chen M, Modiano JF, Monjazeb AM, Lee DA, Murphy WJ. Radiotherapy enhances natural killer cell cytotoxicity and localization in pre-clinical canine sarcomas and first-in-dog clinical trial. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:98. [PMID: 29254507 PMCID: PMC5735903 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that radiotherapy (RT) augments natural killer (NK) functions in pre-clinical models of human and mouse cancers, including sarcomas. Since dogs are an excellent outbred model for immunotherapy studies, we sought to assess RT plus local autologous NK transfer in canine sarcomas. METHODS Dog NK cells (CD5dim, NKp46+) were isolated from PBMCs and expanded with irradiated K562-C9-mIL21 feeder cells and 100 IU/mL recombinant human IL-2. NK homing and cytotoxicity ± RT were evaluated using canine osteosarcoma tumor lines and dog patient-derived xenografts (PDX). In a first-in-dog clinical trial for spontaneous osteosarcoma, we evaluated RT and intra-tumoral autologous NK transfer. RESULTS After 14 days, mean NK expansion and yield were 19.0-fold (±8.6) and 258.9(±76.1) ×106 cells, respectively. Post-RT, NK cytotoxicity increased in a dose-dependent fashion in vitro reaching ~ 80% at effector:target ratios of ≥10:1 (P < 0.001). In dog PDX models, allogeneic NK cells were cytotoxic in ex vivo killing assays and produced significant PDX tumor growth delay (P < 0.01) in vivo. After focal RT and intravenous NK transfer, we also observed significantly increased NK homing to tumors in vivo. Of 10 dogs with spontaneous osteosarcoma treated with focal RT and autologous NK transfer, 5 remain metastasis-free at the 6-month primary endpoint with resolution of suspicious pulmonary nodules in one patient. We also observed increased activation of circulating NK cells after treatment and persistence of labelled NK cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS NK cell homing and cytotoxicity are increased following RT in canine models of sarcoma. Results from a first-in-dog clinical trial are promising, including possible abscopal effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Canter
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, UC Davis School of Medicine, 4501 X Street, Suite 3010, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Steven K Grossenbacher
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jennifer A Foltz
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Ian R Sturgill
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jiwon S Park
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jesus I Luna
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Michael S Kent
- The Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - William T N Culp
- The Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Dean A Lee
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fritz SE, Henson MS, Greengard E, Winter AL, Stuebner KM, Yoon U, Wilk VL, Borgatti A, Augustin LB, Modiano JF, Saltzman DA. A phase I clinical study to evaluate safety of orally administered, genetically engineered Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for canine osteosarcoma. Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:179-190. [PMID: 29067193 PMCID: PMC5645873 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a prospective phase I study to evaluate safety of an orally administered Salmonella encoding IL‐2 (SalpIL2) in combination with amputation and adjuvant doxorubicin for canine appendicular osteosarcoma. Efficacy was assessed as a secondary measure. The first dose of SalpIL2 was administered to 19 dogs on Day 0; amputation was done after 10 days with chemotherapy following 2 weeks later. SalpIL2 was administered concurrent with chemotherapy, for a total of five doses of doxorubicin and six doses of SalpIL2. There were six reportable events prior to chemotherapy, but none appeared due to SalpIL2. Dogs receiving SalpIL2 had significantly longer disease‐free interval (DFI) than a comparison group of dogs treated with doxorubicin alone. Dogs treated using lower doses of SalpIL2 also had longer DFI than dogs treated using the highest SalpIL2 dose. The data indicate that SalpIL2 is safe and well tolerated, which supports additional testing to establish the potential for SalpIL2 as a novel form of adjuvant therapy for dogs with osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Fritz
- Animal Cancer Care and Research ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Michael S Henson
- Animal Cancer Care and Research ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Masonic Caner CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Emily Greengard
- Masonic Caner CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/OncologySchool of Medicine and Masonic Children's HospitalUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Amber L Winter
- Animal Cancer Care and Research ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Clinical Investigation CenterCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Kathleen M Stuebner
- Animal Cancer Care and Research ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Clinical Investigation CenterCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Una Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Vicki L Wilk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Antonella Borgatti
- Animal Cancer Care and Research ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Masonic Caner CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Lance B Augustin
- Department of SurgeryDivision of Pediatric SurgerySchool of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Masonic Caner CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA.,Center for ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Daniel A Saltzman
- Masonic Caner CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA.,Department of SurgeryDivision of Pediatric SurgerySchool of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA.,Center for ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang W, Zhang H, Ji M, Pei F, Wang Y. Antitumor effect of a polysaccharide isolated from Phellinus pullus as an immunostimulant. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:361-364. [PMID: 26998276 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor function of fungal polysaccharides is a popular area of interest in the research field due to their high efficiency and low side effects. The main mechanism of fungal polysaccharides is immune enhancement. The polysaccharose (APS-3) was extracted from the fruit body of Phellinus pullus. The proliferation inhibition to mouse sarcoma 180 (S180) tumor cells was studied by the MTT method. Mice models of transplanted S180 tumor were established and treated with APS-3 to verify the antitumor activity in vivo. Natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cytotoxicities of the mice were evaluated by the lactate dehydrogenase method. APS-3 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of the S180 cells. Cells could be completely inhibited by 1.6 mg/ml APS-3 after 24 h treatment. After 18 days of treatment, the antitumor rate of the high-dose group was 85.47%. Histopathology detection showed that for the APS-3-treated mice, the tumor cells dissolved, and exhibited a large range of structureless necrotic areas. NK and LAK cytotoxicities of the APS-3 treated mice increased by 61.85 and 56.16%, respectively, compared with the normal control mice. APS-3 can be used as an antitumor agent by way of immune enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Yang
- Diagnosis Center of Medical Laboratory, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Henglan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Third People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250132, P.R. China; The Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academic of Medicine Science, Jinan, Shandong 250062, P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Ji
- Diagnosis Center of Medical Laboratory, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Fengyan Pei
- Diagnosis Center of Medical Laboratory, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Diagnosis Center of Medical Laboratory, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cancer immunology and canine malignant melanoma: A comparative review. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 169:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Regan D, Dow S. Manipulation of Innate Immunity for Cancer Therapy in Dogs. Vet Sci 2015; 2:423-439. [PMID: 29061951 PMCID: PMC5644648 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last one to two decades, the field of cancer immunotherapy has rapidly progressed from early preclinical studies to a successful clinical reality and fourth major pillar of human cancer therapy. While current excitement in the field of immunotherapy is being driven by several major breakthroughs including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies, these advances stem from a foundation of pivotal studies demonstrating the immune systems role in tumor control and eradication. The following will be a succinct review on veterinary cancer immunotherapy as it pertains to manipulation of the innate immune system to control tumor growth and metastasis. In addition, we will provide an update on recent progress in our understanding of the innate immune system in veterinary tumor immunology, and how these gains may lead to novel therapies for the treatment of cancer in companion animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Regan
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA.
- The Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA.
| | - Steven Dow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA.
- The Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pereira AM, de Pinheiro CGM, Dos Santos LR, Teixeira NC, Chang YF, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC, de Sá Oliveira GG. Requirement of dual stimulation by homologous recombinant IL-2 and recombinant IL-12 for the in vitro production of interferon gamma by canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:460. [PMID: 25037233 PMCID: PMC4109786 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Very few studies have been carried out so far aiming at modulating cellular immune responses in dogs. In this study, we evaluated the ability of recombinant canine IL-2 (rcaIL-2) and IL-12, in the form of a single-chain fusion protein (rsccaIL-12), to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy mongrel dogs. Results Recombinant canine IL-2 purified from Escherichia coli or present in the supernatant of COS-7 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-caIL-2 (COS-7 caIL-2 supernatant) was able to induce proliferation of CTLL-2 cells, thus showing their functional activity. In addition, purified rcaIL-2 and COS-7 caIL-2 supernatant stimulated resting canine PBMC proliferation to a level higher than baseline level. Neither COS-7 sccaIL-12 supernatant nor COS-7 caIL-2 supernatant alone was able to induce significant production of interferon gamma by resting PBMC. However, COS-7 sccaIL-12 supernatant in combination with COS-7 caIL-2 supernatant induced production of IFN-γ by those cells. Conclusions The data shown herein suggest that the combination of canine recombinant IL-12 and IL-2 can be useful to promote cellular immune responses in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Geraldo Gileno de Sá Oliveira
- Laboratório de Patologia e Bio-Intervenção, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, No, 121, Candeal, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Michael HT, Ito D, McCullar V, Zhang B, Miller JS, Modiano JF. Isolation and characterization of canine natural killer cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:211-7. [PMID: 23876304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are non-T, non-B lymphocytes that kill target cells without previous activation. The immunophenotype and function of these cells in humans and mice are well defined, but canine NK cells remain incompletely characterized. Our objectives were to isolate and culture canine peripheral blood NK cells, and to define their immunophenotype and killing capability. PBMC were obtained from healthy dogs and T cells were depleted by immunomagnetic separation. The residual cells were cultured in media supplemented with IL-2, IL-15 or both, or with mouse embryonic liver (EL) feeder cells. Non-T, non-B lymphocytes survived and expanded in these cultures. IL-2 was necessary and sufficient for survival; the addition of IL-15 was necessary for expansion, but IL-15 alone did not support survival. Culture with EL cells and IL-2 also fostered survival and expansion. The non-T, non-B lymphocytes uniformly expressed CD45, MHC I, and showed significant cytotoxic activity against CTAC targets. Expression of MHC II, CD11/18 was restricted to subsets of these cells. The data show that cells meeting the criteria for NK cells in other species, i.e., non-T, non-B lymphocytes with cytotoxic activity, can be expanded from canine PBMC by T-cell depletion and culture with cytokines or feeder cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen T Michael
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
An allogeneic hybrid-cell fusion vaccine against canine mammary cancer. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 123:289-304. [PMID: 18423623 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammary cancer is among the most prevalent of canine tumors frequently resulting in death due to metastatic disease. Most tumors fail to raise an effective immune reaction making improving immune recognition a priority. Hybrid-cell fusion strategies have been employed to load dendritic cell populations with tumor cell antigens to stimulate immune recognition; however, recovery, heterogeneity and quality of primary cells from patients present enormous challenges. We employed allogeneic cell lines to develop an improved hybrid-cell fusion strategy and evaluated immune reactions in normal laboratory beagles. Such a strategy relies on enhanced immune recognition of allogeneic tumor cell antigens by antigen presenting cells. Optimized PEG-promoted fusions between uniquely stained canine mammary tumor CMT12 or CMT28 cells and a dendritic cell-like DH82 cell fusion partner resulted in greater than 40% hybrid-cell fusion populations by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Hybrid-cell fusions were delivered by direct ultrasound guided injection into popliteal lymph nodes of laboratory beagles. Only hybrid-cell fusions provided statistically significant enhancement of cell-mediated immunity ((51)Cr-release assay) compared to innate reactions in naïve vehicle injected dogs while dogs vaccinated with either single cell component alone did not. Vaccination with hybrid-cell fusions enhanced IFN-gamma expression in sorted CD8+ and CD4+ cells but not in CD4-/CD8- cells consistent with a CTL response. Cell-mediated immune assays revealed strong reactions against matched (vaccine component) CMT cells and unmatched CMT cells indicative of an immune response to mammary cancer antigens common to both cell lines. These results provide proof of principle for development of an allogeneic vaccination strategy against canine mammary cancer.
Collapse
|
15
|
HOSHINO Y, TAKAGI S, OSAKI T, OKUMURA M, FUJINAGA T. Phenotypic Analysis and Effects of Sequential Administration of Activated Canine Lymphocytes on Healthy Beagles. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:581-8. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki HOSHINO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Satoshi TAKAGI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Tomohiro OSAKI
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Masahiro OKUMURA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Toru FUJINAGA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Melanoma is the most common oral malignancy in the dog. Oral and/or mucosal melanoma has been routinely considered an extremely malignant tumor with a high degree of local invasiveness and high metastatic propensity. Primary tumor size has been found to be extremely prognostic. The World Health Organization staging scheme for dogs with oral melanoma is based on size, with stage I = <2-cm-diameter tumor, stage II = 2- to <4-cm-diameter tumor, stage III = > or = 4cm tumor and/or lymph node metastasis, and stage IV = distant metastasis. Median survival times for dogs with oral melanoma treated with surgery are approximately 17 to 18, 5 to 6, and 3 months with stage I, II, and III disease, respectively. Significant negative prognostic factors include stage, size, evidence of metastasis, and a variety of histologic criteria. Standardized treatments such as surgery, coarse-fractionation radiation therapy, and chemotherapy have afforded minimal to modest stage-dependent clinical benefits and death is usually due to systemic metastasis. Numerous immunotherapeutic strategies have been employed to date with limited clinical efficacy; however, the use of xenogeneic DNA vaccines may represent a leap forward in clinical efficacy. Oral melanoma is a spontaneous syngeneic cancer occurring in outbred, immunocompetent dogs and appears to be a more clinically faithful therapeutic model for human melanoma; further use of canine melanoma as a therapeutic model for human melanoma is strongly encouraged. In addition, the development of an expanded but clinically relevant staging system incorporating the aforementioned prognostic factors is also strongly encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergman
- Donaldson-Atwood Cancer Clinic and Flaherty Comparative Oncology Laboratory, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Milner RJ, Salute M, Crawford C, Abbot JR, Farese J. The immune response to disialoganglioside GD3 vaccination in normal dogs: a melanoma surface antigen vaccine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:273-84. [PMID: 17027091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As a result of its metastatic potential, canine malignant melanoma like its human counterpart like its human counter part, has a poor response to conventional treatment protocols. This prompted us to investigate the possibility of enhancing the immune response against the melanoma cell surface antigen, disialoganglioside GD3. Initially a flow cytometric study was designed in which the incidence of GD3 on the cell surface, recognized by the monoclonal antibody Mel-1 (R24), was established in canine melanoma cell lines. Results from the flow cytometry found GD3 to be highly expressed (94.2%) in six out of seven canine melanoma cell lines. Since it was thus potentially a good target, a study in which normal dogs were vaccinated intradermally with a vaccine containing GD3 plus adjuvants was designed. The adjuvant included CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) sequences and RIBI-adjuvant, which are known to target toll-like receptors (TLR) of the innate immune system. From a cohort of 10 dogs, 4 were vaccinated 3 times, at 4 weekly intervals with GD3 plus adjuvant, and 4 received only RIBI-adjuvant, and 2 phosphate buffered saline. Caliper measurements were collected to assess skin reaction at the vaccination site and sera assayed for IgM and IgG antibodies against GD3 and cell-mediated cytotoxicity against a melanoma cell line. Results from the study found significant differences (P<0.05) in the vaccine site reactions, IgM/IgG levels and cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the vaccinated versus unvaccinated dogs. The addition of CpG-ODN sequences and increasing GD3 concentration in the vaccine increased the inflammation response at the injection site. GD3 IgG and IgM antibodies in vaccinated dogs showed increasing titers over time and achieved significance at weeks 9 and 12, respectively. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity was only detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinated dogs. In conclusion, by combining the tumor antigen GD3 (a known weak self-antigen) and an adjuvant, tolerance was overcome by an innate and adaptive immune response in this population of normal dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Milner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Funk J, Schmitz G, Failing K, Burkhardt E. Natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell functions from healthy dogs and 29 dogs with a variety of spontaneous neoplasms. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:87-92. [PMID: 15693143 PMCID: PMC11034226 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell functions from 10 healthy dogs and 29 dogs with a variety of spontaneous neoplasms, large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) from blood samples were separated by a 58.5% Percoll density gradient. LGLs were stimulated with a low dose of recombinant human interleukin 2 (rhIL-2) for 7 days. Cytotoxicity of effector cells against the susceptible CTAC cell line was measured before and after stimulation. Compared with those before stimulation, the percentage of LGLs after stimulation with rhIL-2 was found to be significantly increased (P<0.01) in both dogs with tumors and controls. However, the increase was significantly higher in control animals, indicating a defect in proliferation ability of NK cells in canine tumor patients. After stimulation with rhIL-2, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity in dogs with tumors was significantly lower (P<0.01) when compared with controls. Reduced cytotoxicity of rhIL-2-activated NK cells in dogs with tumors seems to be attributable to the presence of a diminished proliferative capacity of NK cells and a decreased ability of LAK cells to lyse target cells. Further knowledge of the precise function of IL-2-activated NK cells in dogs with tumors may help to optimize new and therapeutically beneficial treatment strategies in canine and human cancer patients. Our findings suggest that the dog could also serve as a relevant large animal model for cancer immunotherapy with IL-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Funk
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bianco SR, Sun J, Fosmire SP, Hance K, Padilla ML, Ritt MG, Getzy DM, Duke RC, Withrow SJ, Lana S, Matthiesen DT, Dow SW, Bellgrau D, Cutter GR, Helfand SC, Modiano JF. Enhancing antimelanoma immune responses through apoptosis. Cancer Gene Ther 2003; 10:726-36. [PMID: 12944992 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined the feasibility of using tumor apoptosis at accessible sites to enhance antimelanoma immune responses in a model of spontaneous canine melanoma. We show that priming peripheral blood mononuclear cells with apoptotic melanoma cells significantly enhanced autologous and allogeneic lymphokine-activated killing of tumor cells. Since various pathways required for intrinsic apoptosis are often inactivated in melanoma, we used Fas ligand (FasL) overexpression to promote extrinsic apoptosis. FasL induced apoptosis in five of six cell lines. Each of the susceptible lines, but not the resistant one, expressed Fas mRNA. In addition, direct intratumoral administration of FasL DNA to tumor-bearing dogs was safe, with no adverse events reported over 7 days of observation. A reduction of tumor burden was seen in three of five dogs treated. The reduction of tumor volume was correlated with Fas expression by the tumors, although one dog with a Fas-negative tumor survived for 82 weeks after treatment. Our data show that overexpression of FasL is suitable to promote apoptosis of Fas(+) melanomas, and support the notion that priming immune responder cells with apoptotic tumor cells may enhance antitumor responses. The results also suggest that intratumoral administration of FasL offers a safe route for therapeutic gene delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacie R Bianco
- Center for Cancer Causation and Prevention, AMC Cancer Research Center and Donald Monk Cancer Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado 80214, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Grave L, Dreyer D, Dieterle A, Leroy P, Michou AI, Doderer C, Pavirani A, Lusky M, Mehtali M. Differential influence of the E4 adenoviral genes on viral and cellular promoters. J Gene Med 2000; 2:433-43. [PMID: 11199264 DOI: 10.1002/1521-2254(200011/12)2:6<433::aid-jgm143>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strong and stable transgene expression is fundamental to the success of recombinant adenovirus vectors in human gene therapy. However, control of transgene expression is a complex process, involving both viral and cellular factors. In this study, the influence of the E4 adenoviral region on the activity of various promoters was investigated in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Pairs of isogenic E1o and E1oE4o vectors were generated and compared. Levels of transgene expression were determined by Northern blot, ELISA and FACS analysis. Initiation of transcription was studied by nuclear run-on assays. RESULTS Similar to the viral CMV and RSV promoters, the activity of the ubiquitous cellular PGK promoter required the presence of the E4 genes in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, transgene expression from selected liver- and tumor-specific promoters did not require E4 functions. CONCLUSION Together with the reported low liver toxicity of E1oE4o vectors, the independence of E4 of liver-specific promoters renders such vectors interesting alternatives to the use of gutless vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Grave
- Transgène SA, Strasbourg, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Modiano JF, Ritt MG, Wojcieszyn J. The Molecular Basis of Canine Melanoma: Pathogenesis and Trends in Diagnosis and Therapy. J Vet Intern Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
22
|
Kruth SA. Biological response modifiers: interferons, interleukins, recombinant products, liposomal products. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1998; 28:269-95. [PMID: 9556849 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(98)82005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The concept of enhancing the normal immune response against infections and neoplasms has been considered for decades. The administration of various natural and synthetic products to simulate systemic infections has largely given over to the idea that specific cytokines can be used effectively when administered systemically. Interferons, interleukins, and hematopoietic growth factors may offer substantial clinical benefit in chronic viral infections, and cancers such as osteosarcoma, melanoma, and lymphosarcoma. Erythropoietin has been shown to have great utility in the management of chronic renal failure. At this point in time, only recombinant products derived from humans are commercially available, and they are expensive and not licensed for use in companion animals. Nevertheless, these products may have significant clinical impact on several highly fatal disorders of dogs and cats. When administered systemically, cytokines perturb complex regulatory pathways, and serious side effects may occur. Innovative delivery methods, such as liposomes, gene therapy, and even oral administration may increase the therapeutic index of these molecules. Biological response modification, cytokine biology, and associated delivery systems are rapidly changing fields, and the small animal veterinarian will need to watch for significant advances in these areas over the next several years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Kruth
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Helfand SC, Soergel SA, MacWilliams PS, Hank JA, Sondel PM. Clinical and immunological effects of human recombinant interleukin-2 given by repetitive weekly infusion to normal dogs. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 39:84-92. [PMID: 8044833 PMCID: PMC11038981 DOI: 10.1007/bf01525313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/1993] [Accepted: 03/29/1994] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Four normal adult dogs received two consecutive weekly cycles of human recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) by continuous infusion for 4 days/week. The dose of IL-2 given to each dog was 3 x 10(6) units m-2 day-1. Toxicities consisted of mild vomiting, diarrhea, and lethargy to varying degrees in all the dogs. These side-effects were reversed when the treatment was discontinued. Fever, tachypnea, and weight gain were not seen. A marked lymphocytosis and eosinophilia developed in all dogs after completion of each course of IL-2 (resulting in a more than sevenfold increase in each cell type) and persisted for more than 1 month in some. Fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained during this lymphocytosis mediated enhanced in vitro lysis of a natural-killer-cell-sensitive canine tumor cell line (CTAC). The in vitro proliferative responses of these same PBL to IL-2 could be detected earlier, progressed faster, and involved more cells than PBL tested prior to IL-2 infusion. Thus, a relatively well-tolerated regime of IL-2 in dogs can induce dramatic increases in lymphocyte numbers and activation, which is associated with augmentation of their in vitro antitumor reactivity. The clinical effectiveness of this immunotherapeutic approach remains to be tested in tumor-bearing dogs where it could serve as a relevant large-animal model for immunotherapy of cancer with IL-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Helfand
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|