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Dhami M, Raj K, Singh S. Relevance of Gut Microbiota to Alzheimer's Disease (AD): Potential Effects of Probiotic in Management of AD. AGING AND HEALTH RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ahr.2023.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
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2
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Abstract
Oral antibiotics remain the therapy of choice for severe bacterial infections; however, antibiotic use disrupts the intestinal microbiota, increasing the risk of colonization by intestinal pathogens. Currently, our understanding of antibiotic-mediated disturbances of the microbiota remains at the level of bacterial families or specific species, and little is known about the effect of antibiotics on potentially beneficial and pathogenic bacteria under the conditions of gut microbiota dysbiosis. Additionally, the question of whether the effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota are temporary or permanent is controversial. In this study, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of ampicillin, vancomycin, metronidazole, and neomycin on the murine intestinal microbiota. We found that the changes in the intestinal microbiota reflected the antibiotics' mechanisms of action and that dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota led to competition between different bacterial communities. In particular, an increase in Enterococcus, which accompanies a decrease in probiotics-related genera such as Lactobacillus, is commonly seen across antibiotic treatments. In addition, we found that these oral antibiotics had long-term negative effects on the intestinal microbiota and promoted the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. These results indicate that ampicillin, vancomycin, metronidazole, and neomycin have long-term negative effects and can cause irreversible changes in the diversity of the intestinal microbiota, thereby increasing the risk of host disease. IMPORTANCE The intestinal microbiota is a dynamic community of hundreds of millions of microorganisms that play important roles in human health. However, treatment with antibiotics can disrupt the delicate balance of this community, leading to deleterious effects on the host such as inflammation and enhanced susceptibility to infection. To date, most studies of the effects of antibiotic treatment on the microbiota have focused on specific intestinal pathogens and bacterial families. However, few studies have investigated the effects of antibiotic treatment on the relative abundance of probiotic bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, and opportunistic bacterial pathogens in the gut.
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3
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Multiple Sclerosis and Microbiome. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030433. [PMID: 35327624 PMCID: PMC8946130 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of microbiota and the gut-brain axis is increasingly considered a factor in the development of various pathological conditions. The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the CNS, is complex and interactions within the gut-brain axis may be relevant in the development and the course of MS. In this article, we focus on the relationship between gut microbiota and the pathophysiology of MS. We review the contribution of germ-free mouse studies to our understanding of MS pathology and its implications for treatment strategies to modulate the microbiome in MS. This summary highlights the need for a better understanding of the role of the microbiota in patients’ responses to disease-modifying drugs in MS and disease activity overall.
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Colucci R, Moretti S. Implication of Human Bacterial Gut Microbiota on Immune-Mediated and Autoimmune Dermatological Diseases and Their Comorbidities: A Narrative Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:363-384. [PMID: 33507493 PMCID: PMC8018919 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the advent of modern sequencing methods (next generation techniques, NGS) has helped describe the composition of the human gut microbiome, enabling us to understand the main characteristics of a healthy gut microbiome and, conversely, the magnitude of its disease-related changes. This new knowledge has revealed that healthy gut microbiota allow the maintenance of several crucial physiological functions, such as the ability to regulate the innate and adaptive immune systems. Increasing evidence has pointed out a condition of dysbiosis in several autoimmune/immune mediated dermatological conditions and specific gut microbial signatures have also been reported to correlate with clinical and prognostic parameters of such diseases. Based on a literature search of relevant published articles, this review debates the current knowledge and the possible pathogenic implications of bacterial gut microbiota composition assessed through NGS techniques in systemic lupus erythematosus, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and alopecia areata. Evidence of a potential role of specific gut microbiota signatures in modulating the clinical course of such diseases and their main comorbidities has been also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Colucci
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Silvia Moretti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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5
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Wildner G, Diedrichs-Möhring M. Molecular Mimicry and Uveitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:580636. [PMID: 33193382 PMCID: PMC7658003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular or antigenic mimicry is a term for the similarity of different antigens, which can be confused by the immune system. Antigen recognition by antibodies and T cell receptors is specific, but not restricted to a single antigen. Both types of receptors specifically recognize antigens and are expressed with a very high but still restricted variability compared to the number of different antigens they potentially could bind. T cell receptors only can bind to antigen peptides presented on certain self-MHC-molecules by screening only some amino acid side chains on both the presented peptides and the MHC molecule. The other amino acids of the peptide are not directly perceived by the T cell, offering the opportunity for a single T cell to recognize a variety of different antigens with the same receptor, which significantly increases the immune repertoire. The immune system is usually tolerant to autoantigens, especially to those of immune privileged sites, like the eye. Therefore, autoimmune diseases targeting these organs were hard to explain, unless a T cell is activated by an environmental peptide (e.g. pathogen) that is similar, but not necessarily identical with an autoantigen. Here we describe antigenic mimicry of retinal autoantigens with a variety of non-ocular antigens resulting in the induction of intraocular inflammation. T cells that are activated by mimotopes outside of the eye can pass the blood-retina barrier and enter ocular tissues. When reactivated in the eye by crossreaction with autoantigens they induce uveitis by recruiting inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhild Wildner
- Section of Immunobiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Maria Diedrichs-Möhring
- Section of Immunobiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, München, Germany
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6
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Katsinelos T, Doulberis M, Polyzos SA, Papaefthymiou A, Katsinelos P, Kountouras J. Molecular Links Between Alzheimer's Disease and Gastrointestinal Microbiota: Emphasis on Helicobacter pylori Infection Involvement. Curr Mol Med 2020; 20:3-12. [PMID: 31530263 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190917125917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the main form of dementia, characterized by progressive cognitive decline and detrimental consequences in both personal-family and global level. Within this narrative review, we provide recent molecular aspects of Tau, a microtubule AD-associated protein, as well as amyloid beta, involved in AD pathophysiology. Moreover, we provide additional emerging data from basic research as well as clinical studies indicating an implicating role of gastrointestinal microbiota (GI-M), including Helicobacter pylori infection (Hp-I), in AD pathophysiology. Likewise, we identified through a molecular prism the current evidence of AD pathogenesis as well as its linkage with GI-M and emphasizing the role of Hp-I. All in all, additional large-scale studies are required for the further clarification of AD pathophysiology and its connection with GI-M and Hp-I, so as novel therapies on molecular basis become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taxiarchis Katsinelos
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Doulberis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Macedonia, Greece.,First Department of Pharmacology Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Apostolis Papaefthymiou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Macedonia, Greece.,Department of Gastroenterology, 401 General Military Hospital of Athens, Athens 11525, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Katsinelos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Macedonia, Greece
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Choi SH, Oh JW, Ryu JS, Kim HM, Im SH, Kim KP, Kim MK. IRT5 Probiotics Changes Immune Modulatory Protein Expression in the Extraorbital Lacrimal Glands of an Autoimmune Dry Eye Mouse Model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:42. [PMID: 32232342 PMCID: PMC7401425 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose While the association between the gut microbiome and the immune system has been studied in autoimmune disorders, little is known about ocular disease. Previously we reported that IRT5, a mixture of five probiotic strains, could suppress autoimmune dry eye. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which IRT5 performs its immunomodulatory function in a mouse model of autoimmune dry eye. Methods NOD.B10.H2b mice were used as an autoimmune dry eye model. Either IRT5 or PBS was gavaged orally for 3 weeks, with or without 5 days of antibiotic pretreatment. The effects on clinical features, extraorbital lacrimal gland and spleen proteins, and fecal microbiota were analyzed. Results The ocular staining score was lower, and tear secretion was higher, in the IRT5-treated groups than in the PBS-treated groups. After IRT5 treatment, the downregulated lacrimal gland proteins were enriched in the biological processes of defense response and immune system process. The relative abundances of 33 operational taxonomic units were higher, and 53 were lower, in the feces of the IRT5-treated groups than in those of the PBS-treated groups. IRT5 administration without antibiotic pretreatment also showed immunomodulatory functions with increases in the Lactobacillus helveticus group and Lactobacillus hamsteri. Additional proteomic assays revealed a decrease of proteins related to antigen-presenting processes in the CD11b+ and CD11c+ cells of spleen in the IRT5-treated groups. Conclusions Changes in the gut microbiome after IRT5 treatment improved clinical manifestations in the autoimmune dry eye model via the downregulation of antigen-presenting processes in immune networks.
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Differential Helicobacter pylori Plasticity in the Gastric Niche of Subjects at Increased Gastric Cancer Risk. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020065. [PMID: 31109082 PMCID: PMC6630233 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) represents an independent risk factor for Gastric Cancer (GC). First Degree Relatives (FDR) of GC subjects and Autoimmune Gastritis (AG) patients are both at increased risk for GC. H. pylori genetic heterogeneity within the gastric niche of FDR and AG individuals has been little explored. To understand whether they exploit an increased H. pylori stability and virulence, 14 AG, 25 FDR, 39 GC and 13 dyspeptic patients (D) were investigated by a cultural PCR-based approach characterizing single colonies-forming-units. We chose three loci within the Cytotoxin-associated gene-A Pathogenicity Island (CagPAI) (cagA,cagE,virB11), vacA, homA and homB as markers of virulence with reported association to GC. Inflammatory/precancerous lesions were staged according to Sydney System. When compared to D, FDR, similarly to GC patients, were associated to higher atrophy (OR = 6.29; 95% CI:1.23-31.96 in FDR; OR = 7.50; 95% CI:1.67-33.72 in GC) and a lower frequency of mixed infections (OR = 0.16; 95% CI:0.03-0.81 in FDR; OR = 0.10; 95% CI:0.02-0.48 in GC). FDR presented also an increased neutrophil infiltration (OR = 7.19; 95% CI:1.16-44.65). Both FDR and GC carried a higher proportion of CagPAI+vacAs1i1mx+homB+ profiles (OR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.66-4.41 and OR = 3.43; 95% CI: 2.16-5.44, respectively). Conversely, AG patients presented a lower frequency of subtypes carrying a stable CagPAI and vacAs1i1mx. These results underline different H. pylori plasticity in FDR and AG individuals, and thus, a different host-bacterium interaction capacity that should be considered in the context of eradication therapies.
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Sun L, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zheng K, Xiang Q, Chen N, Chen Z, Zhang N, Zhu J, He Q. Antibiotic-Induced Disruption of Gut Microbiota Alters Local Metabolomes and Immune Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:99. [PMID: 31069173 PMCID: PMC6491449 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome plays an essential role in modulating host immune responses. However, little is known about the interaction of microbiota, their metabolites and relevant inflammatory responses in the gut. By treating the mice with three different antibiotics (enrofloxacin, vancomycin, and polymixin B sulfate), we aimed to investigate the effects of different antibiotics exposure on gut microbiota, microbial metabolism, inflammation responses in the gut, and most importantly, pinpoint the underlying interactions between them. Although the administration of different antibiotics can lead to different effects on mouse models, the treatment did not affect the average body weight of the mice. A heavier caecum was observed in vancomycin treated mice. Treatment by these three antibiotics significantly up-regulated gene expression of various cytokines in the colon. Enrofloxacin treated mice seemed to have an increased Th1 response in the colon. However, such a difference was not found in mice treated by vancomycin or polymixin B sulfate. Vancomycin treatment induced significant changes in bacterial composition at phylum and family level and decreased richness and diversity at species level. Enrofloxacin treatment only induced changes in composition at family presenting as an increase in Prevotellaceae and Rikenellaceae and a decrease in Bacteroidaceae. However, no significant difference was observed after polymixin B sulfate treatment. When compared with the control group, significant metabolic shift was found in the enrofloxacin and vancomycin treated group. The metabolic changes mainly occurred in Valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis pathway and beta-Alanine metabolism in enrofloxacin treated group. For vancomycin treatment metabolic changes were mainly found in beta-Alanine metabolism and Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism pathway. Moreover, modifications observed in the microbiota compositions were correlated with the metabolite concentrations. For example, concentration of pentadecanoic acid was positively correlated with richness of Rikenellaceae and Prevotellaceae and negatively correlated with Enterobacteriaceae. This study suggests that the antibiotic-induced changes in gut microbiota might contribute to the inflammation responses through the alternation of metabolic status, providing a novel insight regarding a complex network that integrates the different interactions between gut microbiota, metabolic functions, and immune responses in host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiao Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyan Xiang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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10
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Preite S, Huang B, Cannons JL, McGavern DB, Schwartzberg PL. PI3K Orchestrates T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation in a Context Dependent Manner: Implications for Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3079. [PMID: 30666254 PMCID: PMC6330320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a specialized population of CD4+ T cells that provide help to B cells for the formation and maintenance germinal centers, and the production of high affinity class-switched antibodies, long-lived plasma cells, and memory B cells. As such, Tfh cells are essential for the generation of successful long-term humoral immunity and memory responses to vaccination and infection. Conversely, overproduction of Tfh cells has been associated with the generation of autoantibodies and autoimmunity. Data from gene-targeted mice, pharmacological inhibitors, as well as studies of human and mice expressing activating mutants have revealed that PI3Kδ is a key regulator of Tfh cell differentiation, acting downstream of ICOS to facilitate inactivation of FOXO1, repression of Klf2 and induction of Bcl6. Nonetheless, here we show that after acute LCMV infection, WT and activated-PI3Kδ mice (Pik3cdE1020K/+) show comparable ratios of Tfh:Th1 viral specific CD4+ T cells, despite higher polyclonal Tfh cells in Pik3cdE1020K/+ mice. Thus, the idea that PI3K activity primarily drives Tfh cell differentiation may be an oversimplification and PI3K-mediated pathways are likely to integrate multiple signals to promote distinct effector T cell lineages. The consequences of dysregulated Tfh cell generation will be discussed in the context of the human primary immunodeficiency “Activated PI3K-delta Syndrome” (APDS), also known as “p110 delta-activating mutation causing senescent T cells, lymphadenopathy and immunodeficiency” (PASLI). Overall, these data underscore a major role for PI3K signaling in the orchestration of T lymphocyte responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Preite
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bonnie Huang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L Cannons
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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La Rosa F, Clerici M, Ratto D, Occhinegro A, Licito A, Romeo M, Iorio CD, Rossi P. The Gut-Brain Axis in Alzheimer's Disease and Omega-3. A Critical Overview of Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1267. [PMID: 30205543 PMCID: PMC6164598 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive study, neurodegenerative diseases remain insufficiently understood, precluding rational design of therapeutic interventions that can reverse or even arrest the progressive loss of neurological function. In the last decade, several theories investigating the causes of neurodegenerative diseases have been formulated and a condition or risk factor that can contribute is described by the gut-brain axis hypothesis: stress, unbalanced diet, and drugs impact altering microbiota composition which contributes to dysbiosis. An altered gut microbiota may lead to a dysbiotic condition and to a subsequent increase in intestinal permeability, causing the so-called leaky-gut syndrome. Herein, in this review we report recent findings in clinical trials on the risk factor of the gut-brain axis in Alzheimer's disease and on the effect of omega-3 supplementation, in shifting gut microbiota balance towards an eubiosis status. Despite this promising effect, evidences reported in selected randomized clinical trials on the effect of omega-3 fatty acid on cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease are few. Only Mild Cognitive Impairment, a prodromal state that could precede the progress to Alzheimer's disease could be affected by omega-3 FA supplementation. We report some of the critical issues which emerged from these studies. Randomized controlled trials in well-selected AD patients considering the critical points underlined in this review are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20100 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy.
| | - Daniela Ratto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Anna Licito
- Istituto per lo Studio e la Cura del Diabete [ISCD], Casagiove, 81022 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Marcello Romeo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Carmine Di Iorio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Paola Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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12
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Preite S, Cannons JL, Radtke AJ, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Volpi S, Huang B, Cheng J, Collins N, Reilley J, Handon R, Dobbs K, Huq L, Raman I, Zhu C, Li QZ, Li MO, Pittaluga S, Uzel G, Notarangelo LD, Belkaid Y, Germain RN, Schwartzberg PL. Hyperactivated PI3Kδ promotes self and commensal reactivity at the expense of optimal humoral immunity. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:986-1000. [PMID: 30127432 PMCID: PMC6140795 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase catalytic subunit p110δ (PI3Kδ) result in a human primary immunodeficiency characterized by lymphoproliferation, respiratory infections and inefficient responses to vaccines. However, what promotes these immunological disturbances at the cellular and molecular level remains unknown. We generated a mouse model that recapitulated major features of this disease and used this model and patient samples to probe how hyperactive PI3Kδ fosters aberrant humoral immunity. We found that mutant PI3Kδ led to co-stimulatory receptor ICOS-independent increases in the abundance of follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) and germinal-center (GC) B cells, disorganized GCs and poor class-switched antigen-specific responses to immunization, associated with altered regulation of the transcription factor FOXO1 and pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members of the BCL-2 family. Notably, aberrant responses were accompanied by increased reactivity to gut bacteria and a broad increase in autoantibodies that were dependent on stimulation by commensal microbes. Our findings suggest that proper regulation of PI3Kδ is critical for ensuring optimal host-protective humoral immunity despite tonic stimulation from the commensal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Preite
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Cannons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea J Radtke
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, Centro per le Malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Bonnie Huang
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jun Cheng
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Collins
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie Reilley
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robin Handon
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lutfi Huq
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Indu Raman
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chengsong Zhu
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Microbial Diversity: The Gap between the Estimated and the Known. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kim J, Choi SH, Kim YJ, Jeong HJ, Ryu JS, Lee HJ, Kim TW, Im SH, Oh JY, Kim MK. Clinical Effect of IRT-5 Probiotics on Immune Modulation of Autoimmunity or Alloimmunity in the Eye. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111166. [PMID: 29068389 PMCID: PMC5707638 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although the relation of the gut microbiota to a development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has been investigated in various animal models, there are limited studies that evaluate the effect of probiotics in the autoimmune eye disease. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of IRT-5 probiotics consisting of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Streptococcus thermophilus on the autoimmunity of uveitis and dry eye and alloimmunity of corneal transplantation. Methods: Experimental autoimmune uveitis was induced by subcutaneous immunization with interphotoreceptor-binding protein and intraperitoneal injection of pertussis toxin in C57BL/6 (B6) mice. For an autoimmune dry eye model, 12-weeks-old NOD.B10.H2b mice were used. Donor cornea of B6 mice was transplanted into BALB/C mice. IRT-5 probiotics or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were administered for three weeks immediately after induction of uveitis or transplantation. The inflammation score of the retinal tissues, dry eye manifestations (corneal staining and tear secretion), and graft survival were measured in each model. The changes of T cells were evaluated in drainage lymph nodes using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Results: Retinal histology score in IRT-5 group of uveitis was lower than that in PBS group (p = 0.045). Ocular staining score was lower (p < 0.0001) and tear secretion was higher (p < 0.0001) in the IRT-5 group of NOD.B10.H2b mice than that in the PBS group. However, the graft survival in the IRT-5 group was not different from those of PBS group. The percentage of regulatory T cells was increased in the IRT-5-treated dry eye models (p = 0.032). The percentage of CD8+IL-17hi (p = 0.027) and CD8+ interferon gamma (IFNγ)hi cells (p = 0.022) were significantly decreased in the IRT-5-treated uveitis models and the percentage of CD8+IFNγhi cells was markedly reduced (p = 0.036) in IRT-5-treated dry eye model. Conclusion: Our results suggest that administration of IRT-5 probiotics may modulate clinical manifestations of autoimmunity in the eye, but not on alloimmunity of corneal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Kim
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Se Hyun Choi
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Yu Jeong Kim
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Hyun Jeong Jeong
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Jin Suk Ryu
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea.
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea.
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Korea.
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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Grigg JB, Sonnenberg GF. Host-Microbiota Interactions Shape Local and Systemic Inflammatory Diseases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:564-571. [PMID: 28069751 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding how the mammalian immune system and intestinal microbiota functionally interact have yielded novel insights for human health and disease. Modern technologies to quantitatively measure specific members and functional characteristics of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract, along with fundamental and emerging concepts in the field of immunology, have revealed numerous ways in which host-microbiota interactions proceed beneficially, neutrally, or detrimentally for mammalian hosts. It is clear that the gut microbiota has a strong influence on the shape and quality of the immune system; correspondingly, the immune system guides the composition and localization of the microbiota. In the following review, we examine the evidence that these interactions encompass homeostasis and inflammation in the intestine and, in certain cases, extraintestinal tissues. Lastly, we discuss translational therapies stemming from research on host-microbiota interactions that could be used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Grigg
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065; and The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Gregory F Sonnenberg
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065; and The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
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