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De Lorenzis E, Zanetti SP, Boeri L, Montanari E. Is There Still a Place for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Current Times? J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175157. [PMID: 36079083 PMCID: PMC9457409 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and its miniaturized modifications are usually considered the standard surgical options for large (>20 mm) staghorn and infected stones. Moreover, PCNL is a viable alternative to retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for smaller stones (<20 mm) in the presence of anatomical malformations or inaccessible lower pole stones. However, due to the advancements in laser and scope technology, RIRS is expanding its indications with the potential benefits of lower complications and a shorter hospital stay. Methods: A literature search using the PUBMED database from inception to June 2022 was performed to explore the current role of PCNL in endourology. The analysis involved a narrative synthesis. Results: PCNL confirmed its role in the treatment of large and complex stones; moreover, miniaturized PCNL has become more competitive, gaining space among classic indications of flexible ureteroscopy. Conclusions: considering all the evaluated subgroups, we can conclude that PCNL is an old fascinating procedure and is here to stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Lorenzis
- Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 15, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefano Paolo Zanetti
- Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 15, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Boeri
- Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 15, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montanari
- Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 15, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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2
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Güler Y. Retrograde intrarenal surgery for impacted upper ureteral stone in a patient with advanced lumbar scoliosis and lower-extremity development defect: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2022; 16:204. [PMID: 35614450 PMCID: PMC9134654 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, retrograde intrarenal surgery is the most preferred and very successful treatment method for upper ureteral stones that do not spontaneously pass and/or do not benefit from extracorporeal wave lithotripsy. However, perioperative complications are more common in retrograde intrarenal surgery if the stone in the ureter is impacted. Moreover, urosepsis and renal dysfunction are detected more frequently in patients with impacted stones. Impacted stones, which are a risky stone group even in patients with normal vertebral anatomy, are a more challenging situation in patients with advanced vertebral scoliosis. It is difficult to achieve an operating position in these patients. In addition, the ureteral tracing is altered, curved, and tortuous, making it more difficult for the endoscope to advance through the ureter. CASE PRESENTATION In this case report, we present a 23-year-old Caucasian male patient with right concavity and severe scoliosis, lower-extremity developmental disorder, and urosepsis. To treat the urosepsis picture, first percutaneous nephrostomy drainage was provided and the urine was sterilized with appropriate antibiotics according to the culture/antibiogram. Then, we performed ureterolithotripsy with a flexureterorenoscope. Finally, we see that flexible ureterorenoscopic lithotripsy to the upper ureteral stone with impacted stones, which is a very challenging operation even in patients with normal vertebrae, could be successfully performed in our patient with advanced scoliosis deformity. CONCLUSION High stone-free and low complication rates can be obtained with flexible ureterorenoscopic retrograde intrarenal surgery in medium-sized impacted upper ureteral stones in patients with advanced scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Güler
- Private Safa Hospital, Rumeli Universty, İstanbul, Turkey.
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3
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Tsuji M, Nishi M, Tabei T, Ishikawa W, Iai M. Endoscopic lithotripsy for upper urinary tract stones in disabled adolescents. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e14731. [PMID: 34708892 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Tsuji
- Institution for Children with Profound Multiple Disabilities, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Morihiro Nishi
- Department of Urology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Tabei
- Department of Urology, Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital, Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | - Mizue Iai
- Institution for Children with Profound Multiple Disabilities, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Le HK, Cardona-Grau D, Chiang G. Evaluation and Long-term Management of Neurogenic Bladder in Spinal Dysraphism. Neoreviews 2020; 20:e711-e724. [PMID: 31792158 DOI: 10.1542/neo.20-12-e711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Spinal dysraphism, which includes conditions such as myelomeningocele and sacral agenesis, is one of the most common causes of congenital lower urinary tract dysfunction. Early evaluation of the neurogenic bladder serves to minimize renal damage, and the main goals of management include preserving renal function, achieving acceptable continence, and optimizing quality of life. The survival of patients with such conditions has improved to greater than 80% reaching adulthood, owing to advances in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. The result is a real, and unfortunately often unmet, need for successful transitional care in this complex patient population. Clinicians must be able to identify the unique challenges encountered by patients with neurogenic bladder as they shift through different stages of their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang-Kim Le
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - George Chiang
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
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5
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Cardona-Grau D, Chiang G. Evaluation and Lifetime Management of the Urinary Tract in Patients with Myelomeningocele. Urol Clin North Am 2017; 44:391-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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Abstract
There are several special situations in which urinary lithiasis presents management challenges to the urologist. An in-depth knowledge of the pathophysiology, unique anatomy, and treatment options is crucial in order to maintain good health in these patients. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the management of the following scenarios: bladder stones, stones in bowel disease, during pregnancy, in association with renal anomalies, with skeletal deformities, in urinary diversions, and in children.
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Polat F, Yesil S. Retrograde intrarenal surgery by flexible ureteroscope in patients with spinal deformities. J Spinal Cord Med 2017; 40:26-29. [PMID: 25936417 PMCID: PMC5376133 DOI: 10.1179/2045772315y.0000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present our experience with retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for managing renal stones in patients with spinal deformities. DESIGN We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of seven patients with congenital scoliosis (n = 5), spina bifida (n = 2) who had undergone RIRS for renal stones. Stone-free status was determined by CT 30 days after the procedure and was defined as the absence of stones in the kidney or residual fragments ≤1 mm. RESULTS Mean patient age was 27 years (18-45 years), and mean stone size was 176 mm (143-340 mm). The average operative time was 38 minutes (25-53 minutes), and postoperative hospital stay was 1 day (1-2 days). A stone-free status was obtained in six (85.7 %) patients, and one patient was considered to have treatment failure. This patient was managed by a repeat RIRS. A Double-J stent was placed at the end of the procedure in all (100 %) patients. No severe complications, either from anesthesia or the surgical procedure, were observed, and no blood transfusion was reported. CONCLUSIONS The good clearance rate with a low incidence of complications shown by the present study has demonstrated that RIRS is a safe and effective procedure for renal stones in patients with spinal deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazli Polat
- Correspondence to: Fazli Polat, Kizilirmak Caddesi, Hayat Sebla Evleri C Blok 32/49, Çukurambar, 06520, Ankara, Turkey.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Erotocritou
- Stone Unit, University College London Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, UK
| | - Naima Smeulders
- Department of Urology, Great Ormond St Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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9
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Ureteroscopy for treatment of upper urinary tract stones in children: technical considerations. Curr Urol Rep 2014; 15:407. [PMID: 24658833 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-014-0407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of pediatric urolithiasis is increasing. While many smaller stones may pass spontaneously, surgical therapy is sometimes warranted. Surgical options include shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and open surgery. Ureteroscopy represents a minimally invasive approach, and it is increasingly being used to treat pediatric upper tract calculi. Ureteroscopy is performed under anesthesia and fluoroscopic guidance, with basket extraction or lithotripsy of the calculi. Technical considerations include active or passive ureteral dilatation, the use of ureteral access sheaths for larger stone burdens, and post-operative stent placement. The current pediatric literature suggests high success rates (equal to or surpassing shock wave lithotripsy) and low complication rates. However, concerns remain regarding feasibility in patients with variant anatomies and risk due to intra-operative radiation exposure.
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10
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Ramachandra P, Palazzi KL, Holmes NM, Chiang G. Children with spinal abnormalities have an increased health burden from upper tract urolithiasis. Urology 2014; 83:1378-82. [PMID: 24703461 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the epidemiology and health care burden of upper tract urolithiasis in children with spinal abnormalities using a large, national database. Children with spinal dysraphism are predisposed to urolithiasis for many reasons, including immobility, bacteriuria, and urinary stasis. No large epidemiologic studies exist regarding stones in this specific group. Isolated spinal curvature may lead to hypercalciuria from immobility; however, urolithiasis rates are unknown. METHODS We extracted data from the Pediatric Health Information Systems database over an 8-year period. Hospitals reporting inpatient visits, emergency room visits, and ambulatory surgery visits were included. Using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes and Current Procedural Terminology codes, we identified children with upper tract urolithiasis, spinal dysraphism, and spinal curvature. Data regarding demographics, prevalence, surgical procedures, costs related to stone procedures were extracted. RESULTS A total of 11,987 patients had urolithiasis. Prevalence of stones in patients with normal spines was 0.24% compared with 1.40% and 4.03% among children with spinal curvature and spinal dysraphism, respectively (P<.001). Children with spinal curvature and spinal dysraphism were more likely to have multiple procedures for stones than those without spinal abnormalities (25% vs 25.7% vs 13.1%, P<.001). Costs per patient were significantly higher for children with spinal abnormalities compared with those with normal spines. CONCLUSION Children with spinal curvature and spinal dysraphism have a much greater rate of upper tract urolithiasis, resulting in more procedures and related costs. Urolithiasis represents a significant, chronic health burden for children with spinal abnormalities. Screening and preventive care may reduce the impact of urolithiasis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneeta Ramachandra
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital Central California, Madera, CA.
| | - Kerrin L Palazzi
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nicholas M Holmes
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA; Department of Pediatric Urology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - George Chiang
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA; Department of Pediatric Urology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA
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Rodrigues PL, Rodrigues NF, Fonseca J, Lima E, Vilaça JL. Kidney Targeting and Puncturing During Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. J Endourol 2013; 27:826-34. [DOI: 10.1089/end.2012.0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L. Rodrigues
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Algoritmi Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
- DIGARC – Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Nuno F. Rodrigues
- DIGARC – Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Barcelos, Portugal
- HASLab/INESC TEC, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jaime Fonseca
- Algoritmi Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Estevão Lima
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - João L. Vilaça
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- DIGARC – Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Barcelos, Portugal
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