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Callovini A, Fornasiero A, Savoldelli A, Decet M, Skafidas S, Pellegrini B, Bortolan L, Schena F. Independent, additive and interactive effects of acute normobaric hypoxia and cold on submaximal and maximal endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1185-1200. [PMID: 37962573 PMCID: PMC10955012 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the independent and combined effects of hypoxia (FiO2 = 13.5%) and cold (- 20 °C) on physiological and perceptual responses to endurance exercise. METHODS 14 trained male subjects ( V . O2max: 64 ± 5 mL/kg/min) randomly performed a discontinuous maximal incremental test to exhaustion on a motorized treadmill under four environmental conditions: Normothermic-Normoxia (N), Normothermic-Hypoxia (H), Cold-Normoxia (C) and Cold-Hypoxia (CH). Performance and physiological and perceptual responses throughout exercise were evaluated. RESULTS Maximal WorkLoad (WL) and WL at lactate threshold (LT) were reduced in C (- 2.3% and - 3.5%) and H (- 18.0% and - 21.7%) compared to N, with no interactive (p = 0.25 and 0.81) but additive effect in CH (- 21.5% and - 24.6%). Similarly, HRmax and Vemax were reduced in C (- 3.2% and - 14.6%) and H (- 5.0% and - 7%), showing additive effects in CH (- 7.7% and - 16.6%). At LT, additive effect of C (- 2.8%) and H (- 3.8%) on HR reduction in CH (- 5.7%) was maintained, whereas an interactive effect (p = 0.007) of the two stressors combined was noted on Ve (C: - 3.1%, H: + 5.5%, CH: - 10.9%). [La] curve shifted on the left in CH, displaying an interaction effect between the 2 stressors on this parameter. Finally, RPE at LT was exclusively reduced by hypoxia (p < 0.001), whereas TSmax is synergistically reduced by cold and hypoxia (interaction p = 0.047). CONCLUSION If compared to single stress exposure, exercise performance and physiological and perceptual variables undergo additive or synergistic effects when cold and hypoxia are combined. These results provide new insight into human physiological responses to extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Callovini
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - A Fornasiero
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A Savoldelli
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - M Decet
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S Skafidas
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - B Pellegrini
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - L Bortolan
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - F Schena
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Weis G, Schlichtiger J, Lackermair K, Hamm W, Schüttler D, Brunner S, Strüven A. Effect of Acute Altitude Exposure on Anaerobic Threshold Assessed by a Novel Electrocardiogram-Based Method. High Alt Med Biol 2024; 25:94-99. [PMID: 38294882 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2023.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute altitude has a relevant impact on exercise physiology and performance. Therefore, the positive impact on the performance level is utilized as a training strategy in professional as well as recreational athletes. However, ventilatory thresholds (VTs) and lactate thresholds (LTs), as established performance measures, cannot be easily assessed at high altitudes. Therefore, a noninvasive, reliable, and cost-effective method is needed to facilitate and monitor training management at high altitudes. High Alt Med Biol. 25:94-99, 2024. Methods: In a cross-sectional setting, a total of 14 healthy recreational athletes performed a graded cycling exercise test at sea level (Munich, Germany: 512 m/949 mbar) and high altitude (Zugspitze: 2,650 m/715 mbar). Anaerobic thresholds (ATs) were assessed using a novel method based on beat-to-beat repolarization instability (dT) detected by Frank-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. The ECG-based ATs (ATdT°) were compared to routine LTs assessed according to Dickhuth and Mader. Results: After acute altitude exposure, a decrease in AT was detected using a novel ECG-based method (ATdT°: 159.80 ± 52.21 W vs. 134.66 ± 34.91 W). AtdT° levels correlated significantly with LTDickhuth and LTMader, at baseline (rDickhuth/AtdT° = 0.979; p < 0.001) (rMader/AtdT° = 0.943; p < 0.001), and at high altitude (rDickhuth/AtdT° = 0.969; p < 0.001) (rMader/AtdT° = 0.942; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Assessment of ATdT is a reliable method to detect performance alterations at altitude. This novel method may facilitate the training management of athletes at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Weis
- Department of Medicine I, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Sports Medicine, Sports Cardiology, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jenny Schlichtiger
- Department of Medicine I, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Sports Medicine, Sports Cardiology, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Korbinian Lackermair
- Department of Medicine I, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Sports Medicine, Sports Cardiology, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hamm
- Department of Medicine I, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Sports Medicine, Sports Cardiology, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Schüttler
- Department of Medicine I, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Sports Medicine, Sports Cardiology, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Brunner
- Department of Medicine I, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Sports Medicine, Sports Cardiology, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Strüven
- Department of Medicine I, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Sports Medicine, Sports Cardiology, LMU Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Breda FL, Manchado-Gobatto FB, de Barros Sousa FA, Beck WR, Pinto A, Papoti M, Scariot PPM, Gobatto CA. Complex networks analysis reinforces centrality hematological role on aerobic-anaerobic performances of the Brazilian Paralympic endurance team after altitude training. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1148. [PMID: 35064131 PMCID: PMC8782909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the 30-days altitude training (2500 m, LHTH-live and training high) on hematological responses and aerobic–anaerobic performances parameters of high-level Paralympic athletes. Aerobic capacity was assessed by 3000 m run, and anaerobic variables (velocity, force and mechanical power) by a maximal 30-s semi-tethered running test (AO30). These assessments were carried out at low altitude before (PRE) and after LHTH (5–6 and 15–16 days, POST1 and POST2, respectively). During LHTH, hematological analyzes were performed on days 1, 12, 20 and 30. After LHTH, aerobic performance decreased 1.7% in POST1, but showed an amazing increase in POST2 (15.4 s reduction in the 3000 m test, 2.8%). Regarding anaerobic parameters, athletes showed a reduction in velocity, force and power in POST1, but velocity and power returned to their initial conditions in POST2. In addition, all participants had higher hemoglobin (Hb) values at the end of LHTH (30 days), but at POST2 these results were close to those of PRE. The centrality metrics obtained by complex networks (pondered degree, pagerank and betweenness) in the PRE and POST2 scenarios highlighted hemoglobin, hematocrit (Hct) and minimum force, velocity and power, suggesting these variables on the way to increasing endurance performance. The Jaccard’s distance metrics showed dissimilarity between the PRE and POST2 graphs, and Hb and Hct as more prominent nodes for all centrality metrics. These results indicate that adaptive process from LHTH was highlighted by the complex networks, which can help understanding the better aerobic performance at low altitude after 16 days in Paralympic athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Leandro Breda
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia Barros Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Filipe Antônio de Barros Sousa
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Wladimir Rafael Beck
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Physical Exercise, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Allan Pinto
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Menezes Scariot
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil.
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Impact of Face Masks on Exercise Capacity and Lactate Thresholds in Healthy Young Adults. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:655-658. [PMID: 34824166 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many countries have introduced strict guidelines regarding mouth and nose coverage in public to contain infection rates during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, more information is needed regarding the impact of wearing face masks on lactate thresholds (LT) and performance parameters during exercise. METHODS Ten healthy male and 10 healthy female subjects (age = 33.4 [10.26] y, body mass index = 23.52 [2.36] kg/m2) performed 3 incremental performance tests, wearing no mask (NM), surgical mask (SM), and filtering face piece mask class 2 (FFP2), with a cycle ergometer. The authors analyzed changes in the LT, in blood gas parameters, and in the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). RESULTS Performance at LT remained unchanged in subjects wearing SM or FFP2 in comparison with NM (162.5 [50.6] vs 167.2 [58.9] vs 162.2 [58.4] W with NM, SM, and FFP2, respectively, P = .24). However, the peak performance was significantly reduced wearing FFP2 compared with NM (213.8 [71.3] vs 230.5 [77.27] W, FFP2 vs NM, respectively, P < .001). Capillary pCO2 was increased while wearing SM as well as FFP2 compared with NM (29 [3.1] vs 33.3 [4] vs 35.8 [4.9] mmHg with NM, SM, and FFP2, respectively; P < .001), and pO2 decreased under maximum performance (84 [6.7] vs 79.1 [7.5] vs 77.3 [8.2] mmHg with NM, SM, and FFP2, P < .01). Importantly, rating of perceived exertion was significantly increased by wearing FFP2 compared with NM at LT according to Mader (16.7 [2.7] vs 15.3 [1.8] FFP2 vs NM, respectively, P < .01). CONCLUSION Wearing face masks during exercise showed no effect on LT, limited maximum performance, and induced discrete changes in capillary pCO2 and pO2 within the physiologic range while increasing RPE at LT.
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Effects of Acute Hypoxia on Lactate Thresholds and High-Intensity Endurance Performance-A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147573. [PMID: 34300024 PMCID: PMC8306057 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present project compared acute hypoxia-induced changes in lactate thresholds (methods according to Mader, Dickhuth and Cheng) with changes in high-intensity endurance performance. Six healthy and well-trained volunteers conducted graded cycle ergometer tests in normoxia and in acute normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude 3000 m) to determine power output at three lactate thresholds (PMader, PDickhuth, PCheng). Subsequently, participants performed two maximal 30-min cycling time trials in normoxia (test 1 for habituation) and one in normobaric hypoxia to determine mean power output (Pmean). PMader, PDickhuth and PCheng decreased significantly from normoxia to hypoxia by 18.9 ± 9.6%, 18.4 ± 7.3%, and 11.5 ± 6.0%, whereas Pmean decreased by only 8.3 ± 1.6%. Correlation analyses revealed strong and significant correlations between Pmean and PMader (r = 0.935), PDickhuth (r = 0.931) and PCheng (r = 0.977) in normoxia and partly weaker significant correlations between Pmean and PMader (r = 0.941), PDickhuth (r = 0.869) and PCheng (r = 0.887) in hypoxia. PMader and PCheng did not significantly differ from Pmean (p = 0.867 and p = 0.784) in normoxia, whereas this was only the case for PCheng (p = 0.284) in hypoxia. Although investigated in a small and select sample, the results suggest a cautious application of lactate thresholds for exercise intensity prescription in hypoxia.
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Schüttler D, Weckbach LT, Hamm W, Maier F, Kassem S, Schier J, Lackermair K, Brunner S. Effect of acute altitude exposure on ventilatory thresholds in recreational athletes. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 293:103723. [PMID: 34171484 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High altitude (HA) training is frequently used in endurance sports and recreational athletes increasingly participate in cross mountain competitions. At high altitude aerobic physiology changes profoundly. Ventilatory thresholds (VTs) are measures for endurance performance but the impact of exposure to acute altitude (AA) on VTs in recreational athletes has been insufficiently explored to date and most studies investigated effects under normobaric hypoxia. METHODS In this cross-sectional study we investigated the effects of AA exposure at 2650 m/715 mbar on anerobic threshold (VT1) and respiratory compensation point (VT2) in a graded cycling test in 14 recreational athletes (4 female, 10 male) compared to baseline levels (521 m, 949 mbar). RESULTS At VT1, a decline in power output (PO) from median 115.5 W to 105.0 W (median -12.3 %, p = 0.032; Wilcoxon test) during exposure to HA was observed. VO2/body weight and VO2/heart rate decreased markedly (- 9.5 %, p = 0.016; -10.5 %, p = 0.012). At VT2 we found a significant decline of PO from 184.5-170.5 W (-13.1 %, p = 0.0014), of VO2/body weight and of VO2/heart rate (-10.1 %, p = 0.0015; -8.7 %, p = 0.002) compared to baseline values. Absolute VO2 decreased (-9.5 %, p = 0.0014 and -10.1 %, p = 0.0002) while minute ventilation and heart rates remained unchanged at both thresholds. CONCLUSION Our data allows a quantification of performance loss at HA in recreational athletes and demonstrates that VT-guided training intensities and workloads need to be adapted for training at HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schüttler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany; Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig T Weckbach
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany; Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hamm
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Sari Kassem
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Schier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Korbinian Lackermair
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Brunner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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