Evaluation of the polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of the leaves, stem, and root barks of Moringa oleifera Lam

Efficacy of Hot Tea Infusion vs. Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera for the Simultaneous Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver, Hyperlipidemia, and Hyperglycemia in a Murine Model Fed with a High-Fat Diet

Moringa oleifera (MO) is a native tree of Asia and is cultivated in some areas of Mexico as part of traditional horticulture. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of MO infusion vs. MO ethanolic extract for the simultaneous treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD), hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia in a murine model fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). BALB/c mice were fed a balanced diet (healthy control) or an HFD for 6 months. With this, the NAFLD model was established before starting a therapeutic intervention with MO for two months. The phytochemical analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance in 1H and 13C experiments showed signals for pyrrole alkaloids and triterpenes as the main constituents of the extract and infusion preparation. A significant reduction of SGPT, SGOT, lipids, urea, and glucose in blood among NAFLD groups treated with MO (infusion or extract) was found, when compared to the NAFLD-placebo group. Steatosis and liver inflammation were found to be decreased in the MO groups, as infusion or ethanolic extract. Infusion produced a better therapeutic effect than the extract in all parameters, except glycemic control, where the extract was better. As an additional finding, it is noteworthy that treatment with MO, particularly through infusion, resulted in improved motor activity. Moreover, a reduction in anxiety-like behavior was observed exclusively with the administration of infusion. These observations provide valuable insights into the potential broader effects of Moringa oleifera beyond the primary aim of the study.

Moringa oleifera: A Review of the Pharmacology, Chemical Constituents, and Application for Dental Health

Moringa oleifera L., commonly known as Kelor in Indonesia and miracle tree in English, has a rich history of utilization for medicinal, nutritional, and water treatment purposes dating back to ancient times. The plant is renowned for its abundance of vitamins, minerals, and various chemical constituents, making it a valuable resource. Among its notable pharmacological properties are its effectiveness as an anti-diabetic, anti-diarrheal, anti-helmintic, anti-leishmanial, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-allergic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant agent. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the extensive pharmacological applications and phytochemical constituents of M. oleifera and its application in dental health.

Miracle Tree (Moringa oleifera) Attuned GFAP and Synaptophysin Levels, Oxidative Stress and Biomarkers in Cerebellar Fluorosis of Pregnant Rats

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Cerebellar fluorosis is a health issue associated with excessive exposure to fluoride (F) either in direct or indirect ways as pesticides, drinking water and caries preventing prescriptions. It is characterized by elevation in oxidative stress, inflammation, demyelination and Purkinje cell loss. <i>Moringa oleifera</i> (M), is a widely cultivated plant used as a health-booster agent in modulating various disorders because of its high content of vitamins and minerals. The beneficial effect of moringa against fluoride-induced cerebellar toxicity in pregnant rats was investigated in this study. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Twenty pregnant rats were administered daily 300 mg kg¹ <i>M. oleifera</i> aqueous extract incorporated with 10 mg kg¹ of F intoxication from the 1st day of gestation until the 20th day. Following the termination of the trial, sera were collected and cerebellar tissue was removed for further examinations, along with the assessment of maternity. <b>Results:</b> The <i>M. oleifera</i> significantly normalized serum FSH, LH, progesterone, dopamine and serotonin levels of F-intoxicated mothers. Additionally, <i>M. oleifera</i> markedly prevented the lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation indicated by the tail length and moment in comet assay (-34.4 and -75.3%, respectively, when compared to the fluoride intoxicated group), while sustaining the levels of SOD and CAT revealing its antioxidant activity. The <i>M. oleifera</i> regressed the cerebellar α-amylase (-25.4%) and acetylcholinesterase activity (-40.6%), also attenuated GFAP (-73.4%, p<0.0001), synaptophysin level (216.6%, p<0.0001) and IL-6 expression (-91.2%) comparing to fluoride only treated mothers. <b>Conclusion:</b> Histological and ultrastructural examinations confirmed the recuperating effects of <i>M. oleifera</i> on mothers' cerebellar tissue intoxicated with fluoride indicated by intact folia and restored Purkinje cells number and architecture. The maternal study emphasized the anti-abortifacient activity of moringa against fluoride induced-fetotoxicity.

Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for the Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) of Moringa oleifera: Extraction Yield, Content of Bioactive Compounds, and Biological Effects In Vitro

This study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions to maximize the extraction yield, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity from Moringa oleifera. The four UAE factors, solvent ratio (A), solvent-solid ratio (B), extraction temperature (C), and extraction time (D), were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken design was used for the experimental design. The optimal conditions were found to be a 50% v/v solvent ratio, a 30% v/w solvent-solid ratio, 35 °C extraction temperature, and 45 min extraction time. The experimental value of extraction yield (R₁), TFC (R₂), TPC (R₃), and DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity (R₄) (87.99% w/w, 56.63 mg QE/g extract, 97.26 mg GAE/g extract, and 93.32% inhibition, respectively) agreed with those predicted by RSM models (88.10% w/w, 56.61 mg QE/g extract, 97.16 mg GAE/g extract, and93.38% inhibition, respectively), thus demonstrating the appropriateness of the model used and the ability of the RSM to optimize the extraction conditions. Excellent DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity was exhibited by M. oleifera compared with the standard, sitagliptin. While the modeled equation fits the data, the t-test is not significant, suggesting that the experimental values agree with those predicted by the RSM-BBD.

Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside from Moringa oleifera Downregulates Adipogenesis and Lipid Accumulation and Improves Glucose Uptake by Activation of AMPK/Glut-4 in 3T3-L1 Cells

Natural product-based therapeutic alternatives have drawn immense interest to deal with growing incidence of metabolic disorders. Rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) is found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and plant beverages. In the present study, rutin was isolated from Moringa oleifera Lam., leaves and its anti-lipidemic and anti-adipogenic activity was evaluated through inhibition of key digestive enzymes and in vitro cell culture experiments using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Rutin treatment substantially reduced α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities with IC₅₀ values of 40 and 35 μg/ml, respectively. MTT assay with 3T3-L1 cells demonstrated the non-toxic effect of rutin up to 160 μg/ml. Oil Red O-stained images of rutin-treated 3T3-L1 cells depicted that rutin considerably reduced lipid content and adipogenesis (79.9%), and enhanced glycerol release in 3T3-L1 cells when compared to untreated cells. Rutin significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and also led to reduced levels of leptin but enhanced levels of adiponectin. Western blot analysis of rutin-treated (40 µg/ml) adipocytes showed phosphorylation of AMPK, upregulated expression of Glut-4 (1.31-fold) and UCP-1 (1.47-fold), but downregulated expression of PPAR-γ by 0.73-fold. At transcriptional level, similar trends were observed in the mRNA expression of the above genes, except AMPK. Our results demonstrate that rutin isolated from M. oleifera significantly alleviates lipid content and adipogenesis, and improves glucose uptake through regulating PPAR-γ and AMPK signaling pathways; thus, rutin can be considered as a potential therapeutic agent against adiposity and glucose intolerance.

Graphical Abstract

Scoping Review: Evaluation of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) for Potential Wound Healing in In Vivo Studies

Wound healing is a natural process to restore damaged tissues due to loss of tissue integrity. Moringa oleifera (locally known as merunggai in Malaysia) has been traditionally used in various ailments, including for wound management. To evaluate the wound healing properties in M. oleifera, publications were searched and selected following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement with predetermined inclusion criteria. The databases searched for primary studies include PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and CENTRAL. In total, 18 in vivo studies were included, which involved the leaves, while the remaining 5 studies involved other plant parts tested on excision, incision, dead space, abrasion, and burn-induced wound models. All studies reported significant wound healing abilities. Most studies used different topical formulations of aqueous leaves extract. The accumulation of collagen content and underlying wound healing mechanism through antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities may be contributed by its bioactive phytochemical content, which has the potential to accelerate the wound contraction, increase the rate of epithelialization, and protect tissues against oxidative damage. In conclusion, M. oleifera showed wound healing potential but further studies are warranted to determine the main bioactive phytocompounds and safety.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antimutagenic and Antiviral Activity of Moringa oleifera L. Leaf Infusion: In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaves are rich in nutrients and antioxidant compounds that can be consumed to prevent and overcome malnutrition. The water infusion of its leaf is the easiest way to prepare the herbal drink. So far, no information is available on the antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antivirus capacities of this infusion. This study aimed to determine the composition of the bioactive compounds in M. oleifera leaf infusion, measuring for antioxidant and antimutagenic activity, and evaluating any ability to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). The first two objectives were carried out in vitro. The third objective was carried out in silico. The phytochemical analysis of M. oleifera leaf infusion was carried out using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Antioxidant activity was measured as a factor of the presence of the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The antimutagenicity of M. oleifera leaf powder infusion was measured using the plasmid pBR322 (treated free radical). The interaction between bioactive compounds and Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 was analyzed via molecular docking. The totals of phenolic compound and flavonoid compound from M. oleifera leaf infusion were 1.780 ± 5.00 µg gallic acid equivalent/g (µg GAE/g) and 322.91 ± 0.98 µg quercetin equivalent/g (µg QE/g), respectively. The five main bioactive compounds involved in the infusion were detected by LC-MS. Three of these were flavonoid glucosides, namely quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-neohesperidoside, and kaempferol 3-α-L-dirhamnosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside. The other two compounds were undulatoside A, which belongs to chromone-derived flavonoids, and gentiatibetine, which belongs to alkaloids. The antioxidant activity of M. oleifera leaf infusion was IC50 8.19 ± 0.005 µg/mL, which is stronger than the standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) IC50 11.60 ± 0.30 µg/mL. The infusion has an antimutagenic effect and therefore protects against deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. In silico studies showed that the five main bioactive compounds have an antiviral capacity. There were strong energy bonds between Mpro molecules and gentiatibetine, quercetin, undulatoside A, kaempferol 3-o-neohesperidoside, and quercetin 3-O-glucoside. Their binding energy values are −5.1, −7.5, −7.7, −5.7, and −8.2 kcal/mol, respectively. Their antioxidant activity, ability to maintain DNA integrity, and antimutagenic properties were more potent than the positive controls. It can be concluded that leaf infusion of M. oleifera does provide a promising herbal drink with good antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antivirus capacities.

Moringa oleifera: Miracle Plant with a Plethora of Medicinal, Therapeutic, and Economic Importance

Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is one of the most essential medicinal plants primarily found in the rainforest area and forest ecosystem, but is now well-adapted in an organized cultivation system. Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is well-known as Drumstick tree, Moringa kai, color, Marengo, Moringe, mulangay, Sahjan, and Sajna, which are its native names commonly used. It has nourishing, beneficial, and preventive effects when taken as food and has an extensive scope of high restorative properties with huge dietary benefits. Different parts of the M. oleifera plants, such as leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, and roots, contain a significant amount of protein, ß-carotene, amino acids, important minerals, and various phenolic compounds. Because of its multifarious health benefits for its therapeutic value, it is considered an essential plant. The plant is found to be blessed with several medicinal characteristics such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antipyretic, antiepileptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, cholesterol-level down, cell reinforcement, and hepatoprotective. Moreover, it is used traditionally in the local curative system against cardiac problems, and the antifungal properties are efficiently utilized for the treatment of a wide range of ailments. The present review article was designed to explore the nutritional and economic benefits, medicinal and therapeutic applications, and the future biomedical prospects of Moringa with a view towards human wellbeing.

Control of Erwinia amylovora Growth by Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts: In Vitro and in Planta Effects

Erwinia amylovora (EA) is a phytopathogenic bacterium, the causative agent of bacterial fire blight, a disease that affects Rosaceaes. In order to replace antibiotics and copper, the antimicrobial activity of three extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam., methanolic (MeOH-MOE), hydroalcoholic (HA-MOE) and hydroalcoholic with maltodextrins (HAMD-MOE), was tested on eleven strains of EA isolated from apple trees by the Emilia-Romagna Phytosanitary Department. MIC and MBC have been evaluated; biofilm formation, swarming motility and amylovoran production were performed with the crystalviolet, soft-agar assay and the amylovoran method. All extracts demonstrated bacteriostatic activity at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, resulting in a 80% reduction in biofilm formation. HAMD-MOE, MeOH-MOE and HA-MOE caused an inhibition of motility of 60%, 65% and 30% after 6 days and a decrease in amylovoran synthesis of 84%, 63% and 93%, respectively. In planta results showed how the compounds were able to inhibit EA virulence on apple trees, mainly if they were applied as a preventive treatment, although the treatment showed a significant reduction in fire blight symptoms progression. The antibacterial activity of the extracts is mainly due to the high concentration of polyphenolic compounds detected in the extracts that was able to alter the permeability of bacterial membrane, resulting in slowing the synthesis of ATP and consequently of all ATP-dependent functions, such as motility and less selectivity towards harmful compounds, which can, thus, enter the cytoplasm and inhibit enzymes involved in replication and quorum sensing. The efficacy, eco-compatibility and low cost make such extracts a potential tool for the control of bacterial fire blight.

Recent Advances in Drumstick (Moringa oleifera) Leaves Bioactive Compounds: Composition, Health Benefits, Bioaccessibility, and Dietary Applications

Based on the availability of many nutrients, Moringa oleifera tree leaves have been widely employed as nutrients and nutraceuticals in recent years. The leaves contain a small amount of anti-nutritional factors and are abundant in innumerable bioactive compounds. Recently, in several in vivo and in vitro investigations, moringa leaves’ bioactive components and functionality are highlighted. Moringa leaves provide several health advantages, including anti-diabetic, antibacterial, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. The high content of phytochemicals, carotenoids, and glucosinolates is responsible for the majority of these activities as reported in the literature. Furthermore, there is growing interest in using moringa as a value-added ingredient in the development of functional foods. Despite substantial study into identifying and measuring these beneficial components from moringa leaves, bioaccessibility and bioavailability studies are lacking. This review emphasizes recent scientific evidence on the dietary and bioactive profiles of moringa leaves, bioavailability, health benefits, and applications in various food products. This study highlights new scientific data on the moringa leaves containing nutrient and bioactive profiles, bioavailability, health benefits, and uses in various food items. Moringa has been extensively used as a health-promoting food additive because of its potent protection against various diseases and the widespread presence of environmental toxins. More research is needed for utilization as well as to study medicinal effects and bioaccesibility of these leaves for development of various drugs and functional foods.

Multifarious global flora fabricated phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles: a green nanoweapon for antiviral approach including SARS-CoV-2

The progressive research into the nanoscale level upgrades the higher end modernized evolution with every field of science, engineering, and technology. Silver nanoparticles and their broader range of application from nanoelectronics to nano-drug delivery systems drive the futuristic direction of nanoengineering and technology in contemporary days. In this review, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles is the cornerstone of interest over physical and chemical methods owing to its remarkable biocompatibility and idiosyncratic property engineering. The abundant primary and secondary plant metabolites collectively as multifarious phytochemicals which are more peculiar in the composition from root hair to aerial apex through various interspecies and intraspecies, capable of reduction, and capping with the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, the process by which intracellular, extracellular biological macromolecules of the microbiota reduce with the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the precursor molecule is also discussed. Viruses are one of the predominant infectious agents that gets faster resistance to the antiviral therapies of traditional generations of medicine. We discuss the various stages of virus targeting of cells and viral target through drugs. Antiviral potential of silver nanoparticles against different classes and families of the past and their considerable candidate for up-to-the-minute need of complete addressing of the fulminant and opportunistic global pandemic of this millennium SARS-CoV2, illustrated through recent silver-based formulations under development and approval for countering the pandemic situation.

Graphical abstract

The impact of varying doses of moringa leaf methanolic extract supplementation in the cryopreservation media on sperm quality, oxidants, and antioxidant capacity of frozen-thawed ram sperm

To increase rams' post-thaw semen quality following cryopreservation, this study used enriched Tris-based diluent with varying amounts of moringa leaf methanolic extract (MLME). The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid content were all assessed in MLME. The sperm of five healthy Awassi rams were collected, divided into 4 equal aliquots, and diluted [1:5; (v/v)] in Tris-citrate-glucose extender supplemented with 0.48, 0.56, and 0.64 mg MLME/ml or without MLME supplementation (control). The percentages of sperm total motility (STM, %), sperm progressive motility (SPM, %) and viability (V, %), abnormal morphology (AM, %), membrane functional integrity (MFI, %), and acrosome integrity (AI %) were measured. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), ascorbic acid (AA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were measured. The total phenolic gallic acid and flavonoid catechin (equivalent) contents were 19.78 mg/g and 11.94 mg/g, respectively. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (34.37 mM TE/g) and 2,2'-azino-bis/3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (53.47 mM TE/g) were found in MLME. MLME had a 64.59 mM TE/g ferric-reducing power. In comparison to control, the addition of 0.64 mg/ml MLME to Tris-based extender resulted in the highest (P < 0.001) STM (55.22 ± 0.98), SPM (45.41 ± .70), SV (60.01 ± 1.05), MFI (75.23 ± 0.77), and AI (73.13 ± 0.72) and the lowest (P < 0.001) AM (21.34 ± 0.72) values. In comparison to the control, the addition of 0.56 mg/ml semen extender resulted in lower STM, SPM, SV, MFI, and AI with higher AM percentages. MDA (P = 0.03), NO (P = 0.012), CHO (P = 0.0001), and LDL (P = 0.004) were reduced by 0.64 mg/ml MLME, while AA (P = 0.017) and SOD (P = 0.0001) were elevated. In conclusion, the highest copper (P = 0.006) and lowest zinc concentrations in MLME (0.48 mg/ml extender) deteriorated the post-thaw semen quality, prompting us to suggest the addition of 0.64 mg MLME to rams' Tris-based semen extender.

Efficacy Evaluation of Plant Products in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction Related to Diabetes

Erectile dysfunction affects more than 50% of diabetic male patients, with a higher prevalence compared with the general population. Age, clinical factors, and lifestyle habits have been suggested to contribute to the pathophysiology and worsening of erectile dysfunction in diabetic patients. First- and second-line standard treatments are represented by phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors and alprostadil, respectively. However, natural compounds have been suggested to ameliorate this clinical condition. This study aims to preclinically characterize the potential synergism among plant-derived products for the improvement of erectile dysfunction in the diabetic condition. The effects of a nutritional supplement composed of Panax ginseng, Moringa oleifera and rutin, as single agents or as a mixture, were evaluated in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model with erectile dysfunction. The treatment efficacy was evaluated by measuring sexual-related parameters (i.e., mount and intromission latencies, the mount and intromission frequencies and the ejaculation latency). Results showed that only the mixture was able to significantly reduce the diabetes-related delay in mount latency (p < 0.01). Substantial similar effects were observed by measuring the intromission latency and the mean number of mounts was very similar between rats treated with the mixture and controls. Single agent treatments showed very low effects in terms of intromission frequency, whereas the mixture was able to increase this parameter. Additionally, a statistically significant reduced ejaculation latency was observed in rats treated with the mixture compared with the STZ control. These results are in agreement with the available literature and suggest that the study mixture may ameliorate sexual behavior compared with the administration of the study natural compounds as single agents in diabetic rats. Further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to perform a more comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the study mixture.

Anti-Cancer and Medicinal Potentials of Moringa Isothiocyanate

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera), which belongs to the Moringaceae family, is a common herb, rich in plant compounds. It has a variety of bioactive compounds that can act as antioxidants, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents, etc., which can be obtained in different body parts of M. oleifera. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) from M. oleifera are one class of these active substances that can inhibit cancer proliferation and promote cancer cell apoptosis through multiple signaling pathways, thus curbing cancer migration and metastasis, at the same time they have little adverse effect on normal cells. There are multiple variants of ITCs in M. oleifera, but the predominant phytochemical is 4-(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate, also known as moringa isothiocyanate (MIC-1). Studies have shown that MIC-1 has the possibility to be used clinically for the treatment of diabetes, neurologic diseases, obesity, ulcerative colitis, and several cancer types. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer and anti-chronic disease effects of MIC-1, current trends, and future direction of MIC-1 based treatment strategies. This review combines the relevant literature of the past 10 years, in order to provide more comprehensive information of MIC-1 and to fully exploit its potentiality in the clinical settings.

Moringa oleifera: A Tree of Life as a Promising Medicinal Plant for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Moringa oleifera, popularly known as a miracle tree or tree of life, has been extensively used as a functional food and nutritional asset worldwide. Ethnomedicinal and traditional uses of M. oleifera indicate that this plant might have a pleiotropic therapeutic efficacy against most human ailments. In fact, M. oleifera is reported to have several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antipyretic, antiulcer, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, antitumor, hepatoprotective, and cardiac stimulant properties. Recently, a few experimental studies reported the neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera against Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and neurotoxicity-related symptoms. In addition, several neuroprotective phytochemicals have been isolated from M. oleifera, which signifies that it can have promising neuroprotective effects. Therefore, this review aimed to explore the current updates and future prospective of neuroprotective efficacies of M. oleifera.

Moringa oleifera: a systematic review of its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity

OBJECTIVES

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) Lam (Moringaceae) is a perennial plant broadly used in South Asia and Africa as a traditional folk medicine to treat many ailments such as paralysis, helminthiasis, sores and skin infections. The review provides a critical and comprehensive evaluation of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, agricultural economy and dietary benefit of M. oleifera and its future perspectives.

KEY FINDINGS

In this review, the entire plant of M. oleifera, containing diverse phytochemicals, is summarized. The 163 chemical components, included flavonoids, carbamates, glucosinolates, phenols, and so on with various bioactivities, such as anti-tumour, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and so on. Additionally, M. oleifera is toxic at certain doses; and overuse can cause genotoxicity.

SUMMARY

Although M. oleifera has been widely used in traditional medicine, the pharmacological studies that have been conducted so far are not sufficient for its use in the setting of evidence-based medicine. Little relevant data from clinical trials of M. oleifera have been reported. The majority of studies of its constituents, such as carbamates and glucosinolates, have been conducted only in vitro. Owing to a lack of available data, the pharmacology, toxicity, agricultural economy and dietary benefit of its constituents and extracts require further evaluation.

Effects of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts on Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Xanthomonodaceae family, causing black rot in crucifers. To control this pathogen, the study investigated the effect of different leaves extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam., a tropical plant, well known for its food properties and with countless applications in many different fields, from nutraceutical (hypoglycemic) to the cosmetic (sunscreen) properties. Nevertheless, several studies pointed to its antibacterial action against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Many bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, isothiocyanates, tannins and saponins, contained in these extracts, are responsible for its countless activities. The analyses carried out in this study show that the methanolic, hydroalcoholic and hydroalcoholic maltodextrin extracts have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects at concentrations of 0.5, 0.5 and 0.1 mg/mL respectively. In particular, the study shows how all extracts can alter membrane permeability, to adversely affect swarming motility, and to alter biofilm formation in Xcc. The in planta experiments showed a reduction of the necrosis area in the infected radishes, although the ability of the extracts to be absorbed by root systems is yet to be understood, in order to reach the target point.

Moringa oleifera hydorethanolic leaf extract induced acute and sub-acute hepato-nephrotoxicity in female ICR-mice

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) Lam belongs to the family Moringaceae. It is an important multipurpose tree that is largely distributed globally and has been used almost in every aspect of traditional medicine for the treatment of various illnesses including cancers, diabetes mellitus, asthma, arthritis, etc. This study investigated the effects of oral acute and sub-acute administration of M. oleifera hydroethanolic leaf extract (MOHE) in ICR-mice. Its major phenolic compounds were also determined. Ten (10) female, 8-week old mice were grouped into control and treatment groups for acute toxicity study. A dose of 2000 mg/kg MOHE was given once to the treatment group via oral gavage. However, for the sub-acute toxicity study, 25 mice were grouped into groups A (control), B (125 mg/kg), C (250 mg/kg), D (500 mg/kg) and E (1000 mg/kg). MOHE was given via oral gavage to groups B, C, D and E daily for 28 days. Group A received only distilled water. The mice were sacrificed at the end of the experiments and samples were collected for evaluation. The results of the chemical profiling of MOHE revealed the presence of glucomoringin, niaziminine, quercetin and kaempferol as the major compounds. The treated mice in the acute toxicity study were slightly anaemic and showed evidence of stress leukogram. Moreover, a slight increase in creatinine, significant increases in AST and CK, hepatic degeneration and necrosis, none-obstructive sinusoidal dilatation, renal tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis and renal interstitial oedema were observed. It is concluded that the LD50 of MOHE is higher than 2000 mg/kg. However, oral administration of MOHE causes acute mild anaemia and moderate hepato-nephrotoxicity in ICR-mice. Its major phenolic compounds are glucomoringin, niaziminine, quercetin and kaempferol.

Effects of Moringa oleifera leaves extract, vitamin C, and taurine co-exposures on calcium and metallothionein levels, oxidative stress, and gill histopathological changes in Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal cadmium

Cadmium aquatic environmental pollution poses great threats to fish and their would-be consumers. The present work investigated the effects of ethyl acetate extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (EAEMOL), vitamin C, and taurine co-exposures on calcium and metallothionein levels, oxidative stress, and gill histopathological changes in Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal cadmium (CdCl₂) for 28 days. Fish were exposed to CdCl₂ only (1.048 mg/L) as well as co-exposed with EAEMOL (20 mg/L), vitamin C (5 mg/L), and taurine (5 mg/L) separately. There was significant (p < 0.05) deterioration in fish water quality with increasing exposure period but no significant (p > 0.05) changes occurred between the exposed groups. However, the co-exposure of EAEMOL, vitamin C, and taurine did not significantly (p > 0.05) improve the CdCl₂-induced fish water quality deterioration. Sub-lethal exposure to CdCl₂ only caused significant (p < 0.05) increase in the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and liver metallothionein (MT) levels with significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum catalase activity only. However, EAEMOL, vitamin C, and taurine co-exposures did not significantly (p > 0.05) improve the MDA, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione activities, as well as MT and calcium (Ca²⁺) levels, condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and gill histopathological changes induced by the CdCl₂ exposure. Similarly, none of the present exposures, CdCl2 only or its co-exposures with EAEMOL, vitamin C, and taurine significantly (p > 0.05) altered the normal functioning of the gills despite the observed histopathological changes based on the degree of tissue change protocol. Therefore, EAEMOL, vitamin C, and taurine co-exposures, as administered in the present case, did not considerably alter the physicochemical parameters of the experimental fish water. However, outside significantly (p < 0.05) increasing MDA level, EAEMOL, vitamin C, and taurine co-exposures did not significantly (p > 0.05) improve the CdCl₂-induced Ca²⁺, MT, CF, HSI, and gill histopathological alterations by sub-lethal CdCl₂ exposure of C. gariepinus.

Nutritional significance and therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera: The wonder plant

Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose plant and a comprehensive source of dietary components such as proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins, antioxidants, etc. The plant is also a rich source of other bioactive components, including flavonoids, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, etc. Incorporating M. oleifera in diet can improve the nutritional status of pregnant and nursing mothers and helps to combat malnutrition and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among children. The phytochemicals and secondary metabolites, especially the polyphenolic compounds from Moringa, have a significant free-radical scavenging effect attributed to this plant's therapeutic potential. Investigations targeting to explore M. oleifera for its nutritional makeup, novel bioactive components, and analysis of their health-promoting attributes have received much attention. This review demonstrates an overview of recent (past ten years) advancements and patenting activity in discovering different parts of M. oleifera plant for providing adequate nutritive and bioactive components. The pharmacological potential and action mechanisms of M. oleifera in many diseases like diabetes mellitus, cancer, hypertension, ulcer, etc., are also discussed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Moringa oleifera is a vital plant that has a varied set of nutritional and therapeutic properties. The indigenous components of Moringa can treat humankind of its diseases and contribute to overall health. The qualitative and functional characteristics of its components indicate possible commercial exploitation of this high-value plant by utilizing its plant parts in many proprietary medicines and nutraceuticals. In conclusion, the Moringa plant needs to be used commercially. It can lead to tremendous economic development if the industries and researchers exploit its potential for highly nutritional super food and therapeutic application by undertaking further research to corroborate earlier studies.

Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neuroprotection of Polyphenols with Respect to Resveratrol in Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by dopaminergic neuronal loss. The exact pathogenesis of PD is complex and not yet completely understood, but research has established the critical role mitochondrial dysfunction plays in the development of PD. As the main producer of cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress once an imbalance between ROS generation and the organelle’s antioxidative system occurs. An overabundance of ROS in the mitochondria can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and further vicious cycles. Once enough damage accumulates, the cell may undergo mitochondria-dependent apoptosis or necrosis, resulting in the neuronal loss of PD. Polyphenols are a group of natural compounds that have been shown to offer protection against various diseases, including PD. Among these, the plant-derived polyphenol, resveratrol, exhibits neuroprotective effects through its antioxidative capabilities and provides mitochondria protection. Resveratrol also modulates crucial genes involved in antioxidative enzymes regulation, mitochondrial dynamics, and cellular survival. Additionally, resveratrol offers neuroprotective effects by upregulating mitophagy through multiple pathways, including SIRT-1 and AMPK/ERK pathways. This compound may provide potential neuroprotective effects, and more clinical research is needed to establish the efficacy of resveratrol in clinical settings.

A new original nutraceutical formulation ameliorates the effect of Tadalafil on clinical score and cGMP accumulation

OBJECTIVE

To assess the efficacy of the combination of Tadalafil 5 mg and nutritional supplements composed by Panax ginseng, Moringa Oleifera and Rutin on erectile function in men with mild and moderate vasculogenic ED.

METHODS

we prospectively enrolled 86 patients divided into two groups A (45), B (33) in this multicenter randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial . Drop out was 8 patients (3 patients in group A and 5 in Group B). At screening visit patients underwent clinical examination, blood test (hormonal and metabolic profile) and filled out the IIEF-5 questionnaire and the SEP-2, SEP-3. Patients were randomized by a computergenerated list to receive either Tadalafil 5 mg once daily plus nutritional supplement once daily (group A) or Tadalafil 5 mg plus placebo with the same administration schedule (group B) for 3 months. Blood samples, IIEF-5, SEP-2 and SEP-3 have been collected again after 3 months. cGMP was measured in platelets of 38 patients at baseline and after one months.

RESULTS

Mean age was 59.98 ± 6.90 (range 38-69), mean IIEF-5 score at baseline was 13.59 ± 3.90. After three months of treatment, IIEF-5 score significantly improved in both groups compared to baseline (13.18 ± 3.75 vs 20.48 ± 2.24, p < 0.0001; 14.15 ± 4.09 vs 19.06 ± 4.36, p < 0.0001, in group A and group B respectively). Patients treated with Tadalafil plus nutritional supplement showed a significantly higher increase in IIEF-5 score compared to those who received placebo (7.27 ± 2.20 and 4.9 ± 2.79, respectively; p < 0.0001;). No hormonal differences and metabolic effects were found. According cGMP result, nutritional supplements ameliorates and extends the activity of the chronic treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

IIEF-5 significant increase in group B, can be ascribed to the nutritional supplement properties and antioxidant effects of moringa oleifera, ginseng and rutin and this can enhance the endothelial NO and cGMP production.

Alkaloid Extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. Exerts Antitumor Activity in Human Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer via Modulation of the JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors diagnosed worldwide. Moringa oleifera Lam. is a valuable medicinal plant native to India and Pakistan. However, the antilung cancer activity of M. oleifera alkaloid extract (MOAE) is unknown. The present study aimed to evaluate the regulatory effect of MOAE on A549 cells by examination of the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and migration of cells and to elucidate the possible mechanism of action of MOAE. We tested five types of cancer cells and four types of lung cancer cells and found MOAE exerted the strongest growth inhibitory effect against A549 cells but had low toxicity to GES-1 cells (human gastric mucosal epithelial cells). Simultaneously, MOAE induced apoptosis and increased the expression of the apoptosis-related proteins caspase-3 and caspase-9 in A549 cells. Furthermore, MOAE induced cell cycle arrest in the S phase through a decrease in the expression of the proteins cyclin D1 and cyclin E and an increase in the expression of the protein p21. MOAE also inhibited the migratory ability of A549 cells and decreased the expression of the migration-related proteins, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP9. In addition, the phosphorylation level of JAK2 and STAT3 proteins was decreased in MOAE-treated A549 cells. Furthermore, AZD1480 (a JAK inhibitor) and MOAE inhibited the proliferation and migration of A549 cells and induced cell apoptosis, and the effects of MOAE and AZD1480 were not additive. These results indicated that MOAE inhibits the proliferation and migration of A549 cells and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through a mechanism that is related to the inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 pathway activation. Thus, this extract has potential for preventing and treating lung cancer.

Herb-drug interactions in diabetes mellitus: A review based on pre-clinical and clinical data

Global diabetes epidemic is the major cause of fatality and lethality. As per IDF 2019 report, diabetes caused 4.2 million deaths, approximately 463 million people are living with diabetes and by 2045, this will rise to 700 million. Nowadays, the physicians and common people in both developed and developing countries are using medicinal plants and their formulations to treat diseases with the postulation that organic commodities are safe for consumption. These plants may act as inhibitors or inducers of the Cytochrome P450 or transport and efflux proteins or both and may alter gastrointestinal, renal functions leading to Herb-Drug Interactions. This review intends to focus on the frequently employed medicinal plants, their traditional uses, their Cytochrome P450 inhibition or induction activity, phytochemical, and pharmacological effects, established HDI with the help of in vitro tools, in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies to understand the impact of herbs on ADME of the drug and whether it is beneficial, harmful or has no effect respectively. This review will help the physicians and other health care professionals as a reference guide to update their knowledge and expertise about HDI. However, more quality research in this area is needed to evaluate the efficacy of many herbal medicines, thereby reducing side effects and improving the safety of patients.

NMR-Based Metabolomic Analyses to Identify the Effect of Harvesting Frequencies on the Leaf Metabolite Profile of a Moringa oleifera Cultivar Grown in an Open Hydroponic System

Moringa oleifera Lam. is one of the world’s most useful medicinal plants. Different parts of the M. oleifera tree contain a rich profile of important minerals, proteins, vitamins, and various important bioactive compounds. However, there are differences in the phytochemical composition of the medicinal plant’s raw materials due to seasonal variation, cultivation practices, and post-harvest processing. The main objective of this study was therefore to determine the effect of harvesting frequencies on selected bioactive compounds of a M. oleifera cultivar (PKM1) grown in a hydroponic system under a shade net structure. Three harvesting frequency treatments were applied in the study, with the plants harvested at every 30 days (high frequency), 60 days (intermediate frequency), and 90 days (low frequency) respectively. ¹H-NMR was used for data acquisition, and multivariate data analysis by means of principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square discriminatory analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least square discriminatory analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to determine the changes in the leaf metabolite profile, and also to identify the spectral features contributing to the separation of samples. Targeted metabolite analysis was used to match the NMR peaks of the compounds with the NMR chemical shifts of the contribution plot. The contribution plot showed that the increase in concentration of some compounds in aliphatic, sugar and aromatic regions contributed to the separation of the samples. The results revealed that intermediate and low harvesting frequencies resulted in a change in the leaf metabolite profile. Compounds such as chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, wogonin, esculetin, niazirin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) showed an increase under intermediate and low harvesting frequencies. These results provide insight into the effect of harvesting frequencies on the metabolite profile and associated medicinal activity of M. oleifera.

Moringa oleifera modulates cholinergic and purinergic enzymes activity in BV-2 microglial cells

Microglia are immune cells that are resident in central nervous system. Activation of microglial cells are detrimental to the survival of neurons. Thus, prevention of microglia activation and/or protection against microglia activation could be potential therapeutic strategy towards the management of inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. Moringa oleifera is widely consumed as food and used in folklore medicine for treating several diseases. This study was convened to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera on cell viability, cholinergic and purinergic enzymes in BV-2 microglial cultured cell. Aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera was prepared, lyophilized and reconstituted in 0.5% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Cells were treated with Moringa oleifera extracts (0.1-100 μg/mL) and assessed for cell viability and nitric oxide production. Furthermore, the effect of Moringa oleifera on enzymes of cholinergic (acetylcholinesterase) and purinergic (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase; NTPDase, 5' nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase; ADA) systems in BV-2 microglial cells were determined. Incubation of BV-2 microglia cell with M. oleifera extract maintained cell viability, modulated cholinergic and purinergic enzymes activity. The phenolic compounds found in M. oleifera extracts, include chlorogenic acid, rutin; quercetin pentoside, kaempferol derivative and quercetin derivative. Thus, this study suggest that the potential therapeutic effect of the phenolic compounds found in M. oleifera may have been responsible for the maintenance of cell viability in BV-2 microglia cells and modulation of cholinergic as well as purinergic enzymes activity.

Bioactive components and anti-diabetic properties of Moringa oleifera Lam

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a perennial tropical deciduous tree with high economic and pharmaceutical value. As an edible plant, M. oleifera Lam. is rich in nutrients, such as proteins, amino acids, mineral elements and vitamins. Besides, it also contains an important number of bioactive phytochemicals, such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. M. oleifera for long has been used as a natural anti-diabetic herb in India and other Asian countries. Thus, the anti-diabetic properties of Moringa plant have evolved highly attention to the researchers. In the last twenty years, a huge number of new chemical structures and their pharmacological activities have been reported in particularly the anti-diabetic properties. The current review highlighted the bioactive phytochemicals from M. Oleifera. Moreover, evidence regarding the therapeutic potential of M. oleifera for diabetes including experimental and clinical data was presented and the underlying mechanisms were revealed in order to provide insights for the development of novel drugs.

Soil-applied selenite increases selenium and reduces cadmium in roots of Moringa oleifera

Deficiency of selenium (Se) will lead to malnutrition and decreased immune function of the body. There is a common phenomenon of Se deficiency in foods. In this study, different concentrations of sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) were applied to Moringa oleifera grownin soil. The purpose was to explore the feasibility of Se biofortification of M. oleifera root. The effect of exogenous Se on the accumulation of Se and cadmium (Cd) in the roots of M. oleifera was studied by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the mechanism of exogenous Se on the accumulation of Se and Cd in the roots was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with principal component analysis and partial least squares regression analysis. The results showed that Na₂SeO₃ significantly affected the accumulation of Se and Cd in the roots (p < 0.05). The increase in Se was highest when Na₂SeO₃ was around 4.0 mg/kg, which increased by 315% compared with the control. The decrease in Cd was the lowest when Na₂SeO₃ was around 2.0 mg/kg, which decreased by 80% compared with the control. The results of FTIR analysis showed that Na₂SeO₃ treatment changed the carboxylate, phosphate radical, hemicellulose and protein in roots of M. oleifera, while the increase of Se was related to hemicellulose, protein, polysaccharide and lignin, and the decrease of Cd was related to hemicellulose and protein. The results showed that exogenous Se increased the accumulation of Se and inhibited the absorption of Cd. Therefore, the roots of M. oleifera can be used in Se biofortified products.

Moringa oleifera Alkaloids Inhibited PC3 Cells Growth and Migration Through the COX-2 Mediated Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) is valuable plant distributed in many tropical and subtropical countries. It has a number of medicinal uses and is highly nutritious. M. oleifera has been shown to inhibit tumor cell growth, but this effect has not been demonstrated on prostate cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of M. oleifera alkaloids (MOA) on proliferation and migration of PC3 human prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we elucidated the mechanism of these effects. The results showed that MOA inhibited proliferation of PC3 cells and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, MOA suppressed PC3 cell migration and inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9. In addition, MOA significantly downregulated the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), β-catenin, phosphorylated glycogen synthase 3β, and vascular endothelial growth factor, and suppressed production of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂). Furthermore, FH535 (β-catenin inhibitor) and MOA reversed PGE₂-induced PC3 cell proliferation and migration, and the effects of MOA and FH535 were not additive. In vivo experiments showed that MOA (150 mg/kg) significantly inhibited growth of xenograft tumors in mice, and significantly reduced the protein expression levels of COX-2 and β-catenin in tumor tissues. These results indicate that MOA inhibits the proliferation and migration, and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of PC3 cells. Additionally, MOA inhibits the proliferation and migration of PC3 cells through suppression of the COX-2 mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Antioxidant activity and calcium bioaccessibility of Moringa oleifera leaf hydrolysate, as a potential calcium supplement in food

Moringa oleifera leaf (ML) is rich in vitamins and minerals, specially abundant calcium, therefore it is widely used as a calcium supplement for food. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant activity and calcium bioaccessibility of M. oleifera leaf hydrolysate (MLH) as a calcium supplement for kimchi. MLH was prepared under three different proteases, two different protease contents, and three different incubation times. Total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities were investigated. Cellular activity and calcium bioaccessibility were also investigated. The highest calcium level of MLH was observed in 3% Protamex treatment for 4 h. TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities of MLH in Protamex and Alcalase treatments were higher than those in Flavourzyme treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, high cell viability and alkaline phosphatase activity were also observed in C2C12 cells. Kimchi containing MLH showed high calcium accessibility compared to kimchi alone. Taken together, the application of MLH could have potential as a calcium supplement for kimchi production.

Ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves alleviate cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity by improving endocrine function and modulating cell specific gene expression in mouse testis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Moringa oleifera Lam. is known for its nutritional and ethno medicinal values due to the presence of wide array of phytochemicals with multiple biological activities. We have previously reported that ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOE) ameliorated cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced testicular toxicity and improved functional integrity of spermatozoa as well as spermatogenic cells.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study was planned to investigate whether the mitigation of CP-induced testicular toxicity by MOE is mediated via modulation of endocrine profile, genes associated with function of different cell types and enhancement of DNA repair response in spermatogonial cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adult Swiss albino mice (8 week) were injected with CP (100 mg/kg, one dose in a week for 3 weeks) and MOE (100 mg/kg, 5 doses in a week for 4 weeks) either alone or in combination intraperitoneally. At 35 day post CP injection (first dose), the functional characteristics such as count, motility, head morphology and DNA integrity were assessed in epididymal spermatozoa. Key reproductive hormones like testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Inhibin B concentration were analyzed in serum and testis. In addition, mRNA expression of genes pertaining to the function of Leydig, Sertoli and spermatogonial cells as well as antioxidant enzymes were evaluated in the testis. To understand the DNA damage and repair process in germ cells, prepubertal (2 week) mice were administered with single dose of CP (200 mg/kg) and/or MOE (100 mg/kg) and analyzed for expression of DNA damage (γ-H2AX, P53 and Caspase3) and repair genes (Rad51 and Ku80) in isolated spermatogonial cells at various time points after treatment.

RESULTS

CP administration resulted in decrease in count, motility and increase in morphological defects and DNA damage in spermatozoa. Testosterone level was marginally decreased while there was a significant increase in FSH (p < 0.001) and decrease in inhibin B (p < 0.05) observed in CP treated mice. Administration of MOE prior to CP, improved sperm functional characteristics, decreased FSH and increased inhibin B levels. Expression of Abp was down-regulated while Transferrin, Fshr and Gata4 (Sertoli cell specific genes) were up-regulated in testis treated with CP. Administration of CP down-regulated the expression of Oct4 and Ddx4 (Spermatogonia specific genes). MOE administration was shown to ameliorate CP-induced damage by modulating the expression of genes specific to Sertoli and spermatogenic cells. Furthermore, MOE treatment reduced CP-induced DNA damage as evident from lower percentage of γ-H2AX positive spermatogonial cells.

CONCLUSION

Administration of MOE mitigated CP-induced testicular damage by improving blood and, intra-testicular hormonal milieu as well as modulating the expression of genes pertaining to Sertoli and spermatogonial cells.

Moringa oleifera L. Extracts as Bioactive Ingredients That Increase Safety of Body Wash Cosmetics

The work attempts to obtain a multifunctional plant extract derived from Moringa tree leaves. Obtained results indicate a strong antioxidant potential of the tested extracts. It was shown that Moringa oleifera leaf extract is a rich source of flavonoid and phenolic compounds. Furthermore, it shows a strong antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. In vitro toxicity studies showed that the tested extracts in concentrations up to 5% showed a positive effect on cell proliferation and metabolism and may contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress in cells. It was noted that the tested model formulation of cosmetic (1% SCS) with the addition of different types of extracts might contribute to the reduction of skin irritation and improve the safety of the product.

Short communication: Effects of moringa extract on adhesion and invasion of Escherichia coli O55 in bovine mammary epithelial cells

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of extract derived from moringa leaves. In particular, the effect of moringa extract (Mor) on adhesion and invasion of Escherichia coli O55, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus simulans, and Serratia liquefaciens was evaluated in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T). Broth microdilution method, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration assays, adhesion and invasion assays, and real-time PCR were performed. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Mor ranged from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL on 18 out of 27 tested isolates. Treatment of E. coli O55 with Mor (100 and 200 μg/mL) inhibited the adhesion and invasion on MAC-T cells via downregulation of adhesion factors (i.e., papC, f17c-A, and eaeA). Also, when MAC-T cells were pretreated with Mor (200 μg/mL, 12 h) and incubated with E. coli O55, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus simulans, or Serratia liquefaciens, both E. coli O55 and Enterococcus faecalis showed a significant decrease in adhesion and invasion. Staphylococcus simulans exhibited decreased adhesion and increased invasion. Serratia liquefaciens showed increased adhesion and decreased invasion. In addition, Mor increased mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1, and thioredoxin reductase 1) in MAC-T cells. In conclusion, 12.5 to 50 mg/mL of Mor exhibited antibacterial activity against 18 out of 27 tested isolates. Also, pretreatment of 200 μg/mL of Mor to MAC-T cells modulated adhesion and invasion of E. coli O55 and other mastitis-associated pathogens. Furthermore, Mor increased antioxidant capacities in MAC-T cells, but further in vivo studies are needed.

Effect of Steam Blanching, Dehydration Temperature & Time, on the Sensory and Nutritional Properties of a Herbal Tea Developed from Moringa oleifera Leaves

The core purpose of the current study is to explore the use of Moringa oleifera leaves, to produce a herbal tea with acceptable sensory properties and nutritional properties by utilizing the steam blanching technique, different dehydration temperatures and time, which can be accepted in the Sri Lankan market. Six sets of samples were prepared where temperature and time combinations were 55°C—6 h, 60°C—4.30 h, 65°C—3 h for the unblanched samples & 55°C—6 h, 60°C—5.30 h & 65°C—4 h for the steam blanched samples. These samples were evaluated, employing a trained panel of 5 tea tasters and a semi trained panel of 35 members. The sample code 706 (steam blanched, 65°C—4 h) was selected as the sample with best sensory attributes. The blanched and unblanched samples dried at 65°C were tested for their proximate, mineral, vitamin, antioxidant and phytochemical contents. The effects of steam blanching on these two samples were evaluated & compared. This study highlights that steam blanching significantly increased the carbohydrates, fat, Mn, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin E and the DPPH scavenging activity whereas steam blanching significantly reduced the protein, fiber, Na, K, Ca, Total phenolic contents and flavonoids content but vitamin C, Zn, Cu and Mg contents were unaffected by steam blanching.

Induction of Antioxidant Metabolites in Moringa oleifera Callus by Abiotic Stresses

Moringa oleifeira has recently been subjected to numerous scientific studies pursuing its biological properties. However, biotechnological approaches promoting the synthesis of pharmacological compounds in this species are still scarce, despite the fact that moringa metabolites have shown significant nutraceutical effects. For this reason, in vitro cultures of moringa callus, obtained from leaf explantation, were subjected to various abiotic stresses such as temperature, salicylic acid, and NaCl, to identify the best growth conditions for the production of high levels of antioxidant molecules. Temperature stresses (exposure to 4 and 45 °C) led to no significant variation in moringa callus, in terms of antiradical metabolites, whereas salicylic acid (200 μM) and NaCl (50-100 μM) affected an increase of total phenolic compounds, after 15 and 30 days of treatment. Overall, the treatment with 100 μM NaCl for 30 days showed the highest free radical scavenging activity, comparable to that measured in moringa leaf. In addition, high doses of NaCl (200 μM) inhibited callus growth and reduced the amount and bioactivity of the secondary metabolites of callus. This study provides useful information to standardize growth conditions for the production of secondary metabolites in moringa in vitro cultures, a biotechnological system that could be employed for a rapid, controlled, and guaranteed production of antioxidant molecules for pharmaceutical purposes.

Biological, nutritional, and therapeutic significance of Moringa oleifera Lam

The genus Moringa Adans. comprises 13 species, of which Moringa oleifera Lam. native to India and cultivated across the world owing to its drought and frost resistance habit is widely used in traditional phytomedicine and as rich source of essential nutrients. Wide spectrum of phytochemical ingredients among leaf, flower, fruit, seed, seed oil, bark, and root depend on cultivar, season, and locality. The scientific studies provide insights on the use of M. oleifera with different aqueous, hydroalcoholic, alcoholic, and other organic solvent preparations of different parts for therapeutic activities, that is, antibiocidal, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardio-protective, hepato-protective, neuro-protective, tissue-protective, and other biological activities with a high degree of safety. A wide variety of alkaloid and sterol, polyphenols and phenolic acids, fatty acids, flavanoids and flavanol glycosides, glucosinolate and isothiocyanate, terpene, anthocyanins etc. are believed to be responsible for the pragmatic effects. Seeds are used with a view of low-cost biosorbent and coagulant agent for the removal of metals and microbial contamination from waste water. Thus, the present review explores the use of M. oleifera across disciplines for its prominent bioactive ingredients, nutraceutical, therapeutic uses and deals with agricultural, veterinarian, biosorbent, coagulation, biodiesel, and other industrial properties of this "Miracle Tree."

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Crude Extracts of Moringa oleifera from Kenya and Their Correlations with Flavonoids

Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) is commonly distributed and utilized in tropical and sub-tropical areas. There has been a large number of reports on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of its leaves, but only a few about its seeds and roots. Hence, in this work we aimed to systematically compare the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol crude extracts of leaves, seeds, and roots of M. oleifera from Kenya, and further correlate the differential activities with the chemical constituents from these three parts. The antioxidant activities were measured by using three different assays (DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power), respectively). Results showed that the leaf extracts displayed the highest DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP total reducing power activities with IC₅₀ values of 1.02 ± 0.13 mg/mL and 0.99 ± 0.06 mM Fe²⁺/g, respectively; the leaf and root extracts exhibited potential ABTS radical scavenging activities with the IC₅₀ values of 1.36 ± 0.02 and 1.24 ± 0.03 mg/mL. Meanwhile, the leaf and seed extracts (11.1-100 µg/mL) also exerted obvious anti-inflammatory activities, as indicated by the inhibition of NO production. To further reveal correlations between these differential activities with the chemical constituents in the three organs, the total flavonoids content (TFC) of the three different extracts were evaluated, and the TFC of leaves, seeds and roots were found to be 192.36 ± 2.96, 5.89 ± 0.65 and 106.79 ± 2.12 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g, respectively. These findings indicated the important impacts of the total flavonoid contents on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, we further determined the phytochemical profiles of M. oleifera by HPLC-UV/ESI-MS/MS, and identified most of the chemical constituents of leaves as flavonoids. In summary, the leaves of M. oleifera are a better potential natural source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, and very promising for development into the health promoting dietary supplements.

Characterization of Moringa oleifera roots polysaccharide MRP-1 with anti-inflammatory effect

Moringa oleifera is a mutli-purpose herbal plant which has attained enormous attention as a natural source of nutrients and folk medicine. This work aimed to get a novel polysaccharide, termed MRP-1, which was isolated from Moringa oleifera roots with hot water extraction method followed by ethanol precipitation and purified with DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column. Monosaccharide composition analysis based on GC-MS showed that MRP-1 mainly consisted of Rha, Ara, Fru, Xyl, Man and Gal in the molar ratio of 1.5:2.0:3.1:6.0:5.3:1.1. The Roman spectra, FT-IR and NMR analysis showed that the typical features of carbohydrates, such as α-Araf, α-Gly, β-Galp, α-GalpA and β-Gly was contained by MRP-1. The LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of MRP-1. The result demonstrated that the increasing of NO and TNF-α production induced by LPS could be prevented by different concentrations of MRP-1 treatment. Moreover, the mRNA expression level of iNOS induced by LPS was decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by MRP-1 treatment while show no obvious effect on the COX-2 mRNA expression. This study may provide new possible application of Moringa oleifera root polysaccharide related to anti-inflammation.